Tổng Hợp Bđt Của Diễn Đàn Toanphothong.vn

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Tng hp bt ng thc toanphothong.vn
Bi 1. Cho a, b 0. Chng minh rng
_
a
2
+b +
3
4
__
b
2
+ a +
3
4
_
_
2a +
1
2
__
2b +
1
2
_
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Khng my kh khn ta c th d on c bt ng thc ny tr thnh ng
thc khi a = b =
1
2
Khi theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
a
2
+
1
4
a, b
2
+
1
4
b
T hai nh gi ny ta a bi ton v chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn sau y
_
a +b +
1
2
__
b +a +
1
2
_
_
2a +
1
2
__
2b +
1
2
_
Hay
_
a +b +
1
2
_
2
_
2a +
1
2
__
2b +
1
2
_
Nhng iu ny hin nhin ng v theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
_
2a +
1
2
__
2b +
1
2
_
_
_
_
2a +
1
2
+ 2b +
1
2
2
_
_
_
2
=
_
a +b +
1
2
_
2
Bi ton c chng minh xong.
Cch 2 . Bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit li nh sau
__
a
2
+
1
2
_
+
_
b +
1
4
__ __
b
2
+
1
2
_
+
_
a +
1
4
__
4
_
a +
1
4
__
b +
1
4
_
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
_
a
2
+
1
2
_
+
_
b +
1
4
_
2
_
a
2
+
1
2
__
b +
1
4
_
_
b
2
+
1
2
_
+
_
a +
1
4
_
2
_
b
2
+
1
2
__
a +
1
4
_
T hai nh gi ny ta quy bi ton v chng minh
_
a
2
+
1
2
__
b
2
+
1
2
_
_
a +
1
4
__
b +
1
4
_
D thy rng bt ng thc ny c suy ra t nh gi sau y
x
2
+
1
2
x +
1
4
Th nhng iu ny l hin nhin ng v n tong ng vi
_
x
1
2
_
2
0
Trn Phong - email: tranphongk33@gmail.com 1
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Bi 2. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha mn x +y +z = 1. Chng minh rng
x
x +
x +yz
+
y
y +
y + zx
+
z
z +
z +xy
1
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Trc ht, s dng gi thit v bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz, ta c
x +yz =
_
x(x +y +z) + yz =
_
(x +y)(x +z) x +
yz
Do vy
x
x +
x +yz

x
2x +
yz
n y ta thit lp thm hai nh gi tng t suy ra
x
x +
x +yz
+
y
y +
y +zx
+
z
z +
z + xy

x
2x +
yz
+
y
2y +
zx
+
z
2z +
xy
Do vy, kt thc chng minh, ta cn ch ra rng
x
2x +
yz
+
y
2y +
zx
+
z
2z +
xy
1
t a =

x, b =

y v c =

z, khi ta a bi ton v vic chng minh
a
2
2a
2
+bc
+
b
2
2b
2
+ca
+
c
2
2c
2
+ab
1
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi dy sau
_
1
2

a
2
2a
2
+bc
_
+
_
1
2

b
2
2b
2
+ca
_
+
_
1
2

c
2
2c
2
+ ab
_
3
2
1
bc
2a
2
+bc
+
ca
2b
2
+ca
+
ab
2c
2
+ab
1
y l mt nh gi ng v theo bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz
bc
2a
2
+ bc
+
ca
2b
2
+ca
+
ab
2c
2
+ab
=
b
2
c
2
2a
2
bc +b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
2b
2
ca +c
2
a
2
+
a
2
b
2
2c
2
ab +a
2
b
2
(ab +bc +ca)

2
a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
+ 2abc(a + b + c)
= 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
Cch 2 . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz tng t nh trn nhng bt cp khc
x +
x + yz = x +
_
x(x +y +z) + yz = x +
_
(x + z)(x +y) x +
xy +
xz
T ta c:
x
x +
x +yz

x
x +
xy +
xz
=
x +
y +
z
Lm tng t v cng cc bt ng thc li ta c iu phi chng minh.
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Bi 3. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
a(b +c)
_
bc(b
2
+ c
2
)
+
b(c + a)
_
ca(c
2
+a
2
)
+
c(a + b)
_
ab(a
2
+b
2
)
3
2
Li gii.
Trc ht ta vit li bt ng thc cn chng minh nh sau
a(b +c)
_
2bc(b
2
+c
2
)
+
b(c +a)
_
2ca(c
2
+a
2
)
+
c(a + b)
_
2ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
3
Ta d on rng ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c. Khi ta c b
2
+ c
2
= 2bc. p dng bt
ng thc AM-GM ta c
_
2bc(b
2
+c
2
)
2bc +b
2
+ c
2
2
=
(b + c)
2
2
T ta c
a(b +c)
_
2bc(b
2
+c
2
)
2a
b +c
. Kt hp vi hai nh gi tng t khc, ta suy ra
a(b + c)
_
2bc(b
2
+c
2
)
+
b(c +a)
_
2ca(c
2
+a
2
)
+
c(a +b)
_
2ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
_
a
b +c
+
b
c +a
+
c
a +b
_
Cui cng, ta cn ch ra rng
a
b +c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b

3
2
tuy nhin y li l mt nh gi quen thuc.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Bi 4. Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
+ 3 2(a + b +c)
Li gii.
Do abc = 1 v a, b, c l cc s thc dng nn ta c th d on c du bng xy ra khi
a = b = c = 1.
D thy rng trong a, b, c tn ti hai s cng ln hn hoc bng 1, hoc hai s cng nh
hn 1.
C th thy r hn iu ny thng qua ch sau
_
(a 1)(b 1)
_
(b 1)(c 1)
_
(c a)(a 1)
= (a 1)
2
(b 1)
2
(c 1)
2
0
do trong ba s (a 1)(b 1), (b 1)(c 1), (c 1)(a 1) c t nht mt s khng m v
do tnh i xng nn ta hon ton c th gi s
(a 1)(b 1) 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s hai s l a, b, suy ra
(a 1)(b 1) 0 ab + 1 a +b 2(ab +c + 1) 2(a +b +c)
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Ta s chng minh
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
+ 3 2(ab + c + 1)
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
+ 1 2(ab +c)
n y, ta c th s dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho hai s dng nh sau
1
c
2
+ 1
2
c
=
2abc
c
= 2ab,
1
a
2
+
1
b
2

2
ab
=
2abc
ab
= 2c
Cng hai bt ng thc trn li ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 5. Cho a b 1, a 3, ab 6, ab 6c. Chng minh rng
a +b c 4
Li gii.
Khi gii ton bt ng thc, lc no ta cng ngh n vic lm sao s dng gi thit cho
hiu qu, bi ny cng khng ngoi l.
Quan st gi thit ca bi, cc bn c thy ch c mt gi thit lin quan n bin c thi
khng? Nh vy, c th chng minh a +b c 4 th chc chn ta phi s dng gi thit
ny vo ri. Lc ny, ta a c bi ton v chng minh
a + b
ab
6
4
By gi, xem xt tip, ta thy rng gi thit cho ta 3 a b 1, kt hp vi d on du
bng s xy ra khi a = 3, ng thi ta cn c s xut hin ca a + b v ab trong cc nh gi
ca mnh (do bt ng thc cn chng minh n nh vy m), ta ngh n nh gi sau y
(3 a)(3 b) 0
T nh gi ny, ta suy ra 3(a +b) ab + 9, hay a +b 3 +
ab
3
. (Ta thc hin nh gi a +b
theo ab v gi thit bi ton th c lin quan n ab nhng khng c cht dnh dng no ti
a +b c).
Vy l, ta ch cn chng minh
_
3 +
ab
3
_
ab
6
4
Hay
ab 6
Ci ny ng do gi thit!
Bi 6. Cho a b 1, a 3, ab 6, ab 6c. Chng minh rng
a +b c 4
Li gii.
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Cch 1 . i vi cc bt ng thc khng thun nht th cch t nh trn t ra rt hiu qu
v rt hay c s dng. Mnh cng xin nu ra mt hng tip cn khc cho bi ton ny.
Mc nhin d thy rng y l mt bt ng thc hon v, m nh ta bit th bt ng
thc hon v thng kh x l hn so vi bt ng thc i xng v th tng ca ta s
tm cch a bt ng thc ny v dng i xng. Hai cng c gip ta thc hin cng
vic ny chnh l bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM.
Bt ng thc ny hon v l do i lng ab
2
+bc
2
+ca
2
v th nhng nh gi m ta dng
chc hn phi lin quan n i lng ny. Rt t nhin theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz,
ta c
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ca
2
(ab +bc +ca)

2
a +b +c
T a bi ton v chng minh
a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
+
(ab + bc + ca)
2
a +b +c
+ 9 5(a +b +c)
Ta thy rng bt ng thc ny c cha 3 i lng l a
2
+b
2
+c
2
, ab+bc+ca, a+b+c m chng
li c lin quan vi nhau thng qua hng ng thc (a+b +c)
2
= a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+2(ab +bc +ca)
v nu biu din mt i lng thng qua hai i lng cn li th bt ng thc ca chng
ta v c bn s tr nn n gin hn.
Vi tng nh vy s dng hng ng thc a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= (a +b +c)
2
2(ab +bc +ca), ta
c th vit bt ng thc chng minh v dng
_
(a + b +c)
2
6(a + b + c) + 9
+
(ab +bc +ca)
2
a +b +c
2(ab +bc +ca) + (a + b +c) 0
Hay
(a +b +c 3)
2
+
(ab +bc +ca a b c)
2
a +b +c
0
Bt ng thc cui cng hin nhin ng, tc bi ton c chng minh xong.
Cch 2 . t x = a1, y = b 1, z = c1, khi bt ng thc ban u c vit li thnh
(x+1)
2
+(y+1)
2
+(z+1)
2
+(x+1)(y+1)
2
+(y+1)(z+1)
2
+(z+1)(x+1)
2
+9 5(x+y+z+3)
Hay (sau khi khai trin v rt gn)
2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) + 2(xy +yz + zx) + xy
2
+ yz
2
+zx
2
0
Lu rng t php t trn, ta suy ra x, y, z > 1, do nh gi cui cng ng v
2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+2(xy+yz+zx)+xy
2
+yz
2
+zx
2
= (x+y+z)
2
+y
2
(x+1)+z
2
(y+1)+x
2
(z+1) 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 7. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x +y + z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
x
2
(y +z)
yz
+
y
2
(z +x)
zx
+
z
2
(x +y)
xy
Li gii.
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Cch 1 . Trc ht ta vit biu thc bi cho li nh sau
P =
_
x
2
y
+
y
2
z
+
z
2
x
_
+
_
x
2
z
+
y
2
x
+
z
2
y
_
Tip n ta s chng minh
x
2
y
+
y
2
z
+
z
2
x
x + y +z (1)
S dng AM-GM cho hai s
x
2
y
+ y 2x
ri thc hin tng t chi hai i lng cn li sau cng v li vi nhau ta s c bt
ng thc (1).
Hon ton tng t cng c
x
2
z
+
y
2
x
+
z
2
y
x + y +z (2)
Cng v theo v ca (1) v (2), li ta c
P 2(x + y +z) = 2
Vy gi tr nh nht cn tm l P = 2 t c khi v ch khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
Cch 2 . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
P =
x
2
(y +z)
yz
+
y
2
(z +x)
zx
+
z
2
(x + y)
xy

(x + y +z)
2
yz
y +z
+
zx
z +x
+
xy
x +y
Theo mt h qu trc tip ca bt ng thc AM-GM, ta li c
(y +z)
2
4yz
Nn
yz
y + z

y +z
4
Ta suy ra thm hai nh gi tng t khc c
P
(x +y + z)
2
y +z
4
+
z +x
4
+
x +y
4
= 2(x +y +z)
V v x + y +z = 1 nn ta suy ra
P 2
Cui cng, vi x = y = z =
1
3
(tho mn iu kin) th P = 2 nn ta kt lun 2 l gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc P.
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Cch 3 . Di y l mt cch tip cn khc cho bi ton ny.
Quan st mt cht ta thy rng t s ca biu thc bi cho c cha cc i lng x + y, y +
z, z + x cn mu s th tng ng cha xy, yz, zx v th nu ta s dng bt ng thc
AM-GM cho t s th c th gin c i t s tuy nhin lc ny bi ton li xut hin cn
thc tuy nhin cc bn ng lo v cn thc ny nm mu s v th ta c th kh n d
dng bng AM-GM.
tng l vy v ta tin hnh nh sau, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
x
2
(y +z)
yz

2x
2
yz
yz
=
2x
2
yz

4x
2
y +z
Thc hin tng t cho hi i lng cn li sau cng tng ng cc v li vi nhau ta
thu c
P 4
_
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x +y
_
Mt khc theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz th
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y

1
2

(x + y +z)
2
x + y +z
=
x +y +z
2
=
1
2
T suy ra P 2. Mt khc d thy vi x = y = z =
1
3
th P = 2. Vic tm c cc gi tr
ca x, y, z tha mn iu kin bi ton v P = 2 cho php ta kt lun gi tr nh nht ca P
l 2.
Bi ton c gii quyt xong.
Ngoi ra ta c th thu c nh gi
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y

x +y + z
2
Nh vo bt ng thc AM-GM nh sau
x
2
y + z
+
y + z
4
x
Bi 8. Cho a, b, c > 0 v ab +bc +ca = a +b +c. Chng minh rng
a + b
a
2
+ b
2
+
b +c
b
2
+c
2
+
c +a
c
2
+a
2
3
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Bi ny va nhn vo ta ngh ngay ti vic nh gi cho cc phn thc a v
dng n gin hn. Mt khc, s xut hin ca a + b v a
2
+ b
2
cng vi vic du bng
xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 lm ta khng th no khng ngh ti ci nh gi quen thuc
a
2
+b
2
(a + b)
2
2
.
Ta c
a + b
a
2
+ b
2
+
b +c
b
2
+c
2
+
c +a
c
2
+a
2

2
a +b
+
2
b +c
+
2
c +a
Ta cn chng minh
2
a +b
+
2
b +c
+
2
c +a
3
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Hay tng ng vi
2
a +b
+
2
b +c
+
2
c +a

