Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

Nhng kin thc c bn v

khng kh m
Bi:
V Ch Chnh
iu ha khng kh l k thut to ra v duy tr iu kin vi kh hu thch hp vi con
ngi v cng ngh ca cc qu trnh sn xut.
c th i su nghin cu k thut iu ho khng kh trc ht chng ti s lc cc
tnh cht nhit ng c bn ca khng kh m.

KHNG KH M
Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l N2 v O2
ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, CO2, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh : Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh.Trong cc tnh
ton thng khng kh kh c coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l sau :
Bng 1-1 : T l cc cht kh trong khng kh kh
Thnh phn

Theo khi
lng (%)

- Ni t : N2- xi : O2- Argon - ACarbon-Dioxide : CO2

75,523,11,30.1 78,08420,9480,9340,0314

Theo th tch (%)

- Khng kh m : Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin

khng c khng kh kh tuyt i m ton l khng kh m. Khng kh m c chia ra
:
+ Khng kh m cha bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi thm vo
c trong khng kh.

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

+ Khng kh m bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti a v

khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu bay hi thm vo bao nhiu th c by nhiu
hi m ngng t li.
+ Khng kh m qu bo ha : L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt lng
hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh m
c xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi
khng kh . V d nh sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic con ngi ph thuc nhiu
vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.
CC THNG S CA KHNG KH M
p sut.
Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p. K hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay i
theo khng gian v thi gian. Tuy nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh
lch khng ln c th b qua v ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly
trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760 mmHg .
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo =
760mmHg .
Khi lng ring v th tch ring.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh . K
hiu l , n v kg/m3 .
1

v = ,m3 / kg(1-1)i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l

v
Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.
Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin cng nh p sut s thay
i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn ngi ta
ly khng i iu kin tiu chun : to = 20oC v B = Bo = 760mmHg : = 1,2 kg/m3
m
h =

Gh
3
V ,kg / m

m tuyt i .

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

(1-2) L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m

c cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau :
h =

1
vh

ph
3
Rh.T ,kg / m (1-3)V

hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn:

trong :
ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2
Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.oK
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc , oK
m tng i.
=

max ,%(1-4)

m tng i ca khng kh m , k hiu l (%) l t s gia

m tuyt i h ca khng kh vi m bo ha max cng nhit vi trng thi

cho.
=

ph
pmax ,%

(1-5)hay :
m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh
m bo ha cng nhit .
Khi = 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.
0 < < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.
= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m l i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i c th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k . m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k : mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu
bc vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi
vo khng kh s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit
nhit k t t ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b , cng
bc hi cng mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit
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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

gia 2 nhit k ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc

nh m tng i . Khi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2 nhit
k bng nhau.
Dung m ( cha hi).
d=

Gh
Gk , kg/kgkkk (1-6)

Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng

hi m cha trong 1 kg khng kh kh.

- Gh : Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg
ph

d = 0,622. p =
k

d=

Gh
Gk

h
k

ph
p ph , kg/kgkkk (1-7)
ph R k
pk . Rh Ta

- Gk : Khi lng khng kh kh, kg

c quan h:

(1-8)Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c

Nhit .

Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n

cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2
thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi khng kh nht nh no ngoi
nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c nh hng nhiu n cc
h thng v thit b l nhit im sng v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh
nc bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng.
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi bt k no l nhit ng vi trng
thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni cch khc nhit
im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut ph cho. T y
ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc.
- Nhit nhit k t : Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo
ha (I=const) . Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln.
Ti trng thi = 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng thi bo ho
cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t . Ngi ta gi nhit
nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc.

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha

v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit nhit k
t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit k t
ca trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.
Entanpi

Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong

n.
(1-9) Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:
I = Cpk.t + d (ro + Cph.t) kJ/kg kkk
Trong :
Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oC
Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC : Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oC
ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC : ro = 2500 kJ/kg
(1-10)Nh vy:
I = 1,005.t + d (2500 + 1,84.t) kJ/kg kkk
TH I-d V t-d CA KHNG KH M
th I-d.

th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t, , I, d v pbh ca khng kh m .

th c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s Mollier
(c) lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s cn li
ca khng kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k . th I-d thng c cc nc ng u
v Lin x (c) s dng.
th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg.
th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135o. Mc ch xy dng cc trc
nghing mt gc 135o l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s
thun li cho vic tra cu.

