Unit 1 - Screening

By
Evelyn R. Laurito
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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What is Screening?
Screening is a method of separating
particles according to size alone.
Screening Surface
Interwoven Wire Mesh (carbon or stainless
steel, phosphor bronze)
Cloth (silk, plastic, nylon, fiberglass)
Perforated Plates
Bars
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Separation Theory
Screen
Feed
Oversize(Tails)
Undersize(Fines)
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Particle Size
Equidimensional particles:
In general "diameter, Dp may be specified
Non-Equidimensional particles:
Dp is the second longest major dimension
Units of Dp depend on the size of particles
Coarse particles: inches or millimeters
Fine particles: screen size
Very fine particles: micrometers or nanometers
Ultra fine particles: surface area per unit mass,
m
2
/g
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Mesh
Mesh Number Number of openings
per linear inch
Example:
Mesh 4 Mesh 200
1
1
1
1
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Sieve Scale
A sieve scale is a series of testing sieves
having openings in a fixed succession
(Largest opening to smallest)
3 Types:
Tyler Standard Sieve Series (MSH)
US Sieve Series (Table 19-6/HB)
International Test Sieve Series
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Common Sized Solids
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Arrangement of Mesh Screens

Modern Particle Size
Measurement
While historically mainly methods using mechanical,
aerodynamic, or hydrodynamic properties for discrimination
and particle sizing have been used
the particle is allowed to settle in a viscous fluid,
then the calculated diameter of a sphere of the same substance that
would have the same falling speed in the same fluid (i.e., the Stokes
diameter) is taken as the appropriate size parameter of the particle.
Since the Stokes diameter for the rod-shaped particle will obviously
differ from the rod diameter, this difference represents added infor-
mation concerning particle shape. The ratio of the diameters mea-
sured by two different techniques is called the shape factor.
today methods based on the interaction of the particles with
electromagnetic waves (mainly light), ultrasound, or electric
fields dominate.
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Laser Diffraction method
Lorenz-Mie theory is based on the assumption of spherical, isotropic, and
homogenous particles and that all particles can be described by a common complex
refractive index m = n i. Index m has to be precisely known for the evaluation
It is now ranging from below 0.1 m to about 1 cm. Laser diffraction is currently the
fastest method for particle sizing at highest reproducibility. In combination with
dry dispersion it can handle large amounts of sample, which makes this method well
suited for process applications.


6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Image Analysis Methods
The extreme progress in image capturing and exceptional increase of
the computational power within the last few years have
revolutionized microscopic methods and made image analysis
methods very popular for the characterization of particles, especially
since, in addition to size, relevant shape information becomes available
by the method. Currently, mainly instruments creating a 2D image of
the 3D particles are used. Two methods have to be distinguished.


6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Methods of Indicating Particle Size
Unsized Particles
Oversize 4 Mesh, +4, +4.76 mm
Undersize 4 Mesh, -4, -4.76 mm
Sized Particles
Through 4 on 6
-4+6
4/6
-4.76 mm + 3.36 mm
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Particle Size Distribution
Differential Screen Analysis: Data consist of
Mesh No,n vs Wt frac or % retained on the
screen(
n
)
Cumulative Screen Analysis (larger than Dp):
Data consist of n vs Cumulative fraction
larger than n (
n
)
Cumulative Screen Analysis (smaller than
Dp): Data consist of n vs Cumulative fraction
smaller than n (1-
n
)