3(a +b +c)
ab +bc +ca
Ta nhn ab + bc + ca ln hai v v
ab +bc +ca
a +b
= c +
ab
a +b
, t vit c bt ng
thc di dng
2ab
a + b
+
2bc
b +c
+
2ca
c +a
a +b +c
S dng nh gi quen thuc
xy
x + y

x + y
4
v thu c ngay kt qu.
Cch 2 . Ta c hai kt qu quen thuc sau y
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)
8
9
(a +b + c)(ab +bc +ca)
(a + b + c)
2
3(ab +bc +ca)
Tr li bi ton s dng nh gi quen thuc 2(a
2
+ b
2
) (a + b)
2
ta a bi ton v chng
minh
1
a + b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c + a

3
2
Hay di dng ng bc l
1
a + b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a

3
2
a + b + c
ab +bc +ca
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
(a +b)(b +c) + (b + c)(c +a) + (c +a)(a +b)
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)

3
2
a + b + c
ab + bc + ca
Hay
(a + b + c)
2
+ab +bc +ca
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)

3
2
a +b +c
ab +bc +ca
S dng hai kt qu nu trn, ta c
(a +b +c)
2
+ab +bc +ca
(a + b)(b + c)(c +a)

(a +b +c)
2
+
(a +b +c)
2
3
8
9
(ab +bc +ca)(a + b +c)
=
3
2
a +b +c
ab +bc +ca
Bi 9. Cho cc s thc a, b, c [0, 1] tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 2. Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc sau
P =
a
2
4a + 5 +
b
2
4b + 5 +
c
2
4c + 5
Li gii.
Th nht, d on du bng t gi tr ln nht. Khng kh ta c th d on mt
cch "t nhin" l khi a = b = 1, c = 0 th biu thc t gi tr ln nht.
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Th hai, "liu" vi d on trn, ta tm cch nh gi cho hiu qu.
Quan st thy biu thc ca ta l tng i xng ba bin v hn na n c th vit li di
dng
P = f(a) + f(b) + f(c)
vi f(x) =
x
2
4x + 5. Nh vy, mt cch t nhin, ta mong mt nh gi "ring l" hay
"chia tr" kiu
f(x) =
x
2
4x + 5 mx +n,
ng vi x [0, 1] vi m, n l cc s thc no .
khi , ta c th c
P = f(a) + f(b) + f(c) m(a +b +c) + 3n = 2n + 3m
ni mt cch khc, ta tm c mt chn trn ca P m ta mong l gi tr ln nht.
Cng vic ca ta l i tm m, n.
Nh ni trn, ta cn nh gi m bo du bng, m v cc bin l i xng vi
nhau nn ta khng th quyt nh bin no bng 0 hay bin no bng 1 khi biu thc P t
gi tr ln nht. Bi vy, tt nht, ta s chn m, n sao cho m du bng ti 0 v 1 u tha.
Ni mt cch khc, ta cn tm m, n sao cho phng trnh
x
2
4x + 5 (mx +n) = 0
c hai nghim l 0 v 1.
Thay x = 0 v x = 1, ta tm c m =
5 v n =
5. Nh vy, ta mong l bt ng
thc sau ng
x
2
4x + 5
_
5
_
x +
5
Nhng k diu thay, bt ng thc ny hon ton ng vi iu kin x [0, 1] (cng vic
ny ht sc n gin, v thc ra ta ch cn l lun thi cng c th m bo tnh ng
n ca bt ng thc ny, xin dnh li cho mi ngi).
Nh vy, ta s c
P = f(a) + f(b) + f(c)
_
5
_
(a +b +c) + 3
5 = 2
2 +
5
Vi a = b = 1, c = 0 ta c ngay GTNN ca P = 2
2 +
5.
Bi 10. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a +b +c = abc. Chng minh rng
a
b
3
+
b
c
3
+
c
a
3
1
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Bt ng thc ny khng ng bc, nhn thy v tri bc (2), v phi bc 0, iu
kin gi thit a + b + c (bc 1) = abc (bc 3), t ta c tng lm cho hai biu thc ng
bc. Vi tng nh vy ta s tin hnh nh sau.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
abc
_
a
b
3
+
b
c
3
+
c
a
3
_
a +b +c
Hay
a
2
c
b
2
+
b
2
a
c
2
+
c
2
b
a
2
a +b +c
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
n y s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
_
1
c
+
1
a
+
1
b
__
a
2
c
b
2
+
b
2
a
c
2
+
c
2
b
a
2
_
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
Ta cn chng minh
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
(a +b +c)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Hay
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
+
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
3 +
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
_
a
2
b
2
+ 1
_
+
_
b
2
c
2
+ 1
_
+
_
c
2
a
2
+ 1
_
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
V
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+
a
c
+
c
b
+
b
a
6
Cng li, ta c iu phi chng minh v ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
3.
Cch 2 . Mt li gii kh t nhin cho bi ny l dng cch t n ph a iu kin bi
ton v dng d nhn.
t
1
a
= x,
1
b
= y,
1
c
= z, ta suy ra xy + yz +zx = 1. Khi
a
b
3
+
b
c
3
+
c
a
3
=
y
3
x
+
z
3
y
+
x
3
z
Ta ch cn chng minh
y
3
x
+
z
3
y
+
x
3
z
1
iu ny kh d, xin khng chng minh.
Cch 3 . Ta vit bt ng thc cn chng minh li di dng thun nht nh sau
a
b
3
+
b
c
3
+
c
a
3

a + b +c
abc
Nhn hai v ca bt ng thc ny vi abc > 0, ta c
ab
2
c
2
+
bc
2
a
2
+
ca
2
b
2
a +b +c
bc
2
a
2
+
ca
2
b
2
+ b 3
3
_
bc
2
a
2

ca
2
b
2
b = 3c
Thc hin nh gi tng t cho cc i lng cn li sau cng tng ng cc v li vi
nhau ta thu c kt qu cn phi chng minh.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 11. Khi h
_
x
2
+ xy +y
2
= 3
y
2
+yz +z
2
= 16
c nghim. Chng minh rng
xy + yz + zx 8
Li gii.
Cch 1 . S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(xy +yz + zx)
2
=
_
x
_
y +
z
2
_
+ z
_
y +
z
2
__
2
_
x
2
+
4
3
_
y +
x
2
_
2
_ _
_
y +
z
2
_
2
+
3
4
z
2
_
=
4
3
(x
2
+xy +y
2
)(y
2
+yz + z
2
) = 64
T ta d dng suy ra ra c
xy + yz +zx 8
Vi ng thc xy ra khi v ch
x =
7
31
, y =
4
31
, z =
20
31
Cch 2 . rng
48 = (x
2
+xy +y
2
)(y
2
+ yz + z
2
) =
_
_
_
y +
x
2
_
2
+
_
x
3
2
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
z
3
2
_
2
+
_
y +
z
2
_
2
_
_
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
48
_
yz
3
2
+
xz
3
4
+
xy
3
2
+
xz
3
4
_
2
=
_
(xy +yz +zx)
3
2
_
2
T suy ra xy +yz +zx 8.
Cch 3 . Ta thy cc biu thc xy +yz +zx, x
2
+xy +y
2
, y
2
+yz +z
2
u c bc hai, th nn
khi ng bc ha ta s phi a bt ng thc v dng
xy +yz +zx m(x
2
+xy +y
2
) + n(y
2
+yz +z
2
) (1)
By gi, ta cn chng minh xy + yz + zx 8 nn tt nhin ta bt buc phi chn m, n sao
cho m(x
2
+xy +y
2
) + n(y
2
+yz +z
2
) = 8. Vi iu kin ca bi ton th ta c iu ny khi
3m+ 16n = 8
Ra c mt phng trnh cho m, n, ta tm thm mt phng trnh na l xong.
Ta vit li (1) di dng
f(x) = mx
2
+ [(m1)y z] x + (m+ n)y
2
+ (n 1)yz + nz
2
0
Nh ni trn, ta mong mun f(x) 0, x R. Vy th vi phn kin thc "lm" c
trn, c phi l ta phi chn m, n sao cho m > 0 v
[(m1)y z]
2
4m
_
(m+ n)y
2
+ (n 1)yz + nz
2
, y, z R (2)
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
khng cc bn? Tip tc, ta vit li (2) di dng
g(z) = (4mn 1)z
2
+ 2(2mn m1)yz + (3m
2
+ 4mn + 2m1)y
2
0
y, ta chn xt tam thc theo z s gn gng hn! R rng g(z) 0, z R th ta phi
c 4mn > 1 v
= (2mn m1)
2
y
2
(4mn 1)(3m
2
+ 4mn + 2m1)y
2
0
Ngoi ra, do bi yu cu chng minh ch khng phi <nn kh nng ng thc c th
xy ra l rt cao (d ta cha bit c ti u). V vy, tt nht l ta nn chn m, n sao cho
bt ng thc (1) c th xy ra du bng. Mun vy th ta phi chn m, n sao cho
g
= 0 vi
mi y R (ti v ch c vy th
f
mi c th bng 0 v ng thc mi c th xy ra). Ch
rng
f
lun bng 0 khi y = z = 0 nhng ti cc im ny th iu kin y
2
+ yz + z
2
= 16
khng c tha mn, v vy m ta phi chn nh trn. Cui cng ta thu c h
_
_
3m+ 16n = 8
m > 0
4mn > 1
(2mn m1)
2
(4mn 1)(3m
2
+ 4mn + 2m1) = 0
Gii h ny, ta c m =
4
3
, n =
1
3
, sau rp vo bt ng thc ban u ta c iu phi
chng minh.
ab
2
c
+
bc
2
a
+
ca
2
b
+a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
2
(ab
3
+bc
3
+ ca
3
)
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
Li gii.
Vi bt ng thc cha cn, iu u tin ta phi lm l tm cch ph cn. Trong bi ton
ny, lm c iu , ta lin tng ngay ti bt ng thc AM-GM dng 2
xy x +y.
Nguyn tc tip theo, khi s dng AM-GM, cn phi m bo iu kin ng bc ca x v
y, l l do ta khng nn nh gi nh sau:
2
(ab
3
+ bc
3
+ca
3
)
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
ab
3
+bc
3
+ ca
3
+
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
(Bi mt ng bc 4 v mt ng bc 0, chng lin quan g n nhau c).
Mt khc, rng
ab
2
c
=
ab
3
bc
. T , c li gii sau.
y l mt bt ng thc hon v nn khng mt tnh tng qut, ta hon ton c th gi s
a l s nm gia a, b, c.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM dng 2
xy x +y, ta c
2
(ab
3
+bc
3
+ca
3
)
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
ab
3
+bc
3
+ca
3
bc
+bc
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
Vy chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c rng
ab
3
+ bc
3
+ca
3
bc
+ bc
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
ab
2
c
+
bc
2
a
+
ca
2
b
+a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Hay
ab
2
c
+c
2
+
a
3
b
+ca + b
2
+
bc
2
a

ab
2
c
+
bc
2
a
+
ca
2
b
+ a
2
+b
2
+c
2
Tng ng vi
a(a b)(a c)
b
0
Hin nhin ng do gi s a l s nm gia a, b, c.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c > 0
Bi 13. Cho x, y, z [0, 1] tha mn
1
4x + 5
+
2
4y + 5
+
3
4z + 5
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P = xy
2
z
3
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Ta chng minh hai b sau
B 1.Vi x, y [0, 1] th
1
4x + 5
+
1
4y + 5

2
4
xy + 5
Chng minh
Quy ng mu s v rt gn, ta thu c (20 16
xy)(
y)
2
0, hin nhin ng vi
x, y [0, 1]
B 2. Vi x, y, z [0, 1]th
1
4x + 5
+
1
4y + 5
+
1
4z + 5

3
4
3
xyz + 5
Chng minh
Cng thm c hai v vi
1
4
3
xyz + 5
v p dng lin tip hai ln b 1.
Quay tr li bi ton, s dng lin tip hai b trn, ta d dng chng minh c:
Vi 6 s thc a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
[0, 1], ta c
1
4a
1
+ 5
+
1
4a
2
+ 5
+
1
4a
3
+ 5
+
1
4a
4
+ 5
+
1
4a
5
+ 5
+
1
4a
6
+ 5

6
4
6
a
1
.a
2
.a
3
.a
4
.a
5
.a
6
+ 5
Ti y, ly a
1
= x, a
2
= a
3
= y, a
4
= a
5
= a
6
= z th bt ng thc trn tr thnh
1
4x + 5
+
2
4y + 5
+
3
4z + 5

6
4
6
_
xy
2
z
3
+ 5
Kt hp vi gi thit, ta thu c
1
6
4
6
_
xy
2
z
3
+ 5
T d dng suy ra P = xy
2
z
3
1
4
6
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Cch 2 . Vit gii thit thnh
1
4x + 5
+
1
4y + 5
+
1
4y + 5
+
1
4z + 5
+
1
4z + 5
+
1
4z + 5
= 1
Ta c
1
4x + 5
=
1
5

1
4y + 5
+
1
5

1
4y + 5
+
1
5

1
4z + 5
+
1
5

1
4z + 5
+
1
5

1
4z + 5
=
1
5
_
4y
4y + 5
_
+
1
5
_
4y
4y + 5
_
+
1
5
_
4z
4z + 5
_
+
1
5
_
4z
4z + 5
_
+
1
5
_
4z
4z + 5
_
p dng bt ng thc AM GM, ta c
1
4x + 5
4
5
y
2
z
3
(4y + 5)
2
(4z + 5)
3
(1)
Tng t ta c
1
4y + 5
4
5
xyz
3
(4x + 5)(4y + 5)(4z + 5)
3
(2)
1
4z + 5
4
5
xyz
3
(4x + 5)(4y + 5)
2
(4z + 5)
2
(3)
Bnh phng hai v ca bt ng thc (2) v lp phng hai v ca bt ng thc (3) ri
nhn v theo v ca (1), (2), (3) , ta c
1 4
6
xy
2
z
3
Do ,
xy
2
z
3
1
4
6
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
x = y = z =
1
4
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng
1
4
6
Bi 14. Cho 4 s thc a, b, c, d tha mn: abcd > a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
. Chng minh rng
abcd > a +b +c +d + 8
Li gii.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
abcd > a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
+d
2
4
2
abcd abcd > 16

