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ljy T;ksfr"k
lEiknd % v#.k dqekj caly
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lg;ks x
vkpk;Z vfouk'k flag
ljy T;ksfr"k
lEiknd
lg;ks x
vkpk;Z vfouk'k fla g
Mk- ,l- lh- dq j lhtk
Mk- foHkw f r ukFk >k
lokZ f /kdkj
vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ks f r"k la L Fkk la ? k
iz F ke la L dj.k 2001
ew Y ; 100@#i;s
iz d k'kd
Hkwfedk
ns'k esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk la?k iath dk 9 ebZ] 2001 dks fuekZ.k
gqvkA la?k dk eq[; ms'; esa ns'k Hkj esa ,d izdkj dk mPpLrjh;]
fo'ofo|ky;Lrj dk ikB~;e pyuk Hkh gSA le; dh vko';drk dks /
;ku esa j[krs gq, rFkk ns'k Hkj esa dEI;wVj dk izHkko ns[krs gq, fo}kuksa us
ikB~;e dks rS;kj fd;kA bl ikB~;e esa Nk=ksa dh #fp] mudh ;ksX;rk
rFkk mudh voLFkk dk iwjk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA T;ksfr"k ds fo}kuksa us bl
ij fopkj fd;k vkSj tks loZlEefr ls mi;q ik;k x;k] og ikB~;e esa
j[kk x;kA
T;ksfr"k jRu ds ikB~e ds vk/kkj ij] ikBdksa dh #fp] ;ksX;rk rFkk
voLFkk] ns'k] dky ik= dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, T;ksfr"k ij *ljy T;ksfr"k*
dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl iqLrd esa T;ksfr"k ls lacfU/kr [kxksy Kku]
xf.kr] T;ksfr"k Qfyr] xkspj] iapkax dk v/;;u rFkk dq.Myh feyku dk
izkjfEHkd Kku ds fo"k;ksa dks fy[kk x;k gSA tku dj ikBd tYnh ls tYnh
T;ksfr"k Qfyr dh vksj vxzlj gksA
dEI;wVj dh lqfo/kk feyus ds dkj.k ikBdksa dks xf.kr] [kxksy vkfn ds
xgu v/;;u dh vko';drk ugha gSA mls dsoy izkjfEHkd Kku dh gh
vko';drk gSA blfy, ikB~;e esa xf.kr rFkk [kxksy dk fo"k; dsoy
izkjfEHkd fn;k x;k gSA izR;sd ikBd T;ksfr"k Qfyr djuk pkgrk gSA bl
#fp dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, mldk dqN foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vf/
kd Kku ds fy, ikBd dks vkxs dh d{kkvksa esa Hkh v/;;u djuk pkfg;s
tSls&T;ksfr"k Hkw"k.k] T;ksfr"k izHkkdj rFkk T;ksfr"k 'kkL=kpk;ZA bu ikBeksa
dk v/;;u djus ds ckn ikBd T;ksfr"k fo"k; eas izkjaxr gks tkrk gSA fQj
dsoy vH;kl dh gh vko';drk jgrh gSA
fnukad 1 tqykbZ 2001
LFkku &fnYyh
fp= ua- 1
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fp= ua- 2
ehu
es"k
o`"k
feFkqu
dqEHk
ddZ
edj
yXu
flag
/kuq
o`f'pd
rqyk
dU;k
fp= ua- 3
feFkqu
o`"k
es"k
ehu
dqEHk
ddZ
edj
yXu
flag dU;k
/kuq
rqyk
o`f'pd
czk.M dks] dkyiq#"k dks ftl izdkj 12 jkf'k;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS mlh izdkj
dky iq#"k dks 12 Hkkoksa esa Hkh ckaVk x;k gSA Hkko fLFkj gSA izFke Hkko dks yXu
dgk tkrk gSA
tkrd ds tUe ds le; iwoZ esa tks jkf'k mfnr gksrh gSS ml jkf'k dh la[;k
dks yXu ;k izFke esa fy[kk tkrk gSA mlds ckn e'k% mn; gksus okyh
jkf'k;ksa dks f}rh;] r`rh; Hkko esa fy[kk tkrk gSA Hkko iwoZ ls mkj if'pe
fn'kk esa pyrs gaS] bldks foijhr ?kM+h xfr Hkh dg ldrs gaSA
og xzg tks fdlh Hkko ds dk;Z dks djrk gS mls ml Hkko dk dkjd xzg
dgrs gSAa Hkko ds dk;Z dks Hkko dk dkjdRo dgrs gSA
dkjd xzg
1- izFke Hkko
2- f}rh; Hkko
3- r`rh; Hkko
4- prqFkZ Hkko
5- iape Hkko
6- "k"B Hkko
7- lIre Hkko
8- v"Ve Hkko
9- uoe Hkko
10- n'ke Hkko
11- ,dkn'k Hkko
12- }kn'k Hkko
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ruq Hkko
ku Hkko
lgt Hkko
lq[k Hkko
iq= Hkko
'k=q Hkko
dy= Hkko
vk;q Hkko jakz
keZ] HkkX;] fir`
deZ Hkko
ykHk Hkko
O;; Hkko
lw;Z pUnz
c`gLifr] cqk
eaxy] 'kfu
pUnzek cqk] 'kq
c`gLifr
eaxy] 'kfu cq'kq
'kfu
Hkko c`- lwcq-lw-'k-& o`-eac`gLifr
'kfu] 'kq
vU; T;ksfr"k fo}kuksa us er ds vU; dkjd Hkh ekus gSa tSls& izFke Hkko dk
dkjd lw;Z ds lkFk pUnzek Hkh gSA f}rh; Hkko dk dkjd cqk o.kkZ iVqrk ds
dkj.k] r`rh; Hkko dk 'kfu&vk;q dkjd] prqFkZ Hkko dk 'kq&okgu dk
dkjd] "k"B Hkko dk cqk& ekek dk dkjd] n'ke Hkko dk eaxy& ijke]
rduhdh f'k{kk] izfr;ksxrk dk dkjd rFkk }kn'k Hkko dk 'kq lEHkksx dk
dkjd xzg Hkh ekuk gSA
xzgksa ds dkjdRo
xzgksa dks Hkh uSlfxZd dqN dke lkSia s x;s gaSA mudk Hkh fopkj djuk
vko';d gSA
lw;Z
vkRek] vge~] lgkuqHkwfr izHkko] ;'k] LokLF;] nk, us=] fnu] tkZ] firk]
jktk] jktuhfr] fpfdRlk foKku xkSjo] ijke dk dkj.k gSA
pUnzek
eu] #fp] lEeku] funzk] izklUurk] ekrk] lkk] ku] ;k=k] ty dk dkjd gSA
eaxy
'kf] lkgl] ijke] izfr;ksxrk] ksk] mkstuk] "kM;U=] 'k=q] foi{k
fookn] 'kL=] lsuk;{k] ;q) nq?kZVuk tyuk] ?kko] Hkwfe] vpy lEifk NksVk
HkkbZ] pkpk ds yM+ds] usrk] iqfyl ltZu] eSdsfudy bathfu;j dk dkjd gSA
cqk
cqf)erk] ok.kh iVqrk rdZ vfHkO;f] f'k{kk] f'k[k.k] xf.kr Mkfd;k] T;ksfr"kh]
ys[kkdkj] O;kikj] deh'ku ,tsaV] izdk'ku jktuhfr esa e;orhZ O;f
fopksyk u`R;] ukVd] oLrqvksa dk feJ.k iksokys isM]+ ewY;oku iRFkjksa dh
ijh{kk ekek] fe= lEcfUk vkfnA
c`gLifr
foosd] cqf)erk] f'k{k.k] 'kjhj dh ekalyrk] kkfeZd dk;Z bZ'oj ds izfr
fu"Bk] cM+k HkkbZ] ifo= LFkku] nk'kZfudrk] kkfeZd xzUFkksa dk iBu] ikBu] xq#]
v;kid] ku cSd
a ] rhuk dEifu;ka ] nku nsuk] ijksidkj Qynkj o`{k] iq=
vkfnA
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'kq
ifr@iRuh] fookg] jfrf;k] ize lEcUk] laxhr] dkO;] b= lqxUk] ?kj dh
ltkoV ,s'o;Z] nwljksa ds lkFk lg;ksx] Qwy Qwynkj o`{k] ikSks lkSna ;Z] vk[kksa
dh jks'kuh] vkHkw"k.k] tyh; LFkku] flYdu diM+k] lQsn jax] okgu] 'k;u
d{k vkfn lq[k lkexzh vkfnA
'kfu
vk;q] nq[k] jksx] e`R;q ladV vuknj] xjhch] vkothodk] vuSfrd rFkk
vkkfeZd dk;Z] fons'kh Hkk"kk] foKku rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk esgur okys dk;Z]
d`"khxr O;olk;] yksgk] rsy] [kfut inkFkZ] deZpkjh] lsod ukSdfj;ka] ;ksjh]
wj dk;Z] o`) efUr] iaxqrk] vax&Hkax] yksHk] ykyp fcLrjs ij iM+s jguk] pkj
fnokus esa cUn jguk] tsy] gkLihVy esa iM+s jguk] ok;q] tksMk+ sa ds nnZ] dBksj
ok.kh vkfnA
jkgq
nknk dk dkjd xzg gSA dBksj ok.kh] tqvk] Hkzked rdZ] xfr'khyrk] ;k=k,a]
fotkrh; yksx] fons'kh yksx] fo"k] pksjh] nq"Vrk] fokok] Ropk dh fcekfj;ka gksB]
kkfeZd ;k=k,a nnZ vkfnA
dsrq
ukuk dk dkjd xzg gSA nnZ] Toj] ?kko] 'k=qvksa dks uqdlku igqapkuk] rkaf=d
rU=] tknw&Vksuk] dqkk] lhax okys i'kq] cgqjaxh i{kh] eks{k dk dkjd xzg gSA
vc rd geus bl v;k; esa Hkko] Hkkoksa dkjd rFkk xzgksa ds dkjdRo i<+sA
budk D;k ykHk gS ekuks ge prqFkZ Hkko dk fo'ys"k.k dj jgs gaSA prqFkZ Hkko
rFkk prqFksZ'k ihfM+r gSA prqFkZ Hkko okgu] lq[k] vpy lEifk] Hkwfe] f'k{kk
rFkk ekrk dks n'kkZrk gS] fdldks d"V gksxk ;k fdlds }kjk d"V izkIr
gksxk\ bldk fu.kZ; dkjd xzg djrk gSA ;fn prqFkZ Hkko rFkk Hkkos'k ds
lkFk pUnzek ihfM+r gS rks ekrk dks d"V] 'kq ihfM+r gS rks okgu ds }kjk
d"V] cqk ihfM+r gS rks f'k{kk esa d"V gksrk gSA bl izdkj ?kVuk dk lEcUk
Hkko] Hkkos'k rFkk dkjd xzg ls gksrk gSA
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Description of Houses
Hkkoksa dh laKk,
ge tkurs gSa fd Hkko ckjg gksrs gSAa mu Hkkoksa dks fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuk
tkrk gSA bl v;k; esa ge mudk ifjp; nsaxsA
tUe dq.Myh esa yXu dsUnz fcUnq gksrk gSA egf"kZ;ksa us thou dks keZ] vFkZ]
dke rFkk eks{k dks izkIr djus dk lkku ekuk gSA blfy, dq.Myh dks Hkh
keZ] vFkZ] dke rFkk eks{k ds rhu ifjjkf'k esa ckaVk gSA
keZ
vFkZ
dke
eks{k
dsUnz Hkko
f=dks.k Hkko
i.kQj Hkko
viksfDye Hkko
prqjlz Hkko
mip; Hkko
vuqip; Hkko
f=d;k nq"V Hkko
ifrr Hkko
ekjd Hkko
vk;q Hkko
yXu
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
3
1
6
6
2
3
5
6
7
8
4
5
5
6
8 Hkko
6
2
8
12 Hkko
7 Hkko
8 Hkko
9 Hkko
10 Hkko
11 Hkko
12 Hkko
7
9 Hkko
8
9
10
4 5
12 Hkko
10 Hkko
11 Hkko
12 Hkko
11 Hkko
7 8
12 Hkko
dsUnzkfkifr nks"k
tc dksbZ 'kqHk xzg tSls c`gLifr] 'kq] 'kqHk cqk] 'kqHk pUnzek dsUnz dk Lokeh
gks rks mlesa dsUnzfkifr nks"k vk tkrk gSA
tc 'kqHk xzg dsUnz dk Lokeh gksrk gS rks 'kqHk xzg viuk 'kqHk Qy nsus esa
vleFkZ gks tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd og v'kqHk Qy nsrk gSA
'kqHkQy ugha nsrk og le gks tkrk gSA le xzg ftl Hkko esa fLFkr gksrk
gS ;k ;qfr ;k n`f"V cukrk gS ;k mldh nwljh jkf'k ftl Hkko esa iM+rh gS
mlds vuqlkj Qy nsrk gSA
v'kqHk xzg dsUnz ds Lokeh gksdj v'kqHk Qy ugha nsrsA os Hkh le gks tkrs
gSaA
o
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lw;Z ds }kjk 'kkflr LFkku gS&[kqys LFkku] ioZr] ou izeq[k 'kgj] iwtk
ds LFkku] U;k;ky;] iwoZ fn'kk] ,slk LFkku tgka ikuh u gksA
'kjhj ds tks Hkkx 'kkflr gSa& flj] isV] gfM~M;ka] n;] us=] efLr"dA
lw;Z ds }kjk jksx& mPpjDr pki] rhozToj] isV rFkk us= laca kh jksx]
firt fcekfj;ka rFkk n; jksx nsrk gSA tc lw;Z ihfM+r gksrk gS rFkk tyh;
jkf'k;ksa esa fLFkr gksrk gS rks {k; jksx] isfp'k jksx nsrk gSA ;g {k=h; o.kZ]
vfXu rRo] iq#"k fyax rFkk iwoZ fn'kk dk izfrfufk xzg gSA
pUnzek& bldk 'kjhj LFkwy gSA ?kqa?kjkys cky] xksjk jax rFkk lqna j vka[kksa
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dk izrhd gSA pUnzek eu] ekrk] Hkze.k dks :ph] jl] vfLFkj eu dk dkjd
xzg gSA jDr izokg dk izrhd gSA tyh; rRo] >hy] leqnz] ufn;ka] diM+k]
nwk] 'kgn] eksrh] ehBh oLrq,a] o"kh pkoy] tkS] nqxkZ nsoh rFkk f"k dk izrhd
gSA
'kjhj ds vax& jDr] uls] eksVkik] efLr"d] eu] ;wjsVj] okLrh] Nkrh]
vaMk'k; rFkk iztuu dk dkjd xzg gSA
eaxy& ofy"B cktq] iryh dej ?kaq?kjkys rFkk pedhys cky] vfXue;
vka[ksa] wj izfr] vfLFkj cqf) dk dkjd xzg gSA ;g LorU= izfr]
nqjkxzgh] lkglh ;qok xzg gSA eaxy dks v'kqHk xzg dgrs gSaA ;g NksVs HkkbZ]
iq#"k xzg] QSkth izfr] dkelZ] lM+h gqbZ oLrq,a] gokbZ ;k=k,a] usrk rFkk
cqukbZ dks n'kkZrk gSA eaxy lsuk;{k gS xeZ rFkk vfXu Hk; gS] rdZ] jlksbZ]
batu] vfXu LFkyksa dk izfrfufk gSA jkf= esa dke dj okys deZpkjh] gR;k
djus okys] "kM;U=] 'k=q] etnwjksa dk usrk] dk dkjd xzg gSA
inkFkZ& rkack] kkrq] lksuk] ewxa k] gfFk;kj] Hkwfe] rEckdw] ij 'kklu djrk gSA
'kjhj ds vax& jDr] is'kh] fik] efLr"d] flj] ukd] dku vkfnA
jksx& jDr lacakh jksx] mPp ;k fuEu jDrpki] jDrlzko] nq?kZVuk,a] pksfj;ks]a
vfXu ls tyuk] xHkZikr vkfnA bldk {kf=; o.kZ] iq#"k fyax] vfXu rRo]
nf{k.k fn'kk dk izfrfufk xzg gSA
cqk
cqk ;fn 'kqHk xzgksa ds lkFk lacafkr gks rks 'kqHk] v'kqHk xzgksa ds lkFk lacfa kr
gks rks v'kqHk gksrk gSA bldk viuk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrk ftlds lkFk gksrk
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gS oSlk gh gks tkrk gSA cqk gkL; fouksn dk izfrfufk xzg gSA cgqr cksyrk
gSA mlds ikl fofok fo"k;ksa ij cgqr lkjh lwpuk,a gksrh gSaA ;g jktdqekj
gSA ;g ferO;;h] gjs o.kZ dk iryk] O;kikfjd izfr okyk] turk dh ckr
cksyus okykA ;g dkelZ] Ldwy] [ksy dk eSnku] ikdZ] tqvk?kj] cjcknh dj
[kq'k gksus okyk xzg gSA
oLrq,a
gjk puk] iUuk] frygu] [kk| rsy] ihry] fefJr kkrq,a DydZ ]dkO;] f'k{kk]
ys[ku izfrHkk O;kikjh dk izfrfufk gSA
'kjhj ds vax
efLr"d] ftg~ok] Luk;q daB xzafFk ] Ropk okd~ 'kfDr
jksx
Lej.k 'kfDr dh gkfu] Ropk dh fcekfj;k nkSjs] pspd] dQ] ckr fir]
mUekn] ,oa xwaxkiuA ;g oS'; o.kZ] uiqald] le rRo rFkk mkj fn'kk dk
izfrfufk gSA
c`gLifr
bldh vka[ks rFkk cky Hkwjs dn yEck gksrk gSA isV vkxs fudyk gksrk gSA
;g LFkwydk; ph vkSj Hkkjh vkokt dk Lokeh gksrk gSA og iq#"k or~ 'kqHk]
ihyk jax] iq#"k xzg gSA lPpkbZ] nk'kZfud izR;sd izdkj ds foKku esa #fp
j[kus okyk kkfeZd HkkoHkfDr oknh xzg gSA foosd dk ewy xzg gSA ;g keZ
xq# xzg gSA eU=h] lykgdkj] cSad chek dEifu;ka] vkdk'k] rRo] keZ xUFk
vkSj ikjs dk izfrfufk gSA iq= dk dkjd gSA oLrq,&
a ku] cSad] ihyh oLrq,a
lksuk] iq[kjkt] pus dh nky] kkfeZd xzUFk dk dkjd xzg gSA
'kjhj ds vax
foosd] 'kfDr] mnj] ftxj] ta?kk dk dkjd gSA
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jksx
ftxj dh fcekfj;ka] xqnZs dh fcekfj;ka] tyksnj] dkjoady] ikpu f;k ds
jksxA olk ds }kjk mRiUu jksxA
;g czk.k o.kZ] iq#"k fyax] vfXu rRo rFkk mkj&iwoZ fn'kk dk izfrfufk gSA
'kq
blds dkys ?kq?a kjkys cky] fo'kky 'kjhj] dkfyek fy, jax] pkS<h+ vka[ks] lqUnj
psgjk] uD'k dk izfrfufk gSA 'kqk.kkqvksa dk dkjd xzg gS rFkk jfr dk
'kkSfdu gSA izse lEcUk vkd"kZ.k O;fDrRo dk Lokeh gSA tkyh; rRo] iRuh]
u`R; dnks] ,sfUnqz; lq[k] okgu] Mkek] vfHku;] b=] lqxfUk] ltkoV vk[kks]a
flYd] laxhr dk dkjd gSA
oLrq,a
b=] ltkoV dh oLrq,a] flYd laxhr ok| ;a=] ,s'o;Z ds lkku okgu dk
izrhd gSA ehBh oLrq,a
'kjhj ds vax& jfr f;k ds vax fyax] ewyk'k;] cky] 'kq dhVk.kq]
jksxekqesg] jfrt lacfk jksx] xqIr jksx] ;kSu vleFkZrk] vka[kks dh detksjh]
lwa?kus dh 'kfDr de] 'osr iznj] oh;Z ikr vkfnA
;g czk.k o.kZ] tyrRo L=h fyax rFkk nf{k.k iwoZ dk izfrfufk gSA
'kfu
tkrd :[ks&lw[ks cky] yEcs cM+s vax] cM+s nkar rFkk o`) 'kjhj dkyk jax
dk fn[krk gSA ;g v'kqHk xzg gSA eUn xfr xzg gSA uSfrd iru dk |ksrd
gSA ok;q lEcfUk fcekfj;ksa dk izfrfufk gSA ;g nq[k] fujk'kk rFkk tq, dk
izrhd gSA xUns LFkku] vakssjs LFkkuksa dk dkjd xzg gSA
oLrq,a
yksgk] uhye] nkg laLdkj x`gksa dfczLrku] tsy] fcLrjs ij fyVk,a j[kuk]
iqjkuh fcekfj;k ykbykt fcekfj;ka] dkyk puk] Hkkax] rsy] o`) voLFkk dk
Lokeh gSA
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jkgq
;g Nk;k xzg gS ijUrq izkf.k;ksa ij bldk iwjk izHkko jgrk gSA ;g v'kqHk
xzg gSA fL=;ksfpr gSA Hkz"V laked jksxksa dk izrhd gSA ;g 'kfu dh gh
rjg v'kqHk gSA ;g L=hfyax xzg gSA
;g fons'k ;k=k dk izrhd gSA ;g HkkSfrd oknh xzg gSA ;g "kM;U= dkjh
gSA Ropk rFkk jDr jksxksa ij bldk vfkiR; gSA xksesn bldk jRu gSA
'kjhj ds vax& gksB] Ropk] jDrjksx] dq"B jksx] 'osr jksx] pSpd gStk
laked jksxA
dsrq
;g eaxy ds leku xzg gSA vpkud gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk dkjd gSA
bldk jax kq, ds leku fprdcjk jax gSA ;g vkaf=d tksMk+ s] pSpd] gStk
rFkk lakaed jksxksa dk izfrfufk xzg gSA ;g v'kqHk xzg gS ij kkfeZd izfr
dk xzg gSA lkEiznkf;d dV~Vj iUFkh] ?keaMh LokFkhZ rFkk ra= fo|k dk
izfrfufk xzg gSA
;g Hkh jkgq dh rjg nf{k.k if'pe fn'kk dk Lokeh gSA yglqfu;k bldk
jRu gSA
o
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mPp&uhp xzg
xzg
jkf'k
mPpkaa'k
xzg
jkf'k
uhPpka'k
lw;Z
pUnzek
eaxy
cqk
c`gLifr
'kq
'kfu
jkgq
dsrq
