A.

Ni dung
B. C s l lun
Nhu cu s dng h thng thng tin di ng ngy
cng gia tng, tc l nhu cu chim dng ti nguyn
v tuyn gia tng. Hay ni cch khc tn ti mu
thun ln gia nhu cu chim dng ti nguyn v ti
nguyn vn c ca thng tin v tuyn.
c im ca truyn dn v tuyn l ti nguyn hn
ch, cht lng ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng:
a hnh, thi tit dn n lm hn ch trin khai
p ng nhu cu cho x hi ca cc nh cng
nghip v dch v vin thng.
C. C s thc tin
FDMA TDMA
CDMA SDMA
Song cc h thng s dng cng ngh OFDM hin
nay nh: DAB, DVB, HDTV, HiperLANu khng
s dng c ch thch ng, do cha ti u hiu
nng cng nh cha i ph hiu qu i vi nhng
nh hng bt li ca knh truyn v tuyn di ng.

Trn c s nh vy n chn ch nghin
cu gii php iu ch thch ng tn hiu s trong h
thng truyn dn s nhm t hiu sut s dng
bng tn cao. T xy dng chng trnh m
phng, c th l: M phng truyn dn OFDM thch
n g t r o n g t h n g t i n v t u y n
Hn ch ca cc k thut hin hnh

Cc k thut tri ph c kh nng chng li pha inh
v nhiu, song tn ti nhng yu cu khng th thc
hin c chng hn: Nu ngi dng cn c tc
20 Mb/s giao din v tuyn v h s tri ph l 128
(gi tr in hnh hin nay), dn n phi x l tc
2,56 Gb/s theo thi gian thc, v th cn c rng
bng tn ln khng thc t.
Cc k thut n sng mang i ph km hiu qu
i vi pha inh v truyn lan a ng, c bit
trong trng hp tc bit cao
I. Gii thiu
I. Gii thiu
Yu cu

Truyn thng a phng tin khng nhng yu cu
bng thng rng m cn QoS cao
Lm th no truyn d liu tc cao qua giao din
v tuyn m vn m bo QoS. Tuy c cc bin
php nh cn bng thch ng song gp tr ngi v
thi gian thc tc cao vi Mb/s vi chi ph thp

Gii php

Cn tm k thut iu ch c kh nng dung ha cc
yu cu i ngc nhau theo cch tt nht c th
I. Gii thiu
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM


OFDM l gii php phn tp tn s.
OFDM t hiu sut s dng bng tn cao
OFDM cho php gim nh hng ca tr a ng
v v knh pha inh la chn tn s
Do tri rng pha inh ln nhiu k hiu, nn lm ngu
nhin ha li cm
Tnh kh thi ca OFDM cao do ng dng trit
cng ngh x l tn hiu s v cng ngh vi mch
VLSI
I. Gii thiu
OFDM nhy cm vi dch Doppler cng nh lch tn
gia cc b dao ng ni pht v thu

Vn ng b thi gian. Ti my thu kh quyt
nh thi im bt u FFT

Gi tr PAPR cao
II. c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Suy hao (attenuation): Cng trng yu i theo
khong cch, gi tr suy hao in hnh trong khong
50 150 dB ty vo khong cch. Suy hao gy pha
inh phm vi rng
Che chn (shadowing): Chng ngi vt gia my
pht v my thu
Tp m (Noise): tp m nhit (cng c th tp m
khc) xut hin trong tn hiu v lm gim cht lng
vic tch tn hiu
Pha inh a ng v phn tn thi gian: Phn x
v nhiu x lm mo tn hiu thu bng cch tri rng
n theo thi gian. Ph thuc vo bng tn h thng,
lm thay i cng tn hiu, c th gy ISI
II. c tnh knh v tuyn di ng


Nhiu (Interference): Cc my pht khc dng cng
tn s hoc dng cc tn s ln cn vi n c th gy
giao thoa vi cc k hiu mong mun.
c tnh knh chn lc tn s: Mt tn s c tng
cng trong khi cc tn s khc b suy hao
Cc knh v tuyn l cc knh mang tnh ngu nhin:
n c th thay i t cc ng truyn thng n cc
ng b che chn nghim trng i vi cc gi tr
khc nhau

II. c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Hnh (a) Hnh (b) Hnh (c)
II. c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Min khng gian Min tn s Min thi gian
Thng s d;
Thng ging ngu
nhin
B
D
;