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o, ng d =

const l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho
thy cc ng tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht .V vy, hnh v c
gn ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi nguyn cc ng cong
nh biu din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh ta vn tra theo ng
nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o.
Trn th I-d cc ng ng nhit t=const l nhng ng thng chch ln trn , cc
ng = const l nhng ng cong li, cng ln trn khong cch gia chng cng
xa. Cc ng = const khng ct nhau v khng i qua gc to . i t trn xung
di m cng tng. ng cong =100% hay cn gi l ng bo ho ngn cch
gia 2 vng : Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l vng sng m. Cc
im nm trong vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung hng ngng kt
bt hi nc v chuyn v trng thi bo ho .
Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn thay
i trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k.
Trn hnh 1.1 l th I-d ca khng kh m , xy dng p sut kh quyn Bo=
760mmHg. Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng =const gip cho
tra cu cc s tun hon khng kh trong chng 4.
Hnh 1.1 : th I-d ca khng kh m
th d-t.

th d-t c cc nc Anh, M , Nht, c ...vv s dng rt nhiu

th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau , cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const to
thnh gc 135o so vi trc t. Cc ng = const l nhng ng cong tng t nh
trn th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu.
Hnh 1.2 : th t-d ca khng kh m
th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90o , c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn thng
c gi l th Carrier.
Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible)
Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t (oC)
Trn th c cc ng tham s

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

- ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh cho

tbn cnh ng =100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh
- ng =const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) cng ln.
Trn ng =100% l vng sng m.
- ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau, n
v m3/kg khng kh kh.
- Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng Ihc l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia
entanpi khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)
MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN TH I-d
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh .

Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (tA, A) n B (tB, B)

c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.

t (IA - IB)/(dA-dB) = I/d =AB gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB

Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s AB
K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l . Ta c
I = IB - IA = m.AD

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

d= dB - dA = n.BC
Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to .
T y ta c
AB = I/d = m.AD/n.BC
AB = (tg + tg45o).m/n = (tg + 1).m/n
Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr AB . tin cho
vic s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng = const . Cc ng
= const c cc tnh cht sau :
- H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh c mt gi tr nht
nh.
- Cc ng c tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau.
- Tt c cc ng u i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0).
Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.

Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2 dng

khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau t c mt trng thi cn thit. Qu trnh ny
gi l qu trnh ho trn.
Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(IA, dA) c khi lng phn kh l
LA vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(IB, dB) c khi lng phn kh l LB v thu
c mt lng khng kh trng thi C(IC, dC) c khi lng phn kh l LC. Ta xc
nh cc thng s ca trng thi ho trn C.

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

Hnh 1.4 : Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d

Ta c cc phng trnh:
- Cn bng khi lng
LC = LA + LB (1-11)
- Cn bng m
dC.LC = dA .LA + dB .LB (1-12)
- Cn bng nhit
IC.LC = IA .LA + IB .LB (1-13)
Th (a) vo (b), (c) v tr theo v ta c :
(IA - IC).LA = (IC - IB).LB
(dA - dC).LA = (dC - dB).LB
I A IC
dA dC
IA I C
IC IB

=
=

IC I B
dC dB (1-14)hay
dA dC
dC dB

LB
LA (1-15)T

biu thc ny ta rt ra:

- Phng trnh (1-14) l cc phng trnh ng thng AC v BC, cc ng thng ny

c cng h s gc tia v chung im C nn ba im A, B, C thng hng. im C nm
trn on AB.

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

- Theo phng trnh (1-15) suy ra im C nm trn AB v chia on AB theo t l

LB/LA
L

(1-16) IC = IA. LCA + IB. LCB Trng thi C c xc nh nh sau :

LA

LB

dC = dA. L + dB. L

(1-17)
***

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