Hippocrates On Airs Waters and Places - Hayes and Nimis June 2013

Hippocrates
On Airs, Waters, and

Places
and The Hippocratic Oath
An Intermediate Greek Reader
Greek text with running vocabulary and commentary
Evan Hayes
and
Stephen Nimis
Hippocrates On Airs, Waters, and Places and The Hippocratic Oath: An Intermediate
Greek Reader: Greek text with Running Vocabulary and Commentary
First Edition
2013 by Evan Hayes and Stephen Nimis
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ISBN-10: 0983222851
ISBN-13: 978-0-9832228-5-9
Published by Faenum Publishing, Ltd.

Cover Design: Evan Hayes
Fonts:
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nimissa@miamioh.edu
hayesee@miamioh.edu
Table of Contents
Introduction .....ix-xii
The Language of Airs, Waters, and Places .......xv-xviii
Abbreviations ....xix
On Airs, Waters, and Places: Text and Commentary ...1-101
Grammatical topics:
Accusative + Infinitive Constructions..4
The Different Meanings of ..9
Agency and Means...11
Third Declension Nouns...12
General or Indefinite Clauses15
The Different Meanings of .............................................................................16
-- for -- in Present Participles.....19
Superlative and Comparative Adjectives...27
Neuter Adjectives for Abstract Nouns..37
Result Clauses...50
Expressions of Specification and Respect.....55
Special topics:
Directions in Hippocrates...14
Hippocrates Medical Calendar......55-56
The World of Airs, Waters, and Places....60-62
The Hippocratic Oath: Text and Commentary ..103-108
Medical Glossary .....111-115
List of Verbs ....117-125
Glossary ..127-136
Acknowledgments
The idea for this project grew out of work that we, the authors, did
with support from Miami Universitys Undergraduate Summer Scholars
Program, for which we thank Martha Weber and the Office of Advanced
Research and Scholarship. The Miami University College of Arts and Sciences
Deans Scholar Program allowed us to continue work on the project and for this
we are grateful to the Office of the Dean, particularly to Phyllis Callahan and
Nancy Arthur for their continued interest and words of encouragement.
Work on the series, of which this volume is a part, was generously
funded by the Joanna Jackson Goldman Memorial Prize through the Honors
Program at Miami University. We owe a great deal to Carolyn Haynes, and the
2010 Honors & Scholars Program Advisory Committee for their interest and
confidence in the project.
The technical aspects of the project were made possible through the
invaluable advice and support of Bill Hayes, Christopher Kuo, and Daniel
Meyers. The equipment and staff of Miami Universitys Interactive Language
Resource Center were a great help along the way. We are also indebted to the
Perseus Project, especially Gregory Crane and Bridget Almas, for their technical
help and resources.
We owe a great deal of thanks to Cynthia Klestinec, who first sparked
our interest in the history of medicine. We also thank Susan Stephens and Julia
Nelson-Hawkins for introducing us to the larger field of medical humanities.
Special thanks are due to Lu Chen for offering her medical knowledge,
which was a great help in making sense of this text, and also for her assistance
in the creation of the medical glossary included in the appendices.
We also profited greatly from advice and help on the POD process from
Geoffrey Steadman. All responsibility for errors, however, rests with the
authors themselves.
Catherine A. Shi
medicae, philosophae, amicae
Introduction
The aim of this book is to make Hippocrates On Airs, Waters and Places
and the Hippocratic Oath accessible to intermediate students of Ancient Greek.
The running vocabulary and commentary are meant to provide everything
necessary to read each page. The commentary is almost exclusively
grammatical, explaining subordinate clauses, unusual verb forms, and dialectic
peculiarities. The page by page vocabularies gloss all but the most common
words. We have endeavored to make these glossaries as useful as possible
without becoming fulsome. A glossary of frequently occurring vocabulary can
be found as an appendix in the back, but it is our hope that most readers will
not need to use this appendix often. Brief summaries of a number of
grammatical and morphological topics are interspersed through the text as
well, and there is a list of verbs used by Hippocrates that have unusual forms in
an appendix. The principal parts of those verbs are given there rather than in
the glossaries. Special topics, such as directions and geography, are also
presented briefly, along with a medical glossary.
Hippocrates On Airs, Waters and Places is a great text for intermediate
readers. The simple sentence structure makes it easy to read, while its subject
matter, the impact of climate on disease and character, is interesting for a
number of reasons. The presentation falls roughly into two halves, the first
detailing various environmental factors that contribute to specific diseases, the
second more ethnographic in its account of the differences between Asians and
Europeans as a function of their environment and customs. This latter section
dovetails with some of Herodotus ethnographic accounts and has been
sometimes explained in the context of fifth century Greek hostility towards
their Persian neighbors. However, as Rosalind Thomas points out, the main
divide does not seem to be between Greeks and barbarians as such (the Persians
are not mentioned at all), but between the two continents of Asia and Europe;
and even this grand scheme plays out only minimally in the text as a whole.1
For example, the account of the Asian Longheads () described
in section 14 emphasizes the mutual contributions of physis and nomos. But the
emasculated Scythian men (Anarieis) in section 22, who are also mentioned by
Herodotus (Histories 1. 105; 4.67), are clearly Europeans;2 and their condition is
1.
R. Thomas, Herodotus in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000),

75-101.
2.
For the class of androgynous Anarieis in Herodotus and AWP, see C. Chiasson.
Scythian Androgyny and Environmental Determinism in Herodotus and the
Hippocratic . Syllecta Classica 12 (2001), 33-73.
ix
given an elaborate explanation that ultimately comes from their habit of riding
horses. In any case, negative stereotypes about Asians gave this text a
prominent place in discussions of environmental determinism in the early
modern period, where similar arguments were used to differentiate and
hierarchize races of humans.3 The multiple globalizations of the modern
period have repeatedly led to an intensification of interest in the relationship
between geography and disease, and of the difference between epidemic and
endemic diseases, both central concerns of AWP.4 The intended reader of the
first half of AWP seems to be the itinerant physician, who must pay attention to
such local conditions in making his diagnoses. The ethnographic second half
seems to veer from medicine into more tendentious assertions about Asians,
assertions that are given a more scientific cast by their juxtaposition with the
preceding sections.
The Hippocratic Oath is one of the most famous legacies from antiquity.
Deployed in modified form throughout the middle ages, it is the basis for the
pledge taken by health professionals today to practice medicine in an ethical
way. We include it in this volume because of its long-term historical interest.
On Airs, Waters and Places and The Oath are part of the Hippocratic
Corpus, a collection of medical writings whose relationship to the historical
figure Hippocrates of Kos, the father of medicine (460 BC 370 BC), is not always
clear. AWP is associated with the treatise On the Sacred Disease in that both reject
divine causes for disease in favor of environmental factors. For a close
examination of the Oaths distinctive language, see the discussion of H. von
Stadten, The Oath, the oaths, and the Hippocratic Corpus, in La science
mdicale antique: tudes runies en lhonneur d Jacques Jouanna, ed. V. BoudonMillot, A. Guardasole et C. Magdelaine (Beauchesne: Paris, 2007), 425-66.
3.
D. McCoskey, Race: Antiquity and its Legacy (Oxford: I.B. Tauris, 2012), 46-9; A.
Wear, Place, Health, and Disease: The Airs, Water, Places Tradition in early
Modern England and North America. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies
38:3 (Fall, 2008), 443-65.
4.
Frank Barrett, Disease and Geography: The History of an Idea. Geographical

Monographs 23 (Toronto: Becker, 2000).
How to use this book:

The presentation assumes the reader has a basic acquaintance with
Greek grammar. Generally, particles have not been included in the page-bypage glossaries, along with other common nouns and adjectives. If necessary,
all of these words can be found in the glossary at the end. Verbs, being a special
problem in Greek, have been treated more fully. A simple and more generic
dictionary entry is given in the glossary on each page, with a more specific
meaning provided in the commentary below if necessary. We have also
included a list of verbs with unusual forms and their principal parts as an
appendix, which should be useful in identifying the dictionary form of verbs. A
good strategy for attacking a text like this is to read a section of the Greek to get
as much out of it as possible, then to look at the glossary below for
unrecognized vocabulary items, and lastly to consult the commentary. The
fuller glossary at the end of the book can be a last resort.
In translating expressions we have sought to provide an English
version that reproduces the grammatical relationships as much as possible,
producing in many cases awkward expressions (sometimes called
translationese). Good idiomatic translations are available for this text, but
the translations in the commentary are meant to provide explanations of how
the Greek works.
The Greek text contained in this volume is based on the Loeb edition of
the works of Hippocrates: W. H. S. Jones, Hippocrates (Cambridge: Heinemann,
1922), which was made available by the Perseus Project via a Creative Commons
License, as is our version. We have made a few minor changes for the sake of
readability. This is not a professional edition; for that the reader is referred to
the Bud edition of Jacques Jouanna. An excellent general introduction to
Hippocrates and all his works can be found in Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrates, tr.
M.B. DeBevoise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
An Important Disclaimer:
This volume is a self-published Print on Demand (POD) book, and it
has not been vetted or edited in the usual way by publishing professionals.
There are sure to be some factual and typographical errors in the text, for
which we apologize in advance. The volume is also available only through
online distributors, since each book is printed only when ordered online.
However, this publishing channel and format also account for the low price of
the book; and it is a simple matter to make changes to the pdf file when they
xi
come to our attention. For this reason, any corrections or suggestions for
improvement are welcome and will be addressed as quickly as possible in future
versions of the text.
Evan Hayes
hayesee@miamioh.edu
Stephen Nimis
nimissa@miamioh.edu
Evan Hayes is a recent graduate in Classics and Philosophy at Miami University
and the 2011 Joanna Jackson Goldman Scholar.
Stephen Nimis is a Professor of Classics at Miami University.
xii
The Language of Airs, Water, and Places

The earliest scientific figures in the Greek tradition were from the
region that bordered on the great near-eastern civilizations of Anatolia, and
they were no doubt stimulated in their thinking by their contact with these
advanced cultures. The most important Greek dialect spoken and written in
this area was the Ionian, which differs in a number of ways from the closely
related dialect of Attic, the dialect of Athens and its environs. While Attic
eventually achieved an elevated status because of the cultural importance of
Athens and its literary flowering in the fifth century BCE, the Ionic dialect
continued to be the preferred dialect of scientific prose. The Greek of the
Hippocratic corpus, among which is Airs, Waters, Places, is basically Attic Greek,
but exhibits a number of Ionic features.
Many features of Ionic Greek present no difficulty at all. In fact, most
uncontracted forms look more regular than their Attic equivalents:
Ionic
Attic
(from )
(optative)
xv
So also the retention of where Attic would have an is easy to spot:

Ionic
Attic
The appearance of for ; for ; and other minor modifications are

usually not problems. Here are some examples:
Ionic
Attic
(= )
A - is regularly substituted for - in interrogative words:
xvi
Note the endings for the dative plural of first and second declensions. AWP
vacillates between Attic and Ionic forms.
Ionic
Attic

Note the declension of third declension nouns like :

nom. sing.
gen. sing.
nom. pl.
Attic
acc. pl.
Ionic
Attic
Ionic
Note the forms of the present participle of :

Ionic
Attic
More common than usual is the use of anastrophe, the placement of a

preposition after the noun it governs, with a change of accent on the
preposition:
for
Cf. ;
xvii
Abbreviations
abs.
acc.
act.
adj.
adv.
ao.
app.
cl.
comp.
dat.
dir. obj.
epex.
f.
fut.
gen.
impf.
imper.
ind. com.
ind. quest.
ind. st.
indic.
ind. obj.
inf.
m.
n.
absolute
accusative
active
adjective
adverb
aorist
appositive
clause
comparative
dative
direct object
epexegetic
feminine
future
genitive or general
imperfect
imperative
indirect command
indirect question
indirect statement
indicative
indirect object
infinitive
masculine
neuter
nom.
obj.
opt.
part.
pas.
perf.
pl.
plupf.
pred.
prep.
pr.
pron.
purp.
ref.
reflex.
rel.
sc.
seq.
sg.
subj.
superl.
temp.
voc.
nominative
object
optative
participle
passive
perfect
plural
pluperfect
predicate
preposition
present
pronoun
purpose
reference
reflexive
relative
scilicet (indicates a
word that must be suplied from the context)
sequence
singular
subject or subjunctive
superlative
temporal
vocative
xix
,
,
Hippocrates
On Airs, Waters, and

Places
On Airs, Waters, and Places

The physician must consider environmental factors when diagnosing diseases in a particular
place, and also the mode of life of the inhabitants.
[1.] ,
: ,
:
,
:
: ,
.
, -, -: of healing, medical
, -, -: common, shared in
common
: most, especially
, : a change
: rightly, correctly
, , : whoever
, , : all, every, whole
: to make, do
: it is necessary (+ inf.)
, : a place, space
, -, -: cold, chilly
, : a period, time, season
: to work out, produce

: to wish, want
: it is necessary
: to differ
: to be able
, -, -: every, each
: to consider, reflect on,
ponder
: to seem, be like
: then, next
, -, -: of a place, native, local
, -, : a year
: to seek, pursue
, -, -: hot, warm
(sc. ): the healing art i.e. medicine

: the following things
(sc. ): pr. inf., (it is necessary) to consider
: what ( each season) is able to + inf.
: perf. of , they are not the same
: acc. of resp., in any way
: acc. of degree, by much
(=): by themselves
(sc. ): next it is necessary to consider
... : especially those ... and next those (other)
: dat. with , the ones common to all men
(=): n. pl. agreeing with , the airs that are
Hippocrates
,
. , ,
: to come to, arrive
: to differ
, -, : a power, ability, property
, -, -: every, each
ponder
: whenever
, : weight
, -, : the mouth
: so, therefore
... : for just as ... so also

: on the mouth, i.e. in taste
: on the scale, i.e. in weight
... : result clause, so that it is necessary
: ao. subj. of in gen. temp. clause, whenever
someone arrives
: rel. pron. with antec. gen. after , of which he is inexperienced
Accusative + Infinitive Constructions in AWP
The words and , with or without , meaning it is
likely and it is necessary, form impersonal constructions that take a
complementary infinitive. Other impersonal expressions that take a
complementary infinitive are , it is possible, it is necessary
and it is necessary.

it is necessary to do the following things: first (it is necessary) to consider
the seasons
If the subject of the infinitive is expressed, it will usually be in the accusative
case, like articular infinitives, infinitives in indirect statement, etc.

it is likely that the rich sacrifice much to the gods
Also common in AWP is for simple predications to take the form of an accusative
subject with an infinitive, as though some impersonal construction were
understood from the context.

Their physiques are usually flabby; they are not good at eating and drinking.
The use of the infinitive here (instead of
) may make these
expressions seem more abstract, because infinitives are timeless.

, ,
:
,
, ' , '
.
,
,
: ,
,

ponder
, -: wet, moist, rainy
, -, : a setting, placement
: to be positioned
, -, -: soft
, -: hanging, high
, : the south
, , : whoever, whatever
, -: rocky, stony
, -, -: whether
, -, -: hard
: to use
: it is necessary
, -, -: bare, empty
: so, as, (+ super.) as as possible
, -, -: salty, briny
, : a rising
: to rise up (of the sun)
, -: waterless, dry
, -: without experience,
unacquainted
, -: unsoftened, harsh
, -, : the north
, : earth
, -, -: leafy, wooded
: to meditate on, consider
: to be able, capable, strong
enough
: to sink, set (of the sun)
, -: hollow, sunken
: whetheror
, -: marshy
: ao. inf., it is necessary to consider

: ind. quest. after , how it is positioned
: crassis for acc. resp., is powerful in the same way
(sc. ): whatever city lies
: as well as possible
: these things also, explained by the ind. questions in the next several
sentences
: note the accent on indicating its object precedes
: ind. quest., how they are disposed
: ind. quest., whether they use + dat.
(sc. ): dat. after , or hard waters
: introd. ind. quest., whether (they use)
: acc. resp., as for the soil
Hippocrates
, :
, ,
, ,
.
Knowing these factors will help diagnose endemic diseases. Astronomy and meteorology are
also helpful to the doctor.
[2.] .
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
:
, -, -: common, shared
: to escape notice, be unknown
: most, especially
, -: raised up, high
, -, : an illness, disease
: to know
, -, -: of what sort, what kind
, -, -: most, largest
, -, -: choking, stifling (with
heat)
, -, -: whether
, -, : one fond of
exercise, an athlete
, -: industrious, diligent
, -, : a lover of drinking
: it is necessary
, -, -: cold, chill
, -: without experience of (+
gen.)
: to be without means, be at a loss
, -: not given to drink
, -, : one who eats lunch
, -: lazy, not given to
hard work
, : a way of living, lifestyle
, -: eating much
, -, -: every, each
ponder
, -, -: of a place, native,
endemic
: to enjoy (+ dat.)
, : a treatment
: well
: dat. (Att. ) after , what sort of lifestyle they enjoy

: those who eat more than one large meal in a day.
: opt. in fut. less vivid cond., if someone should know
then it would not escape his notice
: if not (all of these things)
: then certainly (most of these things)
: pres. subj. of in rel. clause with , a city, with which he is unacquainted
.. : nom. subj. of
: pr. inf. mid. in purpose clause, so that he not be at as loss

, , ,
.
, ,

,
.
,
,
.
: to be about to, be going to (+ inf.)

, : a change, changing
, -, : a disease, illness
, : a sickness, disease
: to know
: of what sort, what kind
, -: common to all, epidemic
: to know, perceive, learn
: to go forward, advance
: to know beforehand
, -, -: before, earlier
: to consider before
, -, : winter
, : time, season
, : a period, season
, : a star
, : a way of living, mode of life
: to go astray, make a mistake
, -, : a setting
: likely, probable
, -, -: every, each
, : a year
, : a rising
: to seek, search for
, -, : a year
, -, : summer
, -, -: ones own, individual
: in what manner
: to hold fast, occupy, possess
, : a danger, risk, hazard
: to say
: ao. subj. in pr. gen. cond., if someone does not consider

: ao. part., having known these previously
: pr. part. of - in gen. abs., as the time and the year
advances
: pot. opt., he could say what diseases
: fut. inf. of - complementing , about to take hold
, : gen. of time within which, either in summer or in winter
: dat. of ref., the danger to each
: pr. inf. explaining , danger to happen
: ao. part. instrumental, by knowing
: pot. opt., he would know beforehand
: anticipating the pot. opt. to come, in this way he would....
: pr. part. with instrumental force, by seeking
and learning
Hippocrates
, ' ,
,
. ,
,
, .

