Course Title: Philippine History

I. Course Description
This is a course tracing the origin and history of the Philippines. It will trace the evolution of the
present Philippine society as they changed from antiquity to the present era, discussing along the
factors surrounding such changes.
II. Over-all Objectives
At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:
. Identify the different periods of Philippine !istory"
#. Analy$e how events in the past have influenced the present Philippine politics, government and
economy"
%. Compare and contrast the level of nationalism that prevailed in the past with the level of
nationalism that e&ists today"
'. (alue the lessons to be gained from the lives of the great Philippine historical personalities"
). *espect and appreciate the comple&ities of Philippine history.
III. Course Objectives
This course is designed to allow students to:
. +ain a deeper understanding of Philippine !istory"
#. Acquire the habit of critically analy$ing historical situations that shaped Philippines today"
%. ,evelop the confidence of the students in voicing out their opinions and stands in various issues.
I(. Values
This course will see- to inculcate in the students appreciation of history as a foundation of today.s
development. It see-s to instill in the students critical analysis on issues surrounding the various events in
the !istory of the Philippines. /astly, it see-s to awa-en the spirit of nationalism among 0ilipinos.
(. References
Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People. 1ight 1dition. 223
Constantino, *enato. The Philippines: Past Revisite!. 224
Constantino, *enato. The Philippines: Continuin" Past. 224
5cott, 6illiam !enry. #aran"ay. 227
8aide, 5onia. Philippine History an! $overn%ent. 0ourth 1dition. 222
(III. Course Outline
A. Prelims
. 9asic Concepts
#. 9asic 0acts of the Philippines
%. 0ilipinos
'. Pre:Colonial Philippines
). The Coming of the 5paniards
;. The *ise of 0ilipino <ationalism
9. =idterms
. *eform and *evolutionary =ovement
#. Two Phases of the Philippine *evolution
%. The Coming of the Americans
'. >apan and 6orld 6ar II
). /iberation
C. Pre:0inal
. Post:Colonial Philippines
#. The Administration of the 0irst ) Presidents
%. Philippines under =artial /aw
'. 1,5A *evolution I
). Philippines after 1,5A I
I. #asic Concepts
A. History
A narrative ?written, visual, oral or a combination of all three@ about past events that has
meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place.
9. &asaysayan
'()*(* na may (*(*+ ?A story with meaning@
6ithout both ?story and meaning@ then there is <A true history.
C. ,%portance of History
. If we find meaning in history, then it will gain the power to change our lives"
#. =a-ing people see their past, gives them a sense of being 0ilipinos"
%. !istory gives us a way of loo-ing at the world and dealing with it and its problems.
,. Culture
The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of
society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from
generation to generation through learning.
A way of life which involves everything.
It includes all the social practices that bond a group of people together and distinguish them
from others.
Could never remain static, it is constantly changing.
1. $eo"raphy
/iterally means, B1arth.s descriptionC
The science, which treats of the world and its inhabitants.
A description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, features, products,
political divisions and the people by whom it is inhabited.
II. Philippines
A. #asic Facts
The Pearl of the Arient 5eas
=ost ethnically diverse country in Asia
Ane of the two predominantly Christian countries in Asia
An A*C!IP1/A+A located in 5ADT! 1A5T A5IA
5ituated along the BPACI0IC *I<+ A0 0I*1C
=ade up of appro&imately 7,37 islands.
% main island groups:
/D8A< ?*egions I to (, <C* and CA*@
(I5AEA5 ?*egions (I to (III@
=I<,A<AA ?*egions IF to FIII and A*==@
Capital: =A<I/A
/argest City: Gue$on City ?population@" ,avao City ?area@
<ational /anguage: 0I/IPI<A
Currency: Philippine Peso
5taple 0ood: *ice
<ational Anthem: /DPA<+ !I<I*A<+
=otto: B=a-a:,iyos, =a-a:Tao, =a-a:Hali-asan, =a-a:9ansaC
9. $eo"raphical Trivia
. The Philippines has the world.s longest discontinuous coastline.
#. =anila 9ay is the 0inest 9ay in Asia.
%. 5an >uanico 5trait is the 6orld.s <arrowest 5trait.
'. The Philippine ,eep is believed to be the deepest area in the world.
). 9anaue *ice Terraces is one of the 1ight 6onders of the =odern 6orld.
;. =ount =ayon has a <early Perfect Cone 5hape similar to =t. 0uIi of >apan.
7. =t. Apo is the highest mountain in the Philippines.
4. Cagayan *iver is the longest river of the Philippines.
2. /aguna de 9ay is the largest la-e.
3. Taal (olcano could be considered as the 6orld.s smallest volcano.
C. The -a%e 'Philippines+
. =A:EI ?The /and of +old@
#. =A<IA/A5 ?Claudius Ptolemy@
%. A*C!IP1/A+A A0 5T. /A8A*D5 ?0erdinand =agellan@
'. /A5 P!1/IPI<A5 ?*uy /ope$ de (illalobos@
). 0I/IPI<A5 ?5panish 1ra@
;. P!I/IPPI<1 I5/A<,5 ?American 1ra@
7. *1PD9/IC A0 T!1 P!I/IPPI<15 ?2';@
,. Ori"in of the Philippines
. PA<+A1A ?/and 9ridges@
#. 9ottom of the 5ea
%. (olcanic 1ruptions
III. #asic Facts: Filipinos
They are unique in the world for they have four intermingled cultures J /atin, 1uropean,
American and Asian.