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
abcd > a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
+d
2
(a + b +c +d)
2
4
t k = a + b + c + d nn ta cn chng minh
k
2
4k 32 > 0 (k 8)(k + 4) > 0
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Nu a +b +c +d < 8 suy ra a +b +c +d + 8 < 16 < abcd ta c iu phi chng minh.
Nu a +b +c +d 8 v cng suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi 15. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tha mn x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P = xy +yz + 2zx
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Ta ch cn xt trng hp x, y, z > 0
T x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3 nn bao gi cng c th t y =
3 cos a, x =
3 sin a cos b, z =
3 sin a sin b. Vi a, b [0;

2
]
Th th
P = 3
2 sin a cos a sin(b +

4
) + 3 sin
2
a sin 2b
Ta c nh gi sau
P
3
2
2
sin 2a + 3 sin
2
a =
3
2
+
3
2
_
2 sin 2a cos 2a
_
3
2
(1 +
3)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
y =
_
3
3
2
x = z =
_
3 +
3
4
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng
3
2
_
1 +
3
_
.
Cch 2 . t a
2
=
3 1
2
v 2b
2
= a
2
+ 1 (vi a, b > 0). Khi ta c ab =
1
2
. Do ta c cc
nh gi sau y
a
2
x
2
+b
2
y
2
2abxy
b
2
y
2
+ a
2
z
2
2abyz
x
2
+ z
2
2xz
Suy ra
(a
2
+ 1)x
2
+ 2b
2
y
2
+ (a
2
+ 1)z
2
(2abxy + 2abyz + 2xz)
Hay
2b
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) (xy +yz + 2xz)
Cch 3 . Trc tin, ta s ng bc ha bt ng thc cho a bi ton v ng bn
cht ca n. Bt ng thc ng bc ca ta c dng
xy + yz + 2zx k(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) ()
Vi hng s k > 0.
Tr li bi ton cn xt, khi c ti gi thit x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3 th phi hiu rng Max P = 3k v
cng vic ca ta l tm k (*) lun ng vi mi x, y, z. rng, (*) c th vit li thnh
ky
2
y(x + z) + kx
2
+kz
2
2xz 0
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Do h s k > 0 nn coi y l tam thc bc hai n y th d thy nu ta tm c k sao cho
0, x, z, bi ton s c gii quyt (theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai).
Ta li c = (1 4k
2
)(x
2
+z
2
) + 2(1 + 4k)xz (1)
Mt khc, bt ng thc trn i xng vi x v z nn ta c th d on P t Max khi v ch
khi x = z. T , dn ti tng thay x = z = 1 vo (1), ta thu c 2k
2
2k 1 = 0.
Do k > 0 nn ta ch chn nghim k =
1 +
3
2
m thi.
Vy kt lun c Max P =
3(1 +
3)
2
Cch 4 . Ta ch cn gii bi ton trong trng hp a, b, c l cc s dng l c.
Gi s rng P s t gi tr ln nht khi a = x, b = y, c = z khi d thy
a
x
=
b
y
=
c
z
= 1
v x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3. Khi theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
ab =
1
2xy
2 ay bx
1
2xy
_
a
2
y
2
+b
2
x
2
_
= a
2
y
2x
+ b
2
x
2y
nh gi tng t cho bc v 2ca ta c
bc b
2
z
2y
+c
2
y
2z
2ca c
2
x
z
+a
2
z
x
Cng tng ng cc v ca ba bt ng thc trn, ta thu c
P = ab +bc + 2ca a
2
_
y + 2z
2x
_
+ b
2
_
z +x
2y
_
+c
2
_
2x +y
2z
_
Vy ta ch cn chn x, y, z sao cho
_
_
_
y + 2z
x
=
z +x
y
=
2x +y
z
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3
Ta c phng trnh
y + 2z
x
=
2x + y
z
tng ng vi (z x)[y + 2(z + x)] = 0 tc x = z (v x, y, z > 0). Thay gi tr ny vo
phng trnh
y + 2z
x
=
z +x
y
ta s thu c
2x
2
2xy y
2
= 0
hay
2
_
x
y
_
2
2
x
y
1 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny ta thu c nghiml
x
y
=
1 +
3
2
. T ta thu c x = y
1 +
3
2
=
z t y kt hp vi gi thit x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3 ta tm c
_
_
x = z =
3 +
3
4
y =
3
2
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
v t tm c gi tr ln nht ca P l
3
2
_
1 +
3
_
.
Thc ra ta c th da vo tnh i xng ca c, a d on ng thc xy ra khi c = a =
x, z = y a ra phn tch ngn hn nhng mnh mun trnh by mt cch tng quan hn
nn chn phng php trn.
Bi 16. Cho x, y, z > 0 v xyz = 8. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
1
2x +y + 6
+
1
2y + z + 6
+
1
2z + x + 6
Li gii.
Cch 1 . u tin hy quan st iu kin bi ton "xyz = 8" ??!! Nhn c v hi l mt v ta
thng bit n vi gi thit quen thuc l xyz = 1 v th ngh ngay lc ny ca ta l tm
cch a gi thit ny v dng xyz = 1 v v th php t x = 2a, y = 2b, z = 2c cng rt t
nhin c chng ta ngh n. Ngoi ra vi php t ny th
2x + y + 6 = 2(2a + b + 3), 2y +z + 6 = 2(2b +c + 3), 2z + x + 6 = 2(2c +a + 3).
Lc ny
P =
1
2
_
1
2a + b + 3
+
1
2b +c + 3
+
1
2c +a + 3
_
R rng th P lc ny nhn c v n gin hn sao vi P ban u. Tip n l vic im ri
ca bi ton, biu thc bi cho l i xng v th ta c th d on c n s ln nht khi
cc bin bng nhau, m c th trong bi ton ny th a = b = c = 1. Vic cn li l ta s chn
cng c chng minh bi ton. Tht n gin hnh thc pht biu ca P li ging ht nh
bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz (hoc bt ng thc AM-GM dng cng mu) l
1
x
1
+
1
x
2
+ +
1
x
n
n
2
x
1
+ x
2
+ +x
n
Vy "thanh ao" m ta dng "trm" bi ton ny nu khng l Cauchy-Schwarz th l
AM-GM.
V im ri m ta d on l a = b = c = 1 nn nhng nh gi m ta dng cng phi m
bo iu ny th mi c hi vng gii quyt c bi ton v cng vic cn lm ca ta l chn
cc bin x
1
, x
2
, . . . sao cho chng bng nhau. D thy rng nu a = b = c = 1 th
2a +b + 3 = 2b +c + 3 = 2c + a + 3 = 6
m 6 ch c th phn tch thnh tng cc s bng nhau nh sau
6 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 + 3
V ta s chn phng n phn tch cui cng tc l tch 6 = 3+3 v hai cch cn li s khng
gii quyt c bi ton (cc bn c th t kim tra) tuy nhin ta li cng c hai cch phn
tch
2a +b + 3 = (a +b + 1) + (a + 2) = (2a + 1) + (b + 2)
v mnh s chn cch phn tch th nht (v sao li khng chn cch hai?).
Biu thc u bi l i xng iu ny cho php ta d on n s t gi tr ln nht khi
a = b = c = 1 (v thng th l nh vy m). T d on rng bt ng thc sau y s
ng
1
a + 2b + 3
+
1
b + 2c + 3
+
1
c + 2a + 3

1
2
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
By gi ta s i kim chng d on ca mnh. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta
c
1
a + 2b + 3
=
1
(a +b + 1) + (b + 2)

1
4
_
1
a +b + 1
+
1
b + 2
_
nh gi tng t cho hai i lng cn li v cng tng ng cc v li vi nhau ta thu
c
P
1
4
_
1
a +b + 1
+
1
b +c + 1
+
1
c +a + 1
+
1
a + 2
+
1
b + 2
+
1
c + 2
_
Vy ta s i chng minh
1
a + b + 1
+
1
b +c + 1
+
1
c +a + 1
+
1
a + 2
+
1
b + 2
+
1
c + 2
2
Bt ng thc ny c c bng cch cng hai bt ng thc sau y
1
a + b + 1
+
1
b +c + 1
+
1
c + a + 1
1
1
a + 2
+
1
b + 2
+
1
c + 2
1
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc th nht, t a = x
2
, b = y
2
, c = z
2
th xyz 1 v ta cn
chng minh
1
x
2
+y
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ z
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ x
2
+ 1
1
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
1
x
2
+y
2
+ 1
=
z
2
+ 2
(x
2
+y
2
+ 1)(1 + 1 +z
2
)

z
2
+ 2
(x + y +z)
2
nh gi tng t cho hai s hng cn li ta thu c
1
x
2
+y
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+z
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+x
2
+ 1

x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+ 6
(x +y +z)
2
Vy ta s chng minh
(x +y +z)
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 6
hay l
xy + yz + zx 3
th nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM cho ba s.
Tip n l chng minh bt ng thc thc th hai. Ta cng i bin tng t nh trn
a bt ng thc v chng minh
1
x
2
+ 2
+
1
y
2
+ 2
+
1
z
2
+ 2
1
vi iu kin xyz 1. Bt ng ny tng ng vi
_
1
2

1
x
2
+ 2
_
+
_
1
2

1
y
2
+ 2
_
+
_
1
2

1
z
2
+ 2
_
3
2
1
hay l
x
2
x
2
+ 2
+
y
2
y
2
+ 2
+
z
2
z
2
+ 2
1
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
x
2
x
2
+ 2
+
y
2
y
2
+ 2
+
z
2
z
2
+ 2

(x +y +z)
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 6
Cui cng ta s chng minh
(x +y +z)
2
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+ 6
1
hin nhin ng theo kt qu trn. Vy d on ca ta l chnh xc nn gi tr ln nht ca
P l
1
2
t c khi a = b = c = 1.
Cch 2 . t a =
x
2
, b =
y
2
, c =
z
2
. Khi ta c abc = 1 v
P =
1
2
_
1
2a + b + 3
+
1
2b + c + 3
+
1
2c + a + 3
_
1
8
_
1
a +b + 1
+
1
b + c + 1
+
1
c + a + 1
+
1
a + 2
+
1
b + 2
+
1
c + 2
_
Ta c
1
a +b + 1

1
3
ab
_
3
a +
3
b
_
+ 1
=
1
1
3
c
_
3
a +
3
b
_
+ 1
=
3
c
3
a +
3
b +
3
c
Khi ta c
A =
1
a + b + 1
+
1
b + c + 1
+
1
c + a + 1
1
Ta chng minh
B =
1
a + 2
+
1
b + 2
+
1
c + 2
1
Bt ng thc ny khi quy ng ln ta c
ab +bc +ca 3
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do ta c P
1
4
.ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 2.
Cch 3 . t
x
2
= a
2
,
y
2
= b
2
,
z
2
= c
2
vi a, b, c > 0 th ta cng c abc = 1. Biu thc tr thnh
2P =
1
2a
2
+b
2
+ 3
+
1
2b
2
+c
2
+ 3
+
1
2c
2
+ a
2
+ 3
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
2P
1
2a + 2ab + 2
+
1
2b + 2bc + 2
+
1
2c + 2ca + 2
=
1
2
P
1
4
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 17. Cho x, y = 0, xy(x +y) = x
2
+ y
2
xy. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
Li gii.
Ta c
xy(x + y) = x
2
+y
2
xy
1
x
+
1
y
=
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
1
t a =
1
x
; b =
1
y
. iu kin bi ton tr thnh
a +b = a
2
+b
2
ab
V ta cn tm GTLN ca
P = a
3
+b
3
Ta c
P = a
3
+b
3
= (a +b)
3
3ab(a +b) = (a +b)(a
2
+b
2
ab) = (a +b)
2
Ta c
a + b = (a +b)
2
3ab (a +b)
2
3(a +b)
2
4
=
(a + b)
2
4
4(a +b) (a +b)
2
(a + b)(a +b 4) 0 0 a + b 4
Suy ra
P 16
Du bng xy ra khi a = b hay x = y =
1
2
.
Bi 18. Cho a, b, c i mt khc nhau v thuc [0; 2]. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
1
(a b)
2
+
1
(b c)
2
+
1
(c a)
2
Li gii.
p dng BT
1
x
2
+
1
y
2

8
(x + y)
2
vi x, y > 0
Chng minh iu ny n gin v n tng ng vi (x y)
2
(x
2
+y
2
+ 4xy) 0
Ta c
P
8
(c a)
2
+
1
(c a)
2
=
9
(c a)
2

9
4
Du "=" chng hn khi a = 0, b = 1, c = 2.
Bi 19. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
a
2
2a
2
+bc
+
b
2
2b
2
+ac
+
c
2
2c
2
+ab
1
Li gii.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Cch 1 . Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
bc
2(2a
2
+bc)
+
ac
2(2b
2
+ac)
+
ab
2(2c
2
+ ab)

1
2
Ch cn thm bt vo hai v S dng bt ng thc bunhiakowsky ta c
(bc)
2
2(2a
2
bc + (bc)
2
)
+
(ac)
2
2(2b
2
ac + (ac)
2
)
+
(ab)
2
2(2c
2
ab + (ab)
2
)
(bc +ca +ab)

2
2(ab +bc +ca)
2
=
1
2
1
2 +
bc
a
2
+
1
2 +
ca
b
2
+
1
2 +
ab
c
2
1
t x
2
=
bc
a
2
, y
2
=
ca
b
2
, z
2
=
ab
c
2
vi x, y, z > 0, ta c xyz = 1
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh:
x
2
2 + x
2
+
y
2
2 + y
2
+
z
2
2 + z
2
1
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
x
2
2 + x
2
+
y
2
2 + y
2
+
z
2
2 + z
2

(x +y +z)
2
6 + x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Ta cn ch ra
(x +y +z)
2
6 + x
2
+y
2
+z
2
1
na l bi ton c gii quyt. Tht vy, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi
xy + yz +zx 3
Bt ng cui lun ng theo bt ng thc AM GM.
Cch 3 . rng, theo bt ng thc AM-GM dng 2xy x
2
+y
2
, ta c
2a
2
2a
2
+bc
=
1
1 +
bc
2a
2
=
1
1 +
1
2.
a
b
.
a
c
.
1
1 +
1
a
2
b
2
+
a
2
c
2
=
a
2
b
2
+c
2
a
2
a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
Thit lp hai bt ng thc tng t v cng li, ta thu c
2a
2
2a
2
+bc
+
2b
2
2b
2
+ ca
+
2c
2
2c
2
+ ab