.
The effects of a city being exposed to hot southern winds and being sheltered from northern
winds.
[3]
, .
, -: meteorological, of
the astronomer
: to know
: altogether, entirely
: to say beforehand
: clearly, plainly
: to look at, view
: to throw together, lend,
contribute
, : art, skill, craft
: to hit upon (+ gen.)
, : health, soundness
: to show, indicate
: it is necessary
: together with (+ dat.)

, : astronomy
: to examine closely
, : a means of knowing, a mark,
token
: to think, suppose, expect
, -, -: every, each
, -, -: smallest, least
, -, -: of a physician, medical
, : (exact) time, season
: to set straight, achieve
, : a belly
: to learn, understand
: to change
, -, : a part, share
: to turn quickly, change
: pot. opt., he would know

, : pot. opt., he would come upon, he would achieve
: opt. in fut. less vivid cond., Should someone believehe
would understand
: second protasis, if he should change
: ind. st. after , he would understand that astronomy
contributes
: to the practice of medicine
: dat. of ref., for men
: perf. part. gen. of -, of the aforementioned things

: '
,
:
, ,
, :
, -: raised, elevated
, : a shelter, protection
, -: associated with (+ dat.)
, -: briny, salty
, -, -: of winter, wintery
, -, : winter
, -, -: cold, chill
, : force, constraint, necessity

, : a rising
, : north
, : a setting
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : summer
: to be laid, be positioned
: between (+ gen.)
: attributive, the hot (winds)

: between the winter and summer risings of the sun, i.e. roughly ESE to
WSW. See p. 14
: dat. after , these winds are associated with this (city)
: and it is necessary that they (the waters) be elevated i.e.
not from a deep source
, : gen. of time within which, in the summer in the winter
Note the different meanings of the word :
1.) Without the definite article
a.) The nominative forms of the word always are intensive (= Latin
ipse): : he himself, , they themselves;
: The
women live thus, but the men themselves go on horses
b.) The other cases of the word are the unemphatic third person pronouns: him, them, etc. This is the most common use in AWP:
, their bellies; , native to
them
2.) With the definite article
a.) In predicative position, it is also intensive (= Latin ipse):
: the man himself; , the earth itself.
b.) in attributive position or with no noun, it means the same:
: the same man; (= ) , is
powerful in the same way; , compressed
into the same place
Hippocrates
,
,
:
: ' :
, :
: :
:

, -, -: good
, -: weak, feeble
, -: never having had a child,
barren
, -: flabby
, , : a woman
, -, : form, shape, figure
: to agitate, throw into
disorder
: to bear untimely, miscarry
: thereupon
: to flow down
, -, -: of a place, local,
endemic
: to eat
, : a head
, : a belly
, : drunkenness, hangover
, -, -: sickly
: to press, oppress
: to drink
, -, : a great number, crowd,
multitude
, -, -: first
: much, often
, -: with a strong flow, running
, -, -: wet, moist
, -, : phlegm
, -: full of phlegm,
phlegmatic
: inf. with acc. subj., the men have

: pred. adj., heads that are moist and full of phlegm
: pas. inf. with acc. subj., the wombs are agitated
: gen. abs. with causal force, because of the
phlegm flowing
: for the most part
: inf. with acc. subj., their statures are
: inf. with acc. subj., they are not able to + inf.
: pr. opt. pot. of , they would not be
: epex. inf. after , good at drinking
: inf. with acc. subj., the local diseases are; the women are
: expressing agency, by disease
: dat. of means., and not by nature
: the subj. is ()
10
Agency and Means

The dative is the normal case for showing the instrument or means used
for an action, as opposed to the agent of an action, which is expressed with +
the genitive case. While an agent is a person or something quasi-personal (a
group of people, a city, etc.), an instrument is usually an object of some kind (e.g.,
by Professsor Plum with the rope). However, various kinds of external forces can
be put in the agency expression, and this is common in AWP. Such agents include
natural forces, such as the sun, winter, winds, rain, but also factors like heat, cold,
lightness, weight, wetness, weakness. More concrete things like disease, sores,
and even urine are also expressed as agents. Note the following examples which
show the variation in use:
,
next, many are barren because of disease, and not by natural growth
(sc. ) ,
.
The ones which differ greatly by natural growth or by custom, I will speak
about them.
, ,
.
with the result that, if someone has become courageous by natural
growth, the mind becomes turned by customs.
In a magico-religious contextHomers epics, for exampleagency is usually
ascribed to various gods, who put thoughts into the minds of heroes, infuse into
them warlike spirit, etc. Crucial to the articulation of ancient medical discourse
is the transfer of agency (dynamis) from such unseen daemonic powers to various
kinds of physical entities, inside and outside the body. This is different from
literary tropes like personification or anthropomorphism, even though the lines
of demarcation cannot be drawn clearly. See Brooke Holmes, The Symptom and
The Subject (Princeton, 2010), 121-47.
11
Hippocrates
:
,
:
, : a hemorrhoid
, , : a man
, -, : short breathing, asthma
, : diarrhea
, : dysentery
, : a seat, rump
, -, : a pustule which is
most painful at night
: to fall upon or over
, : ague, chills
, -, -: sacred, divine
: to hold, think, believe

, : a young child
, -, : pleurisy
: to make, do
, -: chronic
: much, often
, : burning heat, fever
, : a convulsion, spasm
, -, -: of winter, in winter
: inf. with acc. subj., convulsions fall upon

: pr. inf. compl. , which they think to cause
: the childs disease
: and to be the sacred disease, i.e. epilepsy
(sc. ): upon the men dysentery falls
Third Declension Nouns
Third declension nouns ending in - like retain the -- making
them look more analogous to other third declension nouns.
nominative plural -
Ionic
genitive singular -
Ionic
Attic
Attic
accusative plural -
12

. ,
, .
, , ,
.
: to intervene, take place,

happen
, : brain
: suddenly
: to come into being after,
supervene
, -, : a year
: to be in the sun
: to be strong, prevail
, : a catarrh, inflammation of
the nose and throat
: to hold fast, possess
, -, : burning heat, fever
, : a head
, : belly, bowels
, : a change
, -, : a disease, illness
: I am able to (+ inf.)
: whenever (+ subj.)
: where
, -, -: lasting little time,
of short duration
, -, -: sharp, acute
, : ophthalmia, an
inflammation of the eye
, -, -: suffering from
hemiplegia, paralytic
: fifty
, : an inflammation of the
lungs, pneumonia
: to make, do
, -, -: wet, running, loose
: to overshoot, surpass, exceed
, -, -: painful, grievous,
serious
: pred., whatever are considered to be acute diseases

: adv. acc., in many cases, often
(sc. ): for it is not possible + inf.
: pr. subj. of in indefinite clause, wherever the bowels are loose
: subj. acc. of (complementing )
: ao. subj. of - in general protasis, unless an epidemic
disease attacks
(sc. ): from a great change (of seasons)
: subj. in indefinite clause after (= ), whenever
they exceed fifty years (of age)
: pred., make men paralytic
: ao. pas. subj. after (= ), whenever they are exposed
to the sun
: acc. of respect, they are exposed to the sun with respect to their
head i.e. their heads are exposed
13
Hippocrates
. :
,
, .
endemic
: to hold fast, possess
: to have a share in, take part in (+
gen.)
: to be cold
: separately, apart
: ao. subj. after , when they are cold

: and besides (the endemic diseases)
: ao. subj - in pr. gen. cond., if some epidemic disease
prevails
Directions in Hippocrates
The reader should note the meanings of the following expressions:
(1) between the winter rising of the sun and the winter setting i. e. roughly
East-Southeast to West-Southwest (113 to 248)
(2) between the summer setting and the summer rising i. e. roughly WestNorthwest to East-Northeast (293 to 68)
(3) between the summer and winter risings i.e. roughly East Northeast to East
Southeast (68 to 113)
The exact number of degrees is a question of latitude. These directions are
roughly correct for the Mediterranean area.
Adapted from W.H.S. Jones, Hippocrates Vol. 1 (Harvard University Press,

Cambridge, 1957), p. 69.
14
General or Indefinite Clauses

The most common kind of conditional sentence in AWP is the so-called present
general condition, which has () + the subjunctive in the protasis, and the
present indicative in the apodosis. Here are some examples:
... : if any common
disease takes hold, they share
( ) ,
: even if summer becomes dry, diseases cease quicker
Such a sentence is distinguished from the so-called future more vivid condition
by the latters use of the future indicative in the apodosis. Compare:
( ) ,
: even if summer becomes dry, diseases will cease quicker
In this case, the condition is speaking about a more specific probability in the
future.
A parallel construction is the use of + the subjunctive with temporal particles
or relative pronouns to produce general temporal clauses (whenever...) or
general relative clauses (whoever...). Here are some examples:
(= + ) ... ():
after someone arrives ... it is necessary to consider
( + ) , :
whenever they bear children, they are unable to nurse them.
, :
first the women, whenever they happen to be pregnant.
Contrast this last example with the use of the indicative in definite relative
clauses:
, ...:
Next are the waters which are oriented toward the rising of the sun ...
: best are the ones which
flow from high places
15
Hippocrates
The effects of a city being exposed to northern winds and sheltered from hot southern winds.
[4.] '

,
,
, .
.
: a rising, rise
: to be set against, be opposite
, : setting
happen
endemic
, -, -: of the summer, in
summer
, -, -: hot, warm
: between
, : the south
multitude
, -, -: first
, : a covering, shelter, protection
, -, -: hard
, -, -: cold, chill
: so, thus
(sc. ): answering to above, but whatever cities

: gen. after , lie opposite to these (the warm winds)
: attributive adj., the cold ones between + gen.
...: between the summer settings and risings of the sun, i.e.
roughly WNW to ENE. See p. 14
: dat. of ref., the winds are local to them
: gen. of separation, protection from the
south and from hot winds
: so it is (as follows) concerning these cities
: for the most part
Note the different meanings of the verb
The verb has a range of special uses and meanings, the most
important of which are as follows:
1. to have or possess: , they have
moist heads
2. to have or possess a certain power, to be able to + infinitive
3. to have a certain condition, to be a certain way, often used with an
adverb. : it is similar
The third meanings is found often in AWP in the two expressions
: it is thus i.e., as I just explained
: it is so i.e., as I am about to explain
16

,

, :
: .
, ,
. ,
, : a cause
: upwards
, -: unsoftened
, -: suffering from an abscess
, -, : tension
, -: sinewy
: to be at home, be epidemic
, -: flowing well, open
: down, downwards
, : a head
, : belly, (pl.) bowels
: to hold, believe, consider
, -, : a sickness, disease
: wherever (+ subj.)
, -, -: sharp, acute
, -: more
, -, : pleurisy
multitude
, -, : a cause, provocation
, -, : prone to lacerations or
rupture
, , -: lean
, -, -: hard
, -, : a body
, -, -: healthy
, -, : phlegmatic
, -: like bile, bilious
(sc. ): it is necessary for the men to be

: the greater number (of men) acc. subj. f
: pred., have (upper) bowels that are unsoftened and
hard
, : the upper bowels, but the lower bowels
: acc. pl. pred., and they are bilious and phlegmatic
: inf. with understood from above.
: for the most part
: dat. of ref., are endemic to them
: and the diseases considered, has an accent because it is followed
by an enclitic.
: inf. with , it is necessary that it be so
: subj. after (= ), wherever the bowels are hard
17
Hippocrates
:
, .
, :
:
, ,
:
:
, , .

, : a bleeding, hemorrhage
: at the same time
, -: given to eating
: likely
, -, : a year
: at once, directly
, -, : summer
, -, -: sacred, divine
, -, -: strong, severe
: to call
, : a belly, (pl.) bowels
, -: long-lived
, -, -: younger
, -, : dryness
, -, -: few, little, rare

, -, : an eye
, : ophthalmia, inflammation of
the eye
: to make, do, cause (+ inf.)
, -: eating much
, -, : a heavy drinker
rupture
: to break, rupture
, , : a nose
, -, -: hard
, -, : hardness
: thirty
, : time
, -, : coldness
: acc. pl. pred. after , to be prone to rupture

: causes them to be
(sc. ): for it is not possible + inf.
: after some time
: pr. inf. with acc. subj., inflammations happen
: acc. subj. of , hemorrhoids are
: gen. of comparison, to those younger than thirty years
: acc. pred. of , are severe
: gen. of time within which, during the summer
: those illnesses called sacred i.e. epilepsy
: acc. subj. of , such men are
18

:
: .
: ,
: ,

, -, -: wild, fierce
: to be malignant
, , : a man
,, : a woman
: to be born in
, -, : a wound, sore
endemic
, -, : character
, -, -: tame, gentle
: to hold fast
, -, -: first
, -, -: solid, barren
, -: inflammatory, full of
phlegm
: separately, apart
: gen. of comparison, more likely than others

: acc. subj. of pr. mid. inf. , sores break out
: pr. inf., nor do they become malignant
: and besides (the endemic diseases)
... : ao. subj. of - in pr. gen. protatis, if some epidemic
disease prevails
(sc. ): many women become
: because of the waters being
-- for -- in Present Participles
Contracted forms of - verbs are characteristic of Attic Greek. Ionic
often leaves -- and -- combinations uncontracted; AWP follows the Attic
convention in most verb forms, but note the diphthong -- for -- in middle
participles:
uncontracted
Attic contraction
Ionic contraction
Note also for ; and for .
19
Hippocrates
:
. :
. , :

: :
.
,
: , :
.
, -: unable
: to be extinguished, cease
, : harshness
, -: unsoftened
: to disappear
, : strength, force, violence
, , : milk
happen
: to bring forth untimely,
miscarry
: thereupon
: to supervene, come about,
befall
, -: monthly
, -, -: suitable, fit, healthy
: while, until (+ subj.)
: to reach puberty
, : time of life, age
: to check
, -, : a cleansing, evacuation
, -, -: small, little
, -, -: scanty, small
, -, : testicle
: after a long time, late
, : a young child
, -, -: toilsome, painful,
grievous
, -, : a breakage, rupture
, -, -: hard
, -, : hardness
, -, : a spasm, strain
, -, -: long, (pl.) many, frequent
: very, much
: to bear children
, : a birth, delivery
: to nurse
, -, : dropsy
, -, : emaciation, consumption
, -, -: painful, difficult
, -, -: cold
: i.e. menstruation
: ao. subj. in indef. cl., whever they give birth
: epex. inf. after , they are unable to nurse
: breast milk
(sc. ): from the violence (of the births)
: 3 s. subj. of with n. pl. subject (sc. ), while they are small
: pr. part. f. of - in gen. abs., with age advancing
20

The effects of a city being oriented towards the east.
[5.]
.

,
, .
,
,
.
. ,
,

, : a rising, rise
, : the north
: likely
, -, -: opposite (+ gen.)
: thereupon
summer
, : heat
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, -: bright, clear
: between
, -, -: within measure,
moderate
: to say before
, : a stade
: to turn
, -, -: sound, healthy
, -, -: of the winter, in
winter
, : cold
, -, -: cold, chill
: perf. pass. of -, it is as it has been said

(sc. ): whatever cities
...: between the summer and winter risings of the sun,
roughly ENE to ESE. See p. 14
: concerning these, it is so (i.e. as follows)
: it is likely that these are
: pf. part. of , gen. of comparison after ,
healthier than those turned
: pr. subj. in pr. gen. cond., even if the distance between is
: in the first case
: they are milder
: these (waters) must be clear
21
Hippocrates

. :
.

, . ,
,
.

, -: better, abler, stronger

, -, -: flowering, blooming
: to hold up, rise
: thither, to the very place
, -: better
: to be born in
: each time, on each occasion
: to implant, (pass.) to grow in
: it is like
: to pour water over
, -, -: lovely, delightful
, -: well-colored, of healthy
complexion
, -: sweet-smelling, fragrant
, -, -: in the morning, early
, , : air
: just as
, , : spring
, : warmth
: to purify
: to shine upon
: to hinder, prevent
, -: clear-voiced
, -, -: soft
, -, : moderation
, : a temperament, disposition,
nature
, -: exposed to the north
wind
, -, : a coming together,
intelligence
: also complementing
: pr. part. instr., by rising and shining on
: adv. acc., in the morning
: acc. pl. obj. of , the air holds them in check i.e. the waters, or the
vapors rising from the waters
: dat. of place where, more than elsewhere
: subj. in general protasis, unless some sickness prevents (it)
: acc. of respect, they are better in disposition and in intelligence
: gen. of comparison after , better than those exposed
to the north wind
: pr. part. neut., the other things growing there
: pr. part modifying , a city being situated in this way
: dat. after , a cityis like spring
22
,
, .