es"k
o`"k
edj
dU;k
ddZ
ehu
rqyk
feFkqu
kuq
10
3
28
15
5
27
20
15
15
lw;Z
pUnzek
eaxy
cqk
c`gLifr
'kq
'kfu
jkgq
dsrq
rqyk
o`f'pd
ddZ
ehu
edj
dU;k
es"k
kuq
feFkqu
10
3
28
15
5
27
20
15
15
xzgksa dh eS=h&'k=qrk
xzgksa esa ikap izdkj dh fe=rk&'k=qrk ekuh xbZ gS] vfkfe=] fe=] le] 'k=q
vkSj vfk'k=qA dq.Myh esa xzg fe= ds x`g esa fLFkr gks rks 'kqHk vkSj 'k=q
ds x`g esa gks rks v'kqHk Qy nsrk gSA
20
fe= xzg
le xzg
'k=q xzg
lw;Z
cq-
pUnzek
lw-] cq-
jk-] ds-
eaxy
'k-] 'kq-
cqk
p-a o`-
c`gLifr
cq-] 'kq-
'kq
lw-] pa-
'kfu
c`- ds-
jkgq
c`-] ds-
dsrq
c`-] jk-
rkRdkfyd eS=h
fulxZ eS=h ds vykok rkRdkfyd eS=h dk Hkh fopkj djuk iM+rk gSA nksuksa
fe=kfe=rk uSlfxZd vkSj rkRdkfyd ds vkkkj ij iapkk eS=hp curk
gSA blds }kjk gh xzgksa ds ikap izdkj& vfkfe=] fe=] le] 'k=q ;k vfk'k=q
ds lEcUk curs gSaA
izR;sd xzg vius ls nwljs] rhljs] pkSFks] n'kos]a X;kjgosa vkSj ckjgosa Hkko esa cSBs
xzg dk rkRdkfyd fe= gksrk gSA
izR;sd xzg vius lkFk okys ikapos]a NBs] lkros]a vkBosa vkSj uosa Hkko esa cSBs xzg
dk rkRdkfyd 'k=q gksrk gSA
uSlfxZd vkSj rkRdkfyd fe=kfe=rk dk leUo; djds iapkk eS=h p
cuk;k tkrk gSA
21
xzgksa dk vax&foU;kl
ftl izdkj }kn'k jkf'k;ka dky&iq#"k dk vax ekuh xbZ gSa vFkkZr~ dky
iq#"k ds nsg esa jkf'k;ksa dk foU;kl fd;k x;k gS] oSls gh xzgksa dk foU;kl
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA iz'udky] xkspj vFkok tUe≤ esa tc xzg izfrdwy
Qynkrk gksrk gS rks og dky&iq#"k ds mlh vax esa vius v'kqHk Qy ds
dkj.k ihM+k igqapkrk gSA
dky iq#"k ds flj vkSj eq[k ij xzgifr o lw;Z dk] n; vkSj daB ij
pUnzek dk] isV vkSj ihB ij eaxy dk] gkFkksa vkSj ikaoksa ij cqk dk] cfLr ij
xq# dk] xq LFkku ij 'kq dk rFkk tka?kksa ij 'kfu dk vfkdkj gksrk gSA
vkRekfn
dky iq#"k dh vkRek lw;Z vkSj eu pUnzek gSA eaxy cy gS rks cqk ok.khA
c`gLifr lq[k vkSj Kku gSA 'kq dkeokluk gS rks 'kfu nq%[k gSA T;ksfr"k
esa lw;Z pUnz dks jktk] xq#&'kq dks eU=h] eaxy dks lsukifr] cqk dks
;qojkt] vkSj 'kfu dks Hk`R; dgk gSA
o.kZjax
lw;Z yky&';ke feys&tqys jaxksa dk] pUnzek lQsn o.kZ dk] eaxy yky o.kZ dk]
cqk nwc dh Hkkafr gjs jax dk] c`gLifr xkSj&ihr jax dk] 'kq 'osr jax dk] 'kfu
dkys jax dk] jkgq uhys jax dk rFkk dsrq fofp= o.kZ dk gSA
mijksDr dFku tkrd ds vkRek o eu vkfn ds ckjs esa irk nsrk gSA buds
dkjd cyoku~ gksx
a s rks ;s Hkh iq"V gksaxs vkSj ;fn dkjd fucZy voLFkk esa
gksaxs rks ;s Hkh fucZy gksaxsA o.kZ iz'u esa u"V nzO;kfn] pksj dk jax&:i vkfn
rFkk dq.Myh esa tkrd ds jax&:i vkfn dk irk xzg ds o.kZ ls pyrk gSA
xzgksa dh fn'kk
lw;Z iwoZ fn'kk dk] 'kfu if'pe dk] cqk mkj dk] eaxy nf{k.k dk] 'kq
vfXu dks.k dk] jkgq dsrq uS_ZR; dk] pUnzek ok;O; dk vkSj xq# bZ'kku
fn'kk dk Lokeh gSA
22
iw o Z
lw ; Z
'kq
xq #
mkj
ea x y
cq/k
nf{k.k
jkgq ds r q
pa n z
'kfu
if'pe
fo"ke jkf'k;ka
le jkf'k;ka
va'k
00000* 06000*
06000* 12000*
12000* 18000*
18000* 24000*
24000* 30000*
voLFkk
cky
dqekj
;qokoLFkk
o`)koLFkk
e`rd
va'k
24000*
18000*
12000*
06000*
00000*
30000*
24000*
18000*
12000*
06000*
23
xzgksa dh voLFkk
'kkL=dkjksa us xzgksa dh nl voLFkk,a ekuh gSa] ijUrq fdlh&fdlh vkpk;Z us
ukS voLFkk,a Hkh ekuh gSaA
ewy f=dks.k jkf'k esa viuh mPp jkf'k esa xzg iznhIrkoLFkk esa gksrk gSA vius
xzg esa Lox`gh gks rks LoLFk] fe= ds x`g esa gks rks eqfnr] 'kqHk xzg ds oxZ esa
gks rks 'kkUr] nhIr fdj.kksa ls ;qDr gks rks 'kDr] xzgksa ls ;q) esa ijkftr gks rks
ihfM+r] 'k=q{ks=h; 'k=q jkf'k esa gks rks nhu] iki xzg ds o.kZ esa gks rks [ky]
viuh uhp jkf'k esa gks rks Hkhr vkSj vLr xzg dks fody dgk tkrk gSA
vius fe= xzgksa dh jkf'k esa fLFkr xzgksa dh laKk ^cky* gksrh gSA ewyf=dks.k
esa fLFkr xzg dh laKk^dqekj* gSA xzg ds viuh mPp jkf'k esa fLFkr gksus ls
mldh ^;qojkt* laKk gksrh gS vkSj 'k=q dh jkf'k esa fLFkr gksus ls xzgksa dh
laKk ^o`)* ekuh xbZ gSA
xzg viuh voLFkk ds vuqlkj gh Qy iznku djrs gSAa ^ckyd* laKk okyk
xzg lq[k nsrk gSA ^dqekj* gks rks vPNk vkpj.k iznku djrk gSA ;kSoukoLFkk
esa jkT;kfkdkj fnykrk gS vkSj o`)koLFkk esa gks rks _.k ;k jksx vkfn nsrk
gSA
xzgksa ds lEcUk
xzgksa ds pkj izdkj ds lEcUk ekus gSAa fdlh&fdlh vkpk;Z us ikap izdkj
ds lEcUk Hkh dgs gSaA
1- nks xzgksa esa ijLij jkf'k ifjorZu dk ;ksx gks] vFkkZr~ ^d* xzg ^[k* xzg dh
jkf'k esa cSBk gks vkSj ^[k* xzg ^d* xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk gks rks ;g vfr mke
lEcUk gksrk gSA
2- tc nks xzg ijLij ,d&nwljs dks ns[k jgs gksa vFkkZr~ ^d* xzg ^[k* xzg
gks ns[k jgk gks vkSj ^[k* xzg ^d* xzg dks ns[k jgk gks rks ;g e;e lEcUk
ekuk tkrk gSA
3- nksuksa xzgksa esa ls ,d xzg nwljs dh jkf'k esa cSBk gks vkSj nksuksa esa ls
,d&nwljs xzg dks ns[krk gks rks ;g rhljk lEcUk ekuk tkrk gSA
24
4- nksuksa xzg ,d gh jkf'k esa la;qDr gksdj cSBs gksa rks ;g pkSFks izdkj dk
lEcUk gksrk gS vkSj vke dgk x;k gSA
5- tc nks xzg ,d&nwljs ls f=dks.k ikaposa&uosa LFkku ij fLFkr gksa rks ;g
erkUrj ls ikapoka lEcUk gksrk gSA
xzgksa dh n`f"V
lHkh xzg vius LFkku ls lkrosa LFkku dks iw.kZ n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa ysfdu eaxy
vius LFkku ls pkSFks vkSj vkBosa LFkku dks] xq# vius LFkku ls ikaposa vkSj uosa
LFkku dks o 'kfu vius LFkku ls rhljs vkSj nlosa LFkku dks Hkh iw.kZ n`f"V ls
ns[krk gSA
dqN izkphu vkpk;ks us jkgq dsrq dh n`f"V dks Hkh ekU;rk nh gS] ysfdu egf"kZ
ijk'kj us budh dksbZ n`f"V ugha ekuh gSA vU; vkpk;ks ds er ls jkgq vius
LFkku ls lkros]a ikaposa vkSj uosa LFkku dks iw.kZ n`f"V ls ns[krk gSA ,sls gh dsrq
dh Hkh n`f"V gksrh gSA
izR;sd xzg vius LFkku ls rhljs vkSj nlosa LFkku dks ,d ikn n`f"V ls]
ikaposa vkSj uosa dks nks ikn n`f"V ls rFkk pkSFks vkSj vkBosa LFkku dks rhu ikn
n`f"V ls ns[krk gSA
lw;Z vkSj eaxy dh oZ n`f"V gS] cqk vkSj 'kq dh frjNh] pUnzek vkSj xq#
dh cjkcj le rFkk jkgq vkSj 'kfu dh uhph n`f"V gSA
vkRekfn pj dkjd
lw;kZfn ukS xzgksa esa tks xzg Li"V rqY; va'kksa esa vfkd gks] vFkkZr~ vfkd va'k
okyk gks] og vkRedkjd] mlls de va'kksa okyk xzg vekR;dkjd] mlls
de va'kksa okyk xzg Hkzkr`dkjd] mlls de va'kksa okyk ekr`dkjd] mlls de
25
xzgksa ds yksd
iwoZ esa tkrd fdl yksd esa Fkk vkSj e`R;q ds i'pkr~ dgka tk;sxk vkfn
fopkj ds fy, xzgksa ds yksd dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
LoxZ dk vfkifr xq#] fir`yksd ds 'kq vkSj pUnzek] ikrkyyksd dk cqk]
e`R;qyksd ds eaxy vkSj lw;Z rFkk ujd dk vfkifr 'kfu gSA
xzg eS=h
xzgksa ds cykcy dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, iapkk eS=h p cuk;k tkrk gSA
iapkk eS=h dk vkkkj gS fulxZ eS=h ,oa rkRdkfyd eS=hA rkRdkfyd eS=h
tUedq.Myh ds vkkkj ij rS dh tkrh gSA xzgksa dh ikap izdkj dh fLFkfr
dks crykus okyk p iapkk eS=h p dgykrk gSA vfrfe=&fe=&le&'k=q
,oa vfr'k=qA uhps eS=h p fn;k tk jgk gSA
fulxZ eS=h p
uke xzg
fe=
le
'k=q
lw;Z
cq-
pUnz
lw-] cq-
eaxy
'kq-] 'k-
cq-] jk-
cqk
'k-] ea-
pa-] c`-
c`gLifr
lw-] pa-] ea
'k-] jk-
cq-] 'kq-
'kq
c`-
'kfu
c`-
jkgq
c`-
26
iapkk eS=h p
xzg
lw;Z
pUnz
eaxy
cqk
c`gLifr
'kq
'kfu
jkgq
vfrfe=
ea-]c`&&
lw-]pa'kqlw-] pacq-]jkcq-]jk'kq-]'k-
fe=
&&
c`-]ea-]'k-]'kq'kq'k-]eajk&&
&&
&&
le
'kq-]'k-]p&&&
c`-]cq-]jklw-]jk-]c`ea-]cq'k-]lw-]ea-]p-a
'kq-]lw-]pacq-]ea-
'k=q
cqlw-]cq'k&&
'kc`c`c`-
vfr'k=q
jkjk&&
pa'kq&&
ealw-]pa27
iapkk eS=h ds vkkkj ij xzgksa dk lIr oxhZ cy lkku fd;k tkrk gSA
iapkk eS=h ds vuqlkj vfrfe= ds xzg esa xzg dk cy 22 dyk30 fodyk
gksxkA fe= ds ?kj esa 15 dyk cy le ds LFkku esa 7 dyk 30 fodyk] 'k=q
ds LFkku esa 3 dyk 45 fodyk vfr'k=q ds LFkku esa 1 dyk 52 fodyk cy]
vius gh Hkko esa 30 dyk cy] ewy f=dks.k jkf'k esa 45 dyk cy vkSj
mPpjkf'k esa 60 dyk cy feyrk gSA
o
28
fgUnh
fp
1 ARIES
es"k
0+
2 TAURUS
o`"k
30 +
3 GEMINI
feFkqu
60 +
4 CANCER
ddZ
90 +
5 LEO
flag
120 +
6 VIRGO
dU;k
150 +
7 LIBRA
rqyk
180 +
8 SCORPIO
o`f'pd
210 +
9 SAGITTARIUS
kuq
240 +
10 CAPRICORN
edj
270 +
11 AQUARIUS
dqEHk
300 +
12 PISCES
ehu
330 +
eaxy
'kq
cqk
pUnzek
lw;Z
cqk
'kq
eaxy
c`gLifr
'kfu
'kfu
c`gLifr
o`"k
ou vFkok [ksr] tgka i'kq ckUks tkrs gSa tyiw.kZ [ksr tgka kku iSnk gksrh gSA
'kqHk jkf'k] fL= jkf'k] {kek'khy] pkSMh+ tka?ks] cM+k psgjk] rquqd fet+kt tc
fdlh ckr ij ksfkr gks tk,] O;kikjh oxZ i`"Bksn; rFkk jk=h cyh gksrh gSA
feFkqu
tgka urZd] laxhrdkj] dykdkj]] os';k,a jgrh gS] mudk izfrfufkRo djrh
gSA 'k;ud{k] euksjatu djuk] rk'k [ksyuk vkfn LFkkuksa dh Lokeh gSA ;g
mHk;ksn; jkf'k] ?kqa?kjkys cky] dkys vks"B] vU; O;f;ksa dks le>us esa prqj]
mUur ukd] laxhr esa :ph] x`g dk;Z esa :ph] iryh yEch maxfy;ka] e;
fnu esa cyh jgrh gSA
ddZ
tyh; [ksr tgka kku iSnk gksrk gSA dq,a rkykc] unh ds fdukjs tgka ikSkksa
dks vfkdrk gksrh gS] LFkkuksa dh LFkk;h gSA pyus esa rst ku dk 'kkSdhu]
'kqHk jkf'k] feyulkj izfr fu%LokFkZ] nwljksa ds fy, cfynku djus okyk
tkrd gksrk gSA
flag
?kus ouksa ds LFkku] ioZr] Vhys] fdys] fnu cyh 'kh"kksnZ ;] fuokl&xqQk,a yEcs
xky] pkSM+s psgjk] wj jkf'k] iq#"k jkf'k] fnu cyh gksrh gSA
dU;k
fL= jkf'k] euksjatu ds LFkku] pkjkxkg] 'kqHk jkf'k] e;e dn 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k]
ikSkksa okyh Hkwfe] dUkksa rFkk Hkqtkvksa dk >qduk lPpk n;kyqrk] dkys cky]
vPNh ekufld ;ksX;rk] fofk vuqlkj dk;Z djus okyk] rdZ'khy gksrh gSA
rqyk
O;kikjh] nqdku] vukt dk LFkku O;kikjh dk ?kj] o.kZ dkyk] e;e dn
'kh"kksZn;] O;kikfjd LFkku tokuh esa iryk 'kjhj ijUrq eksVkis dh vksj
>qdko] xksypsgjk] iki jkf'k dk gksrk gSA
30
o`f'pd
Nsn ;k fcy okyk LFkku] fo"k] 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k pkSM+h] QSyh gqbZ vka[ksa rFkk
NkrhA ckY;koLFkk esa fcekj wj dkeksa esa :ph] lkglh] lgu'kfDr] izcUkd]
'kqHk jkf'k gksrh gSA
kuq
og LFkku tgka ?kksM+s] gkFkh ;k jFk eksVj dkj j[ks tkrs gSAa jktk dk
fuokl] iki jkf'k] iq#"k jkf'k] fnu cyh] i`"Bksn;] yEckskjk psgjk vkSj xnZu
dku rFkk ukd cM+s] vR;fkd mnkj vPNs fny okyk] HkkSfrd laLfr dks
ilan djus okyk] ;k=k&ilan] maph vkokt vkfn y{k.k ds gksrs gSAa
edj
tyh; LFkku] cgqr ek=k esa ikuh okys LFkku] unh ds fdukjs] i`"Bksn; jkf'k]
fupys vaxksa esa detksjh] cyoku gksrs gSaA
dqEHk
os LFkku tgka ikuh lw[k tkrk gSA tgka 'kjkc curk gS] tgka i{kh jgrs gaSA
tgka ?kM+s j[ks tkrs gSaA iki jkf'k] fnu cyh] 'kh"kksZn;] ns[kus esa lqanj]
izfrHkkoku] {kek'khy LoHkko dk gksrk gSA
ehu
kkfeZd] ifo= LFkku] ifo= ufn;ksa dk LFkku] eafnj] rhFkZ LFkku] leqnz vkfn
LFkku dn NksVk] mHk;ksn; lqxfBr 'kjhj] iRuh dks pkgus okyk] f'kf{kr
fo}ku] de cksyus okyk gksrk gSA
jkf'k;ksa dh izfr
pj& pj fLFkj ,oa f}LoHkko gksrk gSA es"k] ddZ] rqyk] edj dks pj dgrs
gSaA
fLFkj&o`"k] flag] o`f'pd] dqEHk dks fLFkj dgrs gSAa
f}LoHkko& feFkqu] dU;k] kuq] ehu dks f}LoHkko dgrs gSAa
rRo& vfXu] i`Foh] ok;q ,oa ty gksrk gSA
31
fyax
iq#"k fyax&es"k] feFkqu] flag] rqyk] kuq ,oa dqEHk jkf'k iq#"k gksrk gSA
L=h fyax& o`"k] ddZ] dU;k] o`f'pd] edj ,oa ehu jkf'k L=h gksrh gSA
izfr
fir] ok;q] fefJr ,oa dQ izfr gksrh gSA
fir& es"k] flag ,oa kuq fir laKd gksrk gSA
ok;q&o`"k] dU;k ,oa edj ok;q laKd gksrk gSA
fefJr& feFkqu] rqyk ,oa dqEHk fefJr laKd gksrk gSA
dQ& ddZ] o`f'pd ,oa ehu dQ laKd gksrk gSA
o.kZ
{kf=;] oS';] 'kqnz ,oa czk.k o.kZ gksrk gSA
{kf=;&es"k] flag] kuq vfkdkjh oxZ
oS';&o`"k] dU;k] edj O;kikjh oxZ
'kqnz& feFkqu] rqyk] dqEHk deZpkjh oxZ
czk.k&ddZ] o`f'pd] ehu v;kid] izpkjd] lektlqkkjd oxZ
ty jkf'k;ka& ddZ] o`f'pd] edj] ehu
ty ij fuHkZj jkf'k;ka& o`"k] feFkqu] dU;k] dqEHk
tyghu jkf'k;ka& es"k] flag] rqyk] kuq
32
fn'kk,a
iwoZ& es"k] flag] kuq
nf{k.k& o`"k] dU;k] edj
if'pe& feFkqu] rqyk] dqEHk
mkj& ddZ] o`f'pd] ehu
33
'kjhj ds vax
flj
2- o`"k
3- feFkqu
4- ddZ
5- flag
6- dU;k
7- rqyk
8- o`f'pd
9- kuq
tka?ks
10- edj
11- dqEHk
12- ehu
vka[kas] iSj
o
34
rhl fnu dks lkou ekl dgrs gS rFkk lw;Z ds vf'ouh ds izFke fcUnq ls iqu%
ml fcUnq ij nqckjk vkus rd dks lkSj o"kZ dgrs gaSA Hkkjrh; i)fr esa
LFkkuh; le; dks ekU;rk nh tkrh gSA tc fd ik'pkR; i)fr esa ekud
le; dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
5- Hkkjrh; i)fr esa [kxksy'kkL= ,oa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ,d&nwljs ds fHkUu vax
gSA nksuksa dk fodkl lkFk&lkFk gqvkA ik'pkR; i)fr esa [kxksy 'kkL= dk
fodkl ,d HkkSfrd foKku dh Hkkfr gqvkA
6- Hkkjrh; i)fr esa czk.M esa fLFkr xzg rFkk fi.Mksa ds vykok mudh
xfr] ikr (nodes) HknksPp fcUnq] ;qfr fcUnq Hkknzh vkfn mixzgksa dk Hkh
foLrkj ls v;;u gqvk gSA tc fd ik'pkR; i)fr esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugha
gSA
ifjHkk"kk,a
x
90
[k
?k
fp= 1
HkkSxksfyd ns'kkUrj
x
o
y
d
;
[k
j
?k
fp= 2
eku fy;k tk; fd fp= 2 esa x] ;] ?k eq[; e;kg~u js[kk gSA tks Hkw&e; js[kk
dks ; fcUnq ij dkVrh gSA rFkk ,d vU; e;kg~u js[kk tks Hkw&e; js[kk dks fcUnq
j ij dkVrh gSA bu nks e;ku js[kkvksa ds Hkw&e; js[kk ij dkVus okys fcUnqvksa
;] j }kjk i`Foh ds dsUnz y ij tks dks.k ;] y] j cusxk og e;k~u js[kk
x] j] ?k dk ns'kkarj dgk tk,xkA ;fn e;ku js[kk ekud e;ku js[kk
xzhuchp ls iwoZ esa gS rks mls iwohZ ns'kkaUrj dgsx
a s ;fn if'pe esa fLFkr gS
rks mls if'peh ns'kkUrj dgsaxsA
37
HkkSxksfyd v{kka'k
fp= 2 esa e;ku js[kk x] j] ?k ij o ,d fcUnq gS ;fn o dks dsUnz y ls
feyk;k tk, rks o] y] j ,d dks.k gksxkA bl dks.k dks v{kka'k dgrs gSA
rFkk o dk v{kka'k dgyk,xkA
Hkw&e; js[kk ij v{kka'k 00 gksxkA mkjh xksykkZ Hkw&e; js[kk ls mkjh
kzqo dk Hkkx esa tks LFkku gksxk mldks mkjh v{kka'k ,oa tks LFkku nf{k.kh
xksykkZ esa gksxk mls nf{k.kh v{kka'k dgk tk,xkA ,d gh e;ku js[kk ij
fofHkUu LFkkuksa dk ns'kkUrj
rks ,d gh gksxk ijUrq v{kka'k fHkUu gksxkA
blh izdkj ,d gh v{kka'k ij fLFkr ns'kkUrj fHkUu&fHkUu gksx
a sA
v{kka'k js[kk okLro esa i`Foh dh lrg ij os dkYifud o`r gS tks Hkw&e;
js[kk c`gr o`r ds lekUrj gksrs gSa 900 mkjh v{kka'k mkjh kzqo rFkk 900
nf{k.kh v{kka'k nf{k.kh kzqo gSA bldks (Latitude) Hkh dgrs gSaA