2(a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
= 2
Hay
a
2
2a
2
+bc
+
b
2
2b
2
+ca
+
c
2
2c
2
+ab
1
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 20. Cho x, y R tha mn 5x
2
+ 5y
2
5x 15y + 8 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
S = x + 3y
Li gii.
Nhn xt. i vi nhng bi ton cho gi thit ax
2
+ bxy + cy
2
+ dx + ey + f = 0 (hay
0) v yu cu tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc S = x + y (trong
a, b, c, d, e, f, , l cc s cho trc ri, lu a > 0, b > 0) th c mt cch l ta rt x theo
S v y ri thay vo biu thc ca gi thit c mt tam thc bc hai i vi n y sau
gii iu kin
y
0 thu c gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca S.
C th bi ny ta gii nh sau
Do S = x +3y nn x = S 3y, thay vo gi thit 5x
2
+5y
2
5x 15y +8 0 v vit theo h
s ca bin y ta thu c
50y
2
30Sy + 5S
2
5S + 8 0 ()
V bt ng thc trn ng vi mi y nn ta c 0, tc l
900S
2
4.50.(5S
2
5S + 8) 0
Bin i tng ng ta thu c
100S
2
+ 1000S 1600 0
Hay
100S
2
1000S + 1600 0
V phng trnh 100x
2
1000x + 1600 = 0 c 2 nghim l x = 2 v x = 8. Do ta thu c
2 S 8
Ta c:
Khi S = 2 thay vo (*) c 50y
2
60y + 18 0 hay y =
3
5
nn x = S 3y = 2
9
5
=
1
5
.
Khi S = 8 thay vo (*) c 50y
2
240y + 288 0 hay y =
12
5
nn x = S 3y = 8
36
5
=
4
5
.
Vy gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca biu thc S ln lt l 2 v 8.
Bi 21. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn abc +a +c = b. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P =
2
a
2
+ 1

2
b
2
+ 1
+
3
c
2
+ 1
Li gii.
Ta c ac +
a
b
+
c
b
= 1.
t tan
A
2
= a, tan
B
2
=
1
b
, tan
C
2
= c vi A, B, C l ba gc ca mt tam gic.
Khi ta xt bi ton tng qut sau vi x, y, z l cc s thc bt k:
P =
x
a
2
+ 1

y
b
2
+ 1
+
z
c
2
+ 1
= x cos
2
A
2
y sin
2
B
2
+z cos
2
C
2
Vy
P =
_
x
2

y
2
+
z
2
_
+
x
2
cos A +
y
2
cos B +
z
2
cos C
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Ch rng chng ta c mt bt ng thc kh quen thuc sau vi m, n, p l cc s thc:
2mncos A + 2np cos B + 2pmcos C m
2
+n
2
+p
2
Khi gii nhng bi nh th ny ta nh m, n, p sao cho
2mn =
x
2
, 2np =
y
2
, 2pm =
z
2
Vy iu kin ca x, y, z l xyz phi dng. Khi ta c
P
x
2

y
2
+
z
2
+m
2
+ n
2
+p
2
V d nh bi trn ta c
mn =
x
4
=
1
2
, np =
y
4
=
1
2
, pm =
3
4
Khi ta c: m =
3
2
, n =
3
3
, p =
3
2
.Lc ny
P
x
2

y
2
+
z
2
+m
2
+n
2
+p
2
=
10
3
ng thc xy ra khi
Bi 22. Cho cc s x, y, z tha mn 1 x, y, z 4 v x y, x z. Tm GTNN ca biu thc
P =
x
2x + 3y
+
y
y + z
+
z
x +z
Li gii.
Cch 1 . t
f(x, y, z) =
x
2x + 3y
+
y
y +z
+
z
x +z
Ta c
f(x, y,
xy) =
x
2x + 3y
+
2
x +
y
Xt hiu
f(x, y, z) f(x, y,
xy) =
(
xy z)
2
(
y)
(x +z)(y + z)(
x +
y)
0
Hin nhin ng.
Suy ra
P = f(x, y, z)
x
2x + 3y
+
2
x +
y
=
x
y
2
x
y
+ 3
+
2
_
x
y
+ 1
Ti y t t =
_
x
y
vi 1 t 2. Khi
P
t
2
2t
2
+ 3
+
2
1 + t
Kho st hm s f(t) =
t
2
2t
2
+ 3
+
2
1 + t
trn on [1, 2] ta c f(t)
34
33
du bng xy ra khi
t = 2 x = 4y.
Hay x = 4, y = 1, z = 2.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Cch 2 . Ta c b sau:
1
1 + a
2
+
1
1 + b
2

1
1 + ab
vi ab 1
Tht vy, tr v theo v, ta c ngay:
(a b)
2
(ab 1)
(1 + a
2
)(1 + b
2
)(1 + ab)
0
Hin nhin ng.
V
x
y
1, khi ta c:
P =
x
2x + 3y
+
y
y + z
+
z
x +z
=
x
y
2
x
y
+ 3
+
1
1 +
z
y
+
1
1 +
x
z
x
y
2
x
y
+ 3
+
2
1 +
_
x
y
Ta a c v dng nh trn.
Cch 3 . t
y
x
= a;
z
y
= b;
x
z
= c.
Khi abc = 1 v 2
bc 1.
Ta c
P =
1
2 + 3a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
Xt bi ton mi ny c cc bin b v c bnh ng nn ta d on ng thc xy ra khi
b = c =
1
a
.
Khi P =
1
2 + 3a
+
2
a
1 +
a
:= f(a) vi a
_
1
4
; 1
_
.
So snh f
_
1
4
_
vi f(1) ta d on c P t gi tr nh nht khi a =
1
4
.
Khi b = c = 2 v ta tm c cc gi tr ca (x, y, z) tng ng l (4, 1, 2) .
Bi 23. Cho x y z > 0 . Chng minh rng
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
Li gii.
Cch 1 . p dng BT Bunhiacopsky cho 2 dy s x
_
y
z
; y
_
z
x
; z
_
x
y
v x
_
z
y
; y
_
x
z
; z
_
y
x
Ta c:
(
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
)(
x
2
z
y
+
y
2
x
z
+
z
2
y
x
) (x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2
(1)
Xt hiu:
F =
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
(
x
2
z
y
+
y
2
x
z
+
z
2
y
x
)
=
1
xyz
(x
3
z
2
+ y
3
z
2
+z
3
x
2
x
3
z
2
y
3
z
2
z
3
y
2
)
=
1
xyz
[(x
3
z
2
y
3
z
2
) + (y
3
z
2
z
3
y
2
) + (z
3
x
2
x
3
z
2
)]
=
1
xyz
(x y)(y z)(x z)(xy +yz +zx) 0
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Suy ra:
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y

x
2
z
y
+
y
2
x
z
+
z
2
y
x
(2)
T (1) v (2), ta c:
(
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
)
2
(
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
)(
x
2
z
y
+
y
2
x
z
+
z
2
y
x
) (x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2
Vy:
(
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
)
2
(x
2
+y
2
+ z
2
)
2
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z > 0.
Cch 2 . Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
+zx x
2
+y
2
+zx +z
2
V sao li thm bt zx vo hai v? V vi mt bi ton hon v, trong y l s nm gia x v
z th thng ta s, lm th no , s dng c nh gi quen thuc y
2
+zx y(z +x).
Tht vy, nu s dng nh gi trn th bi ton quy v chng minh
x
2
y
z
+
y
2
z
x
+
z
2
x
y
+zx x
2
+z
2
+xy +yz
Mt cch t nhin ta mun s dng bt ng thc AM-GM dng x +y 2
xy c
y
2
z
x
+zx 2
_
y
2
z
x
.zx = 2yz
T , ta s th chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
x
2
y
z
+ 2yz +
z
2
x
y
x
2
+ z
2
+ xy +yz
Hay
x
2
y
z
+yz +
z
2
x
y
x
2
+z
2
+xy
Tng ng vi
_
x
2
y
z
x
2
_
+
_
yz z
2
_
+
_
z
2
x
y
xy
_
0
Hay
(y z)
_
x
2
z
+z
x(y +z)
y
_
0
Bt ng thc cui ny hin nhin ng v y z v
x
2
z
+z 2x
x(y + z)
y
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 24. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng:
a
2
+ bc
b +c
+
b
2
+ca
c +a
+
c
2
+ab
a +b
a + b +c
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit li nh sau
(a b) (a c)
b + c
+
(b a) (b c)
a +c
+
(c a) (c b)
a + b
0
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c, khi ta c
1
b +c

1
c + a
.
Bt ng thc ny s c chng minh nu ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau vi x y
v a b c
x (a b) (a c) + y (b c) (b a) + z (c a) (c b) 0
Ta bin i v tri bt ng thc:
V T = z (a c) (b c) + (a b) [x (a c) y (b c)] 0
T ta thu c iu phi chng minh. Bt ng thc ny l mt trng hp ca bt ng
thc V ornicu Schur.
Cch 2 . Ta c
a
2
+bc
b + c
=
a
2
+ ab + bc + ca
b + c
a =
(a +b)(a + c)
b +c
a
Tng t ta c bt ng thc ban u tng ng vi
(a +b)(a +c)
b + c
+
(b + c)(b +a)
a +c
+
(c +a)(c + b)
a +b
2(a + b + c)
t a +b = x; b + c = y; c + a = z ta c
xy
z
+
yz
x
+
zx
y
x +y + z
Cch 3 . Ta s chng minh bng bt ng thc B.C.S nh sau
_
a
2
+ bc
b +c
+
b
2
+ca
c +a
+
c
2
+ab
a +b
_
_
(a
2
+ bc)(b +c) + (b
2
+ca)(c +a) + (c
2
+ ab)(a +b)
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+ ab + bc + ca)
2
(a
2
+ bc)(b +c) + (b
2
+ca)(c +a) + (c
2
+ ab)(a +b)
Ta cn chng minh
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+ ab + bc + ca)
2
(a
2
+ bc)(b +c) + (b
2
+ca)(c +a) + (c
2
+ ab)(a +b)
(a + b + c)
Quy ng v nhn ra ta thu c
a
4
+b
4
+c
4
a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 25. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a +b +c = 1. Chng minh rng
_
a
2
+
1
a
2
+
_
b
2
+
1
b
2
+
_
c
2
+
1
c
2

82
Li gii.
Phng php kho st hm c trng, rt hu hiu cho nhng bi BT i xng.
Bi ton
Cho f(x) + f(y) + f(z) A.
Tm Min, Max ca S = g(x) + g(y) + g(z).
Nhp
iu kin x, y, z D, d on du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = . Kho st hm c trng
h(t) = g(t) mf(t). Vi m =
g
()
f
()
. Sau khi tm c m ch cn xt o hm h(t) na l
xong.
Ta kho st hm
f(x) =
_
x
2
+
1
x
2
mx
hm s c cc tiu th f
(x) = 0
x
4
1
x
3
_
x
2
+
1
x
2
m = 0. Nhn thy = x =
1
3
nn
m =
80
82
. Xt hm s i din f(t) =
_
t
2
+
1
t
2
+
80
82
t trn (0,1) c f(t) f
_
1
3
_
=
162
3
82
.
Vy th P
80
82
(x +y +z) +
162
82
=
82.
Bi 26. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng
x
4
y
x
2
+ 1
+
y
4
z
y
2
+ 1
+
z
4
x
z
2
+ 1

3
2
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Do xyz = 1, nn bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
x
4
x
3
z + xz
+
y
4
y
3
x +xy
+
z
4
z
3
y + zy

3
2
Theo bt ng thc BCS ta c
x
4
x
3
z +xz
+
y
4
y
3
x + xy
+
z
4
z
3
y +zy

(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
x
3
z +xz +y
3
x +xy + z
3
y +zy
Do vy ta cn chng minh
(x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
)
2
x
3
z +xz +y
3
x +xy + z
3
y +zy

3
2
2(x
4
+y
4
+ z
4
) + 4(x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
)
3(x
3
z + y
3
x + z
3
y) + 3(xy +yz + zx)
Nhng bt ng thc trn l tng ca 3 bt ng thc sau
1) x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
xy + yz +zx
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Ta c x
2
y
2
+ 1 2xy, tng t ta c
x
2
y
2
+y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
+3 2(xy +yz +zx) xy +yz +zx+3 x
2
y
2
+y
2
z
2
+z
2
x
2
xy +yz +zx
2)x
4
+y
4
+ z
4
x
3
z + y
3
x + z
3
y
Bt ng thc ny c chng minh nh sau
x
4
+x
4
+x
4
+ z
4
4x
3
z
Thit lp cc biu thc tng t ri cng li ta c pcm.
3)x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
+x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
2(x
3
z +y
3
x +z
3
y)
Ta c, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi:
x
2
(x z)
2
+y
2
(y x)
2
+ z
2
(z y)
2
0
Hin nhin ng.
Nhn 3 bt ng thc u tin ri cng v theo v cc bt ng thc pha di ta c iu
phi chng minh. Du "=" xy ra khi x = y = z = 1.
Cch 2 . Thot nhn biu thc
x
4
y
x
2
+ 1
, c l ai cng mun nh gi x
2
+ 1 2x, tuy nhin
nh vy bt ng thc s b o chiu. Chnh iu ny gi cho ta tng s dng k thut
AM-GM ngc du.
Tht vy, rng
x
4
y
x
2
+ 1
= x
2
y
x
2
y
x
2
+ 1
x
2
y
x
2
y
2x
= x
2
y
xy
2
Thit lp hai bt ng thc tng t v cng li, ta thu c
x
4
y
x
2
+ 1
+
y
4
z
y
2
+ 1
+
z
4
x
z
2
+ 1
x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x
xy +yz +zx
2
T , ta s th chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
x
2
y +y
2
z + z
2
x
xy + yz +zx
2