9ut basically, they are still =alays.
a-a Pinoy or Pinay
The Philippines is the world.s twelfth most populous country, with a population of 4;,#',;27 as
of #33)
Character traits of 0ilipinos:
. !ospitable
#. Close 0amily Ties
%. *espect for 1lders
'. 0atalistic: B9ahala <aC
). Tardy: B0ilipino TimeC
;. Indolent
7. Curious: BD$iC
4. ,ebt of +ratitude: BDtang na /oobC

,V. Pre-Colonial Philippines
A. $overn%ent: #R-$*
Came from the word 9A/A<+AE, meaning a boatload of people.
The unit of government consisting of %3 to 33 families
1ach barangay was independent from one another, thus there was <A central government.
*uled by a Chieftain ?,atu, /a-an, 5ultan, etc.@ whose primary duty was to rule and govern
his subIects and to promote their welfare and interests. They were advised by the 1/,1*5.
The chief e&ercised all the functions of government J e&ecutive, legislative and Iudicial,
sometimes even religious.
The subIects served their chieftain during wars and voyages and helped him in tilling and
sowing of the land and in the construction of his house.
9D6I5 ?tributes@ were paid to the Chieftain in the form of crops.
According to the te&ts of the Chinese =erchants who traded in the Philippines, Pre:Colonial
0ilipinos were !A<15T. They pay their debts even if a year had already passed.
9. ,nter-#aran"anic Relations
Consisted in carrying on commerce between barangays and in agreements concerning
friendship and alliance.
Treaty of 0riendship and Alliance was concluded by 5A<,D+DA<, ma-ing the contracting
parties Bblood:brothersC
Causes of 6ars:
. A man from one barangays went to another and was murdered without any obvious
cause"
#. Hidnapping the wives of men belonging to another barangays"
%. =altreatment of men of one barangays by men of another barangays.
*esolution of the conflict was brought about by force.
C. )a.s
1ither Customary or 6ritten.
Customary laws were handed down A*A//E from generation to generation and constituted
the bul- of the laws of the barangays.
6ritten laws were those that the chieftain and the elders promulgated from time to time as
necessity arose.
1&. COD/ OF &)-T,*0
'%%: ,atu Halantiyaw, third chief of Panay, probably a descendant of ,atu
5uma-wel.
!e issued orders for the guidance of his people.
=any of the written laws were destroyed by the early 5panish missionaries and many more
destroyed by the elements.
The laws, customary and written, dealt with various subIects such as inheritance, divorce,
partnership, crime and punishment, property rights, family relations, adoption and loans.
Ho. a )a. .as %a!e:
. 1lders of the Community were called by the Chief and tell them what was in his
mind.
#. The elders either approve or disapprove the plan.
%. If approved, the chief then made the necessary regulations or rules.
'. The elders immediately approve of such rules.
). The D=A/A!AHA<, will be summoned and ordered to go around the barangay
to announce the promulgation of the new rules and regulations.
;. The umaloho-an called the attention of the subIects by ringing the bell that he
had with him.
7. The people gathered around him and heard from him the provisions of the new
law.
4. The law is effective immediately. Anybody violating the law was promptly arrested
and brought before the chieftain to be Iudged according to the merits of the case.
,. 1u!icial Process: TR,)-#*-ORD/)
1. (tatus of Pre-Colonial 0o%en
1nIoyed a unique position in society
Customary laws gave them the right to be equal to men
. They could own and inherit property
#. 1ngage in trade and industry
%. 5ucceed to the chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a male heir
!ad the e&clusive right to give names to their children
As a sign of deep respect, the men, accompanying women, wal-ed behind them.
0. (ocial Classes
/ines drawn between classes were not hard" any member of the social classes could go up or
down the social ladder depending upon the attendant circumstances.
2. -obles 34aharli5a6
Consists of the chiefs and their families
6ielded tremendous influence in the barangay
1nIoyed rights that were not usually enIoyed by the other members of society
7. Free%en 3Ti%a.a6
Includes the dependents who had earned their freedom
8. Depen!ents 3lipin6
Acquired his low status by:
o Inheritance"
o 9y captivity in war"
o 9y failing to pay his debts"
o 9y purchase" or
o 9y committing a crime for which he was duly sentenced
+radations among dependents:
o 0ull dependent J the son or daughter of dependent parents
o !alf:dependent J the son or daughter of parents, one of whom was full
dependent and the other a freeman
o Guarter:dependent J the son or daughter of parents, one of whom was a
half dependent and the other a freeman.
Types of ,ependents:
a6 lipin" -a%a%ahay
!ad his own family and house
5erved his master during planting and harcest seasons
*owed for the master
!elped in the construction of the master.s house
5erved the visitors of the master
b6 lipin" (a"i"ili!