ns'kkUrj js[kk okLro esa i`Foh dh lrg ij os dkYifud o`r gS tks i`Foh ds
mkjh kzqo rFkk nf{k.kh kqzo esa ls gksdj xqtjrs gSaA ,d ns'kkUrj js[kk nwljs
ns'kkUrj js[kk ls 4 feuV dk vUrj n'kkZrk gSA bldks (Longitude) Hkh
dgrs gSAa
v{kka'k rFkk ns'kkUrj i`Foh ij fLFkr fdlh Hkh LFkku dks n'kkZrs gSaA
blh izdkj czk.M esa fLFkr fdlh xzg dh fLFkfr dks Hkh ukik tkrk gSA
[kxksyh; kzqo& i`Foh ds v{k dks mkjh kzqo dks rFkk nf{k.kh kzqo dks
;fn vuar rd czk.M esa c<+k fn;k tk; rks czk.M ds ftl Hkkx mkjh
kzqo feysxkA mls [kxksyh; mkjh kzqo rFkk ftl fcUnq ij nf{k.kh kqzo
feysxkA mls [kxksyh; nf{k.kh kzqo dgsaxsA
[kxksyh; fo"kqor~ o`r(Glistial equator)
[kxksyh; fo"kqor o`r czk.M dk og o`gr o`r gS ftldk ry [kxksyh; kzqoksa
dks feykus okyh js[kk dks ledks.k ij dkVrk gSA
38
kafr o`r
u{k= eaMy esa lw;Z ftl iFk ij Hkze.k djrk gqvk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS mls
kafriFk ;k kfUr o`r dgrs gSA x] ?k kfUr o`r gSSA
kafr o`r dk ry fo"kqor~ o`r ds ry ds lkFk 230&28* dk dks.k cukrk gSA
?k
j 230&28*
[k
d
x 90
;
fp= 3
Hkp
Hkp vkdk'k esa og dkYifud iV~Vh gS tks kafr o`r ds 90 mkj 90 nf{k.k
rd QSyh gqbZ gS tSls ;] j
[kxksyh; v{kka'k
Zbls fo{ksi ;k 'kj Hkh dgrs gSAa czk.M esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh fi.M ;k xzg dh
fLFkfr tkuus ds fy;s xzg ls kafr o`r ij yEcor~ pki [khapk tkrk gSA ml
pki dh dks.kh; nwjh dks [kxksyh; v{kka'k dgrs gaSA
n
d
x
?k
[k
fp= 4
ekuk fd i ,d vkdk'kh; fi.M gSA x] ?k kfUr o`r gSA fi.M ls yEcor~
n] Q kfUro`r ij pki MkykA i] y] Q dks.k [kxksyh; v{kka{k dgykrk
gSA
39
Hkksxka'k
fdlh Hkh vkdk'kh; fi.M dk Hkksxka'k] mldk kafr o`r ij es"k ls izFke
fcUnq ls dks.kh; nwjh gksrh gSA
kafr
fdlh Hkh vkdk'kh; fi.M ls fo"kqor~ o`r ij tks yEcor~ pki Mkyk tk,xk
mlds }kjk i`Foh ds dsUnz ij tks dks.k cusxk ml dks.k dks fiaM dh kafr
dgrs gSA
fo"kqoka'k
vkdk'kh; fi.M ls fo"kqor~ o`r ij yEcor~ pki ftl fcUnq ij feyrk gS ml
fcUnq dh fo"kqor~ o`r ij fLFkr lk;u es"k ds izFke fcUnq olar laikr fcUnq
ls tks dks.kh; nwjh gksrh gS mls ml fi.M dk fo"kqoka'k dgrs gSA
d
x
ECkj
l
fn
22
40
Ecj
r
l
f
23
j
y Z
kp
21e
uw
1t
2
?k
[k fo"kqor~ o`r
fp= 5
lw;Z dh kafr y fcUnq ls fnu izfrfnu c<+rh tkrh gS vkSj ?k fcUnq 21 twu
ds yxHkx vfkdre gksrh gSA ;gka lw;Z dh kafr 280&30* 300 gksrh gSA
bl fcUnq dks xzh"e laikr ;k nf{k.kk;u laikr Hkh dgrs gSA blds ckn lw;Z
dh kafr ?kVus yxrh gSA iqu% 23 flrEcj ds yxHkx 'kwU; gks tkrh gS
D;ksafd lw;Z iuq% fo"kqor~ o`r ij gksrk gSA ;gka ls lw;Z dh kafr nf{k.k fn'kk
esa iuq% c<+us yxrh gS vkSj fcUnq x ij 22 fnlEcj ds yxHkx vfkdre
gks tkrh gSA ;gka ls lw;Z mkjk;.k gks tkrk gS ;gka ls lw;Z dh kafr iqu%
?kVus yxrh gS vkSj 21 ekpZ dks fZcUnq y ij 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj
lw;Z dk ,d o"kZ gks tkrk gSA
x] y] ?k fcUnq rd lw;Z dk ?kweuk mkjk;.k rFkk ?k] j] x o`r ij ?kweuk
nf{k.kk;u dgykrk gSA blh o`r ij Hkze.k ds dkj.k gh xzh"e _rq 21 ekpZ
ls vkjEHk 'kjn~ _rq 23 flrEcj ls vkjEHk gksrh gSA
_rq ifjorZu lw;Z ds Hkze.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA okLro esa lw;Z fLFkj gS vkSj
i`Foh Hkze.k dj jgh gSA ijUrq ge i`Foh ij [kM+s gks dj tc lw;Z dks ns[krs
gaS rks lw;Z Hkze.k djrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
41
xzg
og vkdk'kh; fi.M gS tks lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj Hkze.k djrs gSA fLFkj rkjs
fVefVekrs jgrs gS tcfd xzgksa dh ped ,d leku jgrh gSA
pUnzek
,d vkdk'kh; fi.M gS tks i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerk gSA blfy, bls mixzg
Hkh dgrs gSAa i`Foh ds vykok vkSj xzgksa ds Hkh mixzg gSA
lkSj&eaMy
;g lw;Z] xzgksa] mixzgksa] ?kwedsrq] mYdk] y?kqxzgksa rFkk xzgksa dh kwy d.k ,oa
xSlh; d.kksa ls cuk gSA gekjs lkSj&eaMy cz.M dk ,d NksVk Hkkx gSA bl
lkSj&e.My esa ge jgrs gSA gekjk lkSj eaMy lw;Z ds bnZ&fxnZ dsfUnzr gSA
lHkh xzg lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kwers gSAa
gekjs lkSj&eaxMy esa vHkh rd ukS xzgksa dk irk yxk gSA Hkkjrh; i)fr
esa dsoy ikap xzgksa dks gh ekuk gSA
lw;Z ls nwjh ds e ls Kkr xzgksa ds uke bl izdkj gSA
1- cqk 2- 'kq 3- i`Foh 4- eaxy 5- c`gLifr 6- 'kfu 7- ;wfjul 8- usIpwu
9- IywVks
lw;Z ,d rkjk gS rFkk pUnzek mixzg Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k i)fr esa cqk] 'kq
eaxy] c`gLifr rFkk 'kfu xzgksa dks gks ekU;rk nh gSA okLro esa (Planet)
IykusV dk fgUnh :ikUrj xzg mfpr ugha D;ksafd Hkkjrh; i)fr mldks xzg
ekurh gS ftldk izHkko ge xzg.k djrs gSa ;k ftldk vfLrRo gesa izHkkfor
42
djrk gSA blfy;s Hkkjrh; i)fr us lw;Z pUnzek] jkgq rFkk dsrq dks Hkh xzg
ekuk gSA jkgq rFkk dsrq dks Hkh xzg ekuk gSA tcfd jkgq rFkk dsrq dk dksbZ
HkkSfrd vfLrRo ughaA ;g ge tkurs gaS fd i`Foh lw;Z dk rFkk pUnzek i`Foh
dk ifjHkze.k djrh gSA
lw;Z
cq/k
'kq
i`Foh
eaxy
c`gLifr
fp= 7
dsrq
vojksgh ikFk
[k
ikFk i`Foh dk o`r
h
s
g
k
d vkj
jkgq
pUnzek dk o`r
fp= 8
tgka nksuksa o`r ,d&nwljs dks dkVrs gSa mu fcUnqvksa dks jkgq rFkk dsrq dgrs
gSaA fp= 8 esa d] [k jkgq rFkk dsrq gSA
43
vkUrfjd xzg
os xzg gSa tks lw;Z ,oa i`Foh ds e; fLFkr gSA os gSa cqk rFkk 'kqA
ck; xzg
os xg gaS tks lw;Z rFkk i`Foh nksuksa ls ckgj gSA os xzg gSa eaxy] c`gLifr] 'kfu]
;wjsul] usIpwu rFkk IywVksA
;wjsul] usIpwu rFkk IywVks dks Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us tkrd xzUFkksa esa dksbZ LFkku
ugha fn;kA bldk ;g vFkZ dnkfi ugha fd Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa dks blds ckjs
esa irk ugha Fkk Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us budk o.kZu v:.k] o#.k rFkk ;e
e'k% ds uke ls fd;k gSA ijUrq budk vfLrRo i`Foh ls cgqr nwj gksus ds
dkj.k rFkk lw;Z dh ifjek brus vfkd o"kkZ esa iwjk djrs gaS fd tkrd dk
thou gh iwjk gks tkrk gS tSls IywVks lw;Z dh ifjek 248 o"kZ esa iwjk djrk
gSA usIpwu lw;Z dks ifjek 164-8 o"kZ esa iwjh djrk gSA blfy, tkrd ds
thou esa bu xzgksa dk vfkd egRo ugha gSA
cq'k-
fp= 9
44
Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa fnu&jkr dks 24 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSS ftUgsa gksjk
dgrs gaSA fnu lw;Z fudyus ls iqu% lw;Z fudyus rd jgrk gSA ,d gksjk
,d ?k.Vs ds cjkcj gksrh gSA fnu dk uke ml fnu ds izFke gksjk ds Lokeh
ds vkkkj ij j[kk x;k gSA gksjk ds Lokeh xzgksa ds vkkkj ij gSA pUnzek
lcls rhoz xfr xzg gS rFkk 'kfu lcls Hknz xfr xzg gSA ;fn bu xzgksa dks
xfr ds e ls ,d o`r esa fy[ks rks fp= 9 cu tk,xkA lw;Z gekjk dsUnz
gksus ds dkj.k lw;Z ls fxuuk vkjEHk djs rks 25oha gksjk pUnz ij vk,xhA
blfy;s nwljs fnu dk uke pUnzokj lkseokj j[kk x;kA vc pUnzek ls
fxuuk vkjEHk djs rks 25 oha gksjk eaxy ij iM+sxhA blfy, rhljs fnu dk
uke eaxyokj j[kk x;kA blh e ls pkSFkk fnu cqkokj] 5 fnu c`gLifrokj]
6 fnu 'kqokj rFkk lkroka fnu 'kfuokj j[kk x;kA
o
45
LFkkuh; le;
ij ge ns[k pqds gSa fd iwoZ ds ns'kksa esa lw;Z igys fn[kkbZ nsxk rFkk if'pe
ds ns'kksa esa ckn esa fn[kkbZ nsxkA blfy, izR;sd LFkku dk LFkkuh; le;
fHkUu gksrk gSA ijUrq le; ds O;rhr gksus dh nj esa lekurk ykus ds fy,
rFkk tfVy xf.krh; lax.kuk ls cpus ds fy;s **LFkkuh; vkSlr
le;**(L.M.T.) (Local Mean Time) dk eku fy;k tkrk gSA ;g
le; fdlh Hkh LFkku ds v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkUrj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA T;ksfr"k
esa ge lcls igys] fn, gq, le; dks LFkkuh; vkSlr le; esa cnyrs gSAa
ekud le;
fdlh LFkku ls ns'k cM+k gksrk gSA ijUrq vkus&tkus dh lqfokkvksa ds foLrkj ds
dkj.k rFkk lapkj lkkuksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k ns'k ,d bZdkbZ gks x;k gSA
Mkd] rkj VsyhQksu vkfn lapkj lkkuksa ls ns'k tqM+ x;k gSA ;krk;kr ds
lkkuksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k izR;sd 'kgj nwljs ls tqM+ x;k gSA blfy, ns'k
ds le; dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;k x;k ftlesa izR;sd 'kgj dk
le; ,d gksA lu~ 1906 bZ- esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd 820&30* iwoZ
ns'kkUrj dks Hkkjr dk ekud e;ku js[kk ds :i esa fy;k tk,xkA ;g
Hkkjr dk ekud le; gSA gokbZ tgkt] Mkd] jsy vkfn lHkh bl le; dk
gh iz;ksx djrs gaSA vkt rks gekjh ?kfM+;k Hkh blh le; ds vuqlkj pyrh
46
gSA LFkkuh; le; dh dYiuk lekIr izk; gks xbZ gSA blfy;s T;ksfr"k esa
ekud le; ls LFkkuh; le; fudkyk tkrk gSA
le; dk :ikUrj.k
geus ns[kk gS fd i`Foh 24 ?kUVs esa 3600 ?kwe ysrh gS bl izdkj
3600 24 ?k.Vs
3600 24x60 feuV
10 24x60 4 feuV
360
bl fl)kUr dk iz;ksx djds ,d LFkku ds le; dks nwljs LFkku ds le;
esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA ges dsoy ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd tks ns'k xzhufop
ds iwoZ esa fLFkr gS muesa xzhufop ds le; esa tksMk+ $ tkrk gS rFkk tks
ns'k xzhufop ds if'pe esa fLFkr gS muesa xzhufop ds le; esa ls ?kV;k &
tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k
Hkkjr dh ekud e;k js[kk dk ns'kkUrj 820&30^ iwoZ gS rks ekud le;
D;k gksxk\
10
4 feuV
0
82 &30 82x4$30x4 lsdW.M
328 fe- $ 120 lsdW.M
330 feuV
5 ?kaVs 30 feuV
47
Hkkjr D;ksafd xzhufop ls iwoZ esa fLFkr gS blfy, xzhufop ds le; esa 5 ?kaVs
30 feuV tksM+s tk,axsA
;fn xzhufop esa le; 6&00 gS rks Hkkjr esa 6&00$5&30 11?kaVs 30 feuV
dk le; gksxkA ;fn xhufop ds le; 10 ?kaVs 30 feuV gS rks Hkkjr esa 16
?kaVs dk le; gksxk] vFkkZr lk;a 4 cts A
49
**
**
LFkku& fnYyh
20?ka- 44 fe-
1 fe-
9 lS-
20 ?k- 45 fe-
11lS-
00 fe-
3 lS-
50
20?ka-
18fe- 52lS-
& 12 ?ka-
00fe- 00 lS-
18fe- 52 lS-
8 ?ka-
tkrd dk tUe LFkkuh; le; vuqlkj nksigj 12 cts ds 08 ?ka- 18 fe52 lS- ckn esa gqvkA bl vUrj esa lEikRdh; laLdkj dj bl vUrj dks
lEikRdh; vUrj esa cnysaxsA
20?ka-
45fe-14 lS- i)
& 24?ka-
00fe- 00lS-
05?ka-
05fe- 28lS-
yXu
1fe**
52* 13*4
blh rjg 1 fe- ;k 60 lS- 13*
13* X28* 6* 4**
28 lS-
60
05 ?ka- 4 fe- lEikrdh;
le; vuqlkj mfnr yXu
4jk 240 41*00**
1 fe- yXu dh pky
000 13*00**
28 lS- yXu dh pky
000 06*04**
05 ?ka- 5 fe- 28 lS- lEikRkdh; le;
52
53
**
**
00 55*
1jk 250 2*
- 55* 4
13*] 45**
55* 4
55x 28
28 lS-
4x 60
385
6* 25*
60
28 lS- esa pky 6* 25**
54
28 lS
05 ?ka- 5 fe- 28 lS- lEikrdh;
le; vuqlkj n'ke Hkko mfnr
tUe le; lEikrdh; le; vuqlkj n'ke Hkko Li"V rqyk jkf'k
250 23* 38** ij mfnr gks jgk FkkA
fudkys x;s yXu Li"V n'ke Hkko Li"V e'k% izFke Hkko vkSj n'ke Hkko ds
e; dk js[kka'k gS blh izdkj tUe dq.Myh ds lHkh ckjg Hkkoksa ds e;
js[kka'k fudkys tk;saxs blds lkFk&lkFk ckjgsa Hkkokssa ds lfUk izkjfEHkd
js[kka'k Hkh fudkyuk vko';d gS ftlls gj Hkko dh yEckbZ vkSj Hkko e;
mfnr jkf'k dk Kkr gksxkA
ckjg Hkkoksa dk xf.kr bl izdkj fd;k tk;sxk
n'ko Hkko ls izFke Hkko rd
izFke Hkko e;e js[kka'k& n'ke Hkko e;e js[kka'k 6
vFkkZr yXu Li"V
1jk
240
1*
10**
150
5*
29**
2jk
90
150
06*
05*
39**
29**
2jk
240
12*
8**
150
05*
29**
090
17*
37**
150
05*
29**
240
23*
06**
150
05*
29**
090
28*
35**
150
05*
29**
240
34*
4**
3jk
3jk
4jk
4jk
vc izkIr gq, Li"V Hkko e; js[kka'k vkSj Hkko lfUk js[kka'k esa 6 jkf'k tksM+
nsus ls Hkko ds lkeus okys Hkko e; vkSj Hkko lfUk js[kka'k Li"V gks tk;sx
a sA
tSls%&
n'ke Hkko dk e; js[kka'k
56
1jk
240
01*
10**
7jk
240
1*
10**
6 jkf'k
090
06*
39**
8jk
090
06*
39**
2jk
240
12*
08**
6jk-
8jk
240
12*
8**
3jk
090
17*
37**
6jk-
9jk
90
17*
37**
3jk
240
23*
06**
6jk-
9jk
240
230
6**
4jk
90
28*
35**
6jk90
28*
35**
240
34*
4**
240
34*
04**
2jk-
6jk-
10jk
4jk
6jk-
10jk
57
tSls&
prqFkZ Hkko dk e; js[kka'k
7jk
240
01*
10**
4jk
240
34*
04**
vUrj
2jk
290
27*
06**
6
6
izkIr gq, "k"Bka'k dks izFke Hkko e; js[kka'k esa ckjh&ckjh tksMs+ tkus ls e'k%
vxys Hkkoks ds Hkko e; o lfUk js[kka'k izkIr gks tk;sx
a sA
izFke Hkko e; js[kka'k &
izFke vkSj f}rh; Hkko lUkh&
f}rh; Hkko e;&
f}rh; vkSj r`rh; Hkko lfUk&
4jk
5jk
5jk
6jk
r`rh; Hkko e;
6jk
7jk
7jk
58
240
34*
04**
140
54*
31**
090
28*
35**
140
54*
31**
240
23*
06**
140
54*
31**
90
17*
37**
140
240
140
090
140
240
54*
12*
54*
06*
54*
01*
31**
08**
31**
39**
31**
10**
240
34*
04**
10jk
240
34*
04**
5jk
90
28*
35
11jk
90
28*
35**
5jk
240
23*
06**
11jk
240
23*
06**
6jk
90
17*
37**
4jk
$
lIre Hkko e;
izFke vkSj f}rh; Hkko lfUk
$
lIre vkSj v"Ve Hkko lfUk
f}rh; Hkko e;
$
v"Ve Hkko e;
f}rh; vkSj r`rh; Hkko lfUk
v"Ve vkSj uoe Hkko lfUk
6jk
6jk-
0jk
90
17*
37**
6jk
240
12*
08**
090
06*
39**
6jk
7jk
6jk-
1jk
090
06*
39**
7jk
240
01*
10**
240
01* 10** -
prqFkZ Hkko e;
n'ke Hkko e;
6jk
$
r`rh; Hkko e;
r`rh; vkSj prqFkZ Hkko lfUk
6jk
6jk
1jk
59
Hkko lfUk
04jk
05jk
06jk
07jk
08jk
09jk
10jk
11jk
00jk
01jk
02jk
03jk
090
090
090
090
090
090
090
090
090
090
090
090
Hkko e;
28* 35**
28* 35**
17* 37**
06* 39**
06* 39**
17* 37**
28* 35**
28* 35**
17* 37**
06* 39**
06* 39**
17* 37**
04jk
05jk
00jk
07jk
08jk
09jk
10jk
11jk
00jk
01jk
02jk
03jk
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
34*
23*
12*
01*
12*
23*
34*
23*
12*
01*
12*
23*
04**
06**
08**
10**
08**
06**
04**
06**
08**
10**
08**
06**
vc izkIr gq, Li"V Hkko e; vkSj lfUk js[kka'k esa 6 jkf'k tksM+ nsus ls Hkko
ds lkeus okys Hkko e; vkSj lfUk js[kka'k Li"V gks tk;sx
a sA tSls geus n'ke
ls izFke Hkkoksa ds js[kka'kksa esa 6 jkf'k tksM+h gS mlh rjg ls ;g Hkh izFke ls
prqFkZ Hkkoksa esa 6 jkf'k tksM+saxsA
o
60
63
00 31
120 14*
0-2938
0-1993
0-4931
0-4928
10 1*
1-3730
0-1993
1-5723
1-5786
6jk 2502*
9jk 19010*
3jk 8059*
00 20*
6jk24042*
0038*
7 043*
9jk18032*3jk 1 016*
1-6670
0-1993
1-8663
1-8573
10 2*
20 2*
9jk19033*
&
9jk17031*
2-2-1969
1-2-1969
31-1-1969
24?kaVs dh pky
pUnz vkSj cq/k dh
48?kaVs dh pky 'ks"k
vU; xzgksa dh
vU; xzgksa ds
24?kaVs dh pky
24?kaVs dh pky dk ykS15?ka- 10 fedqy ;ksx
ykSx rkfydk esa
dh la[;k ds fu-la15?ka- 10fe- dh pky
xzgksa ds izkr% 5?k-30fe- ds js[kka'k
xzg ds Li"V js[kka'k
20?ka- 40 fe- ij
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izkr% 5%30 A.M.