Nhc im Chn lc khng gian Chn lc tn s Chn lc thi gian
Gii php MIMO OFDM Thch ng
Mc ch Li dng a ng Pha inh phng Pha inh chm
;
B
1
T
D
C
~
t
~
50
1

C
t

( )
D S
B B >
( )
t
> T
Bng 2.2 Cc c tnh knh trong ba min: khng gian, tn s v thi gian
II. c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Hnh 2.7 Ph tn hiu OFDM truyn qua m hnh knh pha inh Rice, vi
s sng mang = 100, kch thc FFT = 256,
[sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Nguyn l

Phn chia ton b bng thng cn truyn vo nhiu
sng mang con v truyn ng thi trn cc sng
mang ny.

Lung s tc cao c chia thnh nhiu lung tc
thp hn. V th c th gim nh hng ca tr
a ng v chuyn i knh pha inh chn lc tn
s thnh knh pha inh phng
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Tnh trc giao

OFDM truyn dn song song ng thi nhiu bng
con chng ln nhau trn cng mt rng bng tn
cp pht ca h thng
Lm th no tch cc bng con t bng tng
chng ln hay ni cch khc chng khng giao thoa
trong min tn s v min thi gian
Vn mu cht ca truyn dn OFDM l nh tnh
trc giao ca cc sng mang con

III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Nu k hiu cc sng mang con c dng trong h
thng OFDM l s
i
(t) v s
j
(t). m bo tnh trc
giao cho OFDM, cc hm sin ca cc sng mang con
phi tha mn:
( ) ( )

=
=
=
}
+
j i , 0
j i , 1
dt t s . t s
T
1
T t
t
*
j i
s
s
( )
( )

=
= A t
=
, 0
N , 2 , 1 k , ft k 2 j exp
t s
k

III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.2 Hnh dng ph ca tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s 5 sng
mang, hiu qu ph tn ca OFDM so vi FDM, [sim_ofdm_mc.m]
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.3 Ph tng hp ca tn hiu OFDM trong bng tn c s vi 5
sng mang con, [plot_ofdm_mc.m]
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng tn gc c xc nh
nh sau:
( ) ( ),

=
=
k
kT t s t s
k
( )
( ) ( )

+ + s s
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
khc Nu 0,
T T kT t T T kT
kT t
T
i
j2 exp x kT t w
kt t s
win FFT G win
1 2 N
N/2 i
FFT
k i,
k
T l di k hiu OFDM
T
FFT
l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM
T
G
l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh
T
win
l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph
Af = 1/T
FFT
l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang
N l di FFT, s im FFT
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch RF c xc nh
nh sau:
k

=
RF RF,k
s (t) = s (t - kT)
( )
( ) ( )

+ + s s

)

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ t
=

=
khc Nu , 0
T T kT t T T kT
, kT t
T
1
f 2 j exp x kT t w Re
kT t s
win FFT G win
1 2 / N
2 / N i
FFT
c k , i
k , RF
Trong f
c
l tn s sng mang RF
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Chuyn i
Ni tip
thnh Song
song
IFFT
Khuch i cng
sut v gii iu
ch sng mang
cao tn
iu ch
sng
mang con
Chn
khong
bo v
Chn t
ng b
khung
iu ch
sng mang cao
tn v khuch
i cng sut
Loi b
khong
bo v
Tch
khung
FFT
Gii iu
ch sng
mang con
Chuyn i
Song song
thnh Ni
tip
.
.
.
.
.
.
D liu pht
ni tip
D liu thu
ni tip
Pha sng
mang
Bin
sng mang
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
Sa li tn s
Tn hiu trong min
thi gian
LO
Pha sng
mang
Bin sng
mang
My pht
My thu
Hnh 3.4 M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM
ng b
nh thi
Anten
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM

u

c
h

n
g

m
a
n
g

c
o
n
(
D

l
i

u

-
>

I
Q

v
e
c
t
o
r
)
Zeros
Khong
bo v
Tn s
Thi gian
Symbol
start
Tn hiu OFDM
phc bng tn
c s u ra
Hnh 3.6. Tng IFFT + chn khong bo v, to tn hiu OFDM
D liu
u vo
End
I
Q
I
F
F
T
P
/
S
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
T
win
T
sym
T
G
T
FFT
Tin t Khong thi gian ly FFT Hu t Thi gian
Hnh 3.11. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.27 Ph tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang khng dng b lc (a) v
dng b lc vi ca s Kaiser vi (b), [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
Hnh 3.26 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang (a) v 1536 sng
mang con (b), khng dng b lc, [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Cc nhn t nh hng ca knh pha inh
ln hiu nng h thng truyn dn OFDM v
cc gii php khc phc