!ad no property of his own
/ived with his master
Could not marry without the master.s consent

(. Pre-Colonial Co%%unities
A. ,"orot
People of the =ountains ?Cordilleras@
!eadhunters
=iners
CaKao
Cabunian" Ancestral 6orship
=ummification
9. Pinta!os
Tattooed warriors ?9atu-@
Panay
,ecorative ,entistry: 5ang-a and Pusad
5-ull =oulding
C. #uranuns
5ulu
Islam
%43: =udum
%23: *aIa 9aginda
')3: Abu 9a-r L Paramisuli
5erif Habungsuan
Traders
Arang ,ampuans ?=en from Champa@
9anIarmasins ?=en from 9anIar@
Chinese ?5ungM=ing@
6edding Ceremony
9etrothal
,owry
6edding 0estival
(I. The Co%in" of the (paniar!s
A. 29
th
Century: Renaissance Perio!
the period of 1&ploration
+ospel, +old and +lory
Portugal vs. 5pain
5pice *ace
9. Treaty of Tor!esillas
This agreement was the Church.s solution to the endless competition between the #
Christian nations.
The Hings of Portugal and 5pain, with Pope Ale&ander (I.s blessing, signed an agreement
that divides the world between the two countries
All countries lying to the east belongs to the Hing of Portugal ?Africa, India and 9ra$il@
All countries to the west belonged to the Hing of 5pain ?N<ew 6orldC@
C. Fer!inan! 4a"ellan
!e *1,I5CA(1*1, the Philippines
!e was a Portuguese who approached the 5panish Hing, Charles ( because his plan to
sail west was reIected by the Hing of Portugal.
!e was given a fleet of ) ships: 5A< A<TA<IA ?abandoned the mission@, 5A<TIA+A
?wrec-ed@, T*I<I,A,, CA<C1PCIA< and (ICTA*IA.
The ships Trinidad, Concepcion and (ictoria reached the Philippines in =arch ;, )#.
9ut only (ictoria was able to go bac- to 5pain.
=et a few Chiefs such as *aIa !umabon and *aIa 5ula
!e was -illed by a 0ilipino Chief, *aIa /apu:/apu
The =agellan 1&pedition established the following:
. 1uropeans learned the e&istence of the Philippines"
#. It proved that the 1arth is round"
%. It established the vastness of the Pacific Acean"
'. It proved that the 1ast Indies could be reached by crossing the pacific"
). It showed that the Americas were really separated from Asia.
,. Ruy )ope: !e Villalobos
The second e&plorer who went to the Philippines
9utuan
!is greatest contribution was the naming of the country, /A5 P!1/IPI<A5 in honor of Hing
Philip II
1. 4i"uel )ope: !e )e"a:pi
The most successful of all the three conquerors
!e accomplished an almost bloodless conquest in the Philippines
!e became the 0irst +overnor:+eneral of the Philippines
0. Re!uccion #ajo /l (on !ela Ca%pana
*esettlement Dnder the 5ound of the 9ell
A Bcivili$ingC device to ma-e the 0ilipinos ultimate Blittle brown 5paniardsC
All new Christian converts were required to construct their houses around the Church and the
unbapti$ed were invited to do the same.
(II. (panish ,nstitutions
A. Political (yste%
&,-$ of (P,-
4,-,(TR* OF CO)O-,/(
3Consejo !e las ,n!ias6
$O#/R-DOR - $/-/R)
)C)D/-4*OR CORR/$,DOR/(
$O#/R-DORC,))O
C#/; D/ #R-$*
&in" of (pain < the supreme ruler and law ma-er of all 5panish possessions
4inistry of Colonies < governs all 5panish possessions" oversees the colonies of the
5panish empire.
$oberna!or-$eneral < the spo-esman and representative of the Hing in the Philippines.
Functions of the $oberna!or-$eneral:
. The Commander:in:Chief of the Army and <avy"
#. The President of the *eal Audiencia ?5upreme Court@"
%. The (ice:*eal Patron"
'. The source of Civil Power.
lcal!e 4ayor < heads the PACI0I1, provinces
Corre"i!ores J heads the D<PACI0I1, provinces
Functions of the lcal!e 4ayor an! Corre"i!ores:
. >udge"
#. Inspector of 1ncomiendas"
%. Chief of Police"
'. Tribute Collector"
). (ice:*egal Patron"
;. Captain:+eneral of the Province
$oberna!orcillo - the highest position that a 0ilipino could attain
: also referred to as the /ittle +overnor
=ualifications to be a $oberna!orcillo:
. Any 0ilipino or Chinese =esti$o"
#. at least #) years old"
%. /iterate in Aral or 6ritten 5panish"
'. !ad been a Cabe$a de 9arangay for ' years.
Duties of the $oberna!orcillo:
. Preparation of the Padron ?tribute list@"
#. *ecruitment and ,istribution of =en for draft labor, communal public wor- and
the quinto"
%. Postal Cler-"
'. >udge in civil suits involving P''.33 or less.
Cabe:a !e #aran"ay < heads the barrio government
Responsibilities of the Cabe:a !e #aran"ay:
. Ta& and ,istributions Collector for the gobernadorcillo"
#. *esponsible for the peace and order in his own barrio"
%. *ecruited Polistas for communal public wor-s.