.
The effects of a city being oriented towards the west.
[6] .
,
,
,
: :

, -: prolific
, : the north
, -: without strength, weak
: there
, , : a woman
, -, ,: a setting (of the sun)
, -: smaller, less
: it is like
, , : the east
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : a setting, position
: to be laid, be situated
, -, -: sickly, unhealthy
, -, : sickness, disease
: to flow past
: to blow
: easily, readily
: to turn
: very, much
: to bear children
, : cold
, -, -: cold, chill
: n. acc. pl. contracted (= ), the diseases are fewer

: dat. after , the diseases are similar to the diseases
occurring
: dat. pl. perf. pass. part. of , similar to those turned
: it is so (in such cities)
: dat. pl., also to these cities
: gen. of separation after , shelter from the winds
: inf. after , it must be that these cities are situated
: cogn. acc. with , these cities are situated in a most
unhealthy position
23
Hippocrates
, ,
:
. ,
, :
,
,
:
.
: to raise, lift up
, : a cause
: upwards, high
: to set apart, distinguish
, -: weak, sickly
, : a breeze
: to hide, conceal, remove
, -: colorless, pale
, -: gruff-voiced
, -: subject to hoarseness
: to scorch thoroughly
: wherefore, for which reason
, : dew
: sink beneath
: to mix up in
: likely
: to shine upon
: from morning, at dawn
, , : air
, -, : summer
: to hold fast
, : clarity
, -, -: remaining, the rest
: to share in, take part in
: to fall
: to blow
: before (+ inf.)
: to say before
, -, -: cold, chill
: acc. of duration, during the morning

: generally
: pr. part. of --, which, being mixed up in the
water
: ao. pass. inf. of , before it is raised high
: acc. of extent of time, for the rest (of the day)
:. pr. inf. in res. cl., so that it scorches
: after , it is likely that they share in
: perf. pass. part. of -, of all the aforementioned diseases
: dat. of advantage, none are set apart for them i.e. they suffer from no
unique endemic diseases.
: perf. pass. of , none is distinguished
24

,
: :
:
, :
:
,
.
The effects of water from different sources: marshy, rocky and flowing from high hills.
[7.] ,
, .
, , ,
, -: unclean, impure
, -, -: unserviceable,
unfit
: there
, -, -: northern
: to wish
, : afternoon
: to set out in detail, describe
: to separate, clear
: it is like, is similar to (+ dat.)
, -, -: suitable, convenient
, : evening
, , : air
, : day
, -, : a situation, placement
, -, -: middle, in the middle
, : autumn
, -: sickly, unhealthy
: to hold to, attach to
: to be laid upon
: very, much
, -, -: wholesome, healthy
, -, -: wet, moist
: so, thus
: because it is
: generally
: pr. pass. of , it (the air) is not cleared
: and (the winds) which do persist
: since such are the winds
: dat. after , the situation is similar to autumn
: pred., the middle is much i.e. the disparity between the two extremes is
great
: n. pl. rel. pronoun, the winds, which are
: it is so
: ao. inf. of - after
: n. pl. rel. pronoun, the waters, which are
25
Hippocrates
' , :
.
,
,
:
, ,
: ,
,
:
,
, -, -: good
: always, forever
, -: running, flowing
, -: colorless, pallid, of a bad
color
: likely
, -: marshy
: to supply
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : summer
: to make turbid
: to burn, heat
, -, -: bad
, -, -: stagnant
: to make muscular
, , : young, fresh
, : a smell, odor
, -: rainy, of rain
, : frost
, -: frosty, icy
, -, -: thick
: to drink
, -, -: most, largest, greatest
, -, -: bad, injurious
, : a spleen
, -, -: standing, stationary
: to throw together, contribute
, -: phlegmatic
, -, : winter
, -, : snow
, -: bilious, like bile
, -, -: cold, chill
(sc. ): are likely to + inf.

: acc. dir. obj. of , for (waters) contribute the
greatest part to health
: causal, because they are not
: gen. abs., with fresh rain water always being supplied
: gen. abs., with the sun heating
: gen. of time within which, in the winter
: perf. part. pas., having been stirred up
.. : result cl., so that they are
: pr. part. dat. of , to those drinking
: inf. with acc. subj., their spleens are
: perf. part. pas. pred., having become muscular
26
Superlative and Comparative Adjectives

AWP is full of superlatives--the driest, the wettest, the best, the worst-and comparatives. In the glossaries, only the positive forms have been given for
adjectives whose comparative and superlative forms are predictable from the
stem.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
: wet
: healthy
: phlegmatic
: deadly
: fit, suitable
: muddy, turbid
: low, bad
: sweet
: light
: bright, clear
: heavy
: painful
: thick
: strong, mighty
: flabby
: wild, fierce
: tame, gentle
: within measure
: weak
: healthy
: divine
: human
27
Hippocrates
,
:
:

, .
.

:
: up, upwards
, -, : a belly, stomach
: to lack
, : diarrhea
: for the reason that, since
, -, -: drinking heavily
, : dysentery
, -: given to eating
: to fall upon
, -: deadly, fatal
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : summer
, -, -: lean, meager
, -, -: strong, mighty, powerful
: to make very thin,
emaciate
: down, downwards
, , : a clavicle, collar bone
, -, -: thin
, -, -: dry
, -: long-lasting
, : a face
, : a burning heat, fever
, , : flesh
, -, -: hard
, : a spleen
: to fuse together, consume
, -: habitual
, -, -: every four days,
quartan (fever)
, -, : dropsy
, : a drug, medicine
, -, : winter
, : a shoulder
: perf. inf. with acc. subj., their shoulders are emaciated

: pr. pas., the flesh is absorbed into the spleen
: acc. subj. of , such people are
: acc. subj. of , their bowels are very dry
: both the upper and lower bowels
: res. cl., so that they need + gen.
: dat. of ref., habitual for them
, : gen. of time within which, both in summer and in winter
, : super., very frequent and very fatal
28

.
, .
:
, :
:
:
.
: to kill, slay
, -, : a belly
,, : a woman
: to be born in
, : a baby, infant
: to follow, come into being
after
, -, : summer
: to hold, keep
, -, : a cleansing, evacuation
: to set down, dispose
, : a hernia
, -, -: light, bright, white
, -: like madness, marked by
delirium
: to lengthen, prolong, extend
: scarcely
, -, -: younger
: to swell, be swollen
, -, : a swelling, tumor
, : a young child
, : inflammation of the
lungs, pneumonia
, -, -: bad, sick, in a bad state
, -, -: older
, -, : hardness
: to bear children
, : a bringing forth, childbirth,
parturition
, : nourishment, food
, -, : dropsy
, -: consumptive, emaciated
, -, : inflammation, phlegm
(one of the four humors)
difficult
, -, : winter
, -, -: useful, good, pleasant
: ao. pass. part., circumstantial, these diseases, when prolonged

: these diseases dispose to dropsies such constitutions
: gen. of time within which, during the winter
: leucophlegmasia (), a state of dropsy
: they hold in the belly i.e. conceive
: in their nourishment i.e. while nursing
: referring to the lochia, or postpartum discharge.
29
Hippocrates
,
,
, .
, ,
:
.
: ,
: ,
, , ,

, , : a man
, -, -: all, the whole
: to disappear
, -, : a belly
, : earth
, , : a woman
, -, -: second
, -, : a wound, ulcer
, -, -: hot, warm
: to come, befit
, : enlargement of the veins,
varicose vein
, : a leg
, -: long-lived
, -, -: miserable, wretched

, : a rock, a ledge or shelf of rock
, : a fount, source
, -, : a fullness
: to grow old before
, : iron
, -, -: hard
parturition
: to accumulate fluid
, : a womb
, : copper
, -: a thing that one uses,
purpose
, : time
(sc. ): res. cl., so that it is not possible + acc. + inf.

: also with in res. cl., so that they grow old
: gen. after -, grow old before the
proper time
: they appear to hold in the belly i.e. to be pregnant
... : pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever the birth is
: pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever they accumulate
fluid
: inf. in ind. st. after , that such waters are useless
: for every purpose
: second (most miserable waters)
: pr. opt. in cond. rel cl., (those waters) whose springs are i.e. if their
spring are
, , etc.: mineral and metal deposits that affect the quality of water
30

, , , , ,
: .
,
,
. ,
:
, :
, :
. ,
,
, -, -: good
, : a rising, rise
, : silver
, -, -: best
, : asphalt, bitumen
, -, -: deep
, : force, power, violence
, -: of earth, earthy
, -, : sweet
, -, : excretion
: to pass in urine
, -, -: opposite, contrary
: to approve, commend
, : sulfur
, : heat
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : summer
, -: suffering from heat,
parched
, : a hill
, -: raised, high
, : soda
, : wine
: I am able
, -, -: few, little, small
, : a fount, source, spring
, -, : a flow, stream, current
: to flow, run, stream
: to break
, -, -: hard
, : alum, vitriol
: to bear
difficult
, -, : winter
, : gold
, : a place, spot
, -, -: cold, chill
(sc. ): it is not possible for good water to occur

: epexegetic inf. after , (waters) difficult to be passed in
urine
: inf. with acc. subj., but (the waters) are hard, etc.
(sc. ): but the best waters
: they are able to + inf.
, : gen. of time within which, during the winter, during
the summer
: pr. opt. pot., they would be so (since they are) from
: perf. 3 pl. of , whose flows have broken
: and even more so
31
Hippocrates
: .
,
. ' ,
,
.
The situation of water sources affects their qualities.
:
, :

, :
, -, -: good
, -, -: salt
, : a rising
, -, -: best
, -: unsoftened
: straightway, at once
, -, -: second
, -, : a setting (of the sun)
, : setting
, -, -: some
, -, -: fit, suitable,
convenient
summer
, -, -: light
: between (+ gen.)
: to drink
, -, -: hard
, -, -: third
: to point out, show, indicate
: epexegetic inf. with , these are not good to drink

: rel. pron. n. pl., constitutions and illnesses, for which
: pr. part. pass., circumstantial, such waters, when they are drunk
: rel. pron. gen. pl., such waters, about which I will indicate
: and concerning these it is so (as follows)
: towards the risings, i.e. eastwards
... : while the best are ... second best are...
: and especially
32

.
, .
: , ,
.
,
: ,
,
, -, -: good
, -: better, abler
: a rising, rise
, -, -: northern
: to wish
, -, : sweet
: to separate, distinguish
: on account of, because of (+ gen.)
convenient
, -, -: light
: between (+ gen.)
, -, -: southern
, : the south
: to be near, be present
: to drink
: to make, do
, -, -: painful, grievous
: to befit, suit
: to strengthen, make strong
, -, -: hard
: to burn up, inflame
: to bring together, contribute,
be useful
: to hit, obtain (+ gen.)
: to be healthy
, -, -: low, bad
, -, -: of or in winter
: to use (+ dat.)
: n. pl. nom. contracted (= ), those to the north are better

: dat. of ref. with , it is fitting for these (waters)
: pr. inf. epex., it is fitting for them to be used in this way
: perf. pass. with present sense, whoever has been
strengthened i.e. is now strong
: (sc. ) is able to differentiate (between beneficial and harmful
waters)
(sc. ): the water being present i.e. whatever water is at hand
: owing to an illness
: pr. part. cond., if he were to do
: pr. opt. pot. of , whoever wishes to drink would obtain
: gen. with , he would obtain health
: epexegetic inf. after , easy to inflame
... : dat. of ref., while to these... to those
: are a benefit to + dat.
33
Hippocrates
:
:
:
,
:
,
.
' , :
:
, '
.
, -, -: good
, -, -: salt, briny
, -: bad for cooking
, : inexperience, ignorance
, -: unsoftened
: to loosen
: to melt, soften, relax
, -, : excretion
, -, -: laxative
: likely
, -, : boiled
: to boil
, -, -: least
, -, -: soft
, -, : stomach, (pl.) bowels
: to parch, dry up
, -, -: hard
: to draw together, constrict
: to set together, combine, bind
, -, -: solvent, soft
: to melt, relax
, -, -: wet, moist, running
, -, : salted, salty
, -: inflammatory,
phlegmatic
: to cheat by lies, beguile
: pr. opt. pot., for these would dry them up

: epexegetic inf. with , waters best for boiling
: pr. inf. complementing (sc. ), these are likely
to loosen and relax
: pas. periphrastic, men are deceived concerning salt waters
: anastrophe, about waters
: pr. pass., they are believed to be
, : pass. inf. in result clause, so the belly is constricted
rather than relaxed
34

How rain is the very best source of water.
[8.] .
.

: ,
:
:
, :
:
,
, :
:
: to lead, carry
, -, -: salt, briny
, , : salt
: to lead up, i.e. evaporate
: to snatch up
, -, -: quite all, the whole
, -, : weight
, -, : sweet
, -, -: visible, evident
, : the sea
, -, -: light
, -, : lightness
: to leave
, -, -: thin, fine, light
, : a pool, marsh
, -, -: alone, only
, -: rainy, of rain
, -, : thickness
, -, -: from a well or spring
: to make
, -, -: wet, moist, fluid
, -, : snow
, -: a thing that one uses
(sc. ): rain water

: I will say how it is
: adverbial, to begin with
: salt makes this evident
: the brininess
: because of its thickness
: from all things in which there is some moisture
: and (moisture) is in
: in every object
: intensive, even from men
: (the sun) leads
35
Hippocrates
, ,
: , :

, ' , .
,
, .
, .
.
,
: to snatch up
: to make unseen, hide
: to walk
: to force
: to let pass through
: to lead out
: to shine upon
: to look on
: to sweat, perspire
, -, : sweat, perspiration
, -, : moisture, juice
, : a cloaks
: to hold, keep
: to make to sit down, seat
, -, -: light
, -, -: thin, light
, : a smell, scent, odor
, -: rainy, of rain
: similarly, alike
unpleasant
: to bring forth, show
: to make rotten, foul
: to cover, shelter
, -, : a shadow, shade
: to save, keep
: very quickly
, : a sure sign, proof
, , : skin
, : pr. subj. in indef. temporal clause, whenever a man walks

or sits
: acc. resp., as for the parts
: pr. opt. pot., he would not sweat
: the appearing of sweat i.e. as it is produced
: perf. pass. of , what has been sheltered by the cloak
: or by some other thing
: pr. inf. in result clause, so that (the sweat) does not
disappear
... : ao. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever someone arrives
: pr. of -, lets (sweat) pass through
: pred. acc., an odor that is bad
36

, .
,
,

,
: to snatch away, carry off

: to pick out, separate
: to put out of its place, to change
or alter utterly
, , : air
, -, -: foul, thick, turbid
: to mix up, mingle
, -, -: light
, -, -: clear
: to raise to a height
, -: like night, dark
, : a mist, fog
: to carry round
: to mix together
: to bring together, collect
: very quickly
: perf. pass of -, it has been gathered from many sources

: perf. pass. of -, it has been mixed together
: pass. inf. in result clause, so it is fouled
, : ao. pass. subj. in indefinite temporal clause,
whenever (the water) has been carried off and has been raised up
: perf. part., and it has been thoroughly mixed
(sc. ) : the foul (part) of it
Neuter Adjectives for Abstract Nouns
The neuter singular of an adjective can be used with to create an
abstract noun. AWP uses this frequently, sometimes where there is already a
feminine abstract noun available. Here are some examples:
(muddiness and darkness)
(its brightness and
lightness and sweetness)

(manliness and endurance and patience and spiritedness)
(roundness)
(wildness and savagery)
(wildness and brutality)
(raininess)
(carelessness and drowsiness)
(wakefulness)
37
Hippocrates

:
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
: to gather together
: always, forever
: one another
, : wind
: to sweeten
, -, : sweet
: to scatter, disperse
: to oppose, be adverse
: suddenly
s: likely (+ inf.)
: to boil, cook
: until, while
: to light, heat
: to break down, burst
: to leave
, -: raised, high
: not yet
, -, : a cloud
: to set in motion, urge
, -, : a standing, rest
: to set together, combine, unite
: to form together, compress
: at that time, then
: to hit, happen upon
: to bear
: to carry along
: pred. nom., become sweet

: periphrastic perf. subj. in gen. temporal clause, when it is
dispersed we would expect after
: perf. subj. of -, it has not yet been combined i.e.
condensed
: adverbial, it is carried aloft
, : ao. pass. subj. in indefinite temporal clause,
whenever it is gathered together and compressed
: compressed into the same place
: ao. part. of -, winds suddenly opposed
: ao. subj. of in indefinite clause, whenever it happens + part.
: ao. pass. part. n. nom. s. of - with , it happens to be
compressed
: pr. part. gen. modifying , with conditional force, by a wind if
it has no rest i.e. a constant wind
: perf. part. n. pl., the clouds, having been set in motion
38

.
:
, , ,
, .
: ,
: , ,
.
Water from snow and ice is not good.
:
,
: to beat back, resist, oppose

: once
: to throw off impurities,
purify
, -, -: best
, -, -: primary, original
: to refine by boiling
, -, : weight
, : a deepness of voice
, , : cough
, : hoarseness
: to need, lack
: likely
: there, then
: to bring upon
: yet, hereafter
: to keep

, : ice
: to blacken, darken
, -, : a cloud
, : heavy rain
: behind, at the back
: to thicken, fatten
: to make solid, freeze
: to drink
, -, -: painful, injurious,
unpleasant
: to approach, occur to (+ dat.)
, -, -: first
, -, : snow
... : ao. subj. of - in gen. temp. cl., whenever clouds

beat back
: the first part of it i.e. the front of the cloud
: the rear (of the cloud)
: compressed into one place
: in all likelihood
, : compl. inf. with , they need to be refined and
purified
: protasis of simple condition, and if they are not (refined and purified)
: pr. part. dat., to those drinking it
: ao. pass. subj. in indefinite temporal clause, whenever it has been
frozen once
39
Hippocrates
,
. ' : ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, : vessel
, : open air
, : a shelter, warmth
: to re-measure
: to dry up
: to hide, (pass.) to disappear
: to will, wish
: to perceive, mark, learn
, -, : sweet
: to pour in
: to separate
, -: smaller, less
: to carry into
: to find
, -: muddy, turbid
: where (+ indic. )
: to recover
, -, -: light, nimble
: to leave
: to loose
, : a measure
, : frost, ice
, -, : a fixing, freezing
, -: full of sediment
, -, -: long, much
: to set, put, place
, -, -: on the next day
: to loosen, melt
, -, : winter
: returns into X state (acc).

