by

Bernadette M. Viray

Notions of grammar and grammaticality
have changed over the years

Cobbett in 1819 prescribed how
grammar has had to do with correctness
and the role of the teacher was to impart
the rules that would result in correct
usage
a. Theres about five minutes left.
b. There are about five minutes left.

Which one do you use?
Which one is correct?
Larsen-Freeman (1995) integrated three
aspects of linguistics that have
traditionally been kept separate: syntax,
semantics, and pragmatics

Halliday (1995) developed a systematic-
functional linguistics model
The Status of Vocabulary within the
Curriculum
The critical period hypothesis claims that
there is such a biological timetable
(Brown, 1987) quire. The critical period
hypothesis claims that there is such a
biological timetable (Brown, 1987)
Segmental Phonology has to do with the individual
sounds of the language.

-tasks are designed to help learners discriminate
and produce words that differ only in a single
contrasting sounds

Ex: There was something wrong with the
rice
rise
teaching isolated forms of sounds and words fails
to address the fact that, in communication, many
aspects of pronunciation are determined by the
positioning of elements within long stretches of
speech (Pennington and Richards, 1986)

Pronunciation and listening are in a complimentary
relationship.
Anaphoric or backward pointing devices
-words and phrases which serve to
connect each sentence with one or more
of the sentences that come before it

Nonlinguistic knowledge
- knowledge of the subject matter or
content of the text in question
1. Reference subsequent items can only be
interpreted with reference to the initial phrase of
sentence one
a. Personal Reference are realized by pronouns
and determiners and they serve to identify
individuals and objects that are named at some
point in the text

Ex: I just met your brother. Hes a nice guy.