Visita 3(pecific an! $eneral6 an! Resi!encia : >udicial *eview" chec-s the abuses of
government officials
9. %al"a%ation of the Church an! (tate
C. /cono%ic (yste%
. buwis ?tribute@ L cedula personal ?44)@
Ta& 1&emptions:
o ,escendants of the 0ilipino chiefly class who participated during the
pacification campaigns of early conquistadores
o /aborers in the arsenalM artillery yard of Cavite
o =ediquillos ?0ilipinos with medical e&perience but no title@
o (accinators
o College and Dniversity students of 5to. Tomas, 5an >ose, 5an >uan de /etran
and 5an Carlos of Cebu
#. bandala
%. polo y servicio personal
polista: male" ;:;3 yMo" ;3 days ?) days: 44)@
falla
'. encomienda ?royal and private@
encomendero
). =anila:Acapulco +alleon Trade
,. (ocial Transfor%ation
. /anguage
#. Compadra$go ?ritual co:parenthood@
1. /!ucational Transfor%ation
. B5pare the *od, 5poil the ChildC
#. compulsory education
0. Filipinos -ot Totally Hispani:e!
(III. Fro% ,n!io to Filipino: The Rise of Filipino -ationalis%
A. Cate"ories of Revolts
. Personal =otives:
a. Political led by former ,atus
b. *eligious led by 9abaylans
#. *esistance to oppressive 5panish:introduced economic as well as religious institutions
%. =indanao *esisitance
a. =oro 6ars ?74:7;#" 4)3:474@
9. Failure of Revolts
. Insular =a-eup of the Philippines
<o 5ense of <ational Dnity
Communication +ap ?<o /ingua 0ranca@
#. Inferior 6eaponsM /ac- of 6eapons
C. Filipino -ationalis%: ccelerators
. The Philippines in 6orld Commerce
#. *ise of Class =edia
%. 1uropean /iberalism and Carlos =aria de la Torre
'. *acial ,iscrimination
). *egular:5ecular Conflicts L Cavite =utiny
IF. The Refor% 4ove%ent
a. Filipino 4i!!le Class
*ose to a position of power in the 0ilipino Community
5panish authorities loo-ed down upon them
The BnativesC, on the other hand, loo-ed at them with suspicion
They were loo-ing for a place in the sun
9. ssi%ilation accomplished in a peaceful manner
C. -ature of the Refor% 4ove%ent
The reformists ?propagandists@ believed in the power of words and not of the sword to
achieve their purpose
There was <A clamor for independence" the reformists believed that the 0ilipinos would
be better off if they were to become 5panish Citi$ens.
s (panish Citi:ens:
. *epresentation in the (panish Cortes: 0ilipinos could propose and participate
in the approval of laws beneficial to the country.
#. Immunity from abuses
%. 0reedom from paying unreasonable ta&es.
,. The $reat Refor%ists
Anly a few of the sons of the wealthy 0ilipinos that went to 5pain Ioined the Propaganda
=ovement
They were those who were concerned of their country
$raciano )ope:-1aena
The +*1AT A*ATA*
6rote 0*AE 9ATA, which deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a
friar named 9otod
0ounded the /a 5olidaridad ?5ol@
4arcelo Hilario !el Pilar
The Political Analyst of the 0ilipino Colony in 5pain
0ounded the ,iariong Tagalog
,ec. 442, he too- over the editorship of the 5ol and became the moving spirit
behind the *eform =ovement
Dr. 1ose Ri:al
<ational !ero
6rote his first poem at age 4
6rote two great novels: <oli and 0ili
,ied as a martyr in 9agumbayan
1. )a (oli!ari!a!
The Afficial Argan of the *eform =ovement
The paper was dedicated to:
1&pose the conditions in the Philippines"
,efend the 0ilipinos against malicious and slanderous attac-s of the hired writers
of the friars" and
Publish studies about the Philippines and the 0ilipinos
In writing for the 5ol, the *eformists used pen names for obvious reasons:
. >A51 *I8A/: ,imas Alang" /aong /aan
#. =A*IA<A PA<C1: Ti-balang" <aning" Halipula-o
%. A<TA<IA /D<A: Taga:ilog
'. =! del PI/A*: Plaridel
). >A51 =A. PA<+A<I9A<: >omapa
Accomplishments of the 5ol:
It represented the ideals of the 0ilipino *eformist +roup"
It e&posed the evils in the Philippine 5ociety"
It belied the claim that 0ilipinos had no civili$ation before the coming of
5paniards.
0. Hispano-Filipino ssociation
Composed of 0ilipinos and 5paniards who favored the granting of reforms in the colony.
To ma-e the propaganda wor- effective, the society was divided into % sections:
The PA/ITICA/ 5ection under =.!. del Pilar
The /IT1*A*E 5ection under =ariano Ponce
The 5PA*T5 5ection under Tomas AreIola
They believed that the reforms needed in the Philippines were:
The compulsory teaching of 5panish in all schools"
The suppression of inhuman punishment in all Iails and tribunals of Iustice"
The establishment of a civil registrar and the register of deeds"
The abolition of unfair ta&es"
The establishment of secondary schools in the archipelago"
*eforms in D5T in order to raise it to the ran- of the universities in 5pain"
The establishment of agricultural ban-s"
The initiation of reforms in the public administration" and
The construction of good roads and railways.
+. )a )i"a Filipina
A civic society founded by *i$al
Aims:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous
body"
=utual protection in every want and necessity"
,efense against all violence and inIustice"
1ncouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce"
5tudy and application of reforms.