(sc. ): the bright (part) of it
: 2 s. aor. opt. potential with , you may know in this way (as follows)
: 2 s. pr. of , parenthetical, if you wish
: pr. subj. in indefinite temporal clause, when it is winter
: dat. of measure, into a vessel by a measured amount
: ao. part. nom. m. s., having poured water into
: ao. inf. of , with imper. force, place (it)!
: fut. indic., where it will freeze best
: ao. part. m. s. of -, having brought (it) in
: where it will melt
: ao. pass. subj. in indef. temp. clause, whenever it is melted
: inf. with imper. force, measure!
: 2 s. fut of , you will discover
: dat. of degree of diff. with , less by much
40
: .
,
.
An account of the diseases that are the result of drinking bad water.
[9.]
. ,
,
, ,
: to be taken, captured
: to come to
, -, -: heavy
: to be able, capable
: to throw in, put in
, -, -: brought in, imported
: to follow, attend
, -, : sciatica, pain in the leg
, : a tumor, rupture
, : ice
, -, -: thin, light
: to suffer from kidney stones
, : a pool, lake
, -, : nephritis, kidney
disease
, -: rainy, of rain
, -, -: of every kind, of all
sorts
, -, -: thick
: to drink
injurious
, : a river, stream
, : retention of urine,
strangury
, -, : snow
, -, : a thing that one uses
: potential opt., for it is not possible (to do this) i.e. to dry up the
heavy portion of the water
: dat., for this reason
: pr. part., the ones following these i.e. similar to these
: for all purposes
: it is so
: rel. pron., from rivers into which
: rel. pron., a pool into which
: dat. with , they use imported waters
41
Hippocrates
, .
,
, ,
. ,
. , '
:
, , .

, : vessel
: to lead, carry, bring
: always, for ever
: one another
: at other times
, -, -: salt, salty
, : force, necessity
, -, : the north (wind)
, -, -: short
, -, : sweet
: to be like (+ dat.)
, -, -: hot, warm
, : mud, dirt
, -, -: strong, mighty
, -, : strength
: to prevail
, : a word, account
, -, -: long
, : the south (wind)
: it is possible (+ inf.)
: to furnish, provide, supply
: to flow, run, stream
: to disagree, be at odds
, -: containing alum
: to mix together
: to place or set under
: to use (+ dat.)
: over a great distance

: pr. part. dat., waters that are brought
(sc. ): one water cannot + inf.
: perf. inf., to be similar + dat.
: to be similar to another
: some watersothers acc. subj. of and
(sc. ): some flow from hot springs
: pr. part. n. pl. of -, circumstantial, these, when they
are mixed together
(= ): into the same thing
: depending on the winds
: to oneto another
: anastrophe, about the others
(= ): the same account
: pr. inf. with , it is necessary for X (dat.) to deposit
42

, .
Further considerations about the causes of problems of the bowels.
,
,
, ,
:
, :
, :

: to pass urine
: in order, in a row
, -: flowing well
: to warm, heat
, -, : a bladder
: very, exceedingly
: to suffer
: to drink
: to say before
, -: feverish, hot
: easily, readily
, : a mouth, opening
: to press together, block up
: to be inflamed, be swollen
, : sand
: pr. part. pass., from these being drunk

: perf. part. n. pl. of -, the aforementioned diseases
: dat. of ref., that it is not so for all
... : gen. pl., of those whose of others whose
: perf. of -, the opening of the bladder has not been
blocked
: pr. pass., nothing is formed together in the bladder i.e. an
obstruction
... : pr. subj. in. gen. rel. cl., whosever bowels are...
(= ): the bladder must suffer the same thing
: ao. pass. subj. in indefinite temporal clause with , whenever it
(i.e. the bladder) is heated
: gen. of comparison with , more than nature i.e. to a greater
degree than is normal
: 3 s. ao., the opening is inflamed
: referring to the bladder, its opening
43
Hippocrates
, , '
,
:
, ,
: .
,
, ,

, : genitals
: to separate, set apart
: to make large, increase, augment
: to send forth, discharge
: to constrain, force
: to discharge
: to draw, pull
: to pass with urine
: thereupon, then
, -: muddy, turbid
, -, -: clear, clean
: to roll around
, -, : the bladder
: to hinder, check, prevent
, -, -: thin, light
, : bodily pain
: to urinate
, : urine
: to experience, suffer
, -, -: thick, stout
: to fall upon
, -, -: first
: to petrify, harden
, : a mouth, opening
: to overheat
: to make solid, congeal
: to fit together
: to boil together
: to combine, become
: to rub
: ao. subj. in indefinite temporal clause, whenever it experiences

these things
(= ): within it (the bladder)
: of it (the urine)
: pr. of -, discharges
... : at first ... then
: pr. subj. in gen. rel. cl., whatever becomes solid
: pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., when someone urinates
: objective inf. with , it prevents urination
: the indic. shows an actual result, so that they rub
44

. ,
,
:
. ,
, .
,
.

. :
, : a cause
, -: better, abler
, , : milk
: to warm through
: to give
: here, there
, -: less
, -, -: hot, warm
, , : female
, -: muddy, turbid
, -, : the bladder
: very, exceedingly
: to suffer from a stone
, : a stone
: to stay, remain
, : wine
: similarly, in the same way
: to urinate, pass as urine

, -, : a making water,
urination
, : urine
, : a young child
, , : a child
, -, -: thick
: to overheat
: to dry up
, -: mixed with water, diluted
: to declare, make known
, , : a vein
, -: bilious
: pr. part. nom. n. pl. modifying , boys suffering with stones

: the subj. of , the cause seems to them + inf.
: here is proof that this is so
: pred. acc., urine that is very clear
: (stones) happen to + dat.
: 3 s. subj. in general protasis with (= ), if it (the milk) is not healthy
: pr. inf. in result cl., so the overheated urine undergoes these
things
: wine as diluted as possible
: pr. epex. inf. after , better to give
45
Hippocrates
,
:
, :
, ,

.
The effects on health of weather in various seasons.
[10] ,
.
, : genitals
, , : a man
: to fasten, (pass.) to touch
, -, : a male
: to constrain, force
, -, -: short
: very near (+ gen.)
: consider well, ponder
, -, -: straight
, -, -: wide, broad
, -, : a bladder
, -, : urethra
, : urine
, , : a child, boy
: to drink
, -: more
: easily, readily
: to unite by a channel
: to pierce, perforate
: to rub
, , : the hand
: so, thus
, : season
: pr. inf. in result clause, so the urine is forced easily

: neithernor
: dat. of means, they do not rub with the hand
: as a male (does)
: gen. after , nor do they touch the urethra
(sc. ): perf., (their urethras) are opened directly into
the genitals
: (females) drink more than boys
: it is so
: or something very near to these things
: pr. part. pass., cond., modifying and taking the place of a pr.
opt. in the protasis, if one were to consider
46

, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,

. ,
, : a star
, -, -: dry
, -, -: northern
: to distinguish, discern
: to set
, : dysentery
: likely
: whetheror
: to make in, cause
: suddenly
befall
: to rise
, -: very rainy
, -, : a year
, -: calm, fine, mild
, , : spring
, -, : summer
, : due measure, proportion,
fitness
: very, exceedingly
, : autumn
moderate
, -, -: of sickness, diseased
, -, -: southern
, : ophthalmia, inflammation of
the eye
, -, : a stifling heat
, -: feverish, full of fevers
, : a sign, a mark, token
, -, -: wholesome, sound,
healthy
: to throw over, exceed
, -, : winter
, -, : cold
, -, -: timely, seasonable
: pres. opt. in fut. less vivid apodosis, one would discern

: fut. inf. complementary with , of what sort the year is going to be
: according to principle
: 3 s. ao. subj. in protasis of pr. general cond., if the signs occur ... if
there are waters, etc.
: dat. of specification, nor exceeding due measure wish respect to cold i.e.
being too cold
: ao. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever the stifling heat
happens suddenly
: (sc. ): then the year is likely to be
47
Hippocrates

,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,

: to dry up
, , : a woman
, -: very wet, moist
, -, -: twofold, double
, : dysentery
, , : of spring
, : brain
, -, : figure, type, constitution
: likely
befall
: to fall upon, attack
, : rising (of a star)
, : Etesians, annual winds
, , : spring
, -, -: hot, warm
: to burn, heat
, -, : a heat
, , : the dog star, Sirius
, : the south wind
, : a heavy rain, shower
, -, -: sharp, keen, acute
: to be flaccid, be flabby
, , : flesh
: make solid, brace
, -, -: wet, moist
, -, : phlegmatic
, -, : winter
: gen. abs., with the ground being wet

: an attributive phrase, by the spring rains
: pr. part. gen., by the earth being ... and by the sun
burning
: perf. part. gen abs., bowels not having become solid
: perf. part. gen abs., brain having become dry
: gen. abs., the spring being such
: pr. inf., it is not possible for the body not to be flabby + inf. is
regular after a neg. main clause, resulting in a strong positive assertion
: inf. showing potential result, so that fevers fall upon all
: (those of) the wettest constitutions
: ao. subj. in pr. gen. cond., if rain occurs
48

, ,
: ,
, ,
,
. '
,
, ,
' ,
, -: powerless, weak
: to end up in ( + acc.)
, -, -: dry, dusty, rough
, -, -: northern
, -, : belly
, , : a woman
: to miscarry
, -, : hope, expectation
, -: very rainy
, -: calm, clear, mild
, -, -: least
, , : spring
, : death
, : a danger
, : autumn
, -, -: wet, moist, damp

, : a young child
: to cease
: to be superior to, overcome
: to blow
, -, : an old man
quartan (fever)
: to bear, give birth
, : childbirth, parturition
: to happen to (+ part.)
, -, -: healthy, wholesome
, -, : dropsy
, -, -: wintry, stormy
, -, : winter
: ao. subj., and (if) the Etesian winds blow

: there is hope that + inf.
, : note the timelessness of the aorist inf., that they will cease
and the autumn will become
: there is a danger that + acc. + inf.
: ao. part. acc. subj. of inf. , that those who
survive end up getting a fever
: acc. subj. of , the women miscarry
: ao. subj. in gen. rel. clause, whoever happens to + part.
: i.e. be pregnant
: pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., and (whenever) the delivery is
: ao. subj. in gen. rel. clause, whoever gives birth
49
Hippocrates
, ,
.
. ,
.
: to destroy utterly, kill, slay

, -: without strength, weak,
feeble
: at once
, : dysentery
, -, -: some
: to live
the nose and throat
, : a head
, -, -: small, puny
, -: sickly, diseased
, -, -: dry
, : ophthalmia, an
, -, : lung
: to bear, give birth
: inf. for indic., the women give birth to

, : result cl., so that they either die or they live....
note the variation between inf. and indic.
: acc. (sc. ), for the rest there are dysentery and eye
inflammations
Result Clauses
introduces result clauses either with an infinitive or with a finite verb.
+ indicative often emphasizes the actual occurrence of the result. Both time
and aspect are indicated by the form of the verb.
: and it causes
strong pain, with the result that they rub their genitals
+ infinitive indicates a possible or intended result, without emphasizing its
actual occurrence. The infinitive does not express time, but only aspect.
,
: so that some die suddenly, while others become paralyzed
Just as AWP makes frequent use of the indefinite form of relative and temporal
clauses (with + subjunctive) to indicate generalized relationships, so too
+ infinitive is used frequently to indicate typical or general results, rather than
actual results. Note the following example where the two forms are mixed:
,
: so that they either die immediately or they continue living,
but weak and sickly
50

,
, ,

,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, -, : blood
: to die
, -, : looseness,
porousness, flabbiness
, -, -: left, on the left side
, , : a woman
, -, -: right, on the right side
, : dysentery
, : brain
: likely
, -, : a melting away,
attenuation
: suddenly
befall
: to run down
, , : spring
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : heat
the nose and throat
, -, -: dry
, -, : dryness
, : ophthalmia, an
, -: paralytic, paralyzed
, -, : an old man
, , : flesh
: to combine, become
, -, : a body
, -, : wetness, moisture
, -, : phlegm
, -, : phlegmatic
, , : a vein
, -, : winter
, -: bilious
: gen. abs., with phlegm running down from the

head
, : pr. inf. in res. cl., so that some
die, some become....
: acc. of resp., paralyzed on the right or left side
... : pr. subj. with indicating a conditional force to this
temporal clause, if the brain and veins do not become hardened
: gen. abs. causal, because the winter is...
51
Hippocrates
, ,

, ,
,
, .

, ,

,
, -, -: good
: to perceive, feel
: at the time of, together with (+ dat.)
, -, -: northern
, : hoarseness, sore throat
: it is necessary
: to loose, undo
, : a brain
, -, -: marshy
: suddenly
befall
: to fall upon, befall
, , : spring
, -: less (+ gen.)
, -, : summer
: to cleanse, clean, purge
, -, : a burning heat
: to be laid, lie
, -, : a running of the nose, head
cold
, -: pooling, marshy
, -, : sickness
: at what point, when
: to make fast
: to set together, combine,
associate, unite, band together
: to use, enjoy (+ dat.)
, -, -: cold, chill
... : this is the main clause of this

complex sentence
... : correlatives, at the very time when ... just at that time
: pas. inf. with acc. subj. after , when it
(the brain) ought to be loosened and cleansed
... : res. cl., so that these diseases befall
... : gen. abs., with
summer becoming ... the change occurring
: gen. of place from which, they lie from (the
direction of) the sun and winds
: dat. of means with , they use good waters
: while these cities feel less these cities
feel more
52

, .
,
,
.
,
,

, .

: to dry up
, -, -: old
happen
: likely (+ inf.)
, -, : a wound
befall
, -: very rainy
, -, : a year
, -: quicker, swifter
, -, : summer
, : a danger, risk
, : leientery, a passing of ones
food undigested
: more, rather
, : autumn
, -, -: sickly, marked by illness
, -, : sickness
: to cease
lungs
, -, : pleurisy
, -: long-lasting, chronic
, -, : a reason, cause
: easily, readily
: to complete, finish, accomplish
: forty
, -, : dropsy
, : cancerous sore, canker
, -, : phlegmatic
, -, : winter
, -: bilious
: gen., from the (direction of) the winds and sun

(= + ) : ao. subj. in pr. gen. cond., even if summer becomes
: pr. inf. after , there is danger that sores will be introduced
: pr. part. dat. agreeing with , as they conclude
: comp., for those older than 40 years
53
Hippocrates
,
, .
, ,
,
, , :
:
, ,
, .
: to dry up
, -: waterless, dry
, : Arcturus (a star)
, , : a cough
, -, -: northern
, , : a woman
, : brain
: likely (+ inf.)
, -, -: some
befall
, -: very rainy
, -, : summer
, : a headache
, -, : a running of the nose, head
cold
, : the Dog Star, Sirius
: very much, exceedingly
, : melancholy
, : autumn
: neither nor
, -, -: dry
, : ophthalmia, an
, -, -: hostile, harmful
: over and above, besides
: to be beneficial to +dat.
, : gangrene, mortification
, -, -: wet, moist, running, fluid
, -: watery, full of water
, -, : a wasting away,
consumption
, -, : phlegmatic
, -, : winter
, : gall, bile
, -: bilious
: ao. subj. in pr. gen. cond., if the summer becomes

: specifically tuberculosis of the lung, hence phthisiology
... : pr. subj. of , if (the summer) is dry...
: under the Dog Star, whose helical rising is July 19
: at Arcturus, whose helical rising is September 17
: acc. of resp., those moist in constitution
: partitive gen., the wettest and most watery (portion) of the bile
54
,
'
: ,
.
, -, : blood
: to use up
: to dry up
, ,: aiding, beneficial
: to come to
, -, -: keen, pungent, acrid
: to leave, leave behind

, -, -: thick
, -, : phlegmatic
, -, : winter
: according to the same account, i.e. in the same manner

: perf. part., but having been dried up
Expressions of Specification and Respect
For adjectives and for verbs expressing a state, an accusative noun can
be added to denote a thing in respect to which the verb or adjective is limited. This
accusative of respect is the most common such expression in Greek. Besides this
one, AWP also occasionally uses a dative of specification; at other times, perhaps
just for the sake of variation, the author also uses or + the accusative.
Here are some examples:
: they become
paralyzed with respect to the right or left sides
, : they are
large in size and very thick in breadth
: milder in character
: similar in physique
: better in disposition and intelligence
: nor exceeding the due
measure with respect to cold

: you will find them keener and more intelligent
in the crafts and better with respect to war
: they differ among each other in
all things
: such are things with regard
to their diet
55
Hippocrates
Hippocrates Medical Calendar
Throughout AWP, times of the year are indicated by astronomical events.
Changes in season are marked not only by the equinoxes (), and
solstices (), as they are today, but also by the rising () and
setting () of celestial bodies. Risings and settings fall into one of three
categories: acronychal, heliacal, and cosmic.
Acronychal
Rising: Evening Rise, when a star rises as the sun sets, and so is
visible all night.
Setting: a star sets as the sun sets, an invisible event.*
Heliacal
Rising: Morning Rise, when a star, previously invisible because of

proximity to the sun, becomes briefly visible in the eastern
sky just before sunrise.
Setting: a star sets on the western horizon in the evening, and is
visible just after sunset.
Rising: a star rises as the sun rises; an invisible event.*
Cosmic
Setting: Cosmic set, a star, having been visible through the night,
sets as the sun rises.
It is worth noting that the true acronychal rising and cosmic setting are
invisible events, and so the ancients are referring to the apparent events. The
apparent acronychal (evening) rising is the last visible rising of a star in the
evening twilight. On the following day, there will still be too much daylight to see
the star as it cross the horizon. The apparent cosmic setting is the first visible
setting of a star in the morning twilight. On the preceding day, sunlight would
have obscured the star at the moment it met the horizon. These two events,
together with the heliacal (morning) rise, are used to mark the time of year in
AWP. These phenomena are described for three celestial bodies:
: the Dog Star, Sirius, whose heliacal rising indicated the dog
days of summer and the flooding of the Nile River.
: the Pleiades, a cluster of 7 stars in the constellation Taurus.
The heliacal rising of the Pleiades was a popular date for the
beginning of summer, while their cosmic setting marked the
beginning of winter.
: Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Botes,
whose acronychal and heliacal risings were popular dates for the
bringing of spring and the end of summer, respectively.
* These definitions are not used consistently by astronomers, and are sometimes
interchanged. For a discussion of this inconsistency, as well as the broader
concepts, see Kelley, David H., and E. F. Milone. Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of
Ancient and Cultural Astronomy. (New York: Springer, 2011), 40.
56

The circular calendar below shows the approximate position of the celestial events
mentioned in AWP throughout the year.
57
Hippocrates
It is especially important to pay attention to the effects of changes in the seasons.
[11.]