Nguyn nhn: Do tnh chn lc, tnh ph thuc thi
gian v tnh bt n nh ca knh pha inh gy ra
giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI) truyn qua n
Hu qu: My thu quyt nh k hiu sai, kh khn
trong vic khi phc nh thi
Gii php: Chn khong thi gian bo v
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.16 Hiu qu ca khong bo v loi b ISI
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Nguyn nhn: Do tnh chn lc tn s ca knh pha
inh (ch yu l hin tng dch Doppler)

Hu qu: My thu khng phn bit c ranh gii
gia cc k hiu truyn trn cc sng mang con
(quyt nh sai k hiu mt tnh trc giao)

Gii php: Chn khong thi gian bo v mt cch
tun hon, dng b cn bng PSAM
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.17 Nhiu nn do ICI i vi s sng mang con khc nhau,
[sim_var_ICI.m]
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.18 nh hng ca ICI ti t s tn hiu trn nhiu, [sim_SNR_ici.m]

III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.19 Cng sut ICI chun ho i vi tn hiu OFDM. N=102,
[sim_var_ici_smtt_sm_b.m]
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
l mt phng php m cc im IQ cnh nhau
trong chm sao s ch khc nhau mt bit. M ho
Gray cho php ti u t s li bit v gim xc sut
li nhiu bit xut hin trong mt k hiu n.
Thng tin hnh m ho Gray khi iu ch
M-QAM hay M-PSK
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
Hnh 3.21 S IQ iu ch 16-QAM v 16-PSK s dng m ho Gray
III. Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
( )
| | bps
hiu k gian thi
con mang sng s hiu k con/ mang sng /s bt s
R
b

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) FSR . B M log R
T
T
B M log R
T
f B M log R
T
N M log R
R
2 c
sym
FFT
2 c
sym
2 c
sym
sub 2 c
b
= =
A
= =
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Knh v tuyn thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian,
gii hn hiu nng v thng lng truyn dn
Thch ng ng tham s iu ch ng vi cc tham
s tc thi ca knh
Knh tt cc gi tr ny s thay i cc tham s iu
ch sao cho thu c thng lng h thng ln
Knh xu cc gi tr s iu khin cc tham s iu
ch sao cho gim thng lng h thng m bo
QoS
H thng khng dng iu ch thch ng, s dng
cc tham s iu ch c nh m bo QoS ti
trng thi ti nht ca knh v h thng s c thng
lng nh nhau ti mi thi im
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
iu ch thch
ng trong h
thng TDAM
iu ch thch
ng trong h
thng CDAM
iu ch thch
ng trong h
thng OFDM
iu ch thch
ng trong h
thng
MC-CDMA
CDMA thch ng OFDM thch ng
MC-CDMA thch
ng
La chn thch
ng cc s a
truy nhp
Hnh 5.1 S phn cp cc k thut iu ch thch ng
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Knh
Hnh 5.2 Lu thut ton iu ch thch ng
Xc nh Tham s iu ch = f (knh)
Thut ton iu
ch thch ng
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
B iu ch
Hnh 5.3 Kin trc ca cc h thng iu ch thch ng
Thut ton
iu ch
thch ng
D liu
Thng tin
v knh
B gii iu
ch
D liu
Thng tin v
knh hi tip
Tn hiu thng
tin v cc tham
s thit lp
My pht My thu
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Xy dng gii thut iu ch thch ng cho h thng
truyn dn OFDM


Ti u hiu nng h thng truyn tin (thng lng,
BER)
Thch ng cc thng s iu ch theo cht lng
knh hin thi