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190 10*
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250 02*
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120 24*
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060 01*
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260 50*
jkgq
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070 49*
dsrq
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070 49*
64
12
11
10
4
5
7
6
9
8
bl izdkj bl fp= esa 12 [kkus cus bu ckjg dks"Vdksa dh ckjg Hkko dgk
tkrk gS vkSj ij Hkko izFke Hkko dgykrk gS vkSj foijhr ?kM+h dh pky
ls izFke] f}rh;] r`rh; -------}kn'k Hkko gksrs gSaA
izFke Hkko dks yXu dgrs gaS tks yXu Li"V fd;k tkrk gS ml jkf'k dh
la[;k izFke Hkko esa yxkdj 'ks"k Hkkoksa esa foijhr ?kM+h pky ls lHkh jkf'k;ksa
dks j[kk tkrk gS mijkUr lHkh xzgksa dh dq.Myh esa xzg Li"V dh xbZ jkf'k;ksa
ij yxkdj dq.Myh rS;kj gks tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k& dq.Myh ls fd;s x;s xf.kr esa yXu 4jk 240 34* 04** Li"V
gqvk vFkkZr 4 jkf'k iwjh gks pqdh Fkh vkSj iapeh jkf'k py jgh Fkh ikap
a oh
jkf'k jkf'k p dh flag jkf'k gksrh gS blfy, yXu flag gqvk vkSj e'k%
jkf'k;ksa dh la[;k dq.Myh Hkkoksa esa vk tk;sx
a hs vkSj xzgksa ds xzg Li"V dh
jkf'k esa yxk nsaxsA
yXu Li"V vkSj xzg Li"V lkj.kh ls tUe dq.Myh bl izdkj cusxhA
65
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pfyr dq.Myh
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uksV%& dHkh&dHkh ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd fdUgha nks Hkkoks esa Hkko e; js[kka'k
ij ,d gh jkf'k vk jgh gks ml fLFkfr esa nksuksa Hkkoksa esa la[;k ,d gh
yxsxhA rnqijkUr xzg Li"V lkj.kh ls xzg ds js[kka'k vuqlkj ftl Hkko esa
xzg vk jgk gksxk ml Hkko esa xzg dks fy[kk tk;sxk tSl&
s lw;Z js[kka'k 9s
190 10* gSa vkSj yXu dq.Myh esa ;g "k"B Hkko esa vafdr fd;k x;k gS vc
ge "k"B Hkko dk foLrkj Hkko Li"V lkj.kh ls ns[ksx
a s Hkko "k"B dk izkjfEHkd
s 0
js[kka'k 9 9 17* 37** gSa vkSj "k"B Hkko lekfiz js[kka'k 10s 90 28* 35** vFkkZr
"k"BHkko dk foLrkj 9s 9017*37* ls 10s 9028* 35*rd gS lw;Z dk js[kka'k 9s 100
10* "k"B Hkko ds foLrkj ds vUnj gh gS blfy, lw;Z dks Hkko pfyr esa "k"B
Hkko esa gh vafdr fd;k tk;sxkA
bl rjg 'kq ds js[kka'k 11s 60 1* gS tks yXu dq.Myh esa v"Ve Hkko esa vafdr
gSa vkSj v"Ve Hkko dk foLrkj 11s 90 28* 35** ls 0s 90 17* 37** rd 'kq dk
js[kka'k bl foLrkj esa ugha vkrk vFkkZr~ lIre~ Hkko ds foLrkj esa gS lIre Hkko
foLrkj 10s 90 28* 35** ls 11s 90 28* 35** gS blfy, 'kq Hkko pfyr dq.Myh
esa lIre Hkko esa vafdr fd;k tk;sxk blh rjg lHkh xzgksa ds Hkko ds foLrkj
vuqlkj fy[kk tk;sxk ;g Hkkoks esa xzgksa dk lgh fp=.k gksxk vFkkZr ftl
Hkko ds foLrkj esa xzg jgrk gS mlh Hkko dks izHkkfor dj ogh dk Qy nsrk
gSA
bl izdkj ns[kk tk, rks Hkko pfyr gh tUe le; dk lgh vkdk'kh; uD'kk
fp= gS blh vuqlkj Qy djuk pkfg,A
o
67
160 40* rd jgrk gS vxj ns[kk tk;s rks pUnz ds iq"; u{k= ls fudyus ds
fy, 70 40* vkSj Hkze.k djuk gksxk vFkkZr 'ks"k u{k= Hkksx 460 dyk gqvkA
u{k= lekfIr va'k&
u{k= Hkksxka'k&
'ks"k u{k= va'k
460* dyk
iq"; u{k= dk Lokeh 'kfu gksrk gS vFkkZr~ tUe le; 'kfu dh n'kk jgsxh
D;ksafd 'kfu dks 19 o"kZ dh vofk nh gS tks ,d u{k= eku ds cjkcj gS tks
800 dyk gS vkSj ftruk p dk u{k= Hkksx 'ks"k jg x;k vuq:i n'kk 'ks"k
jgsxhA
800 dyk esa 'kfu dh vofk
1
**
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460* dyk
**
19 o"kZ
19 x 460
800
10 o"kZ 11 ekg 3 fnu
uksV%& ,Qsejs ht dh fiNys i`"Bksa esa nh xbZ fo'kksrjh n'kk HkksX; dh rkfydk nh
xbZ gS mldh lgk;rk ls Hkh vki n'kk 'ks"k fudky ldrs gSAa
vc tks tUe rkjh[k ns j[kh gks mlesa 'ks"k vofk tksM+ nsus ls 'ks"k jgh n'kk dk
lekfIr dky vk tk;sxkA mijkUr e ls n'kkvksa dh vofk dks tksMr+ s tk,a vkSj
n'kk dk lekfIr dk tku ysAa
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa tUe 1-2-1969 dk gS vkSj 'kfu dh 'ks"k n'kk 10 o"kZ 11
ekl 3 fnu 'ks"k jgh gS blfy, eSa tUe rkjh[k 'kfu ds 'ks"k o"kZ tksM+ nsAa
tUe rkjh[k
'kfu n'kk 'ks"k o"kZ
'kfu n'kk lekfIr dky
cqk n'kk vofk
e ls lekfIr dky
dsrq n'kk vofk
o"kZ
1969
101980
17
1997
07-
ekl
02
1101000100
fnu
01
03
-04
00
04
00
69
lekfIr dky
'kq n'kk vofk
lekfIr dky
lw;Z n'kk vofk
lekfIr dky
pUnz n'kk vofk
lekfIr dky
eaxy n'kk vfok
lekfIr dky
2030202024
062030
10
2040
07
2047
0100
0100
0100
0100
01-
04
00
04
00
04
00
04
00
04
70
c`-
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11
10
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24
18
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71
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vUrj n'kk lkku fofk Hkh mlh vuqikr esa gS ftl vuqikr esa n'kk dh vofk
nh xbZ gSA
blds fy, ,Qsesjht esa nh xbZ vUrnZ'kk rkfydk dh lgk;rk ls ysx
a sA
'kfu dh egkn'kk HkksX;dky 10 o"kZ 11 ekg 3 fnu 'ks"k jg x;s Fks vFkkZr~
'kfu dh 19 o"kZ dh egk n'kk ds 8 o"kZ 0 ekg 27 fnu tUe le; chr pqds
FksA
vxj ge ,Qsesjht esa foa'kksarjh vUrnZ'kk rkfydk esa 'kfu egkn'kk esa ns[ksa
rks 9 o"kZ 11 ekg 21 fnu esa 'kfu esa 'kq dk vUrj lekIr gks tkrk gSA tUe
le; 'kfu egkn'kk 8 o"kZ 0 ekg 27 fnu forsxh vFkkZr~ tUe le; 'kfu dh
egkn'kk esa 'kq dk vUrj py jgk Fkk vxj 9 o"kZ 11 ekg 21 fnu esa ls
chrh 'kfu dh n'kk vFkkZr 8 o"kZ 0 ekg 21 fnu ?kVk nsa rks 'ks"k 1 o"kZ 10
ekg 24 fnu jgs tk;saxs tks 'kfu dh egkn'kk esa 'kq dh vUrj n'kk dk 'ks"k
HkksX; dky gSA
bl HkksX; dky dh tUe rkjh[k esa tksM+ nsus ls 'kfu esa 'kq dk vUrj dk
lekfIr dky vk tk;sxkA
o
72
gksjk& ;g yXu dq.Myh dk 1@2 Hkkx gksrk gSa] blls tkrd dh lEiUUrk
dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izR;sd Hkkx dk eku 15 gksrk gSA
fo"ke jkf'k
le jkf'k
1] 3] 5] 7] 9] 11
2] 4] 6] 8] 10] 12
0 ls 15 flag
0 ls 15 ddZ
15 ls 30 ddZ
15 ls 30 flag
nsz"dk.k rkfydk
va'k jkf'k
es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd kuq edj dqEHk ehu
00ls100
2 3
5 6
100ls200 5
6 7
9 10 11 12
200ls300 9
10 11
12 1 2
10
11 12
uoka'k& ;g yXu dq.Myh dk 1@9 oka Hkkx gSA blls tkrd ds thou lkFkh
ds ckjs esa tkuk tkrk gSA izR;sd Hkkx dk eku 3020* gksrk gSA
73
uoka'k rkfydk
va'k
jkf'k
es"k
o`"k
feFkqu
ddZ
flag
dU;k
rqyk
o`f'pd
kuq
edj
dqEHk
ehu
1
10
7
4
1
10
7
4
1
10
7
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11 12 1
2
3
4
5
6
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2
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6
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12 1
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7
8
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10
11
12
lIrka'k& ;g dq.Myh dk 1@7 oka Hkkx gSA bllstkrd ds iq= ikS=kfn ds
ckjs esa tkuk tkrk gSA izR;sd Hkkx dk eku 4017*8** gksrk gSA
lIrka'k rkfydk
va'k
jkf'k
es"k
o`"k
feFkqu
ddZ
flag
dU;k
rqyk
o`f'pd
kuq
edj
dqEHk
ehu
1
8
3
10
5
12
7
2
9
4
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6
74
2
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1
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n'kekaa'k& ;g yXu dq.Myh dk 1@10 oka Hkkx gSA blls tkrd ds O;olk; ds
fo"k; esa tkuk tkrk gSA izR;sd Hkkx dk eku 3 0 gksrk gSA
n'keka'k rkfydk
va'k
jkf'k
0000* 3000* 6000* 9000* 12000* 15000* 180 00* 21000 *24000* 27000*
3000* 6000* 9000 *12000* 15000* 180 00* 21000* 24000* 27000* 30000*
es"k
o`"k
feFkqu
ddZ
flag
dU;k
rqyk
o`f'pd
kuq
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ehu
1
10
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2
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2
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1
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}kn'kka'k& ;g yXu dq.Myh dk 1@12 oka Hkkx gSA blls ekrk&firk
izdkj fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA izzR;sd Hkkx dk eku 2030*gksrk gSA
10
7
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2
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4
1
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3
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dk gj
}kn'kka'k rkfydk
va'k
jkf'k
0000* 2030* 5000* 7030* 10000* 12030* 15000* 17030* 20000* 22030* 25000* 27030*
2030* 5000* 7030* 10000* 12030* 15000* 17030* 20000* 22030* 25000* 27050 30000*
es"k 1
o`"k 2
feFkqu 3
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21-22. Ephemeris
ikB& 21&22-iapkx
iapkx Kku
O;f vius deks ds vuqlkj tUe ysrk gSA mlds ekrk firk cakq&ckako
mlds vkhu ugha gksrsA ml le; dh dq.Myh dks tkrd thou Hkj
izHkkfor ikrk gS rFkk mlds vuqlkj dk;Z djus ij lQyrk izkIr djrk gSA
;fn dksbZ vU; dk;Z 'kqHk le; esa fd;k tk, rks D;k ml le; dk izHkko
ml dk;Z ij ugha gksxk\ vo'; gksxkA blfy, dk;kZjaHk ds eqgwrZ dk egRo
c<+ tkrk gSA eqgwrZ fudky dj dk;Z vkjEHk djus dks cqf)ekuh ls fd;k
dk;Z Hkh dg ldrs gSaA blesa gesa viuh euekuh ugha dh vfirq izfr ds
izcUkdksa dk] xzgksa dk ;ku j[k dj dk;Z vkjEHk dj jgs gSAa blfy, eqgrw Z
dk egRo lc T;ksfr"k xzUFkksa rFkk Hkkjrh; laLfr ds izrhd xzUFkksa tSls
egkHkkjr rFkk jkek;.k esa Li"V 'kCnksa esa feyrk gSA egkHkkjr esa egkHkkjr
dk ;q) eqgwrZ fudky dj yM+k x;k gSA blfy, eqgrw Z dk cgqr egRo gSA
blfy, Hkkjrh; laLfr dks ekuusokys izR;sd dk;Z dks vkjEHk djus ls
igys fdlh ;ksX; rFkk vuqHkoh T;ksfr"kh ls dk;Z vkjEHk djus dk eqgwrZ
fudyokrs gSaA
eqgwrZ
eqgwrZ fudkyus ds fy;s ;ksX; T;ksfr"kh dks okj]] frfFk] u{k=] ;ksx rFkk dj.k
vkfn dh vko';drk gksrh gSA izR;sd T;ksfr"kh dks budks fudkyuk lEHko
ugha gksrkA blfy;s cktkj esa iapkax feyrs gSAa cktkj esa dbZ izdkj ds iapkx
feyrs gSAa izR;sd iapkax vyx vyx txg ls izdkf'kr gksrk gSA blfy,
muds xf.kr dk vkkkj Hkh vyx&vyx gksrk gSA blfy, tkrd dks
pkfg;s fd os iapkax ml LFkku dk ;k ml ikl ds LFkku dk [kjhnuk pkfg;s
tgka tkrd jgrk gskA
77
iapkax
iapkax esa izR;sd fnu ds 5&30 izkr% ds xzg Li"V ds va'k fn;s gksrs gSa ftlls
ml fnu ds fdlh Hkh le; ds xzg Li"V fudkys tk ldrs gSa rFkk dq.Myh
cukbZ tk ldrh gSA
iapkax esa LFkku fo'ks"k ls yXu Hkh fn;s gksrs gSa ftlls fdlh Hkh le; dk
ml fnu dk yXu fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
iapkax dk vFkZ gksrk gS ikap$vax vFkkZr eqgwrZ fudkyus ds fy, ftu ikap
vaxksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gS os ikapksa vax iapkax esa Li"V fd;s gksrs gSA vax
1- okj 2- frfFk 3- u{k= 4- ;ksx 5- dj.kA
ge ;g tkurs gSa fd okj ds uke dk vkkkj] lw;ksZn; ds le; mfnr gksjk
gksrh gSA og ml fnu dk Lokeh gksrk gSA 'kqHk dk;Z dj xzgksa ds fnuksa esa
djuk ilUn ugha djrsA blfy;s 'kqHk okjksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA
gekjs euhf"k;ksa us gtkjksa o"kks ds v;;u rFkk vuqHko ds vkkkj ij ik;k
fd dqN okj dqN fo'ks"k frfFk ij 'kqHk Qy ugha nsrsA blfy;s fo'ks"k fnu]
fo'ks"k frfFk ij 'kqHk dk;Z djuk euk dj fn;kA tSls jfookj dks iape frfFk
rFkk }kn'kh] lkseokj dks "k"Bh frfFk rFkk ,dkn'kh] eaxyokj dks lIreh rFkk
n'keh vkfn 'kqHk dk;Z ds fy;s ekuk gSA ;s dq;ksx ds uke ls tkuh tkrh
gSA fo'ks"k okj dks fo'ks"k u{k= gksus ij 'kqHk dk;Z ugha fd;k tkrkA tSls
;fn lkseokj dks e`xf'kjk u{k= gks rks 'kqHk dk;ks esa fo?u iM+rk gSA blh
izdkj okj] frfFk rFkk u{k= ls cuus okys Hkh dq;ksxksa dk gekjs euhf"k;ksa us
o.kZu fd;k gSA ;g lkjk fooj.k gesa iapkax esa fd;k djk;k fey tkrk gSA
T;ksfr"kh dk le;] og ifjJe cp tkrk gSA blfy;s izR;sd T;ksfr"kh ds
ikl ml o"kZ dk iapkax gksrk gS ftl okj rFkk o"kZ dk og 'kqHk eqgrw Z
fudkyuk pkgrk gSA 'kqHk eqgrw Z esa fd;s x;s dke esa lQyrk o le`f) izkIr
gksrh gSA
;g igys gh fy[kk tk pqdk gS fd T;ksfr"k dks rhu Ldakksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA
izLqrr iqLrd dks vfkd yksdksi;ksxh cukus ds fy, blesa Qfyr dks fo'ks"k
ego u nsdj xf.kr ds izR;sd vax dk fnXn'kZu djkus dh ps"Vk dh xbZ
78
frfFk
loZizFke iapkax esa frfFk nh jgrh gSA pUnzek dh ,d dyk dks frfFk dgrs
gSaA lw;Z vkSj pUnzek ds vUrjka'kksa ij frfFk dk eku frfFk ds izkjEHk gksus ls
ysdj mlds lekfIr i;ZUr fudkyk tkrk gSA lw;Z vkSj pUnzek ds ifjHkze.k
esa izfrfnu 12 va'kksa dk vUrj jgrk gS] ;g vUrjka'kksa dk e;e eku gSA ,d
ekl esa 30 frfFk;ka gksrh gSa vkSj nks i{k gksrs gSAa iwf.kZek ds ckn izfrink ls
ysdj vekoL;k rd dh iUnzg frfFk;ka ".k i{k dh vkSj vekoL;k ds ckn
izfrink ls ysdj iwf.kZek rd dh iUnzg frfFk;ka 'kqDy i{k dh dgykrh gSaA
panzek & lw;Z frfFk
12
79
okj
okj dk eku pkSchl ?kaVs ;k lkB ?kVh dk gksrk gSA lw;ksZn; ls ysdj nwljs
fnu lw;ksZn; rd ds le; dks okj dgrs gSaA lw;ksZn; ds le; ftl xzg
dh gksjk gksrh gSA ml fnu mlh xzg ds uke dk okj jgrk gSA i`Foh ls xzgksa
dh nwjh vuqlkj fy[kk tk, rks bl izdkj fy[ksx
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'kq] cqk vkSj panzek ;s xzg i`Foh ls e'k% nwj 'kfu lcls nwj] c`gLifr
mlls fudV eaxy mlls Hkh fudV gSA blhizdkj vU; xzgksa dks le>sAa ,d
fnu esa 24 gksjk,a gksrh gSaA ,d&,d ?kaVs dh ,d&,d gksjk gksrh gSA vFkkZr~
?kaVs dk nwljk uke gksjk gSA izR;sd gksjk dk Lokeh vk% d{kke ls
,d&,d xzg gksrk gSA
gekjs _f"k eqfu;ksa dh n`f"V l`"V~;kjaHk esa lcls igys lw;Z ij iM+h] blfy,
igyh 1 gksjk dk Lokeh lw;Z dks ekuk tkrk gSA vr,o igys okj dk uke
vkfnR;okj ;k jfookj gSA rRipkr~ ml fnu dh 2 jh gksjk dk uke Lokeh
mlds iklokyk 'kq] 3jh dk cqk] 4Fkh dk panzek] 5oha dk 'kfu] 6Bh dk xq#]
7oha dk eaxy] 8oha dk jfo] 9oha dk 'kq] 10oha dk cqk] 11oha dk panzek] 12oha
dk 'kfu] 13oha dk xq#] 14oha dk eaxy] 15oha dk jfo] 16oha dk 'kq] 17oha
dk cqk] 18oha dk panzek] 19oha dk 'kfu] 20oha dk c`gLifr] 21oha dk eaxy]
22oha dk jfo] 23oha dk 'kq vkSj 24oha dk cqk Lokeh gksrk gSA i'pkr~ nwljs
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panzokj ekuk tkrk gSA blhrjg rhljs fnu dh igyh gksjk dk Lokeh eaxy
pkSFks fnu dh igyh gksjk dk Lokeh cqk] ikaposa fnu dh igyh gksjk dk Lokeh
xq#] NBs fnu dh igyh gksjk dk Lokeh 'kq ,oa lkrosa fnu dh igyh gksjk
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'kfu ;s okj ekus tkrs gSaA
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gh u{k= dgs tkrs gSaA T;ksfr"k esa ;s u{k= fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gSAa vkdk'k
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80
gS vkSj izR;sd Hkkx dk vyx ls ukedj.k dj fn;k gSA bu u{k=ksa dks vkSj
lw{erk ls le>kus ds fy, buds pkj&pkj Hkkx vkSj dj fn, x;s gSa tks
fd ^pj.k* ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA dqN T;ksfrfoZn 27 dh ctk;s 28 u{k=
ekurs gSa] fdUrq u{k= rks 27 gh gS]a 28oka u{k= vfHkftr~ rks mkjk"kk<+k dh
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dk gksrk gS] blfy, bls vyx ls ugha ekuk tkrkA
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81
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ewy laKd& T;s"Bk] vk'ys"kk] jsorh] ewy] e?kk] vf'ouh ;s u{k= ewy
laKd gSA
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iapd nks"k ekuk tkrk gSA
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gSA
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iwoZHkknzin] Hkj.kh vkSj e?kk vkkseq[k laKd gSA
moZ laKd& vknzkZ] iq";] Jo.k] kfu"Bk vkSj 'krfHk"kk moZeq[k laKd gSA
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mls fo"kdEHk vkfn ;ksx dgrs gSaA
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T;s"Bk ls Hkj.kh rd fxuus ij 12 u{k= vk;s 12 esa ,d tksMk+ rks 13 u{k=
gq,A 13 u{k= dk uohu oL= ;k oLrq dh izkfIr gSA vFkkZr~ tkrd dks ml
ekl esa uohu oL= ;k vU; dksbZ oLrq izkIr gksxhA
ge blesa ,d dh la[;k bl dkj.k tksMr+ s gS dksbZ blesa vfHkftr~ u{k= dks
Hkh fxurs gSAa
u{k=ks a dk ifjp;
tUe ds le; pUnzek ftl u{k= ij gksrk gS mls 1 tUe u{k= dgrs gSA
tUe u{k= ls nloka u{k= 2 deZ u{k= dgykrk gSA mUuhloka u{k= 3
vk/kku u{k=] rhljk] u{k= 6 o/k rFkk okbZloka u{k= 7 osukf'kd u{k=
dgykrk gS] ;fn bu lkr u{k=kas dk os/k gks rks d"V ;k e`R;q dk Hk; jgrk
gSA ;fn lkFk esa dksbZ vU; 'kqHk xzg gks rks dsoy gkfu gksrh gSA bl os/k dks
ge lIr 'kykdk ds }kjk ns[krs gS tks fuEu izdkj ls cukbZ tkrh gSA
mkj
Jo.k
frdk
vfHkftr~
jksfg.kh
m0"kk
iw0"kk0
e`xf'kj
vknzkZ
ewy
iquoZlq
T;s"Bk
vuqjk/kk
iq";
vk'ys"kk
nf{k.k
92
iw o Z
if'pe
lkr js[kk,a vkM+h rFkk lkr js[kk,a budks dkVrh gqbZ [kM+h [khfp;s tSls fp=
esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA iwoksZkj fn'kk ls vkjEHk dj frdk vkfn vV~Bkbl
vfHkftr~ lfgr u{k=ksa ds uke fy[ksx
a As rks ij okyk fp= rS;kj gks
tk,xkA
vc ;fn tUe u{k= ij ls vkjEHk djs vkSj tUe u{k= ij 1 vad fy[ks vkSj
e ls lkkbZl rd dh fxurh fy[ksa rFkk vfHkftr~ ij 21 v fy[ksA fQj
xkspj esa tks xzg ftl u{k= ij gks mldks fy[k MkysAa
;fn tUe u{k= dk lw;Z ls os/k gks rks d"V gks ;k e`R;q Hk; gks] nlosa u{k=
dk os/k gks rks /ku uk'k] mUuhlos u{k= dk os/k gks rks fpUr rFkk d"V vkfnA
blh izdkj ;fn vU; ij crk, x, 7 u{k=ks esa ls fdlh dk os/k gks rks
tkrd dks d"V gksrk gSA /ku uk'k gksrk gSA
bl izdkj lw;Z ls ekl dk Qy] pUnz ls fnu dk Qy] 'kfu ls o"kZ dk Qy]
vkfn tku ldrs gaSA le; dks tku dj mldk mik; dj ldrs gSA
o
93
nv c y v c n
2
y
y
l
lw;Z dh fdj.ksa 4
v
c
l
l
vn
n c 1
y
d
y
5
c l
lv
n
i`Foh
n
lw;Z dh fdj.ksa
c panz dk Hkze.k ekxZ
v
6
n
y
y
8
lc v y c v l
fp= 10
l 7
xzg.k
lw;Z ,d rkjk gS rFkk lkSj eaMy esa ,d ek= izdkf'kr vkdk'kh; fi.M gSA lkSj
eaMy esa vU; xzg lw;Z ls iM+us okys izdk'k dks ijkofrZr djrs gaAS izR;sd ekg
dk viuk viuk xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy gksrk gS ftlds izHkko ls lc xzg ,d&nwljs
pUnz xz g .k
ls gq, gSAa
[k l;
w Z dh fdj.ksa
lw;Z
]
lwi
v
ds
c
i`Foh
x
p
p
p2
n
?k
fp= 11
pUnzek dk iFk
pUnzek tc vkd'k esa Hkze.k djrs gq, i`Foh dks Nk;k okys ekxZ ls xqtjrk
gS rc pUnz xzg.k yxrk gS ns[kks fp= 11
,slk rHkh gksxk tc lw;Z] i`Foh rFkk pUnzek rhuksa yxHkx ,d lhkh js[kk esa
vk,axsA
pUnzek dh d{kk o`r kafr o`r ij yxHkx 50 dk dks.k cukrh gS blfy,
tc&tc rhuksa ,d lhk esa vkrs gaS rks pUnzek kafr ry ds ikl gks Hkh
ldrk gS ugha Hkh gks ldrkA blfy, pUnzek ,d lhks esa gks Hkh ldrk gS
vkSj ugha HkhA tc iw.kZek ds fnu pUnzek i`Foh rFkk lw;Z ds lhk esa gksrk gS
rks pUnz xzg.k yxrk gSA ;fn ,d lhk esa ugha gksrk rks pUnz xzg.k ugha
yxrkA pUnz xzg.k rHkh yxrk gS tc iw.kZek okys fnu lw;Z] i`Foh rFkk
pUnzek ,d lhk esa gks rFkk pUnzek Bhd ;k yxHkx jkgq ;k dsrq fcUnq ij
Hkh gksA
tc pUnzek dk iwjk fcEc i`Foh dh Nk;k esa vkrk gS rks iw.kZ pUnz xzg.k gksrk
gSA tc foEc dk dqN Hkkx Nk;k esa vkrk gS rks vkaf'kd pUnz xzg.k gksrk gSA
ij fp= 11 esa lw;Z] i`Foh rFkk pUnz ,d lhk esa iwf.kZek ds fnu fn[kk,a
x, gSaA 'kadq] vcn dks dkyk fn[kk;k x;k gS D;ksfa d blesa lw;Z dh fdj.ks
fcYdqy ugha vk jghA
95
'kadq vnx rFkk c] ?k] n gYds dkys jax esa fn[kk;k x;k gS D;ksfa d ;gka lw;Z
dh fdj.ksa vkaf'kd :i esa iM+ jgh gSA tc pUnzek iw.kZ dkyk Nk;k okys Hkkx
esa ls xqtjrk gS rks iw.kZ pUnz xzg.k yxrk gSA
pUnz xzg.k dh iwjh vofk dHkh Hkh 1 ?k.Vk 45 feuV ls vfkd ugha gksrhA
bl iwjh vofk esa pUnzek xgjh Nk;k ds {ks= ls xqtj jgk gksrk gSA
lw;Z xzg.k
tc lw;Z rFkk i`Foh ds e; pUnzek lhkh js[kk esa vkrk gS rc lw;Z xzg.k
yxrk gSA ;g vekoL;k dks gksrk gSA rFkk pUnzek jkgq ;k dsrq fcUnq ds ikl
gksxkA
v
lw;Z
i
c
pUnzek
lw- Q
l*
i`Foh
fp= 12
lw;Z xzg.k ds Hkh ogha dkj.k gS tks pUnz xzg.k ds gSAa blesa dsoy pUnzek
lw;Z rFkk i`Foh ds e; fLFkr gksrk gSA
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k esa lw;Z dk iwjk fcEc fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rkA vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k
esa lw;Z dk dqN Hkkx fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ,d rhljh izdkj dk Hkh lw;Z xzg.k
gksrk gS ftldks cy;kdkj lw;Z xzg.k (Annutar solar Elipoe) dgrs gSaA
;g lw;Z xzg.k ml le; gksrk gS tc pUnzek i`Foh ls vfkd nwjh ij gksrk
gS rFkk lw;Z i`Foh ls fudVre~ nwjh (Perihelion) ij gksrk gSA vU; 'krsZa
ogha jgrh gSA oy;kdkj lw;Z xzg.k blfy;s gksrk gS D;ksafd pUnzek dk
vkeklh; dks.kh O;kl lw;Z ds dks.kh; O;kl ls de gSA ftlds dkj.k
pUnzek lw;Z dks iw.kZ :is.k <+d ikus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA pUnzek dsoy lw;Z
ds dsUnz dks gh <d ikrk gS ftlls lw;Z ds fdukjs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa vkSj lw;Z
,d ghjs dh vaxwBh dh rjg fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ns[ks fp= 12
o
96
11- X;kjgosa Hkko esa lw;Z gks rks tkrd kuh] cyoku~] lq[kh] LokfHkekuh]
riLoh] ferHkk"kh] lnkpkjh] ;ksxh] vYilUrfr ,oa mnjjksxh gksrk gSA
12- ckjgosa Hkko esa lw;Z gks rks tkrd oke us= rFkk eLrd jksxh ]vkylh] mnklhu]
ijns'koklh] fe=&}s"kh ,oa 'k 'kjhj gksrk gSA
pUnzek
1- yXu izFke esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd cyoku~] lq[kh] LFkwy'kjhj] xku
ok|fiz;] ,s'o;Z'kkyh] O;olk;h] mnkj] kuh ,oa fo}ku gksrk gSA
2- f}rh;Hkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd ijns'koklh] Hkksxh] lqUnj ekqjHkk"kh] HkkX;oku~]
lgu'khy ,oa 'kkfUrfiz; gksrk gSA
3- r`rh;]Hkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd vkfLrd] riLoh] izlUufpk] dQjksxh]
ekqjHkk"kh izseh] HkkbZ;ksa vkSj cfguksa dk j{kd] lkglh] fo}ku] ,oa datl
w gksrk
gSA
4- prqFkZHkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lq[kh] ekuh] nkuh] mnkj] jksxjfgr]
jkt}s"koftZr] "kd] fookg ds i'pkr~ HkkX;ksn;h] tythoh ,oa cqf)eku
gksrk gSA
5- iapeHkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lnkpkjh] dU;klUrfroku~] papy ls
ls ku dekusokyk ,oa {kek'khy gksrk gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd vYik;q] vkl] dQjksxh] [kphZys
LoHkkookyk] us=jksxh ,oa Hk`R;fiz; gksrk gSA
7- lIreHkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lH;] kS;Zoku~ usrk] fopkjd] izkoklh]
ty;k=k djus okyk] O;kikjh] vfHkekuh] odhy] dhfrZeku] 'khry LoHkkookyk
,oa LQwfrZoku~ gksrk gSA
8- vkBosaHkko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd dkeh] O;kikj ls ykHkokyk] fodkxzLr
izesgejksxh] okpky] LokfHkekuh] cUku ls nq[kh gksus okyk ,oa bZ";kZyq gksrk
gSA
9- uosHa kko esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd fo}ku~] fo|fiz;] papy] U;k;h] izokl&fiz;]
98
eaxy
1- yXu izFke esa eaxy gks rks tkrd] piy] wj] egRokdka{kh] fopkj jfgr]
xqIrjksxh] mrkoyk] ykSgkkrq ,oa oz.ktU;] d"V ls ;q] O;olk;gkfu]
nq?kZVuk dh lEHkkouk] nq%[kh] fukZu ,oa lkglh gksrk gSA
2- f}rh; Hkko esa eaxy gks rks tkrd dVqHkk"kh] us=d.kZ jksxh] dVqfrDr
jlfiz;] keZizseh] pksj ls Hkf] dqVqEc Dys'k okyk] i'kqikyd] fucqZf) ,oa
fukZu gksrk gSA
3- r`rh;Hkko esa eaxy gks rks tkrd dVqHkk"k] Hkzrd
` "Vdkjd] iznhIr tBjkfXuokyk]
cyoku~] cUkqghu] loZxq.kh] lkglh] kS;Zoku~ izfl) ,oa 'kwjohj gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZHkko esa eaxy gks rks tkrd lUrfroku~] ekr`lq[kghu] okgulq[k]
izoklh] vfXuHk;;q] vYie`R;q pk vie`R;q izkIr djus okyk] "kd] cUkqfojkskh
,oa ykHk ;q gksrk gSA
5- iape Hkko esa eaxy gks rks tkrd cqf)eku~] papy] xqIrjksxh] 'k'kjhjh]
jksxh] fo'ks"k :i ls mnjjksxh] O;luh] diVh] mxzcqf) ,oa lUrfr&Dys'k
;q gksrk gSA
6- NBsHkko esa eaxy gks rks tkrd cyoku~] kS;Z'kkyh] izcy tBjkfXu]
dqyoUr] izp.M 'kf] 'k=qgUrk] _.kh] nknjksxh] kskh] iqfyl vQlj] oz.k
99
cqk
1- yXu izFke esa cqk gks rks tkrd vkfLrd] xf.krK] nh?kkZ;]q mnkj&fouksnh]
oS|] fo}ku] L=hfiz;] ferO;;h ,oa fe"VHkk"kh gksrk gSA
2- f}rh;Hkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd lq[kh] lqUnj] ok] lkglh] lRdk;Zdkjd]
laxzgh] nyky ;k odhy dk is'kk djus okyk] fe"VkHkHkksth] xq.kh ,oa
ferO;;h gksrk gSA
3- r`rh;Hkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd ln~xq.kh] dk;Zn{k] ifjJeh] fe=izseh] Hkh:]
kekZRek] ;k=k'khy] O;olk;h] papy] vYiHkzkr`oku~] foyklh] lUrfroku~] dfo]
lEiknd] lkeqfnzd'kkL= dk Kkrk ,oa ys[kd gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZHkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd if.Mr HkkX;oku~ uhfroku~] uhfrK] ys[kd]
fo}ku~] cUkqizseh] mnkj] xfrfiz;] vkylh ] LFkwynsgh] okgulq[kh ,oa nkuh
gksrk gSA
100
5- iapeHkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd m|eh] fo}ku~] dfo] izlUu dq'kkxzcqf)]
x.;&ekU;] lq[kh] ok|fiz; ,oa lnkpkjh gksrk gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd foosdh] dygfiz;] oknh] jksxh] vkylh]
vfHkekuh] ifjJeh] dkeh] nqcZy ,oa L=hfiz; gksrk gSA
7- lkrosHa kko esa cqk gks rks tkrd lqUnj] fo}ku~] dqyhu] O;olk;dq'ky] kuh]
ys[kd] lEiknd] mnkj] lq[kh] vYioh;Z] nh?kkZ;q ,oa kkfeZd gksrk gSA
8- v"VeHkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd nh?kkZ;q] vfHkekuh] jktekU;] "kd]
yCkizfr"B] ekufld nq[kh] dfo] ok] U;k;kkh'k] euLoh] kuoku~ ,oa
kekZRek gksrk gSA
9-uoeHkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd fo}ku~ ys[kd] T;ksfr"kh] keZHkh#] O;olk;
fiz;] HkkX;oku~] lEiknd] xoS;k] dfo ,oa lnkpkjh gksrk gSA
10- n'keHkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd lR;oknh] euLoh] O;ogkj dq'ky]
yksdekU;] fo}ku] ys[kd] dfo tehankj] ekr`&fir` Hk] jktekU;] U;k;h
,oa HkkX;oku~ gksrk gSA
11- X;kjgosa Hkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd bZekunkj] lqUnj] iq=oku~] ljnkj]
xk;ufiz;] fo}ku~] izfl)] kuoku~] lnkpkjh] ;ksxh] nh?kkZ;q] 'k=quk'kd ,oa
fopkjoku~ gksrk gSA
12- ckjgosa Hkko esa cqk gks rks tkrd vYiHkk"kh] fo}ku~] vkylh kekZRek]
odhy] lqUnj] osnkUrh] ys[kd] nkuh ,oa 'kkL=K gksrk gSA
c`gLifr
1- yXu izFke esa xq# gks rks tkrd fo}ku~ nh?kkZ;q] T;ksfr"kh dk;Zijk;.k]
yksdlsod] rstLoh] izfrf"Br] Li"Vok] LokfHkekuh] lqUnj] lq[kh] fouhr]
iq=oku~ kuoku~] jkT;eku] lqUnj ,oa kekZRek gksrk gSA
2- f}rh;Hkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd ekqjHkk"kh] lEifk vkSj lUrfroku~]
lqUnj'kjhjh] lnkpkjh] iq.;kRek] lqdk;Zjr] yksdekU;] jkT;ekU;] O;olk;h]
nh?kkZ;q] 'k=quk'kd ,oa HkkX;oku~ gksrk gSA
101
3- r`rh;Hkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd 'kkL=K] ftrsfUnz;] ys[kd] dkeh] izoklh]
L=hfiz;] O;olk;h] eUnkfXu] okgu;q] i;ZVu'khy] fons'kfiz;] ,s'o;Zoku
cgqr HkkbZ cgu] vkfLrd ,oa ;ksxh gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd 'kkSdhu fetkt] lqUnjnsgh] vkjkeryc]
ifjJeh] T;ksfr"kh] mPpf'k{kk izkIr] delUrku] ljdkj }kjk lEekfur] ek ls
Lusg djus okyk] dk;Zjr] mn~;ksxh] yksdekU;] ;'kLoh ,oa O;ogkjK gksrk
gSA
5- iapeHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd uhfrfo'kkjn] lUrfroku~] ls ls ku
izkIr djus okyk] dqyJs"B] yksdfiz;] dqVqEc esa lcls pk LFkku]
T;ksfr"kh ,oa vkfLrd gksrk gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd foosdh] izfl)] T;ksfr"kh] fo}ku~
lqdeZjr] nqcZy] mnkj] izrkih] uhjksxh] yksdekU;] cgqr de'k=q ,oa
ekqjHkk"kh gksrk gSA
7- lIreHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd lqUnj] kS;Zoku~] HkkX;oku~] izoklh] lUrks"kh]
L=hizseh] ijL=hjr] T;ksfr"kh] uez] fo}ku~ ok ,oa izkku gksrk gSA
8- v"VeHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd nh?kkZ;q] uezO;ogkj] ys[kd] lq[kh] 'kkUr]
ekqjHkk"kh] foosdh] xzUFkdkj] dqynhid] T;ksfr"kizseh] fe=ksa }kjk kuuk'kd]
xqIrjksxh ,oa yksHkh gksrk gSA
9- uoeHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd ijkeh] kekZRek] iq=oku] cqf)eku]
jktiwT;] riLoh] fo}ku~] ;ksxh] osnkUrh] ;'kLoh] Hk] HkkX;oku~ laU;kl dh
vksj izo`fr ,oa izpqj lUrku gksrk gSA
10- n'keHkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd lqdeZ djus okyk] izfl) vkSj lEekfur
izfrf"Br in ij vklhu] lnkpkjh] iq.;kRek] ,s'o;Zoku~] lkkq] prqj] U;k;h]
izlUu] T;ksfr"kh] lR;oknh] 'k=qgUrk] jktekU;] LorU= fopkjd] ekr`fir`
Hk] ykHkoku~] kuh ,oa HkkX;oku~ gksrk gSA
11- X;kjgosa Hkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd O;olk;h] kfud] lUrks"kh] lqUnjfujksxh]
ykHkoku~] ijkeh] ln~O;;h] cgqL=h;q] fo}ku~ jktiwT; ,oa vYilUrfroku~
102
gksrk gSA
12- }kn'k Hkko esa xq# gks rks tkrd ferHkk"kh] ;ksxkH;klh] ijksidkjh] mnkj]
vkylh] lq[kh] ferO;;h] 'kkL=K] lEiknd] yksHkh] ;k=h ,oa nq"V fpkokyk gksrk
gSA
'kq
1- yXu izFke esa 'kq gks rks tkrd lqUnjnsgh] nh?kkZ;]q jktfiz;] dkeh]
mPpljdkjh in ij vklhu] foyklh] Hkksxh] fo}ku~] izoklh] ekqjHkk"kh] izfl) lq[kh
,oa ,s'o;Zoku~ gksrk gSA
2- f}rh;Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd HkkX;oku~] lkglh] le;K] fe"VkUuHkksth]
;'kLoh] yksdfiz;] tkSgjh] nh?kZthoh] dfo] dqVqEc;q] lq[kh ,oa kuoku~ gksrk
gSA
3- r`rh; Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd fo}ku~] dykdkj]] vkylh] i.k] kuh]
lq[kh] ijkeh] HkkX;oku~] cgus HkkbZ;ksa ls vfkd ,oa i;ZVu'khy gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZ Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd cyoku~] ijksidkjh] lqUnj] O;ogkj dq'ky]
foyklh] nh?kkZ;q] iq=oku~] HkkX;oku~] lq[kh] nkuh] okguksa dk Lokeh ,oa
vkfLrd gksrk gSA
5- iape Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd fo}ku~] izfrHkk'kkyh] ok] dfo] iq=oku~]
ykHk;q] O;olk;h] 'k=quk'kd] mnkj] nkuh] ln~xq.kh] U;k;oku~ ,oa vkfLrd
gksrk gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd ferO;;h] 'k=quk'kd] L=hfiz;] L=hlq[kghu]
cgqfe=oku~] oSHkoghu] nqjkpkjh] ew=jksxh] nq[kh ,oa xqIrjksxh gksrk gSA
7- lIreHkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd yksdfiz;] kfud] fpfUrr] fookg ds ckn
HkkX;ksn;] lkkqiesz h] L=h ls lq[k] dkeh] HkkX;oku~ xkufiz;] foyklh] vYiO;fHkpkjh
papy ,oa mnkj gksrk gSA
8- v"Ve Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd T;ksfr"kh] kskh] euLoh] nq[kh] xqIrjksxh]
i;ZVu'khy] ijL=hjr] fons'koklh] funZ;h] xqIrfo|kvksa ds izfr#fp ,oa jksxh
gksrk gSA
103
9- uoe Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd kekZRek] jktfiz;] ifo=rhFkZ ;k=kvksa
dk drkZ] n;kyq] izseh] x`glq[kh] xq.kh] prqj ,oa vkfLrd gksrk gSA
10- n'ke Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd xq.koku~] nk;kyq] foyklh] ,s'o;Zoku~]
HkkX;oku~] U;k;oku~ fot;h] xkufiz;] kkfeZd T;ksfr"kh ,oa yksHkh gksrk gSA
11- X;kjgosa Hkko esa 'kq gks rks tkrd ijksidkjh] yksdfiz;] tkSgjh] foyklh]
okgulq[kh] fLFkjy{ehoku~] kuoku~ xq.kK] dkeh ,oa iq=oku~ gksrk gSA
12- ckjgosa Hkko esa 'kq gksrks tkrd kuoku~] ijL=hjr] cgqHkksth] 'k=quk'kd]
ferO;;h] vkylh] ifrr] kkrqfodkjh] LFkwy ,oa U;k;'khy gksrk gSA
'kfu
1- yXu izFke esa 'kfu edj] dqEHk rFkk rqyk dk gks rks kuk<~;] lq[kh] kuq vkSj
ehu jkf'k;ksa esa gks rks vR;Ur kuoku~ vkSj lEEkkfur ,oa vU; jkf'k;ksa dk gks rks
v'kqHk gksrk gSA
2- f}rh; Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd dVqHkk"kh] lkkq}"s kh] eq[kjksxh] vkSj dqEHk ;k rqyk
dk 'kfu gks rks kuh] ykHkoku~ ,oa dqVEq c rFkk Hkzkr`fo;ksxh gksrk gSA
3- r`rh; Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd uhjksxh] fo}ku~ ;ksxh] eYy] 'kh?kzdk;ZdrkZ]
lHkkprqj] papy] HkkX;oku~] 'k=qgUrk] ,oa foosdh gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZHkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd vi;'kh] cyghu] kwrZ] diVh] 'kh?kzdksih]
'knsgh] mnklhu]okrfik;q ,oa HkkX;oku~ gksrk gSA
5- iape Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd vkylh] lUrku;q] papy] mnklhu]
fo}ku] Hkze.k'khy ,oa ckrjksxh gksrk gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd cyoku~] vkpkjghu] oz.kh] tkfrfojkskh] 'okljksxh]
d.Bjksxh] ;ksxh] 'k=qgUrk Hkksxh ,oa dfo gksrk gSA
7- lIre Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd kskh] dkeh] foyklh] vfookfgr jguk ;k
nq%[kh fookfgr thou] ku lq[kghu] Hkze.k'khy] uhpdeZjr] L=hHk ,oa vkylh
gksrk gSA
104
8- v"Ve Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd fo}ku~ LFkwy'kjhjh] mnkj izfr] diVh]
xqIrjksxh] okpky] Mjiksd] dq"Bjksxh ,oa kwrZ gksrk gSA
9- uoe Hkko es 'kfu gks rks tkrd kekZRek] lkglh] izoklh] 'knsgh] Hkh#] Hkzkr`ghu]
'k=quk'kd jksxh okrjksxh] Hkze.k'khy ,oa okpky gksrk gSA
10- n'ke Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd fo}ku] T;ksfr"kh] jkt;ksxh ]U;k;h] usrk]
kuoku~] jktekU;] mnjfodkjh] vfkdkjh] prqj] HkkX;oku~ ifjJeh] fu#n~i;ksxh
,oa egokdka{kh gksrk gSA
11- X;kjgosa Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd cyoku~ fo}ku] nh?kkZ;]q f'kYih] lq[kh] papy]
kskh] ;ksxkH;klh] uhfroku~ ifjJeh] O;olk;h] iq=ghu] dU;kizK ,oa jksxghu
gksrk gSA
12- ckjgosa Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd vkylh] nq"V] O;luh] O;FkZ O;; djus okyk]
viLekj] mUekn dk jksxh] ekrqyd"Vnk;d] vfo'oklh ,oa dVqHkk"kh gksrk gSA
jkgq
1- yXu izFke esa jkgq gks rks tkrd dkeh] nqcZy] euLoh] vYilUrfr ;q]
jkt}s"kh] uhpdeZjr nq"V] Lrdjkssxh] LokFkhZ ,oa ckr&ckr ij lUnsg djus
okyk gksrk gSA
2- f}rh; Hkko esa jkgq gks rks tkrd laxzg'khy] vYikuoku~] dBksjHkk"kh]
dqVqEcghu] vYilUrfr] ekRl;Z;q ,oa ijns'kxkeh gksrk gSA
3- r`rh; Hkko esa jkgq gks rks tkrd ;ksxkH;klh] fo}ku~] O;olk;h] ijke'kwU;]