.
, ,
, ,

,
,
, -, -: each, both
: ten
: to give
: willing, readily
: to think, consider, reflect
, -: dangerous, precarious
, : a day
summer
, : equinox
: to kindle, burn
, : belly
: neithernor

: to go by, pass
, -: more, greater
: before
: to look after, observe
: to cut
, -: four
, : a turn, turning
: to keep watch, guard
: it is necessary
(= ): by reflecting
(= ): by observing
: potential opt. with , one may know in advance
: fut. inf. after , of the things about to be
: pr. part. agreeing with the subject of , that one willingly give
: here, to cauterize
: ao. subj., before 10 days pass without as often in
Herodotus
: the following (changes)
: the solstices (June 25 and Dec. 23), the days on which the suns rising
begins to turn direction, hence the longest and shortest day of the year
: i.e. March 23 and Sept. 25, the vernal and autumnal equinoxes
: pr. part. (sc. ): are thought to be
58
, , ,
:
. , ,

.
The differences between Europe and Asia.
[12.] .

, ,
.
,
: one another
: to destroy, be fatal
, : the star Arcturus
, : Asia
, : a star
: to will, wish
: to bring to light, exhibit, point
out
: to change, be different
: to differ
, -, : a setting (of a star)
, -, : a nation, people
, -, : form, shape
: it is like, similar to (+ dat.)
, : a rising (of a star)
, -, -: another, other
, : Europe
, : a day
, -, : a constitution
: to bring to a crisis
, : the Dog Star, Sirius
: to abate, cease
: to change
, -, -: of the autumn,
autumnal
, : form, shape
, -, : sickness, illness
, : the Pleiades, a constellation
of 7 stars
: the heliacal rising of Sirius, the dogstar, July 19

: the heliacal rising of Arcturus, Sept. 17
: the cosmic setting of the constellation Pleiades, Nov. 6
: some (diseases)others
: ao. inf. of , I wish to point out
: indirect quest., to point out how much they differ
: in every respect
: potential opt. with , the account would be great
59
Hippocrates
The World of Airs, Waters, and Places
It is likely that the names Europe and Asia were first used of the
opposite shores of the Aegean and gradually extended to the land masses beyond
them. The division between Europe and Asia beyond the Black Sea was generally
a matter of speculation and hearsay rather than exact knowledge. These two
maps represent the world as it was imagined by two early Milesian thinkers,
Anaximander (c. 610-546 BCE) and Hecataeus (c. 550 to 476 BCE). In
Anaximanders very schematic map, the Phasis River is part of the boundary
between Europe and Asia. Hecataeus map, apparently based in part on his own
travels, made the Caspian Sea, which was thought to communicate with the
Ocean, part of the boundary between Europe and Asia, together with the Caucasus
Mountains and the Black (Euxine) Sea.
Anaximander (610-546 BCE)
60
Hecataeus (c. 550-476 BCE)
Like Hecataeus, Herodotus imagined Europe to be comparable in length to Asia

and Libya combined (the latter conceived of as a peninsula of Asia). In his fourth
book he has this to say about the boundaries of the continents:
And I am not able to understand for what reason it is that to the Earth,
which is one, three different names are given derived from women, and
why there were set as boundaries to divide it the river Nile of Egypt and the
Phasis in Colchis (or as some say the Maiotian river Tanais and the
Kimmerian ferry); nor can I learn who those persons were who made the
boundaries, or for what reason they gave the names.
The map on the next page represents the world of Herodotus, which is probably
the closest to the idea of the author of AWP:
61
62
OF
HERODOTUS
THE WORLD
Hippocrates

.
,
:
,
,
. ,
,
:
, ,
.
, : a cause
, : a rising, rise
, : Asia
, -, : growth, increase
, -, -: forcible, violent
: to differ
: to be powerful, prevail
: to rule over, dominate
, -: good-tempered
, : Europe
, -, : character, disposition
, -, -: tame, tamed
, -, : tameness
, -, -: gentle, mild, kind
, : the dawn, the East
, : an equal share, balance

, : more beautiful (comp. of
)
: to be laid, lie
, -, : a mixing, blending
, - , -: all together
: whenever
: farther
: to declare, say
: to bring forth, produce, grow
, : a space, place, region
, -, -: cold, chill
: fut. of , I will say

: as it seems to me to be
: gen. of comparison after , Asia differs from Europe
: with respect to the natures of all things
: gen. of comparison after , more tame than our land
: blending of the seasons, i.e. a temperate climate
: midway between + gen.
: between (the winter and summer) risings
: because (Asia) is situated
: gen. of separation, farther away from the cold
: periphrastic subj. in temporal cl., whenever nothing is dominating
forcibly
: objective gen., a balance of everything
: pr. subj. also with , when balance prevails
63
Hippocrates
, '
,
,
.
,
,
,
, ,
:
: to hold forth, bestow

: to dry up
, : lack of water, drought
: on the spot, here
, : drought, squalor
: to constrain, oppress
, : earth
: likely
: to burn out, scorch
, -: well-wooded, full of trees
, -: calm, peaceful
, -: rich in fruit, fruitful
, -, -: hot, warm
, : fruit
: to be laid, lie

, : damp
, : heavy rain
, -, -: like, resembling, similar
, -, -: as much
, -: heavenly, from the sky
: everywhere
, -, : seed
, : plant
, -, : snow
, -, : cold
, -, -: cold, chill
, -, -: produced at the right
season
: not everywhere do things exist similarly, i.e. it is not uniform

: with respect to Asia
... : as much (of the land) ... this part
: perf. of , it (this place) has enjoyed the best waters
: i.e. both rain and spring water
: perf. pas. of , neither has it been scorched
: perf. part., having been oppressed
: neut. pl., the harvests
: n. pl., whatever plants
: the earth itself
: thematic pr. (= )
: rel. pron., of which (harvests)
: to a suitable (soil)
: the cattle raised there (in temperate Asia)
64

, ,
,

, ,
,
:
.

, -, -: living in the fields, wild

, : manliness, courage
, -: different, unlike
: to be able, capable (+ inf.)
happen
: near, nigh, at hand
, -, : a form, shape, appearance
: likely (+ inf.)
: to bring up, rear up
, : patience in work, industry
: to bring up in, raise in
, -, -: useful, suitable
: to thrive, flourish, prosper
, -: well-fed, well-grown,
thriving
, -, -: least
: to tame, make tame
, , : spring
, : spirit, passion
, -, : a beast, (pl.) cattle
, -, : magnitude, size, stature
: to transplant
, -, : moderation,
mildness
, -: of the same race, native
, -, -: close, dense, strong
, : suffering, hardiness
: to give birth, bear
: adj., and to bear the strongest and finest

(offspring), or adv., they bear (offspring) very frequently and well
: acc. + inf., men are
: dat. of specification, very large in stature
: differing little with respect to their appearances and
statures
: gen. after , very near to spring i.e. between winter and
summer
: n. pl. pred. after , that land is very near
: potential opt., it may not be possible for manliness, etc. to occur
: the nature neither of a native nor a foreigner.
i.e., the native peoples of Asia as well as foreign born immigrants, such as the
Greek colonists in Asia Minor.
: pr. inf. after , it is necessary that pleasure rule
65
Hippocrates
, ...
.
Concerning those who dwell on the eastern boundaries between Europe and Asia.
[13.]
.

,
.

.
, -, -: wild, savage
, : an Egyptian
, -: of another race, foreign
, : a rising, rise
, : Asia
, : earth
, : Europe
, : delight, enjoyment, pleasure
summer
, : a wild animal, beast

: to be strong, rule
, -, : a Libyan
, : a pool, lake
: up to, so far as
, -, -: like, resembling
, : a boundary, landmark
: to make
, -: multiform, of many
shapes
: to relate before
, -, -: close, frequent, strong
There is a lacuna after where the text treats the Egyptians and Libyans.
: as far as Lake Maeotis, the modern Sea of Azov, north
of the Black Sea, which was thought to communicate with the northern ocean
and to be the dividing line between Europe and Asia
: perf. part. gen. of comparison, more different from each
other than those described above
: acc. of resp. after , similarly with respect to those very things as
: pr. mid., where the seasons experience + acc.
: 2 s. fut., you will find
66

: ,
,
, .
, .
, ,
,
, .
:
,
.
: to change, alter
, -: waterless, dry
, -: uneven, irregular
: to will, wish
, : earth
, -, -: hairy, shaggy, wooded
, -: tree-like
, : a difference, distinction
, -: marshy
ponder
, -, -: like, resembling (+ dat.)
: to find

, -: more grassy
, -, : a meadow, grassy place
, -, -: small, puny, slight
: to change, alter
, : a form, shape
, -, -: dry
, -, -: even, level
, -, : a mountain, hill
, : a plain, flat
: more, greater
, -, -: bare
: agreeing only with but understood with the other items as well.
you will find that these are
: adv., the seasons differ not much
: some natures others
: attr. part., the seasons which alter
: pr. subj. of in general cond., if they (the seasons) are very different
: dat. of poss., the differences of the forms (of the humans)
: adv., differ slightly
67
Hippocrates
The peculiar Longheads and the natural and cultural forces that affect their appearance.
[14.]
: ,
. .
.

, :
.
: ,
, ,
, -, -: blameworthy, responsible
, -, -: soft to the touch, tender
, -, -: noble, wellborn
: to differ
: to think, deem
, : a head
, -: long-headed
, -, -: long
, -, -: soft, tender
, -, : length
, : a usage, custom, law
, -, -: similar, resembling
: to set aside, leave remaining
: to throw together, join
together
, -, -: quick
: so, thus
: (sc. ) the ones which differ greatly

: fut. of , I will speak
: about the Longheads
: gen. after , heads similar to them, where the dative is more
common
: pr. part nom. modifying , there is no other race possessing heads
: adv., not at all
: at first
: ao., became or just was
: mid. of , nature contributes to the custom
: pred. acc., they deem them the most noble
: ao. subj. of in temp. cl., whenever a child is born
: pr. part. circumstantial, while it is still soft
: gen. abs., the child being tender
: dat. of means, with their hands
68

,
, ,
' ,
. ,
: ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
: to force, compel
: remodel
: to make large, increase
, : force, strength
, -, -: gray, gray or blue-eyed
, : seed
, -, : a band, bond
: to twist about, distort
, -, -: made for a purpose,
suitable, fit
: to come, go
: to mistreat, ruin
: to achieve, accomplish
, : a head
: to hinder, check, prevent (+ inf.)
, -: long-headed
: no more, no longer
, -, : length
, : form, shape
, -, -: sickly, diseased
: from all places, on every
side
, -, : a great number,
multitude
: to bring to, apply
, -, -: twisted, squinting
, : roundness
, -, : a body
, -, : a device
, -, -: baldheaded, bald
, , : a hand
, : time
: rel. pron., by means of which (devices)

: at first
: ao., custom achieved
: ao. inf. in res. cl., so that such a nature became
: gen. abs., and as time went on
: res. cl., so that custom was no longer necessary
: perf. part. gen. pl., from those who are twisted (in their eyes)
i.e. squinting
: for the most part
: the same account
: pr. inf. after , prevents from happening
69
Hippocrates
;
:
.
Concerning those who dwell along the Phasis River.
[15.] .
,

,

,
: .
: upwards
: on the spot
, -, : a walking, going
, -, -: shaggy, rough
, : a way of living, mode of life
: to sail across
, -, : a trench, conduit, canal
, -, : low ground by rivers, a
marsh-meadow
, -: marshy, fenny
, : the market
, -, -: hot, warm
: to be strong
, -, -: made of reed
: down, downwards
: to prepare, make ready

, -: made from a solid trunk
, -, -: of wood, wooden
, -, : a dwelling place
, -, -: few, little, scanty, small
, : heavy rain
, : a being together, intercourse
, -, -: before, former
, -, -: watery, moist
, -, : the river Phasis
: to use (+ dat.)
: i.e., it is not as prevalent as before

: about these, i.e. the Longheads
: those on the Phasis river
: acc. of duration of time, rains occur through every season
: perf. part., dwellings constructed in the water
: dat. of means after , they use little walking
: boats crafted from a single, hollowed out log, as a dugout canoe
70

, ,
.
:
, , ,
: :
.

, '
: , :
, -: not thriving, feeble

: to remove, differ from (+
gen.)
, : a joint
, -: without end, incomplete
: on the spot
: wherefore, on which account
: to increase, enlarge, augment
, , : air, vapor
: to make womanish, soften
, : the wrist
, -: quite manifest, plain,
visible
: to pour down upon, pour over
, -, : size, height, stature

, : heavy rain
, : thickness
: to ripen, make ripe
: to drink
, : a great quantity
, : a river, stream
, -, : an alleged cause
: to flow, run, stream, gush
: to make rotten
, -: standing, stationary
, -: very fat
, : those living along the Phasis
river
, , : a vein
, : pr. pas. part., waters being putrefied by the sun and

swollen by rains
: intens., The River Phasis itself
: partitive gen., the most stagnant of all rivers
: super. adv. modifying , running most gently
: pf. part. of , the fruits are softened
: vapor from the waters, referring to fog generated by
the Phasis
: perf. part., physiques removed from i.e. different from + gen.
: gen. of separation after , forms different
from the rest of men
, : acc. of resp., large in stature and very fat in thickness
: nom. pl. masc., very fat
71
Hippocrates
,
,
, , :
, :
, , ,
.
: , .
, -, -: wild
, -: weak, feeble
, : air in motion, a breeze
: to come to
, -, -: heavy
, -, -: faint, slight
, -, : north wind
, , : one
: sometimes
, -, -: of a place, local
, , : air, vapor
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, -: foul, turbid
, : jaundice
, : the Cenchron wind
, -, -: bright, brilliant, radiant
: to change, alter
, -, -: wet, moist, southerly

, -: moist
: to name, call
: except (+ gen.)
: to blow
, -, : stifling heat
: very, very much, exceedingly,
violently
: to endure hard labor
: to utter a sound or voice
: to bring forth, produce, put forth
, -, -: hard to bear
: to make use of (+ dat.)
, : the surface of a body, the skin
, -, : cold
, -, -: pale, wan, sallow
: pr. pas. part., as though being held by i.e. suffering from + gen.
: they have the deepest voices
: dat. with , enjoying (i.e. breathing) air
: art. inf., toward working hard
: acc. resp., physical work
: perf. of , they are by nature
: the southerly winds, which are moist
: acc. pred., they call this wind Cenchron
: pr. subj. in indef. temp. cl., whenever (the North wind) blows, it
is
72

How the environment affects the character of Asians and Europeans.
[16]
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, , '

.
, -: ill-judging, senseless
: to make wild or savage
, : want of heart, faintheartedness
: always, for ever
, -, -: blameworthy, culpable
, : want of manhood
, -: unwarlike, unfit for war
, : Asia
, -, -: Asian
, : a mind, judgment
, : difference, distinction
: likely
, -, : a disturbance
, -, -: European
, : Europe
, -, : an accustomed place
, -, -: tame, tamed, reclaimed
, -, -: hot, warm
, -: high-spirited, courageous
, -, : a change
: to partake of, take part in (+ gen.)
, : form, shape
, : temperament, disposition, nature
: adv., equably
: to make
, -, -: cold, chill
: concerning the difference + gen.

: so it is
: the form of those (people) in Asia and Europe
: gen. of comparison, more unwarlike than the Europeans
: acc. of resp., gentler in their disposition
: pred. acc., the seasons are responsible
: mid. part. f. pl., making changes
: rel. pron., from which
: pr. pas. inf. after , likely to be made wild
: rather than
: being always in the same i.e. being perpetually in the same
state
73
Hippocrates

, .
:
.
, ,
, , '
.
:
,

, -: feeble
: to die
, : Asia
, -, -: Asian
: to practice, train
: to keep quiet
, -: living under one's own
laws, independent
: to be king, to rule, reign
, -, : race, stock, family
, : a mind, judgment
: to rule
, -, : a master
: to allow
: likely
: to awaken, wake up, rouse
, -, -: in control of (+ gen.)
, : a danger, risk
, -: fit for battle, warlike
, : custom, law
, : young child
, -, -: of or belonging to war
: in addition, besides
, -, : alleged cause,
: to serve in war
: to suffer hardship or
distress
, : pr. part. f. pl., which rouse and do not permit

: the majority of Asia
: pas. of , is ruled over by kings,
: pr. pas., are mastered
: not about this namely, the questions that follow
: their concern is
, : ao. subj. of deliberative questions retained in
indirect question. how they might practice... how they might not seem to be...
: acc. + inf. after , it is likely that these serve as
soldiers
: by force
: for the sake of their masters
74

:
, '
:

: , ,
.
:
, ' ,


, -, -: manly
: to turn
, : lack of cultivation
, : Asia
, -: independent
, : a barbarian
, : earth
, : a mind
: to rule
, -, : a master
: to grow from, enlarge
, : a Greek
: to work, labor
: to strip bare, to desolate, lay

waste
, -: courageous
, : death
: to harvest
, : a danger
, : custom, law, ordinance
, : enemy
: to suffer hardship or
distress
, -, -: loved, beloved, dear
: to grow, be born
, -, -: useful
: pr. part. acc. m. pl. modifying (sc. ), while being away

from their children, etc.
: ao. subj. in gen. rel. cl., whatever things they do
: but the dangers answering to above
: they themselves (i.e. the subjects)
' : from them (i.e. the deeds)
: in addition to these things
: acc. + inf. after , it is necessary that the land be
empty
... : pr. inf. in res. cl., so that his mind is turned
: dat. of means, by nature, i.e. naturally
: perf. of , if someone has been born
75
Hippocrates
, ,
.
, ,
:
, .
The case of the Scythian race of the Sauromatae.
[17.] .
,
, ,
. ,
, : the prize of contest