Da theo thng s iu ch c chn thch ng

IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Tn s
S
N
R
SNR knh
SNR thch ng
tng thut ton thch ng theo SNR pht trn mi sng mang con
SNR chun ho
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Khng pht
BPSK
4-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
K
h

n
g

p
h

t
B
P
S
K
4
-
Q
A
M
1
6
-
Q
A
M
1
6
-
Q
A
M
4
-
Q
A
M
6
4
-
Q
A
M
B
P
S
K
Thi gian
S
N
R
0
Hnh 5.4 Ngng SNR chuyn mc cho c ch thch ng theo mc iu ch
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Tn s
S
N
R
SNR knh
tng thut ton thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang con
Ngng SNR
Pht
Khng pht
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Ni
tip -
Song
song
IFFT+
Khong
bo v+
song song
- ni tip
Knh
truyn
ni tip -
song song
+Loi b
khong
bo
v+FFT
Song
song -
Ni tip
Tnh BER
.
.
.
.
.
.
D liu
pht
D liu
thu
Hnh 5.5 M hnh thut ton thch ng theo c ch chn lc sng mang cho h thng truyn dn OFDM
BER
ngng
iu khin
chn
iu khin
gii chn
Quyt
nh
chn
1
2
N-1
N N
N-1
2
1
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Tn s
S
N
R
SNR knh
Ngng SNR
Pht
Khng pht
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
S sng mang
Mng quyt nh (Q)
C ch s dng mng quyt nh
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
BER ngng
k = 1
k++
Bt u
Q(k) = 0
Q(k) = 1
Hnh 5.6 Lu thut ton ca khi quyt nh
ng
Sai
k = s sng mang
Kt thc
ng
Sai
BER
tb
ng
BER (k) > BER
tb
ng
IV. iu ch OFDM thch ng
Bt u
n = s lng k hiu pht
k = 1, u = 1, v = 0
data_out = 0
data_in = tn hiu pht
v = phn d (u/s sng
mang)
v = 0
Q(v) = 0
v = s sng mang
data_out(u) = data_in(k)
k++
u++
data_out (u) = 0
u ++
k = n
Kt thc
ng
sai
ng
sai
ng
sai
Hnh 5.7 Lu thut ton m t hot ng ca khi iu khin chn
V. Chng trnh m phng
c File
nh
Chuyn d liu
sang dng nh
phn (tng khi 8
bit)
M ho
M-QAM
Tx
Knh
V
tuyn
Rx
Gii m
M-QAM
Chuyn d liu
sang dng cc
khi thp phn
Ghi File
nh
To tp
m Gauss
So snh
d liu
pht v d
liu thu
Tnh li
Khi quyt
nh
BER
ngng
Chn sng
mang
Gii chn sng
mang
Khi iu
khin chn,
gii chn
Hnh 6.1 M hnh m phng h thng truyn dn OFDM thch ng
Khi tnh BER
V. Chng trnh m phng
Bng 6.2 Thng s m phng h thng OFDM thch ng

Tham s Gi tr
Tc d liu: R
b
2 Mbps
Mc iu ch sng mang M-QAM M = 2, 4, 16, 64
Tn s ly mu: f
s
f
s

S lng sng mang: N
sub
52 - 1024
Kch thc FFT: N
FFT
N
FFT

Chu k c bn: T 1/ R
b
= 0,5 s
Thi gian k hiu hu ch: T
FFT
T
FFT
= N
sub
log
2
(M) T
Khong thi gian bo v: T
G
T
G

Chiu di k hiu OFDM : T
sym
T
sym
= T
FFT
+ T
G

Thi gian m phng: T
sim
T
sim
= 0,064 s
Ca s Kaiser, = 10
M hnh knh Pha inh Rayleigh
V. Chng trnh m phng
V. Chng trnh m phng
1
0.32
0.28
0.13
Thi gian tr
0 5 8 17
Hnh 6.6 p ng xung kim ca knh
V. Chng trnh m phng
Hnh 6.7 Hnh dng hm truyn t ca knh
V. Chng trnh m phng
V. Chng trnh m phng
V. Chng trnh m phng
Kt qu m phng khng dng c ch thch ng
Kt qu m phng khng dng c ch thch ng
Kt qu m phng khng dng c ch thch ng
Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch
Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch
Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng mc iu ch
Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang
Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang
Kt qu m phng dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang
Kt qu m phng kt hp c ch thch ng chn lc sng
mang v mc iu ch
Kt qu m phng kt hp c ch thch ng chn lc sng
mang v mc iu ch
Kt qu m phng kt hp c ch thch ng chn lc sng
mang v mc iu ch
Kt qu m phng kt hp c ch thch ng chn lc sng
mang v mc iu ch
VI. nh gi hiu nng h thng OFDM thch ng
VI. nh gi hiu nng h thng OFDM thch ng
VI. nh gi hiu nng h thng OFDM thch ng
VI. nh gi hiu nng h thng OFDM thch ng