At first the /iga was quite active. 9onifacio in particular e&erted great efforts to organi$e
chapters in various districts of =anila.
A few months later, however, the 5upreme Council of the /iga dissolved the society.
The reformist leaders found out that most of the councils were no longer willing to send
funds to the =adrid propagandists
This was because they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was
futile.
The /iga membership split into two groups:
Cuerpo !e Co%pro%isarios:
the conservatives which pledged to continue supporting the /a 5olidaridad
It lasted only for a few months for its members, though patriotic, were
passive and too conservative to ma-e the society an effective medium of
the Propaganda.
&atipunan
A secret society of radicals led by 9onifacio
Argani$ed on the very day *i$al was deported to ,apitan.
!. Causes of the Failure of the Refor% 4ove%ent
5pain was too pre:occupied with its own internal problems to give a thought to the
Colonial Problem.
The 0riars were too powerful even in 5pain. The 5ol was counteracted by the influential
and powerful newspaper of the friars, the ) PO),T,C D/ /(P> /- F,),P,-(
The movement has no sufficient means to carry out their aims"
The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty Iealousies.
Although the *eform =ovement was a failure in the achievement of its goals, it was still a success for
its failure led to the founding of the *evolutionary Hatipunan with separatist aims.
F. The Revolutionary 4ove%ent
A. The Failure of the Refor% 4ove%ent
1vident when *i$al was banished to ,apitan in 42#
!owever, the movement continued for ' more years until the masses led by 9onifacio
were forced to revolt against the 5paniards.
9. The Foun!in" of the &atipunan
>uly 7, 42#: A$carraga 5treet, Tondo ?now Claro =. *ecto Ave.@
Andres 9onifacio, (alentin ,ia$, Teodoro Plata, /adislao ,iwa, ,eodato Arellano and a
few others decided to form an association called: &T(T(-?
&$)-$$)-$ - &T,P@-- -$ 4$ -& -$ #*-
The men gathered around a flic-ering table lamp, performed the ancient blood compact,
and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
C. &atipunan Objectives
Three 0undamental AbIectives of Hatipunan:
PO),T,C) AbIective: Consisted of wor-ing for the 51PA*ATIA< of Philippines
from 5pain.
4OR) AbIective: revolved around the teaching of good manners, hygiene,
good morals and attac-ing obscurantism, religious fanaticism and wea-ness of
character.
C,V,C AbIective: revolved around the principle of self:help and the defense of the
poor and the oppressed.
,. 4e%bership
It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the T*IA<+/1 =1T!A,.
This system was eventually changed on Act. 42# because the method was slow and
clumsy.
It was agreed upon that any member of the society could ta-e in as many as members he
could get.
Dnder this new method, the number of members increased.
1. &in!s of 4e%bership
6hen the Hatipunan had sufficiently e&panded to include more than a hundred new
members in the ran-s, 9onifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into THR//
$RD/(.
+rade Ane: Hatipon
6ore a 9/ACH !AA, during meetings of the society.
The hood had a triangle of white ribbon inside of which were the letters
8./l.9. J the Hatipunan letters for A ng 9 ?Ana- ng 9ayan@
Password: A<AH <+ 9AEA<
+rade Two: Hawal
6ore a +*11< !AA, with a triangle consisting of white lines. At the angles
of the triangle were the letters 8./l.9.
5uspended from the nec- of the Hawal was a green ribbon with a medal at
the end, with the ancient Tagalog letter H in the middle of the medal.
9eneath the H was a crossed sword and a flag.
Password: +A=9D*8A
+rade Three: 9ayani
6ore a *1, =A5H and a sash with green borders, symboli$ing courage and
hope.
The front of the mas- had white borders that formed a triangle with %H.s
arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.
At the latter.s base were the letters 8./l.9.
Password: *I8A/
The Hatipon could graduate to the Hawal class if he had brought in several members into
the society.
The Hawal can become a 9ayani upon election to become an officer of the society.
0or the members to recogni$e each other in the street, the society adopted countersigns.
A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his chest. As he
pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the inde& finger and thumb together.
0. &atipunan Co!es
The Hatipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be ta-en to -eep the
society secret.
To maintain the secrets of their communication, 9onifacio made a system of writing that
would ma-e it difficult for the 5panish authorities to decode.
+. The Fla"s of the &atipunan
6ith the Hatipunan now well organi$ed, 9onifacio turned his attention to the symbol of
its authority.
Dpon his request, 9enita *odrigue$, with the help of +regoria de >esus, made a flag.
A00ICIA/ 0/A+
of the HATIPD<A<
A version of the Hatipunan 0lag
Awing to the lac- of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some generals of
the revolution adopted their own design.
9A<I0ACIA.s 0/A+

=ariano /lanera.s 0lag ?/lanera.s 5-ull@
+en. Pio del Pilar.s 0lag
!. n!res #onifacio
The 0ather of the Hatipunan
B5upremoC of the Hatipunan
0ounder and Argani$er of the Hatipunan
the eldest among si& children: four boys and two girls.
came from a poor family in Tondo
his father ?5antiago@is a pure 0ilipino, while her mother ?Catalina@ is a mesti$a with a
0ilipino:Chinese:5panish descent
5upported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosis
>obs:
!e had a beautiful penmanship and talent to ma-e attractive posters for clothing
companies.