, -, -: responsible
: to hurl a javelin
, : manliness
, : Asia
, -, -: Asian
, -: better
, , : a woman
, : cowardice
: to differ from (+ gen.)
: to find
, : Europe
, : loss, damage
: to drive horses, ride
, : a horse
: to run the risk
, : a pool, lake
: to fight (+ dat.)
: to inhabit, occupy
, -, -: before
, : a Sarmatian
, -, -: Scythian
: to shoot a bow
, -, -: mean, bad
: to bear for oneself, to win
: in like manner, just so
: anastrophe, for themselves

: these very ones bear
: 2. s. fut., you will find
: the Asians themselves
: some being better, others being worse
: pred., are responsible for + gen.
: perf. pas. of , as it has been said
: rel. pron., a race, which lives
: modern day Sea of Azov
: (= ) are called
: cf. Her. Hist. 4, 110-17
76

, .
,
. '
.
.
' ,
, ,

, , : a man, husband
: to kill, slay
: to lay aside ones
virginity
: to gain
, -: red-hot
, -, -: customary
: to burn up, cauterize
: than (after comp.)
: to offer, sacrifice
, -, -: sacred, holy
: to drive horses, rise
: to seize upon, befall
, : a breast
: until
, , : a mother
, -, -: infant
, -: common to all, general
, : a young child
, : a maiden, virgin
: to make to cease
, : an enemy
, : an expedition, campaign
: to dwell together
: to make by art, construct
: three
, : a bronze or copper
instrument
: subj. of , as long as they are virgins

: subj. in gen. temp. cl., until they kill
: partitive gen., three of their enemies
: ao. subj. in indef. temp. cl., before they sacrifice
: ao. subj. of in gen rel. cl., whoever gains for herself
: dat. of ref., for herself
: pr. part. with , she ceases riding
: ao. subj. in gen. temp. cl., as long as no necessity
befalls
: perf. part., having been constructed
: while they are still infants
: constructed for this very purpose
: pred. acc. with , making the instrument red-hot
: inf. in result cl., so that the growth (of the breast)
is retarded
77
Hippocrates
,
.
Concerning the customs of the other Scythians.
[18.] ,
, ,
,
, ' .
,
. ,
. ,
, , ' .
, -, -: Egyptian
, : a wagon
: to constrain, oppress
, -, : an arm
: to treat, (pass.) live ones life
: to give up, surrender
, -: holding water, well-watered
: draw off
: to be like
, : a desert, wilderness
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : strength
: to call
, -: meadowy, grassy
, : a work, account
moderate
, : form, shape
, -, : roaming about for
pasture, a Nomad
, -, : a dwelling, house
: in no way, not at all
, -: flat, level
, : a plain, flat
, -, : the largest part, mass
: except
, : a river, stream
, -, : a Scythian
: to ruin, destroy
, -, -: bare
, -, -: cold, chill
, : a shoulder
() : res. cl., so that all strength and bulk is surrendered to

: dat. after , they are similar to themselves
(= ): the same account
: the latter the former
: perf. part. periphrastic, they are oppressed
: the so-called desert of the Scythians
78

, ,

, , :
, ,
. , ,
, : .
:
' ' .
: '
,
, : a wagon
, , : a man
, -, -: simple, single
: to suffice, be sufficient, be
enough
: without (+ gen.)
, : a cow
, , : a woman
: to treat, (pass.) live ones life
: two
: to draw, drag
, -: six-wheeled
: to follow
, -, : a yoke of beasts, pair
, : a horse
, , : a horn
, -, : a beast, (pl.) herd, flock
: to stay, remain
, -, : a dwelling, house
, -, -: how much, how great
: to uphold, endure, (pass.) to ride
: to fence, enclose
, : felt, felt cloth
, : a sheep
, -, -: proof, waterproof
, -: four-wheeled
: to employ art, contrive
, -, -: so large, so much
, : three
, -, -: triple, threefold
, -, : snow
, : time
, -, : cold
... : (sc. ) while the smallest... the largest

: perf. part. (sc. ) periphrastic, these are enclosed
: perf. part., they are contrived
, : The wagons may be divided into several
compartments, like rooms in a house.
: proof against water, etc.
... : some (wagons) while others
: antistrophe, without horn
: because of the cold
: pr. part. attrib. with , the ones that are there
: in the same (place)
: pr. subj. in temp.cl., so long as fodder is sufficient
79
Hippocrates
, .
' , ,
' .
How environmental factors affect the constitution of the Scythians.
[19.]
,
,
,
. '
, :
, -, -: Egyptian
: to depart from, differ from
(+ gen.)
, : the north
, -, : the north wind
, , : milk
, -, : race, stock
, : a way of living, lifestyle
: to go, migrate
: to eat
, -, -: boiled, dressed
, -, -: least
, : mares-milk cheese
, : a horse, mare
: to be laid, lie
, : flesh, meat
, -, : magnitude, size, stature
: no more, no longer, no further

, : form, shape
: from which, whence
: whenever
: to drink
multitude
: to blow
, -: producing much
offspring, prolific
, : the Rhipaean (mountains)
, -, -: Scythian
: to grow, bring up, rear
: to gnaw, munch, eat
, : cheese
, : pasture, fodder
: perf. pas., it differs from + gen.

: it () is like itself
: the Rhipaean mountains, a fabled range at the extreme north of the
known world
80

,
, ,
,
, '

.
. ,
: ,
, .
: always, forever
, : the north
, -: without strength, weak,
feeble
: to treat, (pass.) to live ones life
, -: bad to dwell in,
uninhabitable
: to leave out, pass over
: to go, come
, , : air, fog
, : a day
, -, -: of summer, in summer
: to warm, heat
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : summer
: to hold fast, occupy
, : ice
: very, exceedingly
, -: raised, high-lying
: whenever
: but few times, seldom
: not ever, never
, : a plain, flat
, : a going around, orbit, cycle
: to blow
: very, much
: to finish, complete
, -, : winter
, -, : snow
, : time
, -, -: cold, chill
: pr. part., as it is setting

: ao. subj. in temp. cl., whenever it comes
: during the summer solstice
: acc. of duration of time, for a short while
: winds blowing from warm (regions)
(=) : unless
: (the ice) leaves
: gen. time within which, during the day
: even on these
: (= ) they pass their lives
: pr. inf. of in result cl., so that the winter is perpetual
: acc. of duration of time, the summer (lasts) for a few days
81
Hippocrates
, , '
.
, ' .
, .
,
' :
,
,
,
: always, for ever

, : warmth
, -: steep, sloped
, : the north
: on the spot, there
, : earth
: since
: to draw, drag
, -, : dress, clothing
, , : air
, -, : summer
: to change
: to be able (+ ind.)
, -, -: like, similar
, -, -: thick, coarse
, : a plain, flat
: to drink
, : corn, grain, food
: to cover, shelter
: to surround
, -, : winter
, -, -: bare, empty
, -, : nakedness, bareness
: perf. pas., the plains have not been surrounded by mountains

: but rather
: pas. inf., complementing , they are such as are able to
be sheltered
: but they are similar (to one another)
: they change little
: acc. resp., in physique
: dat. after , using the same clothing
: gen. of time within which, both in summer and in
winter
: pr. part., drawing (air) i.e. breathing
82

, :
, ,
.
,
, , .

,
, ,
,
: one another, each other

: to dry up
, -: without (apparent) joints,
not articulated
: to be away, be absent
, -: male
, -: slack, relaxed, flabby
happen
: be like (+ dat.)
, , : female
, -, : ill-treatment, distress
, -, : a settling, state,
condition
: down, downwards
, -, : a stomach
: I am able (+ inf.)
, : frost
, -, -: nearly resembling
, -, : thick, stout
, : soft fat
, -: fleshy
, , : flesh
: to go through hard labor, to
suffer hardship
, : hardihood, the hard life
, : destruction, ruin, corruption
, -, : snow
, -, -: bare, naked
, : spirit, mind
: gen. abs., with the hard life being absent

: acc. + inf. after (sc. ), for it is not
possible for the body to suffer hardship
: those below (i.e. the lower bowels, or intestines) are most moist of all
: acc. + inf. after (sc. ), for it is not possible for
the stomach to be dried up
: gen. abs., the seasons being similar
83
Hippocrates
,
.
On the moistness of the Scythians and its consequences for their health.
[20.] .
, ,

,
, ' '
. ,

,
, : a javelin
: to dry up
, : a joint
, : slackness, flabbiness
, -: forcible, violent
, , : an arm
, : seed
: to be able, be possible
: to throw
: to find
, -, : a hip
: to burn, cauterize
, : a wrist
, : softness, delicacy
, -, : a Nomad
: whenever
, -, : loins
, -, : a breast
, -, : coagulation
: to draw tight
, : a bow
: to chance upon (+ gen.)
, , : a hand
, : a shoulder
: ao. subj. of in pr. gen. cond., unless there occurs some

necessity or disease
: dat. of means, by the chance of + gen.
: the moistness (of the Scythians)
: fut. of , I will provide proof
: all of the ones who (are ) Nomads)
: perf. part. in ind. st. after , you will find that their
shoulders have been cauterized
() () : because of nothing other than
: dat. of means, with their shoulder
: ao. pas. subj. in indef. temp. cl., whenever these are
cauterized
84

, ,
.
,
, ,
: ,
' ,
, ,

.
, : Egypt
, : a wagon
: to fasten by a joint, (pas.) be
articulated
, -: male
, -, : a walking, going on foot
, -, -: slow, sluggish
, -, -: short
, -, : a race, stock
, : a sitting, inactivity
, -: well-strung, sinewy
: thereupon, then
, -: a good sitting (on a horse)
, -, -: wondrous, wonderful,
marvelous
, , : female
, : riding, horse-exercise
, : a horse, mare
: to be seated
, -, : a migration
: to hold, think, practice
: to ride
, -, : a driving around
, -, -: wide, broad, squat
, -, -: yellowish-red, tawny
, -, -: crooked, curved
, -, -: Scythian
: to wrap in swaddlingclothes, swathe
, -, -: well-nourished, healthy
, : time
: the excess of the moisture

: their bodies become
: perf. part. of , articulated
: as they do in Egypt but the text may be corrupt here since it
is unlikely that Egyptians used swaddling clothes
: nor are they (the Scythians) accustomed (to do this)
: pr. subj. of in purp. cl., in order to be good riders
: secondly, on account of...
(sc. ): pr. subj. in temp. cl., as long as they are not able to +
inf.
: adv., seldom
: it is wonderful that + acc. + inf.
85
Hippocrates
, :
.
The Scythian constitution promotes infertility.
[21] :

,
: ,
.
:
:
: always, forever
, , : a man
, -: without strength, weak
, , : a woman
: to be able to (+ inf.)
: likely
befall
, : desire for (+ gen.)
: to light up, burn
, -, -: least
, : a horse, mare
: to strike, smite
: have sexual intercourse
, -, : whiteness
, -, : softness
, -, : mixing, sex
, : womb
, -, : mixing, sex
, -, -: sharp, keen
, -, : fattiness
, -: producing much
offspring, prolific
, -, : alleged cause
, , : flesh
: to seize
, -, : cold
, -, : coldness, cold
: gen. abs., not (because of) the sun befalling

: the whiteness (of their skin) is burned
(sc. ): nor is it possible + acc. + inf.
: from which things
(sc. ): it is least likely that + acc. + inf.
(sc. ): that a man is able to + inf.
... : while for the men for the women
86

:
, ' :
,

.
. :
,
.
The infertility of the Scythians and its causes.
[22]
, ,


, -: indifferent, careless
: to come to
, -, : the paunch, belly
, -, : race, stock, family
, : seed
, -, -: of or belonging to
women
, , : a woman
: to converse
, -: monthly
: to work, labor
, -, : impotent
, -, : thinness, leanness
: to hold
, -, : a cleansing
: to call
, -, -: soft
, -, : slave-girl
, -, -: fat
, -: fat
: to do, make
, -: prolific
, , : flesh
, -, -: Scythian
, : a mouth
: to enclose
, : hard work, hardship
: to receive
: to do first or before (+ part.)
, : that which ought be, expedient
, : time
, -, -: cold, chill
: as it should
: far apart in time
: the women themselves
: they no sooner arrive and they have
: they live like women, the definite article is generic
87
Hippocrates
.
, ,
.
,
,
:
. ,
, : ,
:
. :
, : a charge, cause
: androgynous
: without (+ gen.)
, -, -: human
: to be quite lame
: just as, so as (+ part.)
: to fear
, -, -: every, each
: to suffer from sores
: thereupon
, -, -: of a place, native
, -, -: divine
: to heal, cure
, : a horse
, : hip-joint
, -, : a kind of sore
: to hang
: to take
: to be sick
: experience, suffering
, : a foot
: to make obeisance to
: to put X (acc.) on Y (dat.)
: to feel awe or fear
: very
, : a turn, direction, course, way
: In Herod. 1.105 and 4.67 it is spelled , perhaps a Scythian word

: perf. part. of , being afraid
: even to me these seem
: all the others
: gen. of comp. after , more divine than another
: attributive phrase, its own nature
: pr. pas. part. in gen. abs. with causal particle , because their feet
are always being dangled from their horses. Jones reads .
: ao. subj. in gen. rel. cl., whoever is ill
88
. ,
, . ,
, ' .
: ,
, .
. ,
,
, , '
.
, -: impotent
, -, : blood
: to wake up, rouse
: to flow or run off, stream forth
: to begin
, : want of strength, weakness
: to come to
, : seed
, , : a woman
: to destroy utterly
: twice, doubly
: each of two
: to notice, be concerned
: thereupon
: to cut on the surface
, : stillness, rest, quiet

, -, : a healing
: to lie down to sleep, sleep
: behind (+ gen.)
, , : an ear
: more frequently, oftener
: to cut, hew
: therefore, accordingly
: thrice, three times
, -: sound, healthy
, : sleep, slumber
: to overtake
, , : a vein
: to use, have sex with (+ dat.)
: pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever it begins

: ao. subj. of in gen. temp. cl., once it has begun to
flow
, : some being... others not
: pr. pas. inf., the seed seems to be destroyed
: ao. subj. in pr. gen. cond., if someone cuts
: ao. pas. part., those who have been cut
: they (who perform the operation) seem to me to + inf.
: ao. subj. in gen. temp. cl., whenever they arrive
: pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., (and when) they are not able to + inf.
89
Hippocrates
,
, .
.
The cause of the Scythian afflictions is indicated by its provenance among the wealthy.
, ' ,
, .
,
,
, -, -: different
: to miss, wrong
, : want of manhood
: to occur
, -, -: nobly born
, -, -: of women, female
: to be womanish, play the
woman
: to put on
: to bring a charge against,
accuse
: to work, labor
, -: well-born, noble
, -: less
: to ride horses
, -, : strength
, -, -: bad, inferior
: to remark, discover
: to get, gain, acquire
, -, -: alone
, -, : sickness
: to suffer
: to attempt, endeavor, try
, -, : a poor man
, -, -: rich, wealthy, opulent
: to fall upon
, -, : a Scythian
, : a garment
: it is fated, necessary
: pr. part. dat. pl., to them trying

... : pr. subj. in gen. temp. cl., when it happens
: adv., not otherwise at all
: perf. inf. in ind. st. after , thinking that they have
wronged + dat.
: ao. part., having realized
: perf. part., those who have gained the most strength
: are afflicted less
: the imperf. has a contrafactual force even with out , it would be
necessary + inf.
: dat. after , but to fall on all equally
90

,
' ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
, : a failure, fault, sin

, -, : a votive offering
: to set up, dedicate
: opposite, in return (+ gen.)
: to give up or back, restore,
return
: to give
: likely
: to cast blame upon
, : loss, damage
, -: less
: to wonder, marvel, be
astounded
, -, -: divine
, : a god
: to sacrifice
, -, -: alike
, -, : a poor man
: to honor
: to bear
: to rejoice, be glad, be delighted
, -, : grace
, -: a thing that one uses,
wealth
: perf. part. dat. also after , on those possessing

little
, : pr. part. pas. supplementing , if indeed the
gods enjoy being honored and being marveled at by men
... ... : inf. with , it is likely that they sacrifice ...
dedicate ... honor
: gen. abs. causal, since there are many riches (to them)
: art. inf., on account of not having
: pr. part. causal giving an additional reason for not sacrificing,
then also because they (the poor) blame
: because they (the gods) do not give
... : res. cl., so that those possessing little bear
: the penalties of such sins i.e. the alleged causes of the
illness
: wk. ao. of , instead of , as I said
91
Hippocrates
:

. .
,
,
. ,

,
,
,
,
.
, : the genitals
: to be taken, conquered
: to become impotent
, -, : trousers
: to grasp (+ gen.)
, -, -: every, each
: to forget (+ gen.)
, -: like a eunuch
, : a desire
: to ride horses
, -, : hip-disease
, -, -: bad
, : a striking, beating
: to have sexual intercourse

, -, : sex
, , : such as
: to move aside, disturb
, : gout
: to belong to (+ dat.)
, -, : an alleged cause
, -, -: close, frequent
, -, : a Scythian
, : a hand
, : time
, -, : cold
: perf. of , I have said

...: it is similar
: inf. epex. after , very bad at having intercourse
: perf. part. of -, the aforementioned
: pred., because they are on horses
... ... ... : inf. in res. cl., so that they do
not touch ... so that they forget ... so that they disturb nothing
: ao. pas inf. after , before they are made impotent
92

The other European peoples are more heterogeneous and thus more courageous.
[23] .

, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.

, ,
.
: to perceive
: back, back again
, : drought
, -, : an origin, source
, -, : race
, : a seed
: to vary
: reasonable
, : heavy rain, abundance of
wet, wet weather
, -, -: European
, : Europe
, -, : warmth, heat
, -, : summer
, -, -: strong, staunch, stout
, -, : greatness, stature
, : change
, : form, shape
, : heavy rain
, -, -: of every kind
, -: long-lasting
, -, : a Scythian
, -, : coagulation
, -, : winter
... : acc. + inf. in ind. st. after

(which usually takes the participle), to see that generation is
different and not the same
: dat. of ref, the same for the same seed
: in the coagulation of the seed i.e., in the formation
of the fetus
: ao. pas. inf in ind. st. after , that the physique varies
: more than among Asians
93
Hippocrates
.