n`<f+ oosdh] vfj"Vuk'kd] izoklh] nh?kkZ;q ,oa cyoku~ gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZHkko esa jkgq gks rks tkrd vlUrks"kh] nq[kh] vYiHkk"kh] feF;kpkjh]
mnjO;kfk;q] diVh] ekr`Dys'k;q ,oa wj gksrk gSA
5- iape Hkko esa jkgq gks rks tkrd 'kkL=fiz;] dk;ZdrkZ] HkkX;oku~] mnjjksxh]
efreUn] dqy kuuk'kd] kughu] uhfrn{k ,oa lUrku ds fy, v'kqHk gksrk
gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa jkgq gks rks tkrd 'k=qgUrk] dejnnZ ihfM+r] vfj"Vfuokjd]
105
dsrq
1- yXu izFke esa dsrq gks rks tkrd papy ew[kZ nqjkpkjh] Hkh# rFkk o`f'pd
jkf'k esa gks rks lq[kdkjd] kuh ,oa ifjJeh gksrk gSA
2- f}rh; Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd vLoLFkk] dVqopu cksyus okyk] eqga ds
jksx] jktHkh# ,oa fonzksgh gksrk gSA
3- r`rh; Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd papy] ok;qtfur jksxksa ls ihfM+r] HkkbZ
cgu foghu] kuh] O;FkZoknh ,oa HkwrizsrHk gksrk gSA
4- prqFkZ Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd] dk;Zghu] papy] okpky ,oa fu#Rlkgh
gksrk gSA
106
5- iape Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd okrjksxh] dqpkyh] dqcqf)] lUrku dks u"V
djrk gS] ;ksxh] dq'kkxzcqf) ,oa kskh gksrk gSA
6- "k"BHkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd okr fodkjh] >xM+kyw] vfj"Vfuokjd] lq[kh]
ferO;;h] Hkwr izsrtfur jksxksa ls jksxh] nq?kZVuk] nh?kkZ;q ,oa kuh gksrk gSA
7- lIre Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd efreUn] ew[kZ] nq[kn fookfgr thou]
ifr&iRuh esa lEcUk foPNsn] 'k=qHkh# ,oa lq[kghu gksrk gSA
8- v"Ve Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd nqcqZf)] L=h}s"kh] pkykd] nq"Vtulsoh]
rstghu] uhp] L=h dh dq.Myh esa ifr ds fy, v'kqHk ,oa vYik;q gksrk gSA
9- uoe Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd lq[kkfHkyk"kh] O;FkZifjJeh vi;'kh] nq%[kh
,oa 48 o"kZ ds ckn HkkX;ksn; gksrk gSA
10- n'ke Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd vfHkekuh OFkFkZ] ifjJe'khy ew[kZ]
fir`}s"kh] nqHkkZxh] laU;kl ysuk ,oa ;ksxh gksrk gSA
11- X;kjgosa Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd cqf)ghu] futdk gkfudkkZ] vfj"Vuk'kd
,oa okrjksxh gksrk gSA
12- ckjgosa Hkko esa dsrq gks rks tkrd papy cqf)] kwrZ] Bx rkaf=d] vrO;;h
fucZy LokLF;] ikxyiu] eks{k izkfIr] vfo'oklh ,oa turk dks Hkwr&izsrksa dh
tkudkjh }kjk Bxus okyk gksrk gSA
107
pUnzek
1- es"k jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd fLFkj lEifkoku~] 'kwj] n`<+ 'kjhjokyk]
cUkqghu] dkeh] mrkoyk] tyHkh:] ;k=k djus dk 'kkSdhu ]vkRekfHkekuh ,oa
lkglh gksrk gSA
2- o`"k jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lqUnj izlUufpkokyk] dkeh] nku
djus okyk] vfkd dU;k lUrfr okyk] 'kkUr] dQjksxh] lq[kh] dq'kkxz
cqf)okyk] lqxfBr 'kjhjokyk] kuh] lUrks"kh] papyeu] ijfyaxh ds izfr
vkd"kZ.k] [kkus&ihus dk 'kkSdhu ,oa yksdfiz; gksrk gSA
3- feFkqu jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd fo}ku] v;;u'khy] lqUnj]
jfrdq'ky] Hkksxh] eeZK] us= fpfdRld] vPNk oDrk ,oa vPNk vUrKkZu
okyk gksrk gSA
4- ddZ jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lEifkoku] Js"Bcqf)] tyfogkjh]
lUrfroku~] dkeh] rK] T;ksfr"kh] mUekn jksxh] fL=;ksa ds izHkko esa vk tkus
okyk] papyeu] vPNk LoHkko okyk] lqUnj] n;kyq] vkos'kkRed ,oa fons'k
;k=k dh vksj #fp okyk gksrk gSA
5- flag jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd n`<n+ gs h] nkr rFkk isV dk jksxh]
ekr`Hk] vYilUrfroku~] xEHkhj] nkuh] lkglh] 'kku fn[kkus okyk vfHkekuh]
egRokdka{kh ,oa iqjkus fopkjksa okyk gksrk gSA
6- dU;k jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lqUnj] :ioku] kuh bZekunkj]
ekqjHkk"kh] lnkpkjh] khj ] fo}ku] lq[kh] lqUnj oDrk vfkd dU;k lUrku
okyk] T;ksfr"k ,oa dyk izseh gksrk gSA
109
7- rqyk jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd nh?kZnsgh] vkfLrd] vUunkrk]
kuoku~] tehankj] dq'kkxzcqf)okyk] prqj] mPpkdka{kkvksa ls jfgr] lUrks"kh ,oa
ijksidkjh gksrk gSA
8- o`f'pd jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd vius ekrk&firk] Hkkb;ksa vkfn
ls vyx jgus oyk] ukfLrd] yksHkh] cUkqghu] ijL=hjr] >xM+kyw] Li"V
oDrk] cqjs fopkj j[kus okys] nq%[kh] gBh] vuSfrd fopkjksa okyk ,oa kuh gksrk
gSA
9- kuq jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd o] lqUnj] f'kYiK] 'k=qfouk'kd
mPp ckSf)d Lrj okyk] lq[kh fookfgr thou] fojklr esa ku lEifk ikus
okyk] lkfgR; ds izfr #fp dk fn[kkok djus okyk ,oa ys[kd gksrk gSA
10- edj jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd lnkpkjh] iRuh vkSj lUrku ls izse
djus oyk] dfo] kskh] yksHkh] laxhrK] ckr dks 'kh?kz le>us okyk ,oa LokFkhZ
gksrk gSA
11- dqEHk jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd] mUer] lw{ensgh] f'kYih] uhfr n{k]
nwjn'khZ] fo}ku~] xqIrfo|kvksa esa #fp] vPNk vUrKkZu] lkkuk djus okyk]
kkfeZd izo`fk okyk ,oa e;koLFkk esa laU;kl ds izfr >qdko gksrk gSA
12-ehu jkf'k esa pUnzek gks rks tkrd f'kYidkj] lqnsgh] 'kkL=K]
kkfeZd] vfrdkeh vkSj izlUu eq[k okyk gksrk gSA
eaxy
1- es"k jkf'k esa eaxy gks rks tkrd lR;ok] rstLoh] 'kwjohj] usrk]
lkglh] kuoku~] yksdekU;] nkuh ,oa jktekU; gksrk gSA
2- o`"k jkf'k esa eaxy gks rks tkrd vR;Ur dkeqd] vuSfrd vkpj.k]
iq=}s"kh] izoklh] lq[kghu] yM+kdw izfr] oapd] fl)kUr jfgr] LokFkhZ ,oa wj
gksrk gSA
3- feFkqu jkf'k esa eaxy gks rks tkrd f'kYidkj] ijns'koklh] dk;Zn{k]
lq[kh] tufgrS"kh] fo}ku] cyoku 'kjhj] dfo] laxhrdkj] uhfrK] dq'kkxzcfq )okyk
110
111
cqk
1- es"k jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd prqj] izseh] lR;fiz;] uV] jfrfiz;
'knsgh] ys[kd] _.kh] feyulkj] vfo'oLr ,oa cqjs fopkj okyk gksrk gSA
2- o`"k jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd dq'kkxzcqf)okyk] mPpin ij vklhu]
lqxfBr 'kjhj] fn[kkok ilUn djus okyk] 'kkL=K] O;k;kefiz;] kuoku~]
xEHkhj] ekqjHkk"kh] foyklh ,oa jfr'kkL=K gksrk gSA
3- feFkqu jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd ekqjHkk"kh] 'kkL=K] yCkizfr"B] ok]
ys[kd] vYilUrfrokyk] foosdh] lnkpkjh] [kkst ds dke esa prqj] nh?kkZ;q]
;k=k dk 'kkSdhu] laxhr esa #fp ,oa gkl ifjgkl djus okyk gksrk gSA
4- ddZ jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd uhfrdq'ky] lw{exzkgh] vR;Ur dkeqd]
NksVkdnokyk] vuSfrd pfj=] vfuf'pr LoHkko] okpky] xoS;k] ijns'koklh]
izfl) ,oa ifjJeh gksrk gSA
5- flag jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd feF;kHkk"kh] dqdehZ] Bx] dkeqd]
Hkze.k'khy] vfHkekuh] oDrk] de mez esa fookg] vkos'kiw.kZ LoHkko ,oa ljdkjh
ukSdj gksrk gSA
6- dU;k jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd oDrk] dfo] lkfgfR;d] ys[kd]
lEiknd] T;ksfr"kh] [kxksy'kkL=h] xf.krK] v;kid] mnkj] lq[kh ,oa vPNk
pfj= okyk gksrk gSA
7- rqyk jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd vkfLrd] O;kikj n{k] ok] prqj]
f'kYiK] dqVqEcoRly] mnkj] vPNk vUrKkZu] oQknkj] fouhr larqfYkr eu
,oa nk'kZfud gksrk gSA
8- o`f'pd jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd O;luh] nqjkpkjh] eq[kZ] _.kh fHk{kqd]
vuSfrd pfj=] jfrf;k dh vfr djus okyk] xqIrkaxksa ds jksxksa ls ihfM+r]
LokFkhZ ,oa vi'kCn cksyus okyk gksrk gSA
9- kuq jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd fo}ku~] lekt esa lEekfur] xq.kh] lqxfBr
'kjhj] vfoosdh] vPNk laxBudkkZ] prqj] bZekunkj] mnkj] izfl)] jktekU;]
ys[kd] lEiknd ,oa ok gksrk gSA
112
10- edj jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd dqyghu] nq''khy] feF;kHkk"kh] _.kh]
ew[kZ] Mjiksd] O;kikj esa #fp ysus okyk] fdQk;rlkj] prqj ,oa ifjJeh
gksrk gSA
11- dqEHk jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd dqVqEcghu] nq%[kh] vYikuh] >xM+kyw]
izfl) fucZy LokLF; ,oa izxfr djus okyk gksrk gSA
12- ehu jkf'k esa cqk gks rks tkrd LokfHkekuh] lnkpkjh] lgu'khy]
HkkX;oku~] izokl esa lq[kh] fe"VHkk"kh] dk;Zn{k] kulaxzgh] udy djus dk
LoHkko] fpfUrr ,oa NksVs fny dk gksrk gSA
c`gLifr
1- es"k jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd ,s'o;Z'kkyh] rstLoh] odhy] oknh]
izfl)] dhfrZeku] fot;h] mxzLoHkko] kuh] fo}ku] izpqj lUrku] mnkj]
uezHkk"kh ijUrq vius vkidks nwljksa ls mPp le>us okyk] lq[kh fookfgr
thou ,oa mPpin ij vklhu gksrk gSA
2- o`"k jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd iq"V'kjhj okyk] lnkpkjh] kuoku~]
vkfLrd] fpfdRld] fo}ku] cqf)eku~] thou esa fLFkjrk] n`<f+ opkj] fn[kkok
djus okyk ,oa dkeqd gksrk gSA
3- feFkqu jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd ;ksX; oDrk] lqxfBr 'kjhj] yEckdn]
mnkj] fo}ku] dbZ Hkk"kkvksa dk tkuus okyk] vuk;kl kuizkIr djus okyk]
yksdekU;] ys[kd ,oa O;ogkj dq'ky gksrk gSA
4- ddZ jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd lnkpkjh] fo}ku~] lR;ok egk;'kLoh]
lkE;oknh] lqkkjd] ;ksxh] yksdekU;] lq[kh] kuh] usrk] dq'kkxzcqf) ,oa
oQknkj gksrk gSA
5- flag jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd kkfeZd] izseh] dk;Zdq'ky] lHkkprqj
'k=qftr~] vkd"kZdO;fRo] mPpkdka{kh] lf;] lq[kh] dq'kkxzcqf) lkfgR;
dh vksj >qdko] ys[kd ,oa mPp ljdkjh in ij vklhu gksrk gSA
6- dU;k jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd lq[kh] Hkksxh] foyklh] fp=dyk] fuiq.k]
papy] mPpkdka{kh] LokFkhZ] HkkX;oku~] fo}ku ,oa lUrks"kh gksrk gSA
113
7- rqyk jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd lqUnj] mnkj] cyh] ;ksX; kkfeZd] izo`fk]
fu"i{k] cqf)eku~] O;kikj dq'ky] dfo] ys[kd] lEiknd] cgqiq=oku~ ,oa lq[kh
gksrk gSA
8- o`f'pd jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd 'kkL=K] jkteU=h] dk;Zdq'ky]
lqxfBr 'kjhj] viuh mPprk dk fn[kkok djus okyk] LokFkhZ] fucZyLokLF;]
nq%[kh ,oa dkeqd gksrk gSA
9- kuq jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd kuh] izHkko'kkyh] fo}ku~] fo'oLr]
lTtu] nku'khy laxBudkkZ] vPNk oDrk] kekZpk;Z] nEHkh ] jfrizseh ,oa kwrZ
gksrk gSA
10- edj jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd izoklh] nzO;ghu] O;FkZifjJeh]
papyfpk] kwkZ] vlH; vkpj.k] nq%[kh ,oa bZ";kZyq gksrk gSA
11- dqEHk jkf'k esa xq# gksrks tkrd fo}ku ijUrq kughu] yksdfiz;]
feyulkj] LoIuksa ds txr esa fopkj djus okyk Mjiksd izoklh] diVh ,oa
jksxh gksrk gSA
12-ehu jkf'k esa xq# gks rks tkrd ys[kd] 'kkL=K] xoZghu] jktekU;]
'kkUr] O;ogkj dq'ky] n;kyq] lkfgR; izseh] fojklr esa ku lEifk izkIr
djus okyk] lkglh ,oa mPpin ij vklhu gksrk gSA
'kq
1-es"k jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd LoIu txr esa fopkjus okyk] vkos'kiw.kZ
LoHkko] vfLFkjeu] nq%[kh] cqf)eku~] vkjkeryc] nqjkpkjh] ijL=hjr] >xM+kyw
fo'okl ghu ,oa vfkd [kpZ djus okyk gksrk gSA
2-o`"k jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd lqUnj] ,s'o;Zoku~] nkuh] lnkpkjh]
lkfod] ijksidkjh] vusd 'kkL=K] n`<+] LorU=dkeqd] 'kkSdhu rch;r]
laxhr&u`R; rFkk vU; dykvksa esa #fp ,oa vkylh gksrk gSA
3-feFkqu jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd dfo] lkfgfR;d] fp=dyk fuiq.k]
lkfgfR;d lz"Vk] izes h] lTtu] yksdfgrS"kh kuh] mnkj] lEekfur] dq'kkxzcfq )]
fo}ku~ ,oa ijfL=;ksa esa #fp j[kus okyk gksrk gSA
114
4-ddZ jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd kkfeZd] Kkrk] lqUnj] lq[k vkSj ku dk
bPNqd] uhfrK] vkos'kiw.kZ] Mjiksd] nq%[kh ,oa izpqj lUrku gksrk gSA
5- flag jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd] vYilq[kh midkjh] fpUrkrqj] f'kYiK]
fL=;ksa ds }kjk ku vftZr djus okyk] dkeqd] vkos'kiw.kZ ,oa vius dks nwljksa
ls pk le>us okyk gksrk gSA
6- dU;k jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd] lq[kh] Hkksxh] vfrdkeh] lHkkif.Mr]
jksxh] oh;Zghu] ls }kjk kuuk'kd ,oa voSk lEcUk j[kus okyk gksrk gSA
7- rqyk jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd foyklh] dykfuiq.k] izoklh] ;'kLoh]
dk;Zn{k] dq'kkxzcfq )] mnkj] nk'kZfud] lqUnj] lq[kh fookfgr thou] vfHkekuh]
ckSf)d dkeksa esa #fp] dfork vkSj miU;kl fy[kus esa #fp ,oa larqfyr
LoHkko gksrk gSA
8- o`f'pd jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd&ukfLrd] dqdehZ] L=h}s"kh nfjnzh]
xqg~; jksxh] _.kh] kskh] LorU= ,oa vU;k;h gksrk gSA
9- kuq jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd kuh] cy'kkyh] LoksikftZr nzO; }kjk
iq.; djus okyk] fo}ku] lqUnj] yksdekU;] jkT;ekU;] lq[kh ?kjsyw thou]
mPpin dh izkfIr ,oa izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA
10-edj jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd cyghu] i.k] n;jksxh] nq[kh] ekuh]
uhp tkfr dh fL=;ksa esa #fp] fl)kUrghu ,oa vuSfrd pfj= gksrk gSA
11-dqEHk jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd 'kkfUrfiz;] nwljksa dks lgk;rk djus
okyk] lPpfj=] lqUnj] yksdfiz;] fpUrk'khy ,oa jksx ls lUrIr gksrk gSA
12-ehu jkf'k esa 'kq gks rks tkrd tkSgjh] f'kYiK] tehUnkj] vPNk vkSj
gkl ifjgkl dk LoHkko] fo}ku] yksdfiz;] 'kkUr] kuh] dk;Zn{k] f"kdeZ dk
eeZK] f'k"V vkSj lH; lEekfur ,oa vkjke ryc gksrk gSA
'kfu
1-es"k jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd vkRecyghu] ew[kZ] vkokjk] wj tkyQjso
djus okyk] O;luh] fukZu] nqjkpkjh] diVh yEiV ,oa r?u gksrk gSA
115
2-o`"k jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd vlR; Hkk"kh] nzO;ghu] ew[kZ] opughu]
lQy] ,dkUkfiz;] NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ds dkj.k fpafrr ,oa la;eh gksrk gSA
3-feFkqu jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd nqjkpkjh] diVh] dkeh] ik[k.Mh]
fukZu] nq%[kh ,oa ladh.kZ eu okyk gksrk gSA
4-ddZ jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd] xjhc] delUrku] ckY;koLFkk esa nq[kh]
ekr`jfgr] izkK] mUufr'khy] fo}ku] gBh ,oa LokFkhZ gksrk gSA
5-flag jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd ys[kd] v;kid] dk;Zn{k] gBh]
delUrku] vHkkxk ,oa bZ";kZyq LoHkko okyk gksrk gSA
6-dU;k jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd ferHkk"kh] ijksidkjh] ys[kd] dfo]
lEiknd] kuoku~] cyoku~] fuf'pr dk;Z dkkZ] bZ";kZ;yq LoHkko] vlH;]
fucZyLokLF; ,oa iqjkus fopkjksa okyk gksrk gSA
7-rqyk jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd jktuhfr esa #fp j[kus okyk] izfl)usrk]
kuh] lEekfur 'kf'kkyh] nku'khy] ijfL=;ksa esa #fp] lqHkk"kh] ;'kLoh]
LokfHkekuh ,oa mUufr'khy gksrk gSA
8- o`f'pd jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd ladh.kZ fopkjksa okyk] fgald]
dBksjn;] mrkoyk] detksj LokLF;] cqjh vknrsa] nq%[kh] fo"k ls [krjk]
fukZu L=hghu] kskh] dBksj ,oa yksHkh gksrk gSA
9- kuq jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd O;ogkjK] iq= dh dhfrZ ls izfl)
lnkpkjh] o`)koLFkk esa lq[kh] lf;] prqj 'kkfUrfiz;] nq%[kh fookfgr thou
,oa kuh gksrk gSA
10-edj jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd dq'kkxz cqf)] ifjJeh] vkfLrd Hkksxh]
feF;kHkk"kh] f'kYidkj] izoklh] vPNk ?kjsyw thou] fo}ku~] lUnsg djusokyk]
cnyk ysus okyk ,oa nk'kZfud gksrk gSA
11-dqEHk jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd uhfrn{k] dq'kkxz cqf)] 'kf'kkyh 'k=q]
;ksX;] lq[kh] O;luh] ukfLrd ,oa ifjJeh gksrk gSA
12-ehu jkf'k esa 'kfu gks rks tkrd vfopkjh] f'kYidkj grksRlkgh] kuh]
izfl)] lq[kh ,oa nwljksa dh lgk;rk djus okyk gksrk gSA
116
jkgq
1-es"k jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd&ijkeghu] vkylh] vfoosdh ,oa
vuSfrd pfj= gksrk gSA
2-o`"k jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd lq[kh] papy] dq:i] vkos'kiw.kZ LoHkko ,oa
kuh gksrk gSA
3-feFkqu jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd& lkglh] nh?kkZ;q] lkkq xkus okyk]
;ksxkH;klh ,oa cyoku~ gksrk gSA
4- ddZ jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd prqj] mnkj] jksxh] vusdksa 'k=qvksa okyk]
kks[ksckt] kughu ,oa ijkft gksrk gSA
5-flag jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd prqj] fopkjd] lTtu] uhfr n{k ,oa
lRiq#"k gksrk gSA
6-dU;k jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd yksdfiz;] ekqjHkk"kh] dfoys[kd] xoS;k
,oa kuh gksrk gSA
7-rqyk jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd vYik;q] nkrksa ds jksx] fojklr esa ku ikus
okyk ,oa dk;Z dq'ky gksrk gSA
8-o`f'pd jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd kwrZ] fukZu] jksxh] kuuk'kd] vuSfrd
pfj= ,oa kks[ksckt gksrk gSA
9-kuq jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd izkjfEHkd thou esa lq[kh] nkd tkus oky
,oa fe= nzksgh gksrk gSA