3
2
Hay
2(x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x) xy +yz + zx + 3
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM b ba s dng a + b +c 3
3
abc, d thy
x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x 3.
3
_
x
2
y.y
2
z.z
2
x = 3xyz = 3
Vy chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x xy +yz +zx
Mt ln na, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM b ba s kt hp vi gi thit xyz = 1, ta c
x
2
y +x
2
y +y
2
z 3.
3
_
x
2
y.x
2
y.y
2
z = 3.
3
_
x
4
y
4
z = 3xy
Thit lp hai bt ng thc tng t v cng li theo v, ta thu c
3(x
2
y +y
2
z +z
2
x) 3(xy +yz + zx)
Hay
x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x xy +yz +zx
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 27. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng ln hn 1. Chng minh rng
log
b
a
a +b
+
log
c
b
b + c
+
log
a
c
c +a

9
2(a +b +c)
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Ch rng log
b
a. log
c
b. log
a
c = 1
Theo AM GM ta c
log
b
a
a +b
+
log
c
b
b +c
+
log
a
c
c +a
3
3
1
(a +b)(b + c)(c +a)
Mt khc cng theo bt ng thc AM GM ta li c:
(a +b) + (b +c) + (c +a) = 2(a +b +c) 3
3
_
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)
Hay
3
1
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)

3
2(a +b +c)
Do
log
b
a
a +b
+
log
c
b
b + c
+
log
a
c
c +a

9
2(a +b +c)
Du "=" xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c > 1
Cch 2 . D thy log
b
a, log
c
b, log
a
c > 0
Ta c
V T =
__
log
b
a
_
2
a +b
+
__
log
c
b
_
2
b + c
+
__
log
a
c
_
2
c + a
Theo BT Cauchy- Shwarz ta c:
V T
__
log
b
a +
_
log
c
b +
_
log
a
c
_
2
2(a + b + c)
Tip tc s dng BT AM-GM ta c:
V T
_
3
3
_
_
log
b
a.log
c
b.log
a
c
_
2
2(a +b +c)
=
9
2(a +b +c)
Du "=" xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
Bi 28. Cho cc s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn x +y + z = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P = 9xy + 10yz + 11zx
Li gii.
rng, vi gi thit x +y + z = 1 th
P = 9xy + 10yz + 11zx = 9xy + z(10y + 11x) = 9xy + (1 x y)(10y + 11x)
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Khai trin v rt gn, ta thu c
P = 11x
2
10y
2
+ 11x + 10y 12xy
Tng ng vi
11x
2
+ (12y 11)x + 10y
2
10y +P = 0 ()
Coi y l tam thc bc hai n x, do iu kin tn ti ca x nn suy ra (*) phi c nghim,
tc l
= (12y 11)
2
44(10y
2
10y + P) 0
Hay
296y
2
+ 176y + 121 44P 0
Tng ng vi
P
74
11
_
y
2
22
37
y
121
296
_
Dng php tch thnh bnh phng, d dng nhn thy
y
2
22
37
y
121
296

5445
10952
T , suy ra
P
_
74
11
_
.
_
5445
10952
_
=
495
148
Vy kt lun Max P =
495
148
, t c khi y =
11
37
, x =
25
74
, z =
27
74
.
Bi 29. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn: a +b +c = 3 . Chng minh rng
(a + c)(b + 1) abc(a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
+ 1)
Li gii.
Nhn vo bi ny ta thy mt s th sau y
Cc bin a v c bnh ng.
ng thc xy ra khi a = c = b = 1.
Ch a +c = 3 b nn V T = (3 b)(1 + b), do ta s nh gi V P theo b.
Do ta s dng 2 nh gi
ac
_
a + c
2
_
2
=
(3 b)
2
4
2ac(a
2
+c
2
)
_
(a +c)
2
2
_
2
=
(3 b)
4
4
Bi ton s c chng minh nu
(3 b)(1 + b) b
(3 b)
4
8
+b(b
2
+ 1)
(3 b)
2
4
hay
8(1 + b) b(3 b)
3
+ 2b(b
2
+ 1)(3 b) 3b
4
15b
3
+ 29b
2
+ 25b + 8 0
Kho st hm s f(b) = 3b
4
15b
3
+ 29b
2
+ 25b + 8 vi b (0; 3) ta c f(b) 0
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 30. Cho cc s 0 < x, y, z, t < 1 vx + y +z + t = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
T =
x
1 x
+
y
1 y
+
z
1 z
+
t
1 t
Li gii.
Cch 1 . p dng bt ng thc BCS ta c
T =
x
1 x
+
y
1 y
+
z
1 z
+
t
1 t
=
x
y +x +t
+
y
z +t +x
+
z
t + x + y
+
t
x +y +z
=
x
2
x(y + x + t)
+
y
2
y(z +t +x)
+
z
2
z(t +x +y)
+
t
2
t(x +y + z)
(x + y +z +t)
2
2(xy + yz + zx +xt + yt +zt)
Ta li c
xy +yz +zx + xt +yt + zt = (x +t)(y + z) + yz + xt
4(x +t)(y +z) + (x +t)

2
+ (y +z)
2
4
=
(x + y +z +t)
2
+ 2(x +t)(y + z)
4
3(x + y +z +t)
2
8
T suy ra
T
4
3
Cch 2 . Ta c
T + 4 =
x
1 x
+ 1 +
y
1 y
+ 1 +
z
1 z
+ 1 +
t
1 t
+ 1 =
1
1 x
+
1
1 y
+
1
1 z
+
1
1 t
p dng bt ng thc quen thuc sau
1
a
+
1
b

4
a + b
, a , b > 0
Lc c
T + 4
4
2 x y
+
4
2 z t

16
4 (x +y +z + t)
=
16
3
T
T
16
3
4 =
4
3
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = t =
1
4
Bi 31. Cho a, b, c [0; 2] v a +b +c = 3. Tm GTNN v GTLN ca
P = a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3c
2
2a 24c + 2060
Li gii.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Gi tr nh nht
Ta c
P = a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3c
2
2a 24c + 2060
= (a 1)
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3(c 2)
2
12c + 2047
12.2 + 2047
= 2023.
ng thc xy ra khi a = 1, b = 0, c = 2 nn gi tr nh nht ca P l 2023.
Gi tr ln nht
Ta c
P = a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3c
2
2a 24c + 2060
=
_
a
2
+c
2
_
+ 2b
2
+ 2c (c 2) 2a 20c + 2060
(a +c)
2
+ 2b
2
2 (a +c) + 2060
= (1 a c)
2
+ 2b
2
+ 2059
= (b 2)
2
+ 2b
2
+ 2059
= (b 2) (3b + 2) + 2067
2067.
ng thc xy ra khi a = 1, b = 2, c = 0 nn gi tr ln nht ca P l 2067.
Bi 32. Cho a, b, c > 0 v 21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12 Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
1
a
+
2
b
+
3
c
Li gii.
Phn tch v hng gii
bi ton ny ta quan st thy biu thc ca P cha cc phn s v iu kin li cha cc
tch s nn ta cn phi chun nguyn v mt i lng phn s d nhn. y chng ta
c a, b, c > 0 nn trong iu kin ta chia hai v ca n cho abc > 0 ta c
21
c
+
2
a
+
4
b

12
abc
(1)
Ti y ta ch rng ta c 12 = 2.1.2.3 ; 21 = 7.3 ; 2 = 2.1 ; 8 = 4.2 , cc h s ny c s gn
b mt thit vi cc h s trong biu thc P. Nn ta c th y iu kin (1) v dng
2
1
a
+ 4
2
b
+ 7
3
c
2
1
a
.
2
b
.
3
c
Ti y th vic i bin s lm cho bi ton c hnh thc d nhn l iu chng ta u tin
cho bi ton. t
x =
1
a
; y =
2
b
; z =
3
c
(x , y , z > 0)
Lc ny iu kin bi ton tr thnh
2x + 4y + 7z 2xyz
V biu thc
P = x +y + z
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Ti y t iu kin bi ton ta i n
2x + 4y z(2xy 7) z
2x + 4y
2xy 7
Lc ta c
x + y +z x +y +
2xy 7
2x + 4y
(2)
Ti y tham vng ca chng ta l ko bi ton v ch cn theo mt bin tin vic nh
gi bng nhng k thut c bn.iu dn n ta phi c gng bin i (2) v mt bin
duy nht cng c ngha rng chng ta cn kh c ht i lng 2xy 7 , m i lng
ny di mu cho nn ta cn ngh ngay n vic s dng bt ng thc AM GM.
Ta c
x +y +
2xy 7
2x + 4y
= x +
2xy 7 + 7
2x
+
2x + (2xy 7)
2
x
+
14
x
2xy 7
= x +
11
2x
+
2xy 7
2x
+
2x +
14
x
2xy 7
x +
11
2x
+ 2
_
2xy 7
2x
.
2x +
14
x
2xy 7
(theo bt ng thc AM-GM)
x +
11
2x
+ 2
_
1 +
7
x
2
Vy ta c
P x +
11
x
+ 2
_
1 +
7
x
2
Theo bt ng thc BSC ta c
_
3 +
7
x
_
=
_
3 +
7.
7
x
_
2
(9 + 7)
_
1 +
7
x
2
_
= 16
_
1 +
7
x
2
_
Suy ra
2
_
1 +
7
x
2
=
4
_
1 +
7
x
2
_
1
2
_
3 +
7
x
_
Do
P x +
11
2x
+
1
2
_
3 +
7
x
_
3
2
+
_
x +
9
x
_
3
2
+ 2
_
x.
9
x

15
2
(theo bt ng thc AM-GM )
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
3
7 = x
7
x
2
= 9
2xy 7
2x
=
2x +
14
x
2xy 7
z =
2x + 4y
2xy 7
_
x = 3
y =
5
2
z = 2
_
a =
1
3
b =
4
5
c =
3
2
Bi 33. Cho x, y, z thay i tha mn iu kin x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
= 1. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca
A = x + y +z +xy + yz + zx
Li gii.
Vi yu cu gi tr ln nht.
y ta quan st thy cc bin trong bi ton c tnh i xng nn thng d on gi tr
ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau. Mt khc ta nhn
thy khi x = y = z =
3
3
th gi tr ln nht ca bi ton l A =
3 + 1. Tht vy
x + y +z
_
3(x
2
+y
2
+ z
2
) =
3(Theo bt ng thc BSC ) (1)

xy +yz + zx x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1(Theo bt ng thc BSC ) (2)
T (1) + (2) v theo v ta c
A
3 + 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca A =
3 + 1 t c khi x = y = z =
3
3
.
Vi yu cu gi tr nh nht.
t
u = x + y +z xy +yz + zx =
1
2
(u
2
1)
T
A = u +
1
2
(u
2
1) =
1
2
(u
2
+ 1)
2
1 1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A = 1 t c khi v ch khi x , y, z tha h
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1
xy +yz + zx = 1
Ta c th chn x = 1 ; y = 0 ; z = 0 tha h. Vy b ba s (1; 0; 0) v cc hon v ca
n s cho gi tr nh nht ca A.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 34. Cho 4 s x, y, z, t thay i tha mn
_
x +y +z + t = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+t
2
= 1
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca
biu thc
A = xy + yz +zt + tx
Li gii.
T biu thc cn tmgi tr ln nht v nh nht ca bi ton v iu kin x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
= 1
cho php ta ngh ngay n bt ng thc BSC. Tht vy ta c
|xy +yz + zt +tx| x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
= 1
T
|T| 1
Vy
T 1
Ti y ta kt lun gi tr nh nht ca A = 1 khi x = z =
1
2
; y = t =
1
2
Mt khc ta thy rng nu trong biu thc cho ta s dng nhm hng t th ta s c
mt iu kh thun li.
l
A = x(y +t) + z(y +t) = (x +z)(y +t)
Li t gi thit
x + y +z +t = 0 x +z = (y + t)
Vy
A = (x +z)
2
0
Do gi tr ln nht ca A = 0 t c khi x = y =
1
2
; z = t =
1
2
.
(a +b +c)
2
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+
1
2
_
a
3
+b
3
+c
3
abc

a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
ab +bc +ca
_
4
Li gii.
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
2(a +b + c)
2
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+
1
2
_
a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
abc

a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
ab +bc +ca
_
7
Do
2(a +b +c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
= 2 +
4(ab + bc + ca)
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
nn bt ng thc trn c th vit li thnh
4(ab + bc +ca)
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+
1
2
_
a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
abc

a
2
+b
2
+c
2
ab + bc + ca
_
5
Hay
8(ab + bc + ca)
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+
a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
abc

a
2
+b
2
+c
2
ab + bc + ca
10 ()
bi ton tr nn n gin hn, ta nn tm cch gim bt s i lng khc nhau.
C th l y, ta s th nh gi th no a i lng
ab +bc +ca
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
v
a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
ab +bc +ca
.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
iu ny gi cho ta tng s dng bt ng thc AM-GM dng x +y 2
xy.
Tht vy, d thy
ab + bc +ca
a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
+
a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
ab + bc + ca
2
Suy ra
8(ab + bc + ca)
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
16
8(a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
)
ab +bc +ca
S dng nh gi ny, ta s quy () v vic chng minh
a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
abc

9(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
)
ab +bc +ca
6
Tng ng vi
a
3
+b
3
+c
3
abc
3 9
_
a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
1
_
Hay
a
3
+ b
3
+c
3
3abc
abc

9(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
ab bc ca)
ab +bc +ca
S dng hng ng thc quen thuc
a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a +b +c)(a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
Ta suy ra bt ng thc trn c th vit li thnh
(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
ab bc ca)
_
a + b + c
abc

9
ab +bc +ca
_
0
Do a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
ab bc ca =
1
2
[(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
] 0
Nn chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
a +b +c
abc

9
ab + bc + ca
0
Hay
(a +b +c)(ab + bc + ca) 9abc
iu ny l hin nhin ng v theo bt ng thc AM-GM b ba s,
(a + b + c)(ab +bc +ca) 3
3
abc.3
a
2
b
2
c
2
= 9abc
Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c > 0.
Bi 36. Cho a, b, c khng m, i mt phn bit. Tm GTNN ca
P = (a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
(b c)
2
+
1
(c a)
2
_
Li gii.
Vi nhng bi ton dng ny, Min P chc chn khng th t c khi a = b = c m thng
t c khi mt bin bng 0.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Do , d on c chnh xc du bng, ta s th cho c = 0. Khi y,
P =
_
a
2
+ b
2
_
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
_
Coi x = a, y = b th
P =
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
1
(x + y)
2
+
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
_
D dng chng minh c
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
1
(x +y)
2
+
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
_
9
2
T , ta d on Min P =
9
2
, t c khi a = b, c = 0 hoc cc hon v.
Vy ta s chng minh
P = (a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
(b c)
2
+
1
(c a)
2
_
9
2
Kt hp vi tng gim bin, suy ra li gii sau
Lu : Tt c nhng nh gi ta sp s dng u phi bo ton du ng thc va d on
c.
rng,
a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
=
(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
+ (a + b + c)
2
3