. :

:
:
:
.
,
.
, -, -: wild
, -, : wildness, savageness
: to make dim, faint
, -: unmingled
, : Asia
, : mind
, : seed
: to take place, happen
, -, -: every, each
, -, : consternation
: to be in (+ dat.)
: to introduce
, : Europe
, -: courageous
, -, : character

: to vary
, : change
, -, -: similar
, : laziness
, -, : coagulation
, : corruption
: also in ind. st., that their statures are most different

... : more corruptions than in
: pr. part. dat. of agreeing with , the changes when
they are frequent
(sc. ): than in (seasons) that are similar i.e. to
each other
... : ind. st., I believe that they are
: sc. (): while in the perpetually similar (race)
94

,
.
, ,
. ,
. .

.

.
.
.
: to choose
, -, -: of or belonging to
another
, : manliness, manly spirit
, : the prize of bravest
, -: independent
: to rule
: to will, wish
, : cowardice
, -, -: cowardly, craven
, -, -: fearful, terrible, dread, dire
: to make a slave of, enslave
: rashly, at a venture
: willing, of free will, readily
: to work, labor
: to come or go
, : Europe
, : good courage, high spirit
, -, -: least
, : a danger
, : victory
, : law, custom
, -, -: whoever
: to do a daring thing
, : work
: to be eager
, : soul
: pr. pas., where they are ruled

: perf. of , has been said
: perf. pas., have been enslaved
: pr. (= ), they chose
95
Hippocrates
The differences among various peoples within Europe are due to these environmental factors.
[24]
.

. ,
. .

,
, ,
,
.
, -, -: living in the fields

, : manliness, manhood, manly
spirit
, -, -: manly
, : Asia
: to vary
: likely
: to be in
, -: with water in it
, : Europe
, -, -: least
, -: full of wild beasts
, -, : stature
, : form, shape
, -, -: whole, entire
, -, -: mountainous, hilly
, -: clear, plain, distinct, manifest
, -: suffering, hardworking
, -, -: rugged
, -, -: high, high-raised
: to point out, indicate
, : a race, tribe, class
(sc. ): the whole (character)

: different each from the others
: acc. resp., both in stature, etc.
: pr. part. n. pl., these are the variations
: perf. of , has been said
: adv., very
... : (it is) likely that their stature are
: perf. part. pred. of , statures that are naturally well suited
96

,
,
, ,

, ,
'
, -, -: of or for a man
: to produce, to bring to
perfection
: to be in
: draw off
, -, : breadth, width
, : less
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : a well-made man
, -, -: hollow, hollowed
, -: like meadows, grassy
, -, -: light, bright, brilliant
, -: black-haired
, -, : black, swarthy
: share in, take part in
, : custom, law, ordinance

, -: more (than)
, -, -: stifling hot
, : a river, stream
: to attach oneself to
, -: fleshy
, -: suffering, miserable
, -, : a phlegmatic person
, -: like bile or gall, bilious
: to use (+ dat.)
, : a place district
, : breath
, -, -: cold, chill
: gen. pl. after , larger share of winds

: comparative after , share of hot winds more than cold ones
: pr. opt. potential of , these would not be
: perf. part., being naturally inclined toward
: phlegmatic less than bilious i.e. more likely to be bilious
: pr. opt. pot. of -, would not be in the soul
: ao. part. with cond. force, if law were to become attached
: apodosis of fut. less viv. cond., the law would produce (courage
and endurance)
... : pr. opt. of - and in fut. less. viv. cond., if
there were rivers in the land these would be healthy
97
Hippocrates
,
. ,
,
.

,
.
,
,
, ,
, : necessity
, -: unmanly
, -: windy
, -: wanting water, waterless
, : a mind
: likely
, -: marshy, fenny
, -: well-mixed, temperate
, -, -: tame
, -, -: bright, brilliant, radiant
, -, -: smooth, plain, not
embroidered
, -, -: thin, sparse
, -, -: marshy
, , : black
, -, -: yellow
, -: rainy (water)
, -: nearly resembling
: to drink
, : a river, stream
: "more pot-bellied"
, -, -: hard
, -: having a large spleen
, -: standing (water)
, -, -: good for the health,
wholesome
, -, -: high, lofty, high-raised
, -, -: bare
... : pr. opt., if there were no rivers ... if they would drink in
past gen. cond.
(sc. ): it would be necessary + inf.
: potential opt., they would be great
: dat. refl., to each other
(sc. ): those who (inhabit)
(sc. ): sparse (places)
: pred., (places) not moderate
(sc. ) : it is likely that statures are
98

.
,
.
:
, .

.
, ,
: to follow
, -: self-willed, stubborn
, : earth
, : difference
: to differ
: next (in importance)
: to find
, -, -: hot, warm
, -: independent
: very
, -, -: soft
, -, -: greatest
, -: raised from the ground
, : natural impulse, disposition,
nature
, -, -: fat, rich
, -, : a great number, a
throng, crowd, multitude
: to thicken or congeal
, : a turn, way, manner
: adv., most different

: dat., different from each other
: fut., you will find
: pr. part. pred. of , constitutions differing
: these differences
: pr. subj. in gen. rel. cl., in which someone is raised
: for the most part
: pr. part. in ind. st. after , you will find that the
characters conform to + dat.
: also the subj. of , and their manners
: res. cl., so that they are hot
99
Hippocrates
, , ,

, , .

' . '
,
, ,

:
, -: without visible joints (i.e.

because of being fat)
, -: waterless
, -: indifferent, careless
, -, -: shaggy, rough
: to divide by joints, to articulate
, -, -: given to labor, active
, -, : summer, summertime
, -, -: dry, withered, lean,
meager
: to burn, kindle
, -, -: inferior
: to be situated
, -, -: delicate, subtle
, -, -: sharp, keen
, -: thick, dense
: to press, squeeze, press tight
, -: slack
, -: fleshy
, -, -: hard
, : art, skill, craft in work
, -, -: rugged, rough
, -, -: wet, moist, running, fluid
, -, -: drowsy
, -, : winter
, -, -: bare
, -, -: cold, chill
: gen. of time within which, in summer

: and is situated well
: acc. resp., cowardly in spirit
: for the most, the makes it only approximate.
: ao. inf., it is possible to see
: perf. part., burned
: perf. part., well-articulated i.e. with good joints
: ao. opt. pot., you might see
: pr. part. of - in ind. st. after , you will find that activity is in
such a nature
100

,
, ,

:
.
.
, .
, -, -: wild
, -: vigilant
, -: following, attending on (+
dat.)
: to miss
, -: better, abler
, : earth
, -, -: opposite
: consider well, reflect on,
ponder
: to find
, : form
, -: holding one's own
opinion, independent
: to partake of, share in
, -, -: sharp, keen
, : natural impulse, temperament,
disposition
, -, -: of or belonging to war
, -, -: intelligent
: to fix by a mark or
boundary
, : art, skill
: acc. resp., with regard to character

(sc. ): also in ind. st., that their dispositions are
(sc. ): also in ind. st., that the men share in + gen.
: more than
: acc. pl pred. agreeing with
understood, that men are keener, etc.
: acc. resp., in war
: pr. part., the other things growing
: pr. part. with understood, that all other things are
: pr. part., establishing from these things a boundary i.e. making
these ideas a basis for thinking
: pr. inf. as imper., consider the rest
: fut., you will not miss
101
The Hippocratic
Oath
The Hippocratic Oath

,
,
,
, ,
,
, : a brother
, -, : Apollo
, -: male
, : Asclepius
, : life
, -, : a father, parent
, -, : a race, family
: to teach X (acc.) to Y (acc.)
, -, : power, strength, ability
: to decide, consider
, -: completed, accomplished
: to go before, consider
, : one who heals, a physician
, -, -: equal to, the same as
, -, : a judge, witness
: to make common, be a partner in
(+ gen.)
, -, : discernment, judgment
, -, : a giving, sharing
: to swear
, : an oath
, : Panacea
: to make, do
, : a written contract, bond
, : art, skill
, : Hygene
, : something needed
: to need, lack
: acc. with I swear by Asclepius Asclepius is the son of Apollo

and the god of healing
: Hygene and Panacea are two of the daughters of Asclepius
: pr. part. nom. (=) I, making them witnesses
: acc. pred. agreeing with to make the oath accomplished
: fut. inf. complementing
: fut. inf. also complementing I swear to consider
: ao. part. the one who taught me
: neut. pl. acc. adverbial, equally to + dat.
: fut. inf. with to be a partner of + gen.
: gen. pl. after sharing of needed things
: pr. part. dat. ind. obj. to him needing
: fut. inf. also after to make a sharing i.e. to share + gen.
: an attributive phrase modifying the offspring of him
: neut. acc. pred. of to consider the family equal to + dat.
: fut. inf. after
105
Hippocrates
, ,
,

,
, .

, .
, : wrongdoing, injustice
, -, : a hearing, listening
: without (+ gen.)
, -, : ruin, bane
, -, : a regimen, diet
: to teach
: to give
, -, : power, strength, ability
: to keep safe, keep from
, -, -: of a physician, medical
: to be sick, suffer from illness
, -, -: remaining, rest
, -, : a learning
, -, : a learner, pupil
: to learn
, : wages, pay, hire
, : a custom, law
: to bind by oath
, : a command, order
: to make, do
: to write down, sign a contract
, : art, skill
, : a son
: to use
: to need, want (+ inf.)
, : help, aid, benefit
: fut. inf. to teach

: pr. subj. in prot. of pr. gen. condition, if they desire + inf. (then I
swear to teach)
... : gen. sing. with , share of oral instruction ... of
learning
: fut. inf. with , to make a sharing
(sc. ): dat. ind. obj. to the sons
: ao. part. gen. (to the sons) of the one who taught
: perf. part. dat. pl. to those who have signed
: perf. part. dat. to those who have sworn
: dat. ind. obj. but to no other
: dat. pl. after I will use dietary regimes
: for the benefit of + gen.
: as a check upon bane
: fut. inf. after to keep them safe
: fut. I will not give
106
The Hippocratic Oath
:
.
. ,
.
, ,
,
,
, -, -: full of religious awe

: to ask, beg
, -, -: of men, male
, : a man
, -, -: belonging to
Aphrodite
, : life
, : a woman
: to watch closely, observe,
maintain
: to give
: to go in, enter
: outside
: to depart, give way
, -, -: free
, -, : a workman, practitioner
, -: deadly, mortal
: to suffer from (kidney) stones
, : a home
, -, -: hallowed
, : a pessary (for abortion)
, -, : a doing, action
, : advice, counsel
, -, : a body
: to cut
, : art, skill
: to guide
, : corruption, mischief
, -: destructive
, : help, aid, benefit
: ao. pas. part. concessive, although having been asked

: a stone-shaped object inserted to prompt an abortion
: fut. I will maintain
: fut. of I will not cut
: not even those
: pr. part. those suffering from stones
: dat. of sep. after I will yield to men
: gen. s. (= ) the practioners of this practice
: pr. subj. in gen. rel. cl. into whatever homes I enter
: fut. of -, I will enter
: pr. part. gen. of those who are ill
: pr. part. being outside of + gen.
: of the works of Aphrodite i.e. of sex
107
Hippocrates
. ,
,
, , .
, ,

, .
: to hear
, : a man
, -, -: unspoken, unsaid
, : life
: to think, suppose
, -, -: enslaved
: to speak out, divulge
, -, -: opposite
: out
: to partake of, share
: to swear falsely
: to go before, consider
, : a service, treatment
, : an oath
: to go beside, transgress
: to make, do
: to keep silent
: to confound, destroy
, : art, skill
: it is necessary
, : time
: ao. subj. of in gen. rel. cl. whatever I see

: ao. subj. whatever I hear
: even apart from + gen.
: pr. inf. complementing what is not necessary to spread abroad
: pr. part. (=) considering such things + inf.
: acc. pred. making this oath fulfilled
: pr. part. dat. to me making
: pr. part. dat. and to me not breaking indicates a conditional
sense if I do not break
: opt. wish for the future may it be possible + inf.
: ao. inf. to share in + gen.
: pr. part. dat. also agreeing with being famous
: pr. part. dat. but (to me) deviating
(sc. ): may the opposite things be
108
Glossary of
Medical Terms
Medical Glossary
Hippocrates On Airs, Water, and Places is full of anatomical and nosological
terms that occur rarely, if at all, in more canonical Greek texts. Some terms will no
doubt be familiar to the reader, while others require knowledge of medicine or
anatomy. Medical terms are briefly glossed throughout the text, but for some of the
more complicated terms we have included fuller definitions, as well as explanations
of conditions, in the following glossary.*
, : hemorrhoids (from + , a flow of blood); an engorged,
dilated and easily broken varicosity around the anus, often accompanied by
intense itching, pain, and rectal bleeding
, : dysentery (from - bad + bowels); a disease caused
by infection and characterized by inflammation of the intestines, especially the
colon (large intestine), accompanied by pus in the feces, fever, pain in the
abdomen, low volume of diarrhea, and possible blood in the feces
, : ague; an intermittent fever marked by cold and hot fits; when used in
conjunction with fever (), the chills (p. 12)
, : jaundice; a morbid condition characterized by yellowness of the eyes
and skin; usually caused by a buildup of bile in the liver, which is then absorbed
into the blood; often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas
, -, : sciatica; compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve
characterized by pain radiating down through the lower back, buttocks and the
back of the thigh, causing numbness in the lower leg and foot
, -, : generally, a cleansing, evacuation;
(monthly evacuation, p. 87), menstruation
, : a catarrh (from + , to flow down i.e. from the head); an
inflammation of the mucus membranes in the head occurring in response to
infection; results in excessive discharge or buildup of mucus (phlegm) in the
nose or throat; a symptom of the common cold
, -, : causus (from , to burn); an ardent, bilious, remittent
fever; a particular condition as opposed to the more general (fever)
, -, : an uncertain morbid affection, which Hippocrates believes to be
caused by the continuous riding of horses (p. 88); perhaps an arthritic affection,
or aneurysmal condition of the veins or arteries
* This list was compiled with the help of Lu Chen, a recent graduate in Psychobiology
at the University of California, Los Angeles and current medical student.
113
Hippocrates
, : a tumor, especially a rupture or hernia (as a result of poor water quality, p.
29, 41)
, : varicose vein; a condition, sometimes painful, in which the veins become
abnormally dilated, swollen, and tortuous; most commonly occurring in the
legs (p. 30)
, : leientery; a particular form of diarrhea in which food passes through
the body with little or no digestion (p. 53)
, : a stone (calculus); a hard, stone-like, mineral concretion that forms in a
bodily organ; kidney stones (formed from minerals in the urine) are common
, : melancholy, an imbalance of the bodily humors in which black bile
( ) is dominant
, -, : nephritis (from , kidney), a disease marked by
inflammation of the kidneys (p. 41)
, /, -, : a disease, illness; referring to individual instances
as well as the overall state (as opposed to , health)
, : a pessary; a device inserted vaginally as a mean of delivering
medication; , an abortive pessary (p. 107)
, -, : pleurisy; an inflammation of the pleural cavity around the
lungs resulting in severe, sharp pain from breathing or coughing; commonly
caused by infections (p. 12, 17, 53)
, : savage toe, gout; a painful joint condition marked by acute,
inflammatory arthritis; commonly affects the big toe
, /, -: fever/feverish (from , fire), a general fever
, : strangury; retention of urine; frequent, painful, straining
urination of small volumes despite a sense of urgency (p. 41)
, : gangrene, mortification; a condition that arises when a mass of body
tissue dies (necrosis); often caused by a lack of blood supply
(sc. ), : a quartan fever, an intermittent fever presenting
every fourth day, or in 72 hour cycles (p. 28, 49)
, -, : dropsy; edema, an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body;
marked by swelling
114

, -, : generally, emaciation; specifically, tuberculosis, an infectious
disease infecting the lungs; characterized heavy coughing, fever, weight loss,
and chest pain (p. 20, 54)
, -, /, -: phlegm/phlegmatic, one of the four
humors. An humoral imbalance in which phlegm is dominate (a phlegmatic
condition) results in a cold, moist, flabby constitution (the opposite of bilious)
and the diseases and symptoms associated with it.
, /, -: (yellow) bile/choleric, bilious; one of the four humors. An
humoral imbalance in which bile is dominate (a bilious condition) results in a
hot, dry, sinewy constitution (the opposite of the phlegmatic) and the diseases
and symptoms associated with it.
115
List of Verbs
List of Verbs
The following is a list of verbs that have some irregularity in their
conjugation. The principal parts of the Greek verb in order are 1. Present 2. Future 3.
Aorist 4. Perfect Active 5. Perfect Middle 6. Aorist Passive, 7. Future Passive. For
many verbs not all forms are attested or are only poetic. Verbs are alphabetized
under their main stem, followed by various compounds that occur in AWP with a
brief definition. Where possible forms found in AWP are given rather than Attic
versions (i.e. rather than ). A dash (-) before a form means that it
occurs only or chiefly with a prefix. The list is based on the list of verbs in H. Smyth,
A Greek Grammar.
: to lead , 2 aor. , , ,
: to lead up
: to lead out
: to bring together, collect
: to take (mid. to choose) , 2 aor. , , ,
: to lift , , , ,
: to perceive , 2 aor. ,
: to be taken , 2 aor. ,
: to change , , -, , or
: to depart from, differ

: to change, be different
: to change, alter
: to fail, go wrong , 2 aor. , ,
,
: to go astray, make a mistake
: to fasten, (mid.) to touch , , ,
: to snatch away , , , ,
: to snatch up
: to be first, begin , , ,
: to increase , , , ,
: to increase, enlarge, augment
: to arrive at -, 2 aor. -, -
: to go ,
119
Hippocrates
: to step , 2 aor. ,
: to go away, depart, occur
: to throw , 2 aor. , , ,
: to throw in, put in
: to turn quickly, change
: to throw together, contribute
: to throw over, exceed
: to wish , ,
(): to become , 2 aor. , 2 perf. , ,
: to intervene, take place, happen

: to supervene, come about, befall
: to be superior to, overcome
: to attach oneself to
(): to know , , , ,
: to distinguish, discern
: to remark, discover
: to know, perceive, learn
: to fear , ,
: to show , , , ,
: to receive , , , -
: to receive
: to need, lack (mid. ask) , , , ,
: to give , 1 aor. in s., 2 aor. in pl. , , ,
: to hold forth, bestow

: to give up or back, restore, return
: to give up, surrender
: to think, seem , ,
: to go down , - trans., 2 aor. intrans., , -,
: sink beneath
: to put in
: to wake up , , 2 perf. , ,
: to wake up, rouse
: to awaken, wake up, rouse
: to be, fut.
120

: to be absent
: to be in
: to be near, be present
: to be present, belong
: to draw -, , -, -, -
: to follow , 2 aor.
: to work, labor , , ,
: to achieve, accomplish
: to come or go to, fut. , 2 aor. , 2 perf.
: to go by, pass
: to eat , 2 aor.
: to find , 2 aor. or , or , ,
: to have , 2 aor. , , imperf. .