10-edj jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd ferO;;h] dqVqEcghu ,o nkr jksxh
gksrk gSA
11-dqEHk jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd fo}ku~] ys[kd ferHkk"kh ,oa ferO;;h
gksrk gSA
12-ehu jkf'k esa jkgq gks rks tkrd vkfLrd] dqyhu] 'kkUr] dykfiz; vkSj
n{k gksrk gSA
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dsrq
1-es"k jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd papy] cgqHkk"kh ,oa lq[kh gksrk gSA
2-o`"k jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd nq%[kh] fu#|eh] vkylh] okpky ,oa
dkeqd gksrk gSA
3-feFkqu jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd ok;qjksx ls ihfM+r] vfHkekuh ljyrk
ls lUrq"V gksus okyk] vYik;q ,oa NksVh lh ckr ij ksfkr gks tkus okyk
gksrk gSA
4- ddZ jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd okrfodkjh] Hkwrizsr ihfM+r ,oa nq%[kh
gksrk gSA
5- flag jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd cgqHkk"kh] Mjiksd] vlfg".kq] liZn'ku
dk Hk; ,oa vlUrks"kh gksrk gSA
6- dU;k jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd lnkjksxh] ew[kZ] eUnkfXujksx ,oa
O;FkZoknh gksrk gSA
7- rqyk jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd dq"Bjksxh] nq%[kh] kskh ,oa dkeh gksrk
gSA
8- o`f'pd jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd kwrZ] okpky] dq"Bjksxh] kskh
fukZu ,oa O;luh gksrk gSA
9- kuq jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd papy] kwrZ ,oa feF;koknh gksrk gSA
10- edj jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd ifjJe'khy] ijkeh tUe LFkku
NksM+dj tkus okyk] izfl) ,oa rstLoh gksrk gSA
11-dqEHk jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd nq%[kh] d.kZjksxh] Hkze.k'khy] O;;'khy
,oa lkkkj.k kuh gksrk gSA
12-ehu jkf'k esa dsrq gks rks tkrd ifjJeh] kkfeZd izo`fkokyk] d.kZjksxh]
izoklh] papy vkSj dk;Zijk;.k gksrk gSA
o
118
lw;Z ls vU; xzgksa dks fLFkfr ds dkj.k mRiUUk gksus okys ;ksxA
1- lw;Z ls dsUnz esa pUnzek fLFkr gks rks tkrd dk ku] cqf)] pkrq;Z vkfn de
gksrk gSA
;fn pUnzek i.kQj esa fLFkr gks rks ku cqf) e;e gksrs gSAa ;fn pUnzek
viksfDye Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks ku] cqf) pkrq;Z Js"B gksrk gSA
2- osfl ;ksx pUnzek dks NksMd
+ j ;fn lw;Z ls nwljs Hkko esa dksbZ vU; xzg
fLFkr gks rks osfl ;ksx gksrk gSA
bl ;ksx esa mRiUu O;fr] [kq'k] le`)] mnkj rFkk 'kkld oxZ dk fiz; gksxkA
Lusgh cpu cksyus okyk] len'khZ] yEcs 'kjhj okyk gksxkA
2- okfl ;ksx
pUnzek dks NksM+dj dksbZ vU; xzg tc lw;Z ls 12osa Hkko esa fLFkr gksxk rks
okfl ;ksx curk gSA
bl ;ksx esa mRiUu O;f dq'ky] nkuohj] fo}ku] cyoku gksxkA
;g Qy 'kqHk xzgksa dh fLFkfr ls curs gSa
3- mHk;pkjh ;ksx
pUnzek dks NksM+dj dksbZ vU; xzg lw;Z ds nwljs rFkk 12osa Hkko esa fLFkr gks
rks mHk;pkjh ;ksx curk gSA
119
tkrd jktk ds leku vfkdkj] lEeku] kuh] lq[kh gksxkA mlds cpu ehBs
fiz; gksaxsA LokLFk gksxkA
;g Qy 'kqHk xzgksa ds dkj.k gSA ;fn nksuksa vksj v'kqHk xzg fLFkr gks rks
vieku ds dkj.k ekufld ihM+k vkSj ku rFkk lkSHkkX; ls ghu gksxkA
2- vuQk ;ksx
lw;Z dks NksM+dj ;fn dksbZ vU; xzg pUnzek ls }kn'k Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks
;g ;ksx curk gSA
tkrd jktk ds leku lEeku izkIr djsxk] jksx eqDr] lnkpkjh] lq[kh gksxkA
3- nqjkjk ;ksx
lw;Z dks NksM+dj ;fn dksbZ vU; xzg pUnzek ls f}rh;k rFkk }kn'k Hkko esa
fLFkr gks rks ;g ;ksx curk gSA
bl ;ksx okyk tkrd lc lq[kksa ls lEiUu rFkk lq[kksa dks Hkksxus okyk gksrk
gSA lsod] okgu rFkk ku gksrk gSA
120
4- dsenzqe ;ksx
lw;Z ds vfrfjDr ;fn dksbZ vU; xzg pUnzek ls 1]2]12 Hkko esa ;k yXu ls
dsUnz esa dksbZ u gks dsenzqe ;ksx gksrk gSA ;g v'kqHk ;ksx gksrk gSA
blesa tkrd nfjnz] cqf)ghu foifk;ksa o nq[kksa ls ihfM+r gksrk gSSA ;fn ;g
;ksx tUe dq.Myh esa gks rks vU; 'kqHk ;ksx u"V gks tkrs gSA
5- xtdsljh ;ksx
1- ;fn c`gLifr pUnzek ls dsUnz esa 1]4]7]10 fLFkr gks
2- ;fn cqk ;k 'kq pUnzek ds lkFk ;qfr ;k n`f"V gksA ikjk'kj
rks xtdsljh ;ksx curk gSA blesa mRiUu tkrd egku~ dk;Z djus okyk]
lHkk esa dq'ky iwoZd cksyus okyk gksrk gSA
blesa pUnzek esa cy gksuk vko';d gSA vU; xzg Hkh cyoku gksus pkfg;sA
dqN fo}ku T;ksfr"kh c`gLifr dks yXu ls Hkh dsUnz esa fLFkr gksus ij xt
dsljh ;ksx ekurs gSaA
6- pUnzkfk;ksx
;fn pUnzek ls 6]7]8 Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg gks rks pUnzkfk;ksx curk gSA tks tkrd
bl ;ksx esa mRiUu gksrk gS lsuk dk v;{k] jkt ;k efU= curk gSA ;g
xzgksa ds cy ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
veyk ;ksx
;fn yXu ;k pUnek ls n'ke Hkko esa cyoku 'kqHk xzg gks rks veyk ;ksx
**dhfrZ;ksx curk gSA
blesa mRiUu tkrd jkT;] cUkq o turk dk fiz;] egk Hkksxh] nkuh]
ijksidkjh] kekZRek xq.kh gksrk gSA
121
ioZr ;ksx
1- ;fn lHkh 'kqHk xzg dsUnz esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fLFkr gks rFkk 6]8 Hkko esa
dksbZ Hkh xzg fLFkr u gks] ;fn gks rks 'kqHk xzg fLFkr gksA
2- yXus'k rFkk }kn'ks'k ijLij dsUnz esa fLFkr gks rFkk fe= xzg dh n`f"V gks
rks ioZr ;ksx gkssrk gSA
,slk O;f okddq'ky] Hkkxor~ oskk
fo}ku ,oa ;'kLoh gksrk gSA
pkej ;ksx
yXus'k mPpxr gksdj dsUnz esa fLFkr gks rFkk xq# ls n`"V gks rks
pkej ;ksx esa euq"; jkT; iwT; fo}ku] okd~dq'ky] if.Mr] fpjathoh gksrk
gSA
ekfydk ;ksx
yXu ls yxkrkj lkr Hkkoksa esa lc lkr xzg fLFkr gks jkgq&dsrq xzg ugha
gS rks ekfydk ;ksx gksrk gSA
bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrd kuh] vusd okguksa dk Lokeh gksrk gSA
y{eh ;ksx
;fn HkkX;s'k dsUnz ;k f=dks.k esa fLFkr gks rFkk yXus'k cyoku~ gks rks
y{eh ;ksx gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa tkrd lqUnj] xq.kh kkfeZd cgqiq= o
ku okyk gksrk gSA
yXukfk;ksx
;fn yXu ls 6]7]8 Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj v'kqHk xzgksa ls ;qDr ;k n`"V u
gks rks yXukfk;ksx curk gS
122
blesa mRiUu tkrrd oSKkfud 'kksk djrk gSA lsuk esa mPp in ij gksrk
gSA mnkj] kuh rFkk lkSHkkX; 'kkyh gksrk gSA
iapegkiq#"k ;ksx
;fn eaxy es"k ;k o`f'pd jkf'k Lojkf'k esa ;k edj mPpjkf'k esa dsUnz
esa fLFkr gks rFkk yXu cyoku gks rks :pd ;ksx curk gSA
blesa mRiUu tkrd lkglh] ijkeh lsuk uk;d rFkk vPNs xq.kksa ds fy,
izfl) gksrk gSA tkrd nh?kZthfo] vkd"kZd] xfBr 'kjhj okyk gksrk gSA
Hknz ;ksx
;fn cqk Lojkf'k feFkqu ;k dU;k ;k mPpjkf'k dU;k esa fLFkr yXu ls
dsUnz esa gks rFkk yXu cyoku gks rks Hknz ;ksx gksrk gSA
blesa mRiUu tkrd dh eq[kkfr flag ds leku] ?kqVus ls ikao rd gkFkh
ds leku] pkSM+h Nkrh] dkeqd fo}ku gkFk rFkk iSj dksey] ;ksx fo|k esa
fuiq.k gksrk gSA
tc dU;k ;k feFkqu jkf'k dsUnz esa fLFkr gksxh rks nwljh jkf'k Hkh dsUnz
esa gksxh vFkkZr cqk nks jkf'k;ksa dk Lokeh gksrk gqvk dsUnz dk Lokeh Hkh
gksxk vkSj mls dsUnzkfkifr nks"k yxsxk ;fn nwljh jkf'k lIre Hkko esa
iM+sxh rks mls ekjd Hkko dk Lokeh gksus dk Hkh nks"k gksxkA v'kqHkRo c<+
tk,xkA ,slh fLFkfr esa cqk dgka fLFkr gS] fdlls ;qDr ;k n`"V gS ;k
D;k voLFkk gS ds vkkkj ij Qy nsxkA
gal ;ksx
tc c`gLifr Lojkf'k kuq ;k ehu ;k mPp dk gksdj yXu ls dsUnz esa
fLFkr gks rFkk yXu cyoku gks rks gal ;ksx gksrk gSA
bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrd 'kkld ljdkjh lsok esa mPp inkfkdkjh]
mke O;fDrRo okyk gksrk gSA mke Hkkstu dk 'kkSdhu gksrk gSA keZ
xzUFkksa dk Kkrk rFkk lc lq[k lEiUu gksrk gSA
ekyO; ;ksx
;fn 'kq Lojkf'k o`"k ;k rqyk ;k viuh mPp jkf'k ehu esa yXu ls dsUnz
esa fLFkr gks rFkk yXu cyoku gks rks ekyO; ;ksx gksrk gSA
123
bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrd lqUnj vka[kksa okyk] eskkoh] 'kfDr'kkyh] cPpks]a iRuh]
lokjh] lsodks okyk gksrk gSA keZ xzUFkksa dk Kkrk gksrk gSA ijke'kZ nsus esa l{ke]
mnkj rFkk nh?kkZ;q okyk gksrk gSA
ll ;ksx
;fn 'kfu Lojkf'k edj ;k dqEHk ;k mPpjkf'k rqyk esa yXu ls dsUnz esa
fLFkr gks rFkk yXu cyoku gks rks ll ;ksx gksrk gSA
tkrd ijke'kZ nsus oky] xkao dk izkku] dBksj n; okyk] nwljksa dh
lEifr dk iz;ksx djus okyk] fL=;ksa dh laxfr esa jgus okyk] kuh lq[kh rFkk
lEekfur O;f gksrk gSA
foijhr jkt;ksx
tc 6]8]12 Hkko ds Lokeh 6]8 ;k 12 Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks foijhr jkt;ksx curk
gSA blds rhu izdkj gSA
d g"kZ tc "k"Bs'k 8 ;k 12 Hkko esa fLFkr gks
[k ljy tc v"Ves'k 6 ;k 12 Hkko esa fLFkr gks
x foey tc }kn'ks'k 6 ;k 8 Hkko esa fLFkr gks 6] 8 rFkk 12 Hkko f=Hkko dgykrs
gSAa buds Lokeh tgka fLFkr gksrs gaS ml Hkko dks u"V dj nsrs gaAS vkvks "k"ks'k
ysAa "k"Bs'k v'kqHk Hkko dk Lokeh gS tgka fLFkr gksxk ml Hkko ds dkjdRo dks u"V
dj nsxkA ekuks "k"Bs'k }kn'k Hkko esa fLFkr gSA rks og }kn'k Hkko dks dkjdRo
dks u"V dj nsxkA ijUrq }kn'k Hkko rks Lo;a v'kqHk Hkko gSA bl izdkj "k"Bs'k
}kn'k Hkko ds v'kqHk HkRo dks Uk"V dj nsxk tks tkrd ds fy, 'kqHk gksxkA blfy;s
bl ;ksx dks foijhr jkt;ksx dgsx
a As blh izdkj vU; Hkkoksa ds ckjs esa tkfu,A
o
124
125
xkspj fopkj
xkspj dk Qy pUnz] lw;Z ;k yXu esa ls fdlls ns[kk tkuk pkfg;s\
xzg vius&vius ekxZ ls o viuh viuh xfr ls lnSo lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj
?kwers jgrs gaSA blls xzg ,d jkf'k ls nwljh jkf'k esa izos'k djrs gq, lw;Z
dh ifjek iwjh djrs gaSA tc tkrd dk tUe gksrk gS ml le; xzg
ftl&ftl jkf'k dk Hkze.k dj jgs gksrs gSa og tUe dq.Myh dgykrh gSA
tUe le; ds ckn xzg ftl&ftl jkf'k esa Hkze.k djrs jgrs gSa og fLFkfr
xkspj dgykrh gSA xks'kCn laLr Hkk"kk dh **xe~** kkrq ls cuk gSA xe~ dk
vFkZ gS *pyus okyk* vkd'k esa vusd rkjs gSA os lc fLFkj gSAa rkjksa ls xzgksa
dks i`Fkd fn[kykus ds dkj.k xzgksa dks xks uke j[kkA pj dk vFkZ gS *pyu*
vfLFkj cnyus okyk blfy;s xkspj dk vFkZ gqvk xzgksa dk pyu vFkkZr xzgksa
dk ifjofrZr izHkko tUe dq.Myh esa xzgksa dk ,d fLFkj izHkko gS vkSj xkspj
esa xzgksa dk ml le; ls ifjofrZr cnyk gqvk izHkko fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa rhu rjg ds yXu izpfyr gSAa tUe yXu] pUnz yXu o lw;Z
yXu ;g ifjofrZr izHkko gesa dgka ls ns[kuk pkfg;s tUe yXu ls ;k pUnz
yXu ls ;k lw;Z yXu ls yXu dk viuk&viuk egRo gS yXu ruq dk pUnz
eu dk vkSj lw;Z vkRek dk izfrfufk gSA tkrd bu rhuksa ds leUo; ls cuk
gSA vkRek 'kjhj ds fcuk viuh vfHkO;fDr ugha dj ldrhA 'kjhj dk
fu;U=.k eu ds gkFk esa gS eu gh 'kjhj dh KkusfUnz;ks o desZUnz;ksa ij
fu;a=.k djrk gSA blfy;s pUnz yXu dk egRo c<+ tkrk gSA eU=s'oj us
Hkh Qynhfidk esa pUnz yXu ls xkspj dk fopkj djus dk funsZ'k fn;k gSA
los"kq yXus"kq vfi lRlq
pUnz yXue~ Mk kkue~ [kyq xkspjs"kqAA
vFkkZr lc izdkj ds yXuksa yXu] lw;Z yXu pUnz yXu ds gksrs gq, Hkh xkspj
fopkj esa izkkurk pUnz yXu dh gh gSA
c`gr~ ijk'kj gksjk 'kkL= esa Hkh pUnz yXu o tUe yXu nksuksa dks gh egRo
iw.kZ cryk;k gS vkSj nkuksa yXuksa ls Qfyr djus dk vkns'k fn;k gSA
126
vkkku yXu fl)kUr ds vuqlkj ;g ik;k x;k gS fd pUnzek tUe yXu esa
mlh Hkko esa xkspj djrk gS ftl Hkko esa o xHkkZkku ds le; gksrk gSA ;gka
egRo pUnz dk gSA
n'kk o vUrj n'kk ds le; ij n'kk ukFk ftl jkf'k esa cSBk gksrk gS
mldks yXu eku dj n'kk ds 'kqHk o v'kqHk dk fopkj gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ yXu
ckjg gks tkrs gaSA blfy;s Hkh pUnz yXu dk egRo c<+ tkrk gSA
xkspj v"Vd oxZ i)fr dk ,d vax gSA v"Vd oxZ yXu o lkr xzgksa dks
feyk dj curk gSA v"Vd oxZ esa ns[kk tkrk gS fd xzg dgka&dgka 'kqHk o
v'kqHk Qy ns ldrs gSaA ;gka ij 'kqHk o v'kqHk Qy xzgksa dh ijLij fLFkfr]
eS=h o uSlfxZd 'kqHkrk o v'kqHkrk dk ;ku j[kk tkrk gSA nks xzgksa dk
ijLij 'kqHkRo o v'kqHkRo nsxk u fd yXuksa dkA yXu rks ckjg gks tkrs gSA
pUnzek ,d xzg gSA bl izdkj pUnzek ls dkSu xzg 'kqHk gSS dkSu xzg v'kqHk
ns[kk tkrk gSA blfy, egf"kZ;ksa us xkspj Qy fu.kZ; ds fy;s pUnz dks pquk
tks xzg gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d yXu Hkh gS vkSj yXu ij Hkh fu;U=.k j[krk
gSA
n'kk dk e Hkh pnzek ds u{k= ds Lokeh ls vkjEHk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ thou
dk vkjEHk Hkh pnzek ls gh gksrk gSA pUnzek gh tkrd ds 'kS'ko dky dk
dkjd gSA blfy;s ckykfj"V esa pUnzek dh dq.Myh esa fLFkfr egRo iw.kZ gSA
pUnzek ls gh x.kUr vkfn ns[kk tkrk gSA pUnzek ls gh frfFk dk egRo gSA
frfFk pUnzek ls curh gSA fnu dk u{k= Hkh pUnzek ls gh ns[kk tkrk gSA
ftl u{k= esa pUnzek gksrk gS ogh u{k= fnu dk Hkh gksrk gSA
bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd oSfnd T;ksfr"k esa pUnzek dk cgqr egRo gSA frfFk]
u{k= eqgwkZ] n'kk vkfn lc dk;Z dyki pUnzek ls gh ns[ks tkrs gaSA blfy;s
xkspj esa Hkh pUnzek dk egRo c<+ tkrk gSA blfy, egf"kZ;ksa us xkspj dks
Hkh pUnzek ls ns[kus dk vkns'k fn;kA
D;k dsoy xkspj ls gh Qfyr dgk tk ldrk gS\
xkspj Qfyr dk ,d izHkko'kkyh vax gSA vkSj Qfyr esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku
127
j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g lc dqN ughaA gekjs egf"kZ;ksa us ;g Li"V 'kCnksa esa
dgk gS fd tks dqN dq.Mhy esa ugha og xkspj ugha ns ldrkA xkspj esa xzg
pkgs fdruk gh vPNk ;ksx cukrs gks ;fn og ;ksx dq.Myh esa ugha rks og
xkspj ugha ns ldrkA
mnkgj.k xkspj rks n'kk o vUrj n'kk ds vkhu Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ;fn
n'kk o vUrj n'kk ,sls xzgksa dh py jgh gks rks tkrd
tks tkrd ds fy;s v'kqHk gks ijUrq xkspj 'kqHk gks rks xkspj dk 'kqHk Qy
tkrd dks ugha feyrkA D;ksafd xkspj esa ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd tUe
dq.Myh dh xzg fLFkfr ls orZeku xkspj dq.Myh esa xzg fLFkfr vPNh ;k cqjh
dSlh fLFkfr esa gSA
tks xzg tUe dq.Myh esa mke LFkku esa iM+k gks og xkspj esa 'kqHk LFkku ij
vkrs gh 'kqHk Qy nsxkA tks xzg tUe dq.Myh esa v'kqHk gks og ;fn xkspj
esa 'kqHk Hkh gksxk rks Hkh 'kqHk Qy ugha nsxkA xkspj xzg tUe ds xzgksa ls ftl
le; va'kkRed ;k vklUu ;ksx djrs gaS ml le; gh mudk Bhd Qy
izdV gksrk gSA eku yks 'kq o`"k esa 180 ij gSA xkspj esa 'kq tc o`"k 180
ls ;ksx cuk;sxkA rc gh 'kq dk vPNk ;k cqjk Qy izdV gksxkA bl izdkj
xkspj xzg tUe ds xzg ds vkhu gqvkA
;fn xkspj dk xzg v'kqHk Hkko esa gks tUe dq.Myh esa og xzg mPp] Lo{ks=h
gks rks xkspj esa og xzg v'kqHk Qy ugha nsrkA vFkkZr~ xkspj ds fu;eksa ds
vkkkj ij ge dg ldrs gaS fd xkspj dk Qy tUe dq.Myh ds xzg fLFkfr
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
;fn xkspj ds vU; fu;eksa dk v;;u djs rks ge ik;sx
a s fd xkspj n'kk
o vUrj n'kk ds Hkh vkhu gSA ,d gh Hkko ds dbZ Qy gksrs gSA tSls&
prqFkZ Hkko dk dkjdRo ekrk] f'k{kk] okgu tehu] [ksrh ckM+h lq[k bR;kfnA
blesa ls dkSu lk Qy Qfyr gksuk gS ;g lc n'kk o vUrj n'kk ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA xkspj dk Qy ogh gksrk gS tks n'kk o vUrj n'kk pkgrh gSA
vFkkZr~ xkspj dk Qy n'kk o vUrj n'kk ds ij fuHkZj djrk gSA xkspj
dk Qy rkjk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA
128
129
osk LFkku
5]3]9]1]8]12
cqk dks pUnzek dk csk ugha gksrk
c`gLifr ds 'kqHk LFkku 2]5]7]11
osk LFkku
12]4]3]10]8
'kq ds 'kqHk LFkku
1]2]3]4]5]8]9]11]12
osk LFkku
8]7]1]10]9]5]11]3]6
'kfu ds 'kqHk LFkku
3]6]11
oSk LFkku
12]9]5
'kfu dks lw;Z dk oSk ugha gksrk
131
1- yXu dk cy
ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd ge foa'kksrjh n'kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSa foa'kksrjh
n'kk ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj f=dks.k ds Lokeh 'kqHk Qy nsrs gSA
ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd xkspj dk Qy ;ksx rFkk n'kkUrj n'kk ds vkhu
jgrk gSA blfy, ;fn ;ksx rFkk n'kkUrj n'kk 'kqHk gS rks xkspj dk Qy
v'kqHk ugha gks ldrkA nwljk ;fn tUe dq.Myh esa pUnzek ds ikl i{kcy
izkIr gS rFkk 'kqHk n`"V gS] dsUnz ;k f=dks.k esa fLFkr gS rks 'kfu mldk dqN
Hkh ugha fcxkM+ ldrk rhljk ;fn 'kfu f=dks.k dk Lokeh gS rFkk 'kqHk fLFkr
gS] jk'kh'k] uoka'ks'k rFkk u{k= Hkh 'kqHk gS rks 'kfu dh lk<+s lkrh Hkh 'kqHk Qy
nsxhA blfy, lk<+s lkrh dk Qy tUe dq.Myh esa pUnzek rFkk 'kfu ds cy
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
/k-
'k
v- Hk-
mkj
J-
v-
m"kk- iw"kk- e
if'pe
nf{k.k
T;s- vuq133
53
rkjk
rkjk dk Hkh vFkZ u{k= gh gSA tUe ds le; pUnzek ftl u{k= ij gksrk
gSA mls tUe rkjk dgrs gSA f}rh; rkjk dk lEir] r`rh; dks foir] prqFkZ
dks {kse iape dks izR;fj "k"B dks lkskd ]lIre&osk] v"Ve&fe= rFkk
uoe& vfkfe= dgykrh gSA budk rhu i;kZ; 1-10-19 esa foHkkftr djrs
gSaA nwljs dks 2-11-20] rhljs dks 3-12-21 bl e ls 27 rkjk rhu i;kZ; esa
foHkkftr gksrh gSA
lw;Z 2]4]8]9]11]13]24oha rkjs ls xkspj djrk gS rks 'kqHk Qy izkIr gksrk gSA
v'kqHk Qy 1]14]16]19]23 rkjk