(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
3
T , ta s quy bi ton v vic chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
_
27
2
()
Vi x = a b, y = b c, z = c a. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c, t suy ra
x > 0 v y > 0.
Mt khc, d thy x +y +z = 0 , tc z = (x + y) nn th vo (), ta thu c
[(x
2
+ y
2
+ (x +y)
2
]
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
(x +y)
2
_
27
2
Hay
_
x
2
+xy + y
2
_
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
(x +y)
2
_
27
4
Do x, y > 0 nn s dng lin tip bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
(x +y)
2

2
xy
+
1
(x +y)
2

9
(x + y)
2
T suy ra chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
x
2
+xy + y
2
(x +y)
2

3
4
Tht vy, bt ng thc cui tng ng vi
(x y)
2
(x + y)
2
0
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Hin nhin ng.
Vy Min P =
9
2
, t c khi a = b, c = 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi 37. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
3
+ b
3
= c
3
. Chng minh rng
a
2
+b
2
c
2
> 6 (c a) (c b)
Li gii.
Bng cch gim bin trong BT (C th l chia c
3
ch iu kin v c
2
yu cu chng
minh), ta c bi ton ny tng ng vi bi ton sau
Cho x, y > 0 v x
3
+y
3
= 1. Chng minh rng
x
2
+y
2
1 > 6 (1 x) (1 y)
p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
x
3
+ y
3
= 1
(x +y)
3
4
x + y
3
4 <
8
5
x
3
+y
3
= 1 xy =
(x +y)
3
1
3 (x + y)
Thay vo ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh l
(x + y)
2
> 7 6 (x +y) +
8 (x +y)
3
8
3 (x +y)
5
_
x +y
8
5
_
(x +y 1)
2
> 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng.
Bi 38. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a +b +c = 3. Chng minh rng
a
4
(b +c)(b
2
+c
2
)
+
b
4
(c +a)(c
2
+a
2
)
+
c
4
(a +b)(a
2
+b
2
)

3
4
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Sau khi ng bc ha, bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit li thnh
a
4
(b + c)(b
2
+ c
2
)
+
b
4
(c + a)(c
2
+ a
2
)
+
c
4
(a +b)(a
2
+b
2
)

a +b +c
4
S dng bt ng thc n gin (x +y)(x
2
+ y
2
) 2(x
3
+y
3
), d thy
a
4
(b +c)(b
2
+c
2
)
+
b
4
(c +a)(c
2
+a
2
)
+
c
4
(a +b)(a
2
+b
2
)

a
4
2(b
3
+ c
3
)
+
b
4
2(c
3
+ a
3
)
+
c
4
2(a
3
+b
3
)
Mt khc, xt biu thc v tri, s dng b quen thuc (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
), suy
ra
a +b +c
4

3(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
)
4(a +b +c)
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
T , ta s quy bi ton v vic chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
a
4
b
3
+c
3
+
b
4
c
3
+a
3
+
c
4
a
3
+b
3

3(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
)
2(a + b +c)
Mi ngi th suy ngh tip nh. Bt ng thc ny c th chng minh bng Cauchy
Schwarz kt hp AM-GM.
Cch 2 . Tm gi v tri ca bt ng thc ban u l V T. Lu chng ta s s dng gi
thit a +b +c = 3 rt nhiu ln.
Ta rng bt ng thc cn chng minh c xut hin bc 4 t (tc l hai ln bnh
phng), nh vy ta ngh ti dng sau ca bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz (hay cn gi l
Bunhiacopskip cho quen thuc)
m
2
x
+
n
2
y
+
p
2
z

(m+n + p)
2
x +y +z
(chng minh bt ng thc ny ch cn mt ln dng Cauchy Schwarz l c)
Tuy nhin, nu ta nguyn v p dng Cauchy Schwarz nh sau
V T =
(a
2
)
2
(b +c)(b
2
+c
2
)
+
(b
2
)
2
(c +a)(c
2
+a
2
)
+
(c
2
)
2
(a + b)(a
2
+ b
2
)
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
2
(b +c)(b
2
+c
2
) + (c + a)(c
2
+ a
2
) + (a +b)(a
2
+b
2
)
Nh th, ta cn chng minh
(a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
)
2
(b +c)(b
2
+c
2
) + (c +a)(c
2
+a
2
) + (a +b)(a
2
+b
2
)

3
4
Ta thy rng, mu s ca phn thc bn tri sau khi khai trin s c i lng a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
,
ch rng mu s m c bc qu cao th nh gi s rt kh khn (trong trng hp ny,
v khi bc ca ci no qu cao th gi tr ca "chng" thng l ln, m "chng" di
mu v nh gi ang l bi vy ta cn mt ci mu "nh" hn nguyn phn thc ca
chng ta c gi tr ln). Bi v th, ta "tm" khng i theo hng ny.
Nh vy, ta s th p dng t tng "lm cho mu s c bc nh" sau khi p dng Cauchy
Schwarz.
Mun lm iu , chng ta ch cn mt iu n gin sau
a
4
(b +c)(b
2
+c
2
)
=
_
a
2
b
2
+c
2
_
2
b +c
Tng t hai i lng cn li. V sau khi p dng Cauchy Schwarz, ta s thy ngay li ch
ca php bin i trn.
V T
_
a
2
b
2
+c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+ a
2
+
c
2
a
2
+b
2
_
2
b + c + c + a +a +b
=
_
a
2
b
2
+ c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+a
2
+
c
2
a
2
+b
2
_
2
6
Ta ch cn chng minh rng
a
2
b
2
+c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+ a
2
+
c
2
a
2
+b
2
2
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Nh vy ta a v bt ng thc n gin hn (nh u bi cp) (mc d c
cha cn nhng d g trng n cng gn hn).
Ta li thy t s c xut hin bnh phng, p dng Cauchy Schwarz l mt iu d lin
tng ti.
Nhng nu p dng trc tip
a
2
b
2
+c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+a
2
+
c
2
a
2
+b
2
(a +b + c)
2
b
2
+c
2
+
c
2
+a
2
+
a
2
+b
2
=
9
b
2
+c
2
+
c
2
+a
2
+
a
2
+b
2
Ta s thy ngay n y ta khng th lm g tip, v p dng bt ng thc quen thuc
_
2(x
2
+ y
2
) x +y, ta c
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
+a
2
+
a
2
+b
2
_
b + c
2
_
+
_
c +a
2
_
+
_
a +b
2
_
= 3
2
Nn
9
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
+ a
2
+
a
2
+b
2
2
Vy cch Cauchy Schwarz nh trn l khng hiu qu.
Ta p dng mt k nng khc s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz thm hiu qu
"nhn t s vi chnh n ri p dng Cauchy Schwarz". C th, ta c
a
2
b
2
+c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+a
2
+
c
2
a
2
+b
2
=
(a
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
+ c
2
+
(b
2
)
2
b
2
c
2
+a
2
+
(c
2
)
2
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
+c
2
+ b
2
c
2
+a
2
+c
2
a
2
+b
2
Vy ta cn chng minh
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
+c
2
+ b
2
c
2
+a
2
+c
2
a
2
+b
2
2
Nhng bc nh gi sau nhm "a v nhng i lng quen thuc", mong cc bn
tham kho.
nh gi mu s, p dng Cauchy Schwarz mt ln na, ta c
a
2
b
2
+ c
2
+b
2
c
2
+a
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ b
2
=
a
2
_
a
2
(b
2
+c
2
) +
b
2
_
b
2
(c
2
+a
2
) +
c
2
_
c
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
_
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
) [a
2
(b
2
+c
2
) + b
2
(c
2
+a
2
) + c
2
(a
2
+b
2
)]
=
_
2 (a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
) (a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
)
Vy ta c
(a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
+ c
2
+b
2
c
2
+a
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
)
2
_
2 (a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
) (a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
.
Ta ch cn ch ra c
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
2
_
2 (a
2
+b
2
+c
2
) (a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
)
2
Tng ng vi
_
a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
_
a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
3
a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
n y, ta ch cn c nh gi n gin l hai bt ng thc sau, ta s suy ra iu phi
chng minh
a
2
+ b
2
+c
2
a +b +c
3
=
3, a
2
+b
2
+c
2
_
3 (a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
)
Tm li, bt ng thc c chng minh hon ton ch bng mi bt ng thc Cauchy
Schwarz.
Bi 39. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn iu kin x + y +z = xyz. Chng minh rng
xy + yz +zx 3 +
x
2
+ 1 +
_
y
2
+ 1 +
z
2
+ 1
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Trc ht ta s thun nht hai v, tht vy bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
(xy +yz + zx) (x + y +z)
xyz
3+
_
x
2
.
x +y +z
xyz
+ 1+
_
y
2
.
x +y +z
xyz
+ 1+
_
z
2
.
x +y + z
xyz
+ 1
Ta c cc bin i sau y
V T =
xy(x +y) + yz(y +z) + zx(z + x) + 3xyz
xyz
=
x +y
z
+
y +z
x
+
z +x
y
+ 3
V P =
_
x +y
z

y +z
x
+
_
y +z
x

z + x
y
+
_
z + x
y

x +y
z
Nn bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
x + y
z
+
y +z
x
+
z +x
y