: to partake of, share in
: to hold to
: to boil, cook , , ,
: to boil together
: to live , ,
: to go before, lead the way , ,
: to set out in detail, describe
: to relate before
: to be happy, enjoy ,
: to wonder, admire, fut.
: to die , 2 aor. -,
: to die
: to sacrifice , , , ,
: to let go, relax, to send forth , , , ,
: to send forth, discharge
: to discharge
: to make to stand, set shall set, set, caused to stand, 2 aor.
stood, 1 perf. stand, plup. stood,
121
Hippocrates
: to put out of its place, to change or alter utterly
: to set down, dispose
: to place in another way, to change
: to approach, occur to
: to set together, combine
: to place or set under
: to burn, cauterize , , -, ,
: to burn up, inflame
: to call , , , ,
: to shut , , ,
: to enclose
: to strike , , -, , -
: to decide , , , ,
: to separate, set apart; answer
: to separate, distinguish
: to acquire , , possess
: to kill , , 2 perf. -
: to kill, slay
: to kiss ,
: to make obeisance to
: to take , , , ,
: to seize upon, grasp, befall
: to overtake
: to escape notice , ,
: to speak , , , ,
: to speak with, converse
: to say before
: to leave , , , ,
: to leave out, pass over
: to set aside, leave remaining
: to loose , , , ,
: to loose, undo
: to learn , ,
122

: to fight , ,
: to intend, be about to ,
: to stay , ,
: to mix , , ,
: to mix up, mingle
: to mix together
: to believe , , , ,
: to dry , , ,
: to dry up
: to dry up
: to destroy , -, -, -
: to kill, slay
: to see , 2 aor. , and , , imperf.
: to oversee, look on
: to make water, urinate
: to pass in urine
: to pass with urine
: to experience , 2 aor. , 2 perf.
: to stop, cause to cease:, , , ,
: to ripen ,
: to fix, make fast, freeze , , 2 perf. , 2 aor. pass.
: to drink , 2 aor. , , -, -
: to fall , 2 aor. ,
: to fall upon
: to fall upon or over
: to fall upon
: to form , ,
: remodel
: to sail , , , ,
: to sail across
: to blow , , -
123
Hippocrates
: to flow , ,
: to flow away, stream forth
: to flow down
: to flow past
: to break -, , -,
: to quench , , , 2 aor. pass.
: to be extinguished, cease
: to worship,
: to turn , , ,
: to save , , ,
: to stir up , , ,
: to agitate, throw into disorder
: to cut , 2 aor. , -, ,
: to cut on the surface 2 aor.
: to melt , , ,
: to place , , , (but usu. ),
: to set up, dedicate
: to put in, introduce
: to put to
: to beget, bring forth , ,
: to turn , , ,
: to turn
: to nourish , , 2 perf. , ,
: to bring up, rear up
: to bring up in, raise in
: to rub , , 2 perf. , ,
: to happen , , . ,
: to show , , , ,
: to bring forth, show
: to bear , 1 aor. , 2 aor. , 2 perf. , ,
: to differ
124

: to bring upon
: to carry into
: to carry around
: to bring to, apply
: to bring together, compare
: to anticipate , ,
to corrupt: , ,
: to destroy utterly
: to point out , , , ,
: to guard , , , ,
: to bring forth , , 2 aor. ,
: to grow from, enlarge
: to implant, (pass.) to grow in
: to rejoice at , , ,
: to pour fut. , aor. , , ,
: to pour in
: to pour over
: to pour down
: to use , , ,
: to lie , , ,
125
Glossary
Glossary
: to hold up, rise
: opposite, in return (+ gen.)
, -: waterless, dry
: up, upwards
: to depart from, differ from
(+ gen.)
, -, -: quite all, the whole
, -: unacquainted, without
experience of (+ gen.)

, -, -: good
, : vessel
, -, -: living in the fields, wild,
fierce, savage
: to lead, carry, bring
, -, -: Egyptian
, : genitals
: always, forever
, -, : blood
: to perceive, feel
, : a cause
, -, -: blameworthy, culpable,
responsible
, : a shelter, warmth
: to be taken, conquered,
captured
: from, away from (+ gen.)
: but
: one another, each other
, , : another, other
, -, -: salt, briny
, -, -: salty, briny
: at the time of, together with (+ dat.)
, : a wagon
: to miss, wrong
, -: better, abler, stronger
, -, -: each, both
: (indefinite particle; generalizes

dependent clauses with subjunctive;
indicates contrarytofact with
independent clauses )
: to force, compel
: to lead up, i.e. evaporate
, : want of manhood
: to dry up
, -: without (apparent) joints,
not articulated
: to snatch up
, : a rising, rise
, : manliness, manly spirit
, -, -: manly
, : wind
: without (+ gen.)
, , : a man, husband
: to separate, set apart,

distinguish
: to kill, slay
: to dry up
, : a joint
, -, -: best
, : the north
, : Arcturus (a star)
, -: male
, -: weak, feeble, without
strength
, : Asia
, -, -: Asian
, : a star
, -: indifferent, careless,
lazy
: just as, so as, because (+ part.)
, -: unsoftened, harsh
, -: slack, relaxed, flabby
: back, back again
, : air in motion, a breeze
: at once
: on the spot, here, there
, -: living under one's own
laws, independent
, , : he, she, it; self, same

, : drought, squalor
: to hide,conceal, remove; (pass.)
to disappear
, -: colorless, pallid, of a bad
color
, : a man, person
129
Glossary
, -: a master
, -, -: second
: to need, lack

, -, : a walking, going on foot
, -, : weight
, -, -: heavy
: to be king, to rule, reign
, -: better
, , : cough
: to constrain, force, oppress
, : force, power, violence, strength
, : life
, -, : the north wind
, -, -: northern
: to will, wish, want
, : a cow
, -, : an arm
, -, -: short
: now, indeed
: through (+ gen.); with, by means of (+
acc.)
, : a way of living, lifestyle,
regimen
: to change, be different, vary
: to loose, undo
, : diarrhea
: to differ
, -, : excretion
: to teach
: to give
: to discharge, let pass through
: wherefore, for which reason
: to pass urine
: to seem
: to be able, be possible
: to sink, set (of the sun)
, : dysentery
, : setting
, , : milk
: for
, -, : a belly, stomach
: especially
, -, -: noble, wellborn
, -, : a race, family, stock
, : earth
: to become, happen, occur
: to perceive, mark, learn

, -, : sweet
, : a means of knowing, knowledge
, : seed
, , : a woman

, -, -: leafy, wooded, shaggy,
hairy
: and, but, on the other hand (preceded

by )
, : cowardice
: to rule
: to be born in; intervene, take

place, happen
, : a brain
, : I, my
, : a seat, rump; a sitting, inactivity

, -: eating much
, -, : a form, shape, appearance;
type, constitution
: likely, probable
: to be
: on account of, because of (+ gen.)

, , : one
: whetheror
, : from, out of, after (+ gen.)

, -, -: every, each
130
Glossary
, -, : a disturbance,
consternation
: to bear untimely, miscarry
: willing, of free will, readily
, -: smaller, less
, -, : a wound, sore, ulcer
: to draw, drag, pull
, -: marshy, fenny
: to fall upon
: in, at, among (+ dat.)
, -: calm, peaceful
: to find
, -: flowing well, open
, , : wide, broad
, -, -: European
, : Europe
, -: courageous
: to have, be able, be (see p. 16)
: to be in
: consider well, reflect on,
ponder
, -, -: some
: there, then
, -: holding water, well-watered
: suddenly
: draw off
: it is like, similar to (+ dat.)
: then, next
: at (+ gen.); on, upon (+ dat.); on to,

against (+ acc.)

befall
: to run down
: to shine upon
, -: monthly
: to fall upon, attack, befall
: to cut on the surface
convenient
, : a rising
endemic
: to follow, attend
, -: very rainy
: to work, labor
: to come, go
: into, to (+ acc.)
: to eat
: yet, still
, -, : a year
: to boil, cook
: while, until (+ subj.)

: or
: to consider, think, deem

, , : air, fog, vapor
, -, : character, disposition
, -, -: least
, -, : the sun
, : a day
, -, -: tame, gentle
: = + (Attic)
: just as, than (after comp.)

, , : spring
, -: less
, , : dawn, the east

, : death
, -, -: divine
, : a service, treatment
, -, -: of summer, in summer
: to warm, heat
, : heat, warmth
, -, -: hot, warm
, -, : summer
, -, : a situation, placement,
position
, , : female
, -, -: foul, thick, turbid
, -: muddy, turbid
131
Glossary
: to offer, sacrifice

, , : a horn
, : a head
, : a hernia, tumor, rupture
, : a danger, risk, hazard
, -, -: common, shared
, -, : a running of the nose,
head cold
: to be strong, rule, prevail
, : ice
, -, : a beast; (pl.) cattle, herd,
flock
, -, : a bladder
, , : a dog, the Dog Star, Sirius
, -: holding one's own

opinion, independent
: to sweat, perspire
, -, -: sacred, divine, holy
, -, -: of healing, medical
, : a cloak
: to drive horses, ride
, : a horse, mare
, -, -: equal to, the same as
, -, : sciatica, pain in the leg
, -, : a hip
, -, -: dry, withered, lean,
meager
, -, -: strong, mighty, powerful
, -, : strength

: to have sexual intercourse
: to hold, keep, check
: to take
: to speak, say, tell
, -: meadowy, grassy
: to cleanse, clean, purge
: to leave, leave behind
, -, : a cleansing, evacuation , -, -: thin, light
: and
, -, -: light, bright, brilliant
, : (exact) time, season; due
measure, proportion, fitness
: to suffer from (kidney) stones
: to burn, heat, cauterize
, -, -: marshy, stagnant
: to call
, : a pool, lake
, : a work, account
, : fruit
: very
, -, -: strong, staunch, stout

: down (+ acc.)

the nose and throat
, -, : a settling, state,
condition
: to hold fast, occupy, possess
: down, downwards
, -, : a burning heat
, -, : burning heat, fever
, : a breast
, -: long-lived
, -: long-headed
, -, -: long
, -, -: soft
, -, -: soft, tender
: most, especially
: more, rather
: to learn, understand
132
Glossary
, , : big, great
, -: sickly, diseased, unhealthy

, -, -: wet, moist, damp;
southern
, : the south (wind)
, -, : greatness, stature,
stature
: to change
, -, : mixing, sex
, -, : black, swarthy
: now, at this moment
: on the one hand (followed by )

: to stay, remain

: to parch, dry up
, -, -: dry
, -, : dryness
: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.)
: to vary, chane
, : a change
, : change
: to change, alter
: between (+ gen.)
: share in, take part in
, -: high, raised from the
ground
, : autumn
moderate
, -, : moderation,
mildness

, , : the (definite article)

: to know
, -, : a dwelling place
, : wine
: I am able (+ inf.)
, , : such as
: not
: and not
, -, -: as many, as much
: no more, no longer
, -, : length
: neithernor
, : a form, shape
, -, -: alone, only
: where

, -, : a cloud
, -, -: younger
, -, : a stomach
, -, : roaming about for
pasture, a Nomad
, -, -: sickly, diseased, marked
by illness
, -, -: few, little, rare, small

, -: rainy, of rain
, : a heavy rain, shower
: behind, at the back
, : a temperament, disposition,
nature
, : an oath
, , : who, which (relative pronoun)

, -, -: how much, how great
, , : whoever, whatever
: that, because
, , : not
: and not
: to urinate
, -, : urethra
133
Glossary
: to make, do
, -, -: of or belonging to war,
hostile
, : an enemy
, -: producing much
offspring, prolific
, -, : a heavy drinker
, : urine
, , : the ear
: and not
: this way
, : ophthalmia, an
, , : many, much

, : frost, ice
, -: common to all, general,
epidemic
, : a young child
, , : a child
, -, -: of every kind, of all
sorts
: from (+ gen.); beside (+ dat.); to (+

acc.)
injurious
, : a river, stream
, -, -: whether
, -, : an old man
: before (+ inf.)
: to say before
: to (+ dat.)
: in addition, besides
: to hold to, put in
: to fall upon
, -, : a reason, cause
, -, -: first
: much, often
, -, -: close, frequent, strong
, -: feverish, hot
, -, -: similar
: to cease
, -, : thickness
, -, -: thick
, : a plain, flat
, -, : a poor man
: concerning, about (+ gen.); about,

around (+ acc.)
lungs, pneumonia
: to press, squeeze, press tight
: to drink
, -, -: most, largest, greatest
, -: more, greater
, -, : pleurisy
multitude
: except (+ gen.)

: to flow, run, stream, gush
rupture
: to break, rupture
: easily, readily
, -, -: relaxed, curved, crooked
, -,: an air, wind
: to blow
, -, -: choking, stifling (with
heat)
, -, : a stifling heat

, -: fleshy
, , : flesh
134
Glossary
: to cover, shelter
, -, -: hard
, -, : hardness
: to look at, view
, -, : a Scythian
, -, -: Scythian
, : a spleen
, -: standing (water)
, -, : the mouth
, : a mouth, opening, stomach
: to turn
: to burn up, inflame, overheat
: to throw together, lend,
contribute
: to mix together
, -, : coagulation
: to bring together, contribute,
be useful
: to set together, combine,
associate, unite
, -, -: long, much; (pl.) many,
frequent
: very, much
, -, : a body
, -, -: so large, so
much
, : three
: to grow, bring up, rear; thicken or
congeal
: to rub
: to hit, happen upon

, -, -: sound, healthy
, -: watery, full of water
, -, : dropsy
,, : water
: to overshoot, surpass,
exceed
: from under, by (+ gen.); under (+

dat.); toward (+ acc.)
, -, -: high, lofty, high-raised

: to endure hard labor
, -, -: low, bad
, : suffering, hardiness
: to bear
: very quickly
: to declare, say
: and
, -, : a wasting away,
consumption
: to complete, finish, accomplish
,
-, : inflammation, phlegm
: to cut
(one of the four humors)
, -, : phlegmatic
quartan (fever)
, -: inflammatory, full of
, : art, skill, craft
phlegm
, , : a vein
: to bear children, give birth
: to honor
, : someone, something (indefinite)

, , : such as this
parturition
, -, : nature

135
Glossary
, -, -: hard to bear, painful,
difficult
, -, : winter
, , : a hand
, -, : snow
, -: bilious
: it is necessary
: to need, lack
, -: a thing that one uses
, -, -: useful, good, pleasant
, : a place district
: separately, apart
, -, -: bare, empty, naked
, : soul, spirit, mind
, -, : cold
, -, -: cold, chill
, -, : coldness, cold

: so, thus, in this way
, : a shoulder
, -, -: timely, seasonable
: adv. as, so, how; conj. that, in order

that, since; prep. to (+ acc.); as if, as (+
part.); as ____ as possible (+
superlative)
: so that
136
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Hippocrates On Airs Waters and Places - Hayes and Nimis June 2013

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Hippocrates

On Airs, Waters, and

Published by Faenum Publishing, Ltd.

Gentium (Open Font License)

R. Thomas, Herodotus in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000),

Frank Barrett, Disease and Geography: The History of an Idea. Geographical

How to use this book:

The Language of Airs, Water, and Places

So also the retention of where Attic would have an is easy to spot:

The appearance of for ; for ; and other minor modifications are

A - is regularly substituted for - in interrogative words:

Note the declension of third declension nouns like :

Note the forms of the present participle of :

More common than usual is the use of anastrophe, the placement of a

On Airs, Waters, and

On Airs, Waters, and Places

: to work out, produce

(sc. ): the healing art i.e. medicine

... : for just as ... so also

On Airs, Waters, and Places

: to consider, reflect on,

: ao. inf., it is necessary to consider

: dat. (Att. ) after , what sort of lifestyle they enjoy

On Airs, Waters, and Places

: to be about to, be going to (+ inf.)

: ao. subj. in pr. gen. cond., if someone does not consider

: together with (+ dat.)

: pot. opt., he would know

On Airs, Waters, and Places

, : force, constraint, necessity

: attributive, the hot (winds)

: inf. with acc. subj., the men have

On Airs, Waters, and Places

Agency and Means

: to hold, think, believe

: inf. with acc. subj., convulsions fall upon

On Airs, Waters, and Places

: to intervene, take place,

: pred., whatever are considered to be acute diseases

: ao. subj. after , when they are cold

Adapted from W.H.S. Jones, Hippocrates Vol. 1 (Harvard University Press,

On Airs, Waters, and Places

General or Indefinite Clauses

(sc. ): answering to above, but whatever cities

On Airs, Waters, and Places

(sc. ): it is necessary for the men to be

, -, -: few, little, rare

: acc. pl. pred. after , to be prone to rupture

On Airs, Waters, and Places

: gen. of comparison, more likely than others

Note also for ; and for .

On Airs, Waters, and Places

, : force, constraint, necessity

: perf. pass. of -, it is as it has been said

, -: better, abler, stronger

On Airs, Waters, and Places

, : force, constraint, necessity

: n. acc. pl. contracted (= ), the diseases are fewer

: acc. of duration, during the morning

On Airs, Waters, and Places

(sc. ): are likely to + inf.

On Airs, Waters, and Places