!e helped his siblings continue to ma-e rattan wal-ing canes and paper fans in
the evening. !e also wove hats.
!e accepted odd Iobs from different companies.
+reat ,resser: !e always wore an open coat and matched it with a nec-tie and blac-
hat.
!e wasn.t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his violent
nature as what some te&tboo-s perceive.
had a scanty education
highly intelligent
!e completed only what we call grade four. 9ut he was far from being uneducated.
!e was a voracious reader. !e read hundreds of foreign novels, boo-s about the
0rench revolution, politics, law, and religion.
!e was fluent enough in 5panish to translate >ose *i$al.s =i Dltimo Adios in Tagalog.
!e also wrote the heart:stirring poem, Pag:Ibig sa Tinubuang /upa.
!umble: he -new his limitations and recogni$ed the worth of others
*uthless: 6hen the society.s e&istence was at sta-e, he never hesitated to ta-e drastic
action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which the
Hatipunan was founded.
!e may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he
succeeded where they failed.
6ithout him, it is e&tremely doubtful whether the Phil. *evolution could have been a
reality.
,uring his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything about it.
!ad Two 6ives
=A<ICA
Andres. first wife
,ied of /eprosy
+*1+A*IA ,1 >15D5
Andres. second wife
0rom Caloocan
/AHA=9I<I of the Hatipunan.
A-a Ha Ariang
=arried Andres after a few months of courtship.
5he also came from a poor family.
5he had to stop studying Iust to be able to help her parents ta-e care of her
younger siblings.
5he wove and sewed te&tiles in their house to gain additional income.
/i-e her husband, she was also tough.
5he became a member of the women.s chapter of the group.
5he was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tas-ed
she heroically accomplished.
Hnowledge of succeeding 0ilipino generations about Hatipunan is credited to
her
5he ris-ed her life even at a time when she was pregnant.
I. /%ilio 1acinto
9*AI<5 of the HATIPD<A<
>oined the society at age of 4, becoming the youngest member of the Hatipunan.
!e became 9onifacio.s trusted friend and adviser.
!e gave up his /aw studies and Ioined the Hatipunan
!is intelligence was of great use to the Hatipunan.
!e wrote the &artilla: the primer of the Hatipunan where rules and regulations are
contained.
!e edited n" &alayaan: HatipunanOs newspaper where eople are informed about the
aims and activities of the association.
As an editor of Halayaan, he used =arcelo !. del Pilar as his pen name.
1milioOs greatest poem was )a Patria, inspired by *i$alOs =i Dltimo Adios.
It was signed ADi%as-,la.A, his other pen name.
1milio >acinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in =aIayIay, /aguna.
This led to his death on April ;, 422 at the young age of #'.
>. 0o%enBs Chapter of the &atipunan
=embership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male members
This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep secrets
of the society
,uties:
To ta-e in new members, male or female.
5ee to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise
raids of the authorities.
Pass and -eep important documents of the association
FI. Revolution: First Phase
A. Ri:al an! the Revolution
,r. Pio (alen$uela
<arcisa *i$al
9. Preparations for the (tru""le
Tito =iguel and *oman *amos
C. Discovery of the &atipunan
,iario de =anila
Apolonio dela Cru$ and *oman *amos
!onoria
5or Teresa
0r. =ariano +il
,. The 'Cry+ of Pu"a!la.in
1. Rei"n of Terror
0. &atipunan Faction
=agdalo: 9aldomero Aguinaldo
=agdiwang: =ariano Alvare$
+. Tejeros Convention
,aniel Tirona vs. Andres 9onifacio
!. 7
n!
Tejeros Convention
<ai- =ilitary Agreement
I. Trial an! /Cecution of #onifacio
Andres, Procopio and Ciriaco
Placido =artine$ and Teodoro +on$ales
+uilty of treason and sedition
+en. =ariano <oriel and +en. Pio del Pilar
=aI. /a$aro =a-apagal
=ay 3, 427: =t. Tala
>. #ia5--a-#ato Republic
BTo the 9rave 5ons of the PhilippinesC
. e&pulsion of the friars and the return to the 0ilipinos of the lands they appropriated for
themselves"
#. representation in the (panish Cortes"
%. freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects"
'. equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants"
). abolition of the power of the government to banish citi$ens" and
;. legal equality for all persons
H. Truce of #ia5-na-#ato
Pedro A. Paterno
+ov. +en. Primo de *ivera
Provisions:
o That Aguinaldo and his companions go into voluntary e&ile abroad
o That Primo de *ivera would pay P433,333 to the rebels in three installments:
o P'33,333: Aguinaldo upon his departure from 9ia-:na:9ato
o P#33,333: when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists e&ceeded 733
o P#33,333: when the Te ,eum was sung and +eneral Amnesty was proclaimed by the
governor
o That Primo de *ivera pay an additional P233,333 to the families of the non:
combatant 0ilipinos who suffered during the armed conflict
Celestino TeIeiro and *icardo =onet
Col. =iguel Primo de *ivera
/. Failure of the Truce
+en. 0rancisco =a-abulos of Tarlac
FII. Revolution: (econ! Phase
A. %erican Desi"ns on the Philippines
. 1&pansion of the American <avy
To e&pand the navy, the Americans have to gauge war against the 5paniards.