_
x + y
z

y +z
x
+
_
y + z
x

z +x
y
+
_
z +x
y

x +y
z
y l mt kt qu hin nhin theo bt ng thc c bn a
2
+b
2
+c
2
ab +bc +ca.
Bi ton c chng minh xong
Cch 2 . Nhn vo biu thc v iu kin ca bi ton gi cho chng ta s dng lng
gic gii Xt tam gic ABC ta lun c
x = tan A; y = tan B; x = tan C
V trong tam gic ta lun c
tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C
Suy ra ta cn chng minh
tan A. tan B + tan B. tan C + tan C. tan A 3 +
_
tan
2
A + 1 +
_
tan
2
B + 1 +
_
tan
2
C + 1
sin Asin B
cos Acos B
+
sin Bsin C
cos Bcos C
+
sin C sin A
cos C cos A
3 +
1
cos A
+
1
cos B
+
1
cos C
cos(A +B) cos C cos(C +A) cos B cos(B +C) cos A cos Acos B + cos Bcos C + cos C cos A
cos
2
A + cos
2
B + cos
2
C cos Acos B + cos Bcos C + cos C cos A
Hin nhin ng, ta c iu phi chng minh.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Bi 40. Cho cc s dng a, b, c. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+ abc + 8
a +b + c
Li gii.
y l mt bi ton cc tr khng iu kin v biu thc P dng khng thun nht. Cc
bn bit : Thng th cc bt ng thc khng thun nht nhiu bin , chng n t ng
lm nghen! M nu n ng th t tng ngi ta thng dng chnh l tm cch nh gi
a v thun nht... Bi cc bn bit ... bt ng thc thun nht th... i thi hin nay c
bit bao nhiu l phng php x l loi bt ng thc ny. Th th ti sao ta li khng tn
dng u im sn c ca n n?
Tuy nhin, c mt iu m cc bn t n: Kinh nghim cho thy, khi gii cc bi ton tm
cc tr, cc nh gi c hiu qu (xc sut cao) th ta nn chn cch nh gi lm sao cho
s phng trnh to ra (khi xt ng thc) l t nht c th. Ly v d c th bi ny, nu
chng ta tch a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
+abc + 8 thnh
(a
3
+ 2) + (b
3
+ 2) + (c
3
+ 2) + (abc + 2)
ri s dng AM-GM a v thun nht:
(a
3
+ 2) + (b
3
+ 2) + (c
3
+ 2) + (abc + 2) 3a + 3b + 3c + 3
3
abc
Cc bn c thy, khi xt du bng, cch nh gi trn y s cho ta mt h gm 4 phng
trnh khng? V sau khi a v thun nht th tin hnh nh gi thm, ta s thu c thm
mt s phng trnh na. Th hi, mt h phng trnh ch gm ba n m s phng trnh
li nhiu hn ba, th th kh nng n c nghim c cao khng?
Cc bn bit : kt lun mt s M (l hng s) l gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cha
bin F(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) trn mt min D th chng ta phi c hai iu kin:
F(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) M vi mi (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) D. Tn ti mt b (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) D sao
cho F(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) = M.
By gi, iu kin th hai b lung lay ri (do kh nng c nghim ca h thu c thp) th
lm sao ta hy vng nhiu vo mt li gii chnh xc c?
ng thi, cc bn c thy rng, mnh cng chia nh ra th cht ca nh gi ca mnh
cng yu i khng? (Do n to ra qu nhiu phng trnh m) Mt nh gi yu th rt kh
a chng ta i n li gii thnh cng c? Cng ging nh cu chuyn b a m chng
ta hc hi tiu hc y, mt b a, nu nguyn th kh m b gy (gi l "sc mnh v
song") nhng khi chia nh th... ti thng m yu nh mnh cn x l gn na l.
Chnh v vy m, cc bn cn nh l khi nh gi bt ng thc th nn chn cch nh gi
sao cho s phng trnh to ra cng t cng tt nghen.
Vi tng , ta thy rng khng nn chia nh a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+abc m xem n nh mt bin
lun, ta s tm cch nh gi a t s ca P v dng thun nht bc 1 ( lc , P c dng
thun nht bc 0). a t bc 3 v bc 1 th AM-GM l mt cng c rt tt gip chng ta
thc hin iu ny, ta ngh n vic s dng AM-GM nh sau
(a
3
+ b
3
+c
3
+abc) + 4 + 4 3
3
_
16(a
3
+ b
3
+c
3
+abc)
Chng ta c lo ngi nhiu v du ng thc khng? Khng u cc bn . Mnh s l gii
nh: Cch nh gi nh vy, khi chng ta xt du bng, n s cho chng ta mt phng
trnh. V sau khi a v thun nht, tin hnh nh gi tm min ca biu thc thun nht
, khi xt ng thc ta s thu c thm hai phng trnh na dng ng cp l a = mc,
b = nc. Nh vy, ta s s thu c mt h va ba n ba phng trnh, m trong hai
trong s ba phng trnh ca h l phng trnh dng ng cp. Th th xc sut c nghim
s l rt rt cao. Vy th chng ta cn lo ngi g na, s dng n ngay i thi.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
T nh gi trn, ta thu c
P
6
3
_
2(a
3
+b
3
+c
3
+abc)
a +b +c
= 6
3
_
2Q
Ta s tm cch nh gi tm min ca biu thc
Q =
a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
+abc
(a +b +c)
3
Nh bit, bt ng thc thun nht c mt c im ht sc th v l khi khng c
tng x l n, ta c th th t n ph chun ha a v mt bi ton c gi thit
tm tng.
V vy m... by gi th b tng ri, ta th chun ha xem sao?
t x =
a
a + b +c
, y =
b
a +b +c
, z =
c
a +b +c
th ta c x +y + z = 1 v
Q = x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+xyz
Ta cn tm nh gi thch hp cho Q. Cch no by gi nh? Nhiu bn c "cao tay" Schur?
Liu Schur c cn thit y khng? Hc sinh ph thng cn phi "hc cao" nh vy sao?
By gi, chng ta cn tm min ca biu thc
Q = x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+xyz
vi x, y, z > 0 v x +y +z = 1.
Nu xem xt mt cch tng th th nhn vo bi ton ny c v kh. M ci kh chnh, chc
hn ai cng nhn ra, chnh l tm mt nh gi thch hp cho xyz! C nhng bn c c
hi "hc cao" nn bit c chng ta c th dng bt ng thc Schur y. Th th vi
nhng bn hc ph thng bnh thng th lm sao gi? Chng l ta li chu cht sao?
Chc hn cc bn u bit rng bt ng thc t bin bao gi cng d x l hn bt ng
nhiu bin ng khng? C th bi ny, n c ba bin, tuy nhin mnh tin rng sau khi
mnh cho x = 0, x =
1
2
, . . . th a s cc bn u c th lm c (thm ch rt d dng na
l khc). Ni c th hn, nu nh cho x nhn mt gi tr c th, chc chn chng ta s lm
c bi lc , bi ton s l mt dng ht sc quen thuc - dng cc tr i xng vi hai
bin. Tt nhin, lc ta s ngh ngay n vic dng n ph Viette a v kho st hm mt
bin v... th l xong.
Phn tch n y chc hn cc bn on c tng ca mnh ri ng khng? Ti
sao ta khng xem x nh l mt hng s khng i v bi ton nh l mt bi ton cc tr vi
hai bin thi? Nh th chng phi s d x l hn sao?
R rng vic chia nh bi ton nh th s gip chng ta d nh gi hn. Vic ny cng
ging nh n bnh m vy. Mt bnh m to th ny:
Lm sao cc bn c th b ht vo mm ch bng mt ln n? Chc lc mm cc bn phi
to bng ci thng qu? Chng phi chng ta phi chia nh ra, cn tng ming tng ming
m n ? V tt nhit nhin vic ny s d dng hn ri...
Vy ta th xt bi ton theo gc nhn xem sao: C nh x l hng s i, ta chuyn bi ton
v tm min ca biu thc
G(y, z) = y
3
+z
3
+xyz
vi y, z > 0 tha mn y + z = 1 x.
y l dng cc tr i xng vi hai bin, ta ngh ngay n vic t n ph Viette quy v
kho st hm mt bin:
t S = y +z = 1 x v P = yz, ta c
G(y, z) = (y +z)
3
3yz(y +z)+xyz = (1x)
3
3P(1x)+xP = P(4x3)+(1x)
3
= f(P)
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Ta cn kho st tm min ca hm ny theo theo bin P. lm iu ny, trc ht cn phi
chn min cho bin . Nh bit, tn ti y, z tha mn y +z = S v yz = P th ta phi
c 4P S
2
, do P
(1 x)
2
4
. ng thi, do y, z > 0 nn P > 0. Nh vy, ta phi c
0 < P
(1 x)
2
4
By gi, cc bn c thy f(P) l mt hm a thc vi bc 1 khng? c im ca lp hm
ny l, hoc chng lun tng, hoc chng lun gim. Nh vy, ta suy ra gi tr nh nht ca
f(P) s t c ti mt trong hai bin ca P l 0 (ng vi trng hp f(P) ng bin) v
(1 x)
2
4
(ng vi trng hp f(P) nghch bin). ng thi, v G(y, z) l mt biu thc i
xng nn theo kinh nghim, ta d on cc tr s t c khi y = z, khi P =
(1 x)
2
4
.
Nh vy, ta hy vng f(P) s t min ti mt
(1 x)
2
4
ch khng phi mt bn kia. M mun
vy th f(P) phi l hm nghch bin, tc 4x 3 0, tc x
3
4
.
T y, ta thy rng nu nh m c mt gi thit no "p" thng x khng ln hn
3
4
l
xong, mi suy lun ca ta s tr nn v cng logic. y vy m, ta nh li "lch s" cht xu
n, biu thc Q khi xt trn l i xng vi ba bin x, y, z cho nn ta hon ton c th sp
th t cc bin (theo mun) khi gii. M ta cn x
3
4
nn ta ngh ngay n vic chn gi
thit lm sao cho x cng nh cng tt, t c th thy rng ta cn chn x = min{x, y, z}.
Lc do x
x + y +z
3
=
1
3
<
3
4
nn mong mun ca ta s c tha mn, tc l
f(P) f
_
(1 x)
2
4
_
=
(1 x)
2
4
(4x 3) + (1 x)
3
=
(1 x)
2
4
Nh vy, ta ch vic chn x = min{x, y, z} v c nh x, ta s tm c min ca biu thc hai
bin G(y, z) (vi y, z thay i) l
min G(y, z) =
(1 x)
2
4
t c khi y = z =
1 x
2
.
T y, ta thy rng ng vi mi thng x c nh, ta c mt thng min Q tng ng l
min Q = x
3
+
(1 x)
2
4
.
Nh vy, tm gi tr nh nht ca Q khi x, y, z > 0 thay i, ta ch cn tm min trong cc
thng min Q (tnh theo x) l c. Cui cng, ta ch cn kho st hm
h(x) = x
3
+
(1 x)
2
4
vi 0 < x
1
3
na l xong. Mt cng vic ht sc n gin, cc bn hon ton c th t lm
c. Mnh ch ghi p s y thi: min h =
4
27
t c khi x =
1
3
.
By gi, hp tt c cc lp lun li, c phi l ta gii xong bi ton ri khng?
Cc bn thy , ta ch cn vn dng cc t tng n gin (theo kiu "mun g", "cn g"
th "lm ny) v cc kin thc c bn ca Ton ph thng l gii c mt bi ton
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
kh ri. Cn g Schur, cn g Dn bin hay SOS? Mnh hy vng cc bn s hiu mnh mun
ni g... ng lm kh cho bn thn qu.
Bi 41. Cho a, b, c khng m tha mn a +b +c = 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P =
_
a
2
ab +b
2
_ _
b
2
bc + c
2
_ _
c
2
ca +a
2
_
Li gii.
Khng mt tnh tng qut ca bi ton, ta c th gi s c = min{a, b, c} khi ta c
b
2
bc +c
2
= c(c b) + b
2
b
2
c
2
ca +a
2
= c(c a) + a
2
a
2
T cc nh gi ny ta thu c
P a
2
b
2
(a
2
ab +b
2
)
Mt khc theo bt ng thc AM-GM th
a
2
b
2
(a
2
ab +b
2
) =
4
9

3ab
2

3ab
2
(a
2
ab + b
2
)
4
9

_
_
_
3ab
2
+
3ab
2
+a
2
ab +b
2
3
_
_
_
3
=
4
3
5
(a +b)
6
4
3
5
(a +b +c)
6
= 12
ng thc xy ra khi a = 2, b = 1, c = 0. Vy GTLN ca biu thc cn tm l 12.
Bi 42. Cho ba s thc dng x, y, z. Chng minh rng
x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x
4
27
Li gii.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
4(x +y +z)
3
27(x
2
y + y
2
z +z
2
x)
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x = max{x, y, z}.
Ta xt hai trng hp y z v z y.
Trng hp y z.
Xt hm s f(z) = 4(x +y +z)
3
27(x
2
y +y
2
z +z
2
x), ta c
f
(z) = 12(x +y + z)
2
27(y
2
+ 2xz) 12 4x(y +z) 27(y
2
+ 2xz)
= 3(16xy 9y
2
2xz) = 3
_
2x(y z) + 9y(x y) + 5xy
0
iu ny chng t f(z) l hm ng bin trn min [0, y]. Suy ra f(z) f(0) = 4(x + y)
3
27x
2
y. V nh th, ta ch cn chng minh c
4(x +y)
3
27x
2
y.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Tuy nhin, y l mt bt ng thc n gin v c th chng minh kh d dng bng
AM-GM. C th, ta c
4(x +y)
3
= 4
_
x
2
+
x
2
+ y
_
3
4 27
x
2

x
2
y = 27x
2
y
Trng hp z y.
Tng t nh trn, bng cch xt hms g(x) = 4(x+y+z)
3
27(x
2
y+y
2
z +z
2
x), ta cng d
dng chng minh c g
(x) 0 v do g(x) l hm ng bin trn min [z, +). Cui

cng, ta c
g(x) g(z) = 4(2z + y)
3
27(z
2
y + y
2
z +z
3
)
V nh th, ta ch cn phi chng minh
4(2z +y)
3
27z(y
2
+ yz +z
2
).
Tuy nhin, bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng do ta c
27z(y
2
+yz +z
2
) 27z(y +z)
2
= 4 27 z
y + z
2

y + z
2
4
_
z +
y + z
2
+
y + z
2
_
3
= 4(2z +y)
3
Bi 43. Cho x, y, z 0 tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng
1
(1 + x)
2
+
1
(1 + y)
2
+
1
(1 + z)
2

3
4
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Thc ra, ta vn c th s dng t tng "dn bin" gii quyt bi ton ny, tt
nhin theo mt cch linh hot v ph cch hn. Mt cch t nhin, ta s dng bt ng thc
AM-GM dng a
2
+b
2
2ab thu c
1
(1 + x)
2
+
1
(1 + y)
2

2
(1 + x)(1 + y)
=
2
1 + xy +x +y
Vy ta s th chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn l
2
1 + xy +x +y
+
1
(1 + z)
2

3
4
D thy xy =
1
z
nn nu ta lm th no nh gi c x +y theo xy th bi ton 3 bin
s tr thnh bi ton 1 bin n gin hn nhiu. lm c iu ny, ta ngh ngay ti
tng sau
Theo nguyn l Drichlet, trong ba s x, y, z lun tn ti t nht hai s cng ln hn 1 hoc
cng nh hn 1. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s l x v y. Khi ,
(x 1)(y 1) 0
Hay
x + y xy + 1
Suy ra
2
1 + xy + x + y

2
2(1 + xy)
=
1
1 + xy
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
T , chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
1
1 + xy
+
1
(1 + z)
2

3
4
Thay xy =
1
z
, bt ng thc trn tr thnh
z
z + 1
+
1
(z + 1)
2

3
4
Tng ng vi
(z 1)
2
4(z + 1)
2
0
iu ny hin nhin ng.
PS: Cch khc chng minh b
1
(1 + x)
2
+
1
(1 + y)
2

1
xy + 1
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwart, ta c
(1 + x)
2
(
x
y
+ 1)(xy + 1)
Tng t
(1 + y)
2
(
y
x
+ 1)(xy + 1)
T suy ra
1
(1 + x)
2
+
1
(1 + y)
2

x
(x +y)(xy + 1)
+
y
(x + y)(xy + 1)
=
1
xy + 1
Cch 2 . V y l mt bt ng thc kh cht nn ta s nh gi thng qua mt bt ng
thc khc. V y khng phi l bt ng thc no khc m chnh l
1
x
2
+x + 1
+
1
y
2
+y + 1
+
1
z
2
+z + 1
1
ng nhin l vi iu kin xyz = 1 ta s chng minh bt ng thc trn t
x =
bc
a
2
; y =
ca
b
2
; z =
ab
c
2
Ta cn chng minh
a
4
b
2
c
2
+bca
2
+a
4
+
b
4
c
2
a
2
+cab
2
+b
4
+
c
4
a
2
b
2
+ abc
2
+c
4
1
Theo bt ng thc BCS ta c
a
4
b
2
c
2
+bca
2
+ a
4
+
b
4
c
2
a
2
+cab
2
+ b
4
+
c
4
a
2
b
2
+abc
2
+c
4
(a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
)
2
a
4
+b
4
+ c
4
+ a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
+ abc(a +b +c)
1
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
abc(a +b +c)
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Hin nhin ng vi AM-GM. Ta c
1
(x + 1)
2

3
4(x
2
+ x + 1)
=
(x 1)
2
4(x
2
+x + 1)(x + 1)
2
0
1
(x + 1)
2

3
4(x
2
+x + 1)
Thit lp cc bt ng thc tng t ri cng li ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 44. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a +b +c 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
3
_
a
3
+
1
a
3
+
3
_
b
3
+
1
b
3
+
3
_
c
3
+
1
c
3
Li gii.
Ta s s dng nh gi sau y
x
3
+
1
x
3

1
(1 + 9
3
)
2
(a +
81
a
)
3
Du = xy ra khi x =
1
3
S dng nh gi trn ta c
3
_
a
3
+
1
a
3

1
3
_
(1 + 9
3
)
2
(a +
81
a
)
3
_
b
3
+
1
b
3

1
3
_
(1 + 9
3
)
2
(b +
81
b
)
3
_
c
3
+
1
c
3

1
3
_
(1 + 9
3
)
2
(c +
81
c
)
Cng v theo v ta c
P =
3
_
a
3
+
1
a
3
+
3
_
b
3
+
1
b
3
+
3
_
b
3
+
1
b
3