pUnzek 'kqHk 4]6]8]9]11]13]15]26]27
v'kqHk 1]3]5]7]12]14]19]21
eaxy 'kqHk 9]11]17]22]24
v'kqHk 1]3]5]7]12]14]19]21
cqk 'kqHk 4]6]13]15]17]20]22]24]26]27
xq# rFkk 'kq 'kqHk 1]3]7]10]12 rFkk 19
134
4- v"Vd oxZ
xkspj ds xzgksa ds fy, v"Vd oxZ ,d mke i)fr gSA Jh ds- ,u jko bl
i)fr dk cgqr iz;ksx djrs gSA fHkUu v"Vd oxZ rFkk leqnk; v"Vd oxZ
(SAV) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA v"Vd oxZ ds vkB vax gksrs gaSA vkBksa
vaxksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu xzgksa dk 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk izHkko iM+rk gSA izR;sd vax ij
leLr xzgksa dk izHkko fHkUUk v"Vd oxZ esa feyrkA leqnk; v"VdoxZ esa
tUe dq.Myh esa fdl&fdl Hkko ij leLr xzgksa dk D;k izHkko gS vadks ds
}kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA Hkko ij de ls de 28 vad izkIr gks rks 'kqHk ;fn
28 vad ls de gks rks v'kqHk Qy gksrk gSA ftrus vad de gksaxs v'kqHk Qy
135
mruk gh T;knk gksxkA ;fn vad 28 ls T;knk gS] ftrus T;knk gksaxs] mruk
mke Qy gksrk gSA fHkUu v"Vd oxZ esa de ls de pkj vad gksus pkfg;sA
pkj ls de v'kqHk pkj ls T;knk 'kqHk gksrs gSA
xkspj dk xzg vius fHkUu v"Vd oxZ esa fdrus fcUnqvksa ls xkspj dj jgk
gS] pUnzek ds fHkuu v"Vd oxZ esa fdrus fcUnqvksa ls xkspj dj jgk gS rFkk
leqnk; v"Vd oxZ esa fdrus fcUnqvksa ls xkspj jd jgk gS mlds vuqlkj
tkrd dks 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk Qy izkIr gksrk gSA
5- ewfrZ fu.kZ;
izkphu 'kkL=ksa esa xkspj ds xzgksa dk 'kqHkk'kqHk ewfrZ fu.kZ; ls Hkh tkuus dks
dgk x;k gSA ijUrq dEI;wVj ds tekus esa bldk egRo de gks x;k gSA
xf.kr dk egRo c<+ x;k gSA
xzgksa dks 'kqHk o v'kqHk Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA tc 'kqHk xzg jkf'k ifjofrZr
djrs gS rks ml le; xkspj dk pUnzek tUe pUnzek ls fdl Hkko esa fLFkr
gS mlds vuqlkj xkspj ds 'kqHkk'kqHk xzg dk Qy crykrs gSAa mls pkj ewfrZ;ksa
esa ckaVk x;k gSA
tc xkspj dk pUnzek tUe pUnz ls 1]6]11 Hkko esa fLFkr gksrk gS rks Lo.kZ
ewfrZ dgykrh gS tks mke gksrh gSA
jtr 2]5]9 'kqHk
rkez 3]7]10 e;e
ykSg 4]8]12 v'kqHk
Qynk;d gksrh gSA blh izdkj v'kqHk xzg 'kfu] eaxy] jkgq] dsrq] lw;Z i{k
cy ghu pUnzek] v'kqHk ;qDr cqk xkspj esa jkf'k ifjorZu djrs gSa rks xkspj
dk pUnzek tUe pUnzek ls ij ds Hkko esa jgrk gS rks tks ewfrZ cukrk gSA
jtr ewfrZ mke Qy
rkez ewfrZ 'kqHk Qy
ykSg] ewfrZ e;e Qy
Lo.kZ ewfrZ v'kqHk Qy nsrh gSA
ijUrq iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd D;k tUe pUnzek pkgs 10 dk gks ;k 150 ;k 270
136
gks rks D;k ogha Qy nsxk \ nSoK Jh dkVos] egkjk"V ds mke T;ksfr"kh jgs
gSa] mudk dguk gS fd 'kfu dh lk<+s lkrh ml le; vkjEHk gksrh gS tc
'kfu pUnzek ls 450 ihNs gksrk gS rFkk rc rd jgrh gS tc og 450 vkxs
jgrk gSA bl izdkj tUe pUnzek ds va'kks esa ls 450 ?kVkvks rFkk 450 tksM+ksA
blls izkIr gksus okyh pki ij tc rd 'kfu jgrk gS 'kfu dh lk<+s lrh
jgrh gSAa bl izdkj xzg dk jkf'k ifjorZu le; dksbZ egRo ugha j[krkA
bl izdkj ewfrZ fu.kZ; i)fr egRoghu gks tkrh gSA
'kqHkk'kqHk mke gSA ikBdksa dks fQj eSa ;kn fnykuk pkgwxk fd tks tUe
dq.Myh ds ;ksxksa esa ugha og n'kk vUrj n'kk ugha ns ldrhA ekuk fd
tkrd dh tUe dq.Myh esa 'kknh dk ;ksx gh ugha gks rks n'kkUrj n'kk
lIres'k dh gks ;k dkjd xzg dh 'kknh ugha ns ldrhA blfy, Qy ds fy,
;ksx dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA blh izdkj tks xzg dh n'kkUrjn'kk ugha
ns ldrh] og ml Qy dks nsrk gS ;fn n'kkUrj n'kk gh rks xkspj fdruk
Hkh 'kqHkk'kqHk gks ugha ns ldrkA igys n'kkUrj n'kk dk gksuk vko';d gS
fQj xkspj ml Qy dks nsrk gSA ;fn n'kkUrj n'kk gh ugha rks xkspj
fdruk Hkh 'kqHkk'kqHk gks og Qy ugha ns ldrkA bldks bl izdkj Hkh dgk
tk ldrk gSA fd lcls igys tkrd ds fy;s Qy gksuk pkfg;sA
n'kkUrjn'kk ml Qy dks lans'k okgd] xkspj dks nsrh gSA rFkk lans'k
okgd] xkspj og Qy tkrd dks nsrk gSA ;fn n'kkUrj n'kk lans'k okgd
dks Qy gh ugha nsxh rks lans'k okgd tkrd dks Qy dgka ls nsxk\ blfy,
e fuf'pr gS igys Qy gksuk pkfg;s ;ksx nwljs mu xzgksa dh n'kkUrj
n'kk gksuh pkfg;s rc xkspj tkrd dks Qy nsrk gSA vU;Fkk Qy izkIr ugha
gksrk xkspj dsoy lgk;d gSA
xkspj ds Qy dks izHkkfor djus okys fHkUu&fHkUu igyqvksa dk v;;u djus
ds ckn lk<+s lkrh dk v;;u djrs gaSA
tUe jkf'k ls 12osa LFkku tUe jkf'k ij ,oa f}rh; Hkko ij tc 'kfu xkspj
djrk gS mls 'kfu dh lk<+s lkrh dgrs gSaA 'kfu ,d jkf'k ij yxHkx 25 o"kZ jgrk gSA bl izdkj rhu jkf'k;ksa ij 7-5 o"kZ gq,A blfy, bls lk<+s
lkrh dgrs gSA lk<+s lkrh vPNh Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj cqjh HkhA ;g lc
tUe dq.Myh esa pUnzek rFkk 'kfu fd fLFkfr rFkk cy ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
yXu] lIr'kyk[kk] rkjk rFkk v"Vd oxZ ds cy ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA ijUrq
fQj Hkh ;g ekufld d"V dkjd gks ldrh gSA tc 'kfu tUe pUnzek ls
450 de ij 12osa Hkko esa jgrk gS rks 'kfu dk izHkko vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA ;fn
'kfu oh gks tk, rks 7-5 o"kZ ls Hkh T;knk le; rd rhuksa jkf'k;ksa ij jg
ldrk gS tSls dqEHk jkf'k okyks ds fy, 1993 esa gqvkA
ftudk nh?kZ thou gS muds thou esa 3 ckj lk<+s lkrh vkrh gSA igys Qsjs
138
esa dqN cqjk Qy nsrh gS ijUrq vke.k cM+s osx ls gksrk gSA nwljs i;kZ; esa
osx rks de gks tkrk gS ijUrq fQj Hkh d"V rks feyrk gh gS] ijUrq bruk
gkfu dkjd ugha gksrk rFkk dqN 'kqHk Qy Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA ijUrq rhljs
i;kZ; esa tkrd dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA cgqr de HkkX;oku tkrd gh bl
rhljs i;kZ; dks >sy ikrs gSaA
lk<+s lkrh esa lkkkj.kr;k ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd 'kfu fdl jkf'k ls xkspj
dj jgk gSA ml jkf'k ds Lokeh ls mldk dSlk lEcUk gSA ;fn mldk
lEcUk fe=rk dk gS rks v'kqHk Qy ugha gksrkA oSls rks ;g lEcUk iapkk
eS=h ls ns[kuk pkfg;sA ijUrq iapkk eS=h rks dq.Myh ds vuqlkj cusxhA
le>kus ds fy;s ge fy[krs gS fe= dh jkf'k ls xkspj dj jgk gSA ekuk
fd 'kfu xkspj dj jgk gSA es"k jkf'k ls izFke 2-5 ehu] ftldk Lokeh
c`gLifr gS rFkk 'kfu ds xq# ds lkFk le uSlfxZd lEcUk gS rks izFke 25 le f}rh; 2-5 es"k] ftlesa pUnzek fLFkr gS mldk Lokeh eaxy gS tks 'kfu
dk 'k=q gSA vFkkZr f}rh; <S;k v'kqHk rhljh <~S;k esa 'kfu o`"k jkf'k esa xkspj
djsxkA o`"k ds Lokeh 'kq dks 'kfu fe= le>rk gS] blfy;s rhljs <S+;k 'kqHk
vFkkZr~ es"k jkf'k okyksa ds fy;s dsoy nwljs <~S;k v'kqHk gqbZA bl izdkj bldks
bl rkfydk esa fy[k ldrs gSA
pUnzek
es"k
o`"ke
feFkqu
ddZ
flag
dU;k
rqyk
o`f'pd
kuq
edj
dqEHk
ehu
izFke
le
v'kqHk
'kqHk
'kqHk
v'kqHk
v'kqHk
'kqHk
'kqHk
v'kqHk
le
'kqHk
'kqHk
f}rh;
v'kqHk
'kqHk
'kqHk
v'kqHk
v'kqHk
'kqHk
'kqHk
v'kqHk
le
'kqHk
'kqHk
le
r`rh; <S;k
'kqHk
'kqHk
v'kqHk
v'kqHk
'kqHk
'kqHk
v'kqHk
le
'kqHk
'kqHk
le
v'kqHk
139
ea
5
'k- 4
lw cq 8
10 pv 9
jk- 'kq-
3
ds 2 xq
o
1
12
11
12
xq- 2
p11
10 'k-
jk3
9 ds-
5
lw- e-
7
'kq- cq-
HkksX; n'kk lw;Z 1-11-23 fnu budh igyh lk<+s lkrh 1-12 o"kZ vk;q esa
igyh lk<+s lkrh vkjEHk gqbZA ml le; 'kfu jkgq rFkk 'kq ds ij ls
xkspj dj jgk Fkk rFkk yXu ls "k"B Hkko FkkA 'kq prqFkZ rFkk ,dkn'k Hkko
dk Lokeh gSA ,dkn'k Hkko prqFkZ ls v"Ve Hkko dk Lokeh gS tks ekrk ds
fy, v'kqHk gSA blfy, igyh gh lk<+s lkrh ds ekrk dh e`R;q gks xbZA nwljh
140
141
Qy nsrk gSA Jh ds- ,u- jko us Jh Mh- ,u- nhf{kr ds le; 'kfu ds pUnzek
ls v"Ve xkspj dks ns[kdj rFkk v"Ve Hkko esa 28 ls T;knk 'kqHk fcUnqvksa
dks ns[kdj ,slh gh Hkfo"; ok.kh dh Fkh ftlls ge lc pfdr jg x;s FksA
Jh nf{kr ds mPp in dk fopkj fd;k tk jgk FkkA 'kfu v"Ve esa xkspj
dj jgk FkkA T;ksfr"kh muds inP;qfr dh ckr dj jgss FksA v"Ve Hkko esa 36
'kqHk fcUnq Fks] n'kkUrj n'kk rFkk rkjk 'kqHk FkhA Jh jko us in izkfIr dh ckr
dgh rFkk Hkfo"; ok.kh lgh gqbZA blfy, 'kfu dk xkspj n'kkUrj n'kk] rkjk
rFkk v"Vd oxZ ds 'kqHk foUnqvksa ls izHkkfor jgrk gSA 'kfu dks dsoy
d"Vdkjh ekudj pyuk U;k; laxr ugh gksxk U;k; laxr ugha gksxkA
o
142
vfirq nksuksa dq.Mfy;ka ,d nwljs dh iwjd gks tkrh gSA nksuksa dq.Mfy;ksa ds
xq.k nks"k ,d nwljs dks dkVrs gq, x`gLFk thou esa lq[k o le`f) c<+krs gSaA
blfy, dq.Myh feyku ds fcuk Hkh x`gLFk lq[kh jg ldrk gSA ijUrq
ftudh dq.Myh esa nks"k jgrk gS] ;fn os dq.Myh feyku ds fcuk fookg
djrs gSa rks rykd] vle; e`R;q] dyg] cPps rFkk cq<s+ nq%[kh jgrs gSAa x`gLFk
u"V gks tkrk gS rks lekt u"V gks tkrk gSA
esykid dk vkkkj
T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa yXu rFkk pUnz yXu dh izkkurk gSA yXu 'kjhj gS ftldks
lc lq[k feyrk gSA lkjs dk;Z dykiksa dk vkkkj gSA blfy, 'kjhj LoLFk
jguk pkfg;sA vFkkZr yXu cyoku gksuk pkfg;sA pUnz yXu eu gSA eu gh
'kjhj rFkk desZfUnz;ksa ,oa KkusfUnz;ksa dks o'k esa j[krk gSA izse eu dk vkkkj
gS ;fn eu izlUu gks rks izR;sd dk;Z lqUnj o lq[knk;d izrhr gksrk gSA
blfy, gekjs euhf"k;ksa us esykid dk vkkkj tUe jkf'k dks cuk;k gSA
tUe jkf'k vFkkZr tUe le; ij pUnzek ftl jkf'k esa fLFkr gksrk gS] dks
vkkkj cukdj oj&okq ds xq.k nks"k fudkysA
oj ds y{k.k
dU;k dsfirk dks pkfg;s fd oj esa ns[ks fd og lq'khy dqy] fujksx 'kjhj]
fo|k voLFkk] ku vkfn mke xq.k gksus pkfg;s A vUkk] xwx
a k] jksx ;qDr]
uiqald] nwjLFk ifrr] nfjnz] vU;klDr oj dks viuh dU;k u nsA dU;k ds
ekrk firk dks pkfg;s fd og viuh dU;k cgqr utnhd ;k cgqr nwj jgus
okys rFkk vius ls cgqr lEiUu ;k cgqr nfjnz oj Hkh viuh dU;k u nsA
D;ksafd nksuksa ds ikyu&iks"k.k ds okrkoj.k esa cgqr vUrj gks tkrk gSA cgqr
utnhd jgus ls Hkh dU;k dk nwljs ifjokj esa lkeatL; djus esa dfBukbZ
iSnk gksrh gS D;ksfa d ekrk&firk dks dU;k ds fookfgr izR;sd voLFkk dk
irk yxrk jgrk gS vkSj dU;k ds ekrk&firk ckr&ckr ij dU;k ls feyrs
jgrs gSAa dU;k ?kj ugha dj ikrhA vktdy ;g dke VsyhQksu esa Hkh fd;k
gqvk gSA dU;k ds ekrk&firk ckr ckr ij dU;k dks VsyhQksu djrs jgrs
gSa rFkk dU;k dks llqjky okyksa dks le>us esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
fdlh dk er gS fd czk.k ds fy, ukM+h vkSj xzg eS=h] {kf=; ds fy, o.kZ
rFkk x.k] oS'; ds fy, rkj rFkk HkdwV ,oa 'kwnz ds fy, u` nwj o.kZ dk gks]
fopkj djuk vko';d gSA
o.kZ Kku
jkf'k ifjp; esa o.kZ ns fn, x, gS]a ;gka iqu% fy[ks tkrs gSaA ddZ] o`f'pd
o ehu czk.k o.khZ] es"k] flag o kuq {kf=;o.khZ o`"k] dU;k vkSj edj
oS';o.khZ rFkk feFkqu rqyk vkSj dqEHk 'kwnzo.khZ jkf'k;ka gSaA
147
dU;k dh o.kZ
o.kZ xq.k&ckskd p
oj dk o.kZ czkg~e.k
czk.k
1
{kf=;
1
oS';
1
'kwnz
1
{kf=;
0
1
1
1
oS';
0
0
1
1
'kqnz
0
0
0
1
ftudh dq.Myh dk feyku djuk vHkh"V gks] mudh jkf'k Kkr djds o.kZ
dk Kku dj ysuk pkfg,A fQj bls o.kZ xq.k&ckskd p esa ns[k dj xq.k
fy[k ysus pkfg;sAa eku yks fd pUnzdyk vkSj txnh'kpUnz dk o.kZ xq.k Kkr
djuk gSA pUnzdyk dh ehu jkf'k vkSj czk.k o.k gSa] txnh'kpUnz dh edj
jkf'k vkSj oS'; o.kZ gSA dU;k ds o.kZ ds lkeus rFkk oj ds o.kZ ds uhps xq.k
ckskd&p esa ns[kk rks xq.k 0 feykA
o'; Kku
es"k] o`"k] flag o kuq dk mkjkkZ vkSj edj jkf'k ds iwokZkZ dh o'; laKk
*prq"in* ddZ jkf'k dh o'; laKk *dhV* ] o`f'pd dh *liZ*] feFkqu] dU;k]
rqyk rFkk kuq ds iwokZkZ dh o'; laKk *f}in* vkSj dqEHk] ehu rFkk edj
jkf'k ds mkjk)Z dh o'; laKk *typj* gSA
dU;k dh ukM+h
o'; xq.k&ckskd p
oj dk o';
prq"in
dhV
liZ
f}in
typj
prq"in
1@2
dhV
01
liZ
01
f}in
21
typj
148
mnkgj.k esa fy, uke pUnzdyk vkSj txnh'kpUnz dk o'; Kkr fd;k rks
pUnzdyk dk o'; *typj* rFkk txnh'kpUnz dk o'; *prq"in* Kkr gqvk
xq.k ds fy, p esa ns[kk rks 1 xq.k feykA
rkjk Kku
rkjk xq.k tkuus ds fy, dU;k ds tUe u{k= ls oj ds tUe u{k= rd
fxuus ls tks la[;k vk;s rFkk oj ds tUe u{k= ls dU;k ds tUe u{k= rd
fxuus ls tks la[;k vk;s mu nksuksa dks vyx&vyx 9 ij Hkkx nsuk pkfg,]
tks vad 'ks"k cps mlh dh rkjk tkuuh pkfg,A
dU;k dh rkjk
rkjk xq.k&ckskd p
oj dh rkjk
iwoZ esa tks nks uke fy, Fks pUnzdyk vkSj txnh'kpUnz muesa pUnzdyk dk
u{k= jsorh vkSj txnh'kpUnz dk mkjk"kk<+k FkkA fu;ekuqlkj dU;k ds
u{k= jsorh ls oj ds u{k= mkjk"kk<+k rd fxuk rks la[;kk 22 feyhA bls
9 ls Hkkx fn;k rks 4 ckdh cps tks dU;k rkjk gqbZA
mkjk"kk<+k ls jsorh rd fxuk rks la[;k 7 feyhA ;g 9 ij foHkDr ugha gks
ldrh] vr% oj dh 7 rkjk gqbZA p esa xq.k feyku fd;k rks lkr ds uhps
1 xq.k feykA
149
;ksfu Kku
lEiw.kZ u{k=ksa dks pkSng ;ksfu;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA tgka izk.kh nwlj izk.kh dk
fe= gS] ogha mldk cSjh Hkh gksrk gSA ;g ,d lokZfnfor rF; gSA ;ksfu
feyku djus lss ;g Kkr gks tkrk gS fd oj okq dh fLFkfr Hkh mu nksuksa
dh ;ksfu;ksa tSlh gh jgsxhA yksd esa ijLij oSj j[kus okyh ;ksfu;ka gSa xkS
vkSj O;k?kz] egf"k vkSj v'o] e`x vkSj 'oku] flag vkSj xt] es"k vkSj okuj]
ektZj vkSj ew"kd rFkk liZ vkSj udqyA
vf'ouh o 'krfHk"kk u{k=ksa dh ;ksfu v'o Lokfr o gLr dh efg"k kfu"B o
iwokZHkknzin dh flag] Hkj.kh o jsorh dh xt fkdk o iq"; dh es"k] Jo.k
o iwokZ"kk<+k dh okuj vfHkftr o mkjk"kk<+k dh udqy e`xf'kjk o jksfg.kh dh
liZ T;s"B o vuqjkkk dh liZ] ewy o vknzkZ dh 'oku iquoZlq o vk'ys"kk dh
ektkZj e?kk o iwoZQkYxquh dh ew"kd fo'kk[kk o fp=k dh O;k?kz rFkk
mkjHkknzin o mkjQkYxquh dh xkS ;ksfu gksrh gSA
iwoksDZ r uke pand
z yk dk u{k= jsorh vkSj ;ksfu xt gSA txnh'kpUnz dk u{k=
mkjk"kk<+k vkSj ;ksfu udqy gSA xq.kckskd p esa ns[kk rks xq.k feys nks2
;ksfu xq.k&ckskd p
oj dh ;ksfu
dU;kdh v'o xt es"k liZ 'oku ektkZj ew"kd xkS efg"k O;k?kz e`x okuj udqy flag
v'o
xt
es"k
liZ
'oku
ektZj
ew"kd
xkSefg"k
O;k?kz
e`x
okuj
udqy
flag
150
4
2
3
2
2
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3
3
0
1
3
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4
3
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0
3
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1
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4
1
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3
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4
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2
2
4
5
5
5
4
5
0
0
panz eaxy
cqk
xq #
'kq 'kfu
5
5
4
1
4
4
1
5
4
5
4
5
3
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
3
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3
5
5
iwoksZDr mnkgj.k esa dU;k pUnzdyk dh jkf'k ehu o Lokeh xq# gS rFkk oj
dh jkf'k edj dk Lokeh 'kfu gSA ij fn;s x;s p esa ns[kk rks 3 xq.k
feysA
xq.k Kku
rhu izdkj ds x.k ekus x, gSaA lHkh u{k=ksa dks bu rhu x.kks&
a nso] euq";
vkSj jk{kl&esa ckaV fy;k x;k gSA nsork x.k laKd okys u{k= gS&
a vuqjkkk]
iquoZlq] e`xf'kjk] Jo.k] jsorh] Lokfr] gLr] vf'ouh vkSj iq";A euq"; x.k
laKd u{k= gS& mkjkQkYxquh] iwoQ
Z kYxquh] mkjk"kk<+k] mkjHkknzin] iwoHZ kknzin]
Hkj.kh] jksfg.kh vkSj vknzkZA jk{kl x.k laKd u{k= gS&
a vk'ys"kk] e?kk]
kfu"Bk] T;s"Bk] ewy] 'krfHk"kk] fkdk] fp=k vkSj fo'kk[kkA
151
dU;k dh ukM+h
x.k xq.k&ckskd p
oj dk x.k
nsork
euq";
jk{kl
nsork
euq";
jk{kl
mnkgj.k esa fy, x;s dU;k pUnzdyk dk u{k= jsorh vkSj x.k nsork gSA
tcfd oj txnh'kpUnz dk u{k= mkjk"kk<+k vkSj x.k euq"; gSA p esa
xq.k&feyku fd;k rks 5 xq.k feysA
HkdwV&Kku
HkdwV dk Kku jkf'k x.kuk ls fd;k tkrk gSA tUe jkf'k gh fookg dk;Z
esa iz'kLr ekuh xbZ gS] uke jkf'k ughaA tUe jkf'k Kkr u gksus ls uke jkf'k
ls esykid dk fopkj djuk xyr gSA vktdy izk;% uke jkf'k ls esykid
fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g lgh ugha gSA
dU;k dh jkf'k ls oj dh jkf'k rd x.kuk djuh pkfg,A vkSj oj dh jkf'k
ls dU;k dh jkf'k rd fxuuk pkfg,A ;fn oj&dU;k nksukas dh jkf'k x.kuk
ls NBh] vkBoha] nwljh] ckjgoha] uoha o ikapoha jkf'k vk;s rks oSokfgd lEcUk
ugha djuk pkfg,A
ukM+h xq.k&ckskd p
dU;k dh ukM+h
ukM+h
oj dh ukM+h vkfn
e;
vUR;
vkfn
e;
vUR;
dU;k
oj dh jkf'k
dh jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd kuq edj dqEHk ehu
es"k
o`"k
feFkqu
ddZ
flag
dU;k
rqyk
o`f'pd
kuq
edj
dqEHk
ehu
0
153
oj&dU;k ds u{k= e'k% vkfn vkSj vUR; ukM+h ds gksa rks fookg 'kqHk ugha
ekuk tkrkA nksuksa ds u{k= e; ukM+h ds gksa rks e`R;qdkjd gksrs gSAa
mnkgj.k esa dU;k pUnzdyk ds u{k= jsorh dh ukM+h vUR; gS rFkk oj
txnh'kpUnz ds u{k= mkjk"kk<+k dh ukM+h vUR; gSA blh izdkj xq.k feyku
djus ij 0 xq.k feysA
dqy xq.k
oj
o.kZoS';
o';typj
rkjk7
;ksfuudqy
jk'kh'k'kfu
x.keuq";
HkdwV edj jkf'k
ukM+hvUR;
;ksx
xq.k
dU;k
o.kZczk.k
0
1
1
2
3
5
7
0
19
o';typj
rkjk4
;ksfuxt
jk'kh'kxq#
x.knso
HkdwVehu jkf'k
ukM+hvUR;
xq.kksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls rks ;g fookg gks ldrk gS] ysfdu ukM+h ds xq.k 0 gksus
ls ;g fookg 'kqHk ugha ekuk tk ldrkA
o
154