#. 9attle of =anila 9ay
The naval battle was one:sided because while it is true that the 5panish ships
outnumbered those of the Americans, they were poorly armed. Thus, 5pain lost the
battle.
9. "uinal!o
6hile in !ong Hong, he deposited the P'33,333 given to him in # !ong Hong 9an-s. Anly
the interest was withdrawn and used for the e&penses of the e&iles.
After the 9attle of =anila 9ay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the 5paniards
from the Philippines.
9ut there was a division in the ran-s of the e&iles, for I5A91/A A*TAC!A wanted the
P'33,333 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the !ong Hong 5upreme
Court.
To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by +regorio del Pilar and >. /eyba,
secretly left for 5ingapore.
C. "uinal!o an! /. (pencer Pratt
Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to ta-e his lot to the Americans:
You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President
have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and
promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and
pacified the county. Cuba is at our door while the Philippines is !"""" miles away#
,. "uinal!o Returns
Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from !ong Hong.
The *enewal of the 5truggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the people to
rally once more to the 0ilipino flag in the struggle against the 5paniards.
!is return was demorali$ing for the 5paniards.
1. The (ie"e of 4anila
Intramuros ?6alled City@
The place where thousands of 5paniards have sought refuge.
Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within
its walls.
They surrounded the city and cut off the city.s food and water supply. This made the
people in the city, 5paniards, 0ilipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.
It was only a matter of wee-s before the 5panish authorities would surrender to
Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo offered +ov. +en. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in
5panish code of honor, the word surrender was non:e&istent.
6ith this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.
0. The (panish-%erican (ecret "ree%ent
+eorge ,ewey, thought that the surrender of =anila could be affected without the use of
arms.
!e started negotiations with Augustin, through the 9elgian consul, Andre, regarding the
surrender of =anila.
9ut when the Peninsular +overnment heard of Augustin.s plan for surrender, he was
relieved as governor and was replaced by +eneral 01*=I< >AD,1<15.
>audenes, li-e Augustin, believed that the 5panish position was hopeless and to save face,
he insisted that to satisfy the 5panish code of honor, a =ACH 9ATT/1 should happen after
which, the 5panish forces would surrender.
It was stipulated that 0ilipino rebels should be e&cluded and should not be allowed to enter
the city
+. The 4oc5 #attle of 4anila
There was a short display of firewor-s on the side of the enemies.
The 5paniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.
This signaled the BfallC of =anila and the end of the 5panish Colonial Period.
!. 4alolos Republic
0irst Philippine *epublic
The 0irst *epublic in Asia
>une #, 424: ,eclaration of Independence
=alolos Congress
=alolos Constitution
I. Treaty of Paris
,ecember 3, 424 the Treaty of Paris was signed.
It provided that 5pain would cede the Philippines to Dnited 5tates.
In return, 5pain would receive P#3,333,333 from the D5 as payment for the improvement
made in the colony.
D5 also agreed to give 5paniards the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a
period of 3 years.
This signaled the start of American Coloni$ation in the Philippines.
FIII. The Filipino-%erican Hostilities: Fil-% Relations fter the Treaty of Paris
A. Treaty of Paris
6hen the Treaty was signed without even consulting the 0ilipino people and their
representatives, the 0ilipino:American Alliance that was forced under the pressure of
necessity gave way to mutual hostility.
9. %erican ,nterest in the Philippines
1&pansion of the navy"
To have a territory in Asia as a military and naval base"
American economic interests who were thin-ing of e&panding American business in the
Arient"
*eligious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American
Protestant missionaries.
It was evident that from the outset, the Americans never really intended to help the 0ilipinos
win their independence from 5pain, for had it been otherwise, they would not have sent
successive reinforcements to the Philippines.
C. #enevolent ssi%ilation
This proclamation was issued by President 6illiam =cHinley on ,ecember #, 424.
This was the first indication of American policy regarding the Philippines.
It e&pressly indicated the intention of the D5 to stay in the Philippines by e&ercising the right
of sovereignty over the 0ilipinos.
,. (an 1uan #ri!"e ,nci!ent
Private 6illie 6. +rayson and 0ilipino troops
6ithout attempting to find out the cause of firing, =ac Arthur issued his order to advance
against the 0ilipino troops.
The 0ilipino:American armed clash was on.
1. %erican Victories
/u$on and (isayas conquests
=indanao Pacification
9AT15 T*1ATE
+en. >ohn C. 9ates is appointed to negotiate a treaty with the 5ultan by which
=uslims and Americans could co:e&ist peacefully.
There was no attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the =uslims for
they -now that they would have a big fight on their hands if they made such an
attempt.
The treaty provided:
. The ac-nowledgment of the sovereignty of D5 over the whole of >olo and
its dependencies"
#. The respecting of the rights and dignities of the 5ultan and his datus"
%. The =uslims shall not be interpreted with on account of their religion"
'. <o one shall be persecuted on account of his religious beliefs"
). The domestic products of >olo, when carried on by the 5ultan and his
people within any part of the Philippine Islands, and when conducted
under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited and undutiable"
;. The American +overnment will pay the 5ultan and his leading men
monthly salaries in =e&ican dollars.