1
3
_
(1 + 9
3
)
2
(a +b +c +
81
a
+
81
b
+
81
c
)
Ta li c
a +b +c +
81
a
+
81
b
+
81
c
a +b +c +
729
a +b +c
= a +b +c +
1
a + b + c
+
728
a + b + c
2 + 728 = 730
Suy ra
P
730
3
_
(1 + 9
3
)
2
=
3
730
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
3
Bi 45. Cho a, b, c > 0, a +b +c = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
2abc
a +b
+
2bc
b +c
+
2ca
c +a
+ a
2
+b
2
Li gii.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Cch 1 . Ta s chng minh P 1, hay
2abc
a +b
+
2bc(a + b + c)
b +c
+
2ca(a +b +c)
c +a
+a
2
+b
2
(a +b +c)
2
Do
2bc(a +b +c)
b + c
=
2abc
b +c
+ 2bc v
2ca(a +b +c)
c + a
= 2ca +
2abc
c + a
nn bt ng thc trn c
th vit li thnh
2abc
_
1
a + b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a
_
(a +b +c)
2
(a
2
+b
2
+ 2ac + 2bc) = c
2
+ 2ab.
Ta xt hai trng hp
Trng hp (c a)(c b) 0.
S dng nh gi c bn
1
x +y

1
4
_
1
x
+
1
y
_
x, y > 0, ta d dng suy ra
1
a +b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a

1
2
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
t
2abc
_
1
a +b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
ab + bc + ca
M c
2
+ 2ab (ab +bc +ca) = (c a)(c b) 0 nn ta c
2abc
_
1
a + b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a
_
ab +bc +ca c
2
+ 2ab
Trng hp (c a)(c b) 0.
V bt ng thc cn chng minh l i xng vi a, b nn khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c
th gi s a b, khi a n a c b. Xt hm s
f(a) = c
2
+ 2ab
2abc
a + b

2abc
b +c

2abc
c + a
,
ta c
f
(a) = 2b
2b
2
c
(a + b)
2

2bc
b +c

2bc
2
(a +c)
2
=
2b
2
b +c

2b
2
c
(a +b)
2

2bc
2
(a +c)
2
= 2b
_
b
b + c

b
(a + b)
2

c
(a + c)
2
_
2b
_
b
b +c

b
(c + b)
2

c
(b + c)
2
_
= 0
Do f(a) l hm ng bin, t suy ra
f(a) f(c) = c
2
+ 2bc
2bc
2
b + c

2bc
2
b +c

2bc
2
2c
= c(b +c)
4bc
2
b + c
=
c(b c)
2
b +c
0
Vy ta chng minh c P 1. Mt khc, d thy vi a = b = c =
1
3
th P = 1. T hai
iu ny, ta i n kt lun max P = 1.
Cch 2 . Bt ng thc trn c th vit li thnh
[c
2
+ ab c(a + b)] + ab + bc + ca 2abc
_
1
a +b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a
_
0
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Hay 2[c
2
+ ab c(a + b)] + 2(ab +bc +ca) 4abc
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
0 ()
Mt khc, rng 2[c
2
+ ab c(a + b)] = 2(c a)(c b) = (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
(a b)
2
V
2(ab +bc +ca) 4abc
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
= a
_
b +c
4bc
b +c
_
+b
_
c +a
4ca
c +a
_
+c
_
a +b
4ab
a +b
_
=
a
b + c
(b c)
2
+
b
c + a
(c a)
2
+
c
a +b
(a b)
2
0
Nn () tng ng vi
_
a
b +c
+ 1
_
(b c)
2
+
_
b
c +a
+ 1
_
(c a)
2
+
_
c
a +b
1
_
(a b)
2
0
Hay
(a +b +c)
_
(b c)
2
b +c
+
(c a)
2
c +a
_
+
_
c
a +b
1
_
(a b)
2
0 (1)
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
(a + b + c)
_
(b c)
2
b +c
+
(c a)
2
c + a
_
(a +b +c)
(b c +c a)
2
b +c +c +a
=
a +b +c
a +b + 2c
(a b)
2
S dng nh gi trn, suy ra
V T(1)
_
a +b +c
a +b + 2c
+
c
a + b
1
_
(a b)
2
Vy chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
a + b + c
a +b + 2c
+
c
a +b
1
Hay
a + b + c
a +b + 2c
+
c +a +b
a +b
2
Tng ng vi
1
a +b + 2c
+
1
a +b

2
a +b +c
Bt ng thc cui ny hin nhin ng v s dng Cauchy Schwarz, d thy
1
a +b + 2c
+
1
a +b

4
a +b + 2c +a +b
=
2
a +b + c
Bi 46. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a +b +c = 2. Tm GTLN ca
M =
ab
2c +ab
+
bc
2a + bc
+
ca
2b +ca
Li gii.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
M =
ab
2c +ab
+
bc
2a + bc
+
ca
2b +ca
=
ab
_
(c +a)(c + b)
+
bc
_
(a +b)(a +c)
+
ca
_
(a + b)(b + c)
1
2
_
ab
c + a
+
ab
c + b
+
bc
a + b
+
bc
c + a
+
ca
a + b
+
ac
b + c
_
= 1
Vy GTLN ca biu thc l 1 khi a = b = c =
2
3
.
Bi 47. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
a +b +c +
4(a b)
2
a + b +c
Li gii.
Bt ng thc trn tng ng vi
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
a b c
4(a b)
2
a + b + c
Xt biu thc v tri - Ta thng bin i, nh gi v phc tp trc. rng, theo bt
ng thc AM-GM th
a
2
b
+ b 2a tng ng vi
(a b)
2
b
0
T ta suy ra phn tch
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
abc =
_
a
2
b
+ b 2a
_
+
_
b
2
c
+c 2b
_
+
_
c
2
a
+a 2c
_
=
(a b)
2
b
+
(b c)
2
c
+
(c a)
2
a
Vy bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit li thnh
(a b)
2
b
+
(b c)
2
c
+
(c a)
2
a

4(a b)
2
a + b + c
Mt cch t nhin, ta lin tng ngay n bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz dng phn thc.
Tht vy, s dng Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
(b c)
2
c
+
(c a)
2
a

(b c +c a)
2
c +a
=
(a b)
2
c +a
D thy chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
(a b)
2
_
1
b
+
1
c +a

4
a + b + c
_
0
iu ny l hin nhin ng v mt ln na, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, suy ra
1
b
+
1
c + a

4
a + b +c
Bi 48. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
a + ab + 2abc
9
2
Li gii.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Cch 1 . Qu trnh t duy t nhin gm ba bc
Suy ngm = tng =Li gii.
Suy ngm.
rng cc s hng v tri gm a, ab, abc u c bc khc nhau. Thng bc mt, thng bc
hai, thng bc ba, ni chung l ch lin quan.
Gi nh ch l bt ng thc mt bin th bc my ta cng cn ht, b con nh. Ti g m
khng m th ch.
tng.
Ta mun quy bt ng thc cho v dng mt bin n gin hn. Vn bin l bin
no? S dng mt cht cm gic, ti tin ai cng s ngh ti bin a. Vy cng vic ca ta l
lm th no a ci thng ab + 2abc v biu thc ch cha bin a. V cui cng, ta i
n li gii.
Li gii.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM dng xy
(x +y)
2
4
, ta c
ab + 2abc = 2a.b
_
c +
1
2
_
2a.
_
b + c +
1
2
_
2
4
= 2a.
_
3 a +
1
2
_
2
4
=
a(7 2a)
2
8
Do , chng minh s hon tt nu ta ch ra c
a +
a(7 2a)
2
8

9
2
Tht vy, khai trin v rt gn, bt ng thc trn tr thnh
(4 a)(2a 3)
2
0
Lun ng vi 0 a 3. Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a, b, c) =
_
3
2
, 1,
1
2
_
Cch 2 . Li gii ny c mt tng rt hay l dch chuyn mt bi ton c du bng lch
nhau v bi ton c du bng khi ba bin bng 0 thun li hn trong vic nh gi.
t a = x +
3
2
, b = y + 1, c = z +
1
2
. Suy ra x
3
2
, y 1, z
1
2
, x + y +z = 0
Bin biu thc a +ab + 2abc v ba bin x, y, z th ta phi chng minh
P = 2xy + 3yz + 2zx + 2xyz 0
Ta s vit li P di dng sau
P = yz(3 + 2x) + 2x(y +z) = yz(3 + 2x) 2x
2
Li rng
3 + 2x 0, yz
(y + z)
2
4
=
x
2
4
nn suy ra
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
P
x
2
(3 + 2x)
4
2x
2
=
x
2
4
(2x 5) 0
Hin nhin ng do x = y z 1 +
1
2
<
5
2
.
abc
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)

(a +b)(a +b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Mnh chng minh v cn li l
abc
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)

(a +b)(a +b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
Vit li bt ng thc ban u thnh
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)
abc

(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
(a +b)(a +b + 2c)
By gi ta nh gi bng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c ab
(a +b)
2
4
. Mt khc ta c
(b +c)(a + c)
ab
= 1 +
c(a + b + c)
ab
1 +
c(a +b +c)
(a +b)
2
4
=
a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 4ac + 4bc
(a + b)
2
Vy ta c c nh gi quan trng sau
(b + c)(a +c)
ab

(a +b + 2c)
2
(a +b)
2
(1)
Hay ta c c
ab
(b +c)(a + c)

(a +b)
2
(a +b + 2c)
2
By gi ta a bi ton v li bt ng thc bin i tr li bi ton ban u
abc
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)

(a +b)(a +b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
Lc ny ta kt hp nh gi (1) ta c c
abc
(a +b)(b +c)(c + a)
=
c
a +b

ab
(b +c)(a + c)

c(a +b)
2
(a +b)(a +b + 2c)
2
Vy bi ton s c gii quyt hon ton khi ta chng minh c
c(a +b)
(a +b)(a +b + 2c)
2

(a +b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
hay (a + b + 2c)
3
c(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
(2)
Ta quan st thy V T(2) khng c bin c nhng V P(2) li cha bin c v mt iu quan
trng na l ta thy bn tri cha m 3, cn bn phi li cha m 2 nn ta p dng bt
ng thc AM-GM mt cch kho lo nh sau
V T(2) =
1
8
.8c.(3a+3b+2c).(3a+3b+2c)
1
8
_
8c + 2(3a + 3b + 2c)
3
_
3
= (a+b+2c)
3
= V P(2)
T suy ra pcm. Du ng thc xy ra khi v chi khi a = b = c.
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
Cch 2 . Ta a bt ng thc cn chng minh v dng
(a + b)
2
(b + c)(c +a)
abc

(3a + 3b + 2c)
a +b + 2c
Ta s s dng mt s ng thc v bt ng thc c bn sau
(a +b)
2
4ab (a b)
2
0
(b +c)(c +a) = ab + c(a + b +c)
Ta s bin i v s dng Cauchy-Schwarz nh sau
(a +b)
2
(b +c)(c + a)
abc
=
(a + b)
2
.[ab + c(a +b +c)]
abc
=
(a + b)
2
c
+
(a + b)
2
(a + b + c)
ab
(a +b)
2
c
+ 4(a +b +c)
=
(a + b)
2
c
+
4(a + b + c)
2
a +b +c

(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
a +b + 2c
Bi 50. Cho a, b, c 0 tha mn a +b +c = 1. Chng minh rng
4(a
3
+ b
3
+c
3
) + 15abc 1
Li gii.
Cch 1 . Khi a = b = c =
1
3
th du bng ca bt ng thc xy ra.
Trc ht ta d dng chng minh c bt ng thc sau
Cho a, b l hai s khng m khi ta c 4(a
3
+b
3
) (a +b)
3
Tip theo ta c iu hin nhin sau [(3a 1)(3b 1)(3c 1)]
2
0
V mt trong ba s (3a1)(3b1); (3b1)(3c1); (3c1)(3a1) phi c mt s khng m.
Khng mt tnh tng qut ca bi ton ta gi s(3b1)(3c1) 0 9bc 3(b+c)1 = 23a
Suy ra abc
a(2 3a)
9
V vy A 4a
3
+ (1 a)
3
+
5(2a 3a
2
)
3
= 3a
3
2a
2
+
a
3
+ 1 = f(a)
Xt hm s f(a) = 3a
3
2a
2
+
a
3
+ 1
Ta c f
(a) = 9a
2
4a +
1
3
= (3a 1)(3a
1
3
)
V (3b 1)(3c 1) 0
C hai kh nng xy ra
TH
1
: a
1
3
. Khi f
(a) 0 Nn f(a) f(
1
3
) = 1 Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
3
TH
2
: a
1
3
. Khi lp bng bin thin hm s f(a) ta thy minf(a) = min{f(0); f(
1
3
)} = 1
Tm li ta lun c A = 4(a
3
+b
3
+ c
3
) + 15abc 1
t
r
a
n
p
h
o
n
g
k
3
3
4[(a +b)
3
3ab(a + b) + c
3
] + 15abc 1
4[(1 c)
3
3ab(1 c) + c
3
] + 15abc 1 0
3ab(5c 4 + 4c) + 3 12c + 12c
2
0
3(9c 4)ab + 3 12c + 12c
2
0
Ta t x = ab
_
0 x
(a +b)
2
4
=
(1 c)
2
4
_
R rng hm s f(x) = 3(9c 4)x +3 12c +12c
2
l mt hm bc nht vi x
_
0;
(1 c)
2
4
_
.
Ta c
f(0) = 2 12c + 12c
2
= 2(1 2x)
2
0
f
_
(1 c)
2
4
_
=
3(9c 4)(1 c)
2
4
+ 3 12c + 12c
2
= 3c(3c 1)
2
0
Suy ra f(x) 0 vi mi x
_
0;
(1 c)
2
4
_
.
1
3
hoc a = b =
1
2
; c = 0 v cc hon v.
Cch 3 . Ta c iu kin l a + b + c = 1 (a +b +c)
3
= 1
V bn kia cng bc 3 nn ta ngh ti vic s ng bc bi ton gii, hay ta cn chng
minh
4(a
3
+b
3
+c
3
) + 15abc (a +b +c)
3
3(a
3
+b
3
+c
3
) + 15abc 3(a +b)(b +c)(c +a)
a
3
+ b
3
+c
3
+ 5abc (a +b)(b + c)(c +a)
a
3
+ b
3
+c
3
+ 3abc ab(a +b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c +a)
(a b)(a c) + b(b c)(c a) + c(c a)(c b) 0
(a +b c)(a b)
2
+c(c a)(c b) 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c. Ta thy a +b c 0; c(c a)(c b) 0
1
3
hoc a = b =
1
2
; c = 0 v cc hon v.

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