6ith the conclusion of the Treaty, the Americans succeeded in neutrali$ing the
=uslims in their drive to pacify the Christian 0ilipinos.
Afterwards, the Americans continued on their plight to loo- for Aguinaldo.
0. #attle of Pason" Tira!
$en. $re"orio !el Pilar
The rear guard commander of Aguinaldo
In their flight to the north, he noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
!e then suggested that in order to halt the Americans temporarily, he would stay behind
and ma-e a last stand at the Pass.
This will delay the Americans and give Aguinaldo sufficient time to widen the distance
between him and the pursuing enemy.
Pason" Tira!
')33 feet high and commanded a good view for miles around
The trail leading to it was so narrow that only one man at a time could climb up the hill
0rom atop the Pass, the 0ilipino defenders forced at the advancing enemy, who had not
so far pinpointed the e&act position of the 0ilipinos.
Through >A<DA*IA +A/DT, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the
top and using it to advantage surprised ,el Pilar and his men.
In a matter of minutes, the 0ilipino defenders were overcome by the enemy.
1ven after such heroic act, Aguinaldo was eventually captured by the Americans.
+. #arbarous cts
In an event such as war, brutality was used as an instrument to wea-en an enemy.s
resistance.
9oth the 0ilipinos and Americans employed 9arbaric Acts to intimidate their enemies.
Americans
6ater Cure
*ope Cure
9eating up of captives until he becomes blue
!anging by the nec- in a period of 3 seconds causing the victims to suffer bodily pains.
Arson: burning whole towns in order to force the guerillas to come to the open
0ilipinos
Cutting of the noses and ears of their enemies and seasoning the wounds with salt
9urying the enemies alive
Hic-ing, slapping, spitting at the faces of American prisoners were commonly done
!. /n! of Resistance
The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and at the same time opened another.
9ehind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became embedded in the memory, as
the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence through
blood and tears.
I. Historical Values
The bloody history of our fight for independence teaches us the following lessons:
The 0ilipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by Asians was
established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 424 to 23. At that time, the other
Asian countries were either 6estern colonies are -ingdoms ruled by -ings and
emperors"
The 0ilipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and independence
even if they lose"
The 0ilipinos lost the 0ilipino:American 6ar because they were not united and they had
inferior weapons"
/i-e all wars, The 0il:Am 6ar was very bloody and e&pensive.
The Americans sent #;,#'4 troops, of whom ',#%' died. They spent a vast sum
of P;,333"
(eterans died in Action"
#33,333 civilians died of starvation or diseases"
Property worth billions of pesos was damaged.
6e should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this era.
Although they lost the war, they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of the
revolution were the real founding fathers of our independence.

FI(. Co%pro%ise .ith Colonialis%
A. Filipino /lites
<atural fear of losing the security of their interests
9asic orientation of the elite
9. ,ncrease in Filipino Participation
Political Change in the D5
*epublican L ,emocratic
6oodrow 6ilson
0rancis 9urton !arrison
B*apid 0ilipini$ationC
>ones /aw of 2;
23: Cayetano Arellano
C. )i%its to Filipini:ation
Confinement to the 1lite
Gualifications for 1lections
. able to read and write
#. must be property owners
%. government employees during the 5panish period
1conomic /imitations
Treaty of Paris ?422:232@
Payne:Aldrich Tariff Act ?232@
Dnderwood:5immons Tariff Act ?2%@
Tydings:=c,uffie /aw ?2%'@
,. De%ocracy Filipino (tyle
F(. The Ca%pai"n for ,n!epen!ence
A. Co%%ission of ,n!epen!ence
Purpose: to study all matters related to the negotiation and organi$ation of the independence
of the Philippines
9. ,n!epen!ence 4issions
A5:*AF =ission ?2%:2%%@
5ucceeded in securing the passage of an independence bill ?!are:!awes:Cutting Act@
Ten year CA==A<61A/T! government
F(I. Results of the %erican Occupation
A. Positive Results:
. Progress in 1ducation
Dniversity of the Philippines ?234@
1nglish
#. 9ureau of Public !ealth and 6elfare
%. Political Consciousness
9. -e"ative Results:
'. Colonial =entality
). American ,ependence
F(II. The 1apanese Occupation
A. 0orl! 0ar ,,
Tripartite Alliance
Pearl !arbor, !awaii
+reater 1ast Asia Co:Prosperity 5phere
1urope 0irst Policy
9. 1apanese in the Philippines
Puppet +overnment
B=ic-ey =ouseC =oney
) =ortal 1nemies
. >apanese =ilitary
#. ,iseases
%. +uerillas
'. !unger
). >apanese:Paid 0ilipino 5pies
F(III. The )iberation
A. $uerilla 0arfare
1&. !DH9A/A!AP ?/uis Taruc@
% important functions:
. ambush or -ill enemy soldiers and civilians"
#. to relay important intelligence reports to =ac Arthur in Australia"
%. liquidate spies and >apanese sympathi$ers
9. $overn%ent in /Cile
C. )eyte )an!in"s
,. /n! of 0ar
!iroshima and <agasa-i
Dnconditional 5urrender
D55 =issouri ?5eptember #, 2')@