6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Screen Analysis
Mesh 8
Mesh 6
Mesh 10
Mesh 14
Mesh 20
50 kg
5 kg
20 kg
12 kg
6 kg
4 kg
3 kg
Differential Screen Analysis
n

n
6
0.10
8
0.40
10
0.24
14 0.12
20
0.08
pan
0.06
1.00
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Screen Analysis
Mesh 8
Mesh 6
Mesh 10
Mesh 14
Mesh 20
50 kg
5 kg, 0.10
20 kg, 0.40
12 kg, 0.24
6 kg, 0.12
4 kg, 0.08
3 kg
0.06
Cumulative Screen Analysis
Larger than Dp
n

n
6
0.10
8
0.50
10
0.74
14 0.86
20
0.94
pan
1.00
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Screen Analysis
Mesh 8
Mesh 6
Mesh 10
Mesh 14
Mesh 20
50 kg
5 kg, 0.10
20 kg, 0.40
12 kg, 0.24
6 kg, 0.12
4 kg, 0.08
3 kg
0.06
Cumulative Screen Analysis
Smaller than Dp
n
1-
n
6
0.90
8
0.50
10
0.26
14 0.14
20
0.06
pan
0
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Screening Equipment
Grizzly Screens
Rotating Screens
Shaking Screens
Vibrating Screens
Oscillating Screens

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Material Balance
F = P + R
Fx
F
= Px
P
+ Rx
R

R P
R F
x x
x x
F
P

R P
F P
x x
x x
F
R

Screen
Feed
Oversize
Undersize
F, x
F
R, x
R

P, x
P

6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Example No.1
It is desired to remove small particles from a
crushed stone mixture by screening through
a 10-mesh screen. The screen analysis of
feed, overflow and underflow are given in
the table.
a) Calculate the mass ratios of the overflow and
underflow to feed.
b) Plot Dp vs Screen analysis for the feed, overflow
and underflow
c) Find the effectiveness and capacity of the
screen if the feed rate is 100 tons/hr
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Mesh

D
p
(mm)

Feed

Overflow

Underflow

4

4.699

0

0



6

3.327

0.025

0.071



8

2.362

0.125

0.43

1

10

1.651

0.32

0.85

0.805

14

1.168

0.26

0.97

0.42

20

0.833

0.155

0.99

0.17

28

0.589

0.055

1.0

0.09

35

0.417

0.02



0.06

65

0.208

0.02



0.025
Pan



0.02



0

Screen Analysis
Screen Analysis
4 4.699 0 0
6 3.327 0.025 0.071
8 2.362 0.125 0.43 1
10 1.651 0.32 0.85 0.805
14 1.168 0.26 0.97 0.42
20 0.833 0.155 0.99 0.17
28 0.589 0.055 1 0.09
35 0.417 0.02 0.06
65 0.208 0.02 0.025
Pan 0.02 0
CSA Larger CSA Smaller DSA
x
F
=.47
x
P
=.85
x
R
=.195
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Solution
From the table, x
F
=0.47, x
P
=0.85, x
R
=0.195
R P
R F
x x
x x

F
P
195 . 0 85 . 0
195 . 0 47 . 0

= 0.42
R P
F P
x x
x x

F
R
F
P
1
= 0.58
) x 1 )( x x (
) x 1 )( x x (
E
F R P
R F P

F R P
P R F
x ) x x (
x ) x x (

=0.669
6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito
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Screen Effectiveness(E)
E
A
= Recovery of desired material in the product
F
P
Fx
Px

E
B
= Recovery of undesired material in the reject
) x 1 ( F
) x 1 ( R
F
R

E=E
A
E
B
F
P
Fx
Px

) x 1 ( F
) x 1 ( R
F
R

F R P
P R F
x ) x x (
x ) x x (

) x 1 )( x x (
) x 1 )( x x (
F R P
R F P

) x 1 )( x x (
) x 1 )( x x (
E
F R P
R F P

F R P
P R F
x ) x x (
x ) x x (

6/9/2011 ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

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Screen Capacity
Capacity=mass of feed/area=F/A
Throughflow method: Matthews Equation
A=0.4C
t
/C
u
F
oa
F
s
(19-23/HB)
F=100
C
t
= 58
C
u
=.46

F
oa
=100a
2
/(a+d)
2
F
s
= 1

a=.0661
d=.0319
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Screen Series
US Sieve
Size
Tyler
Equivalen
t
Opening
mm in
- 2 Mesh 8.00 0.312
- 3 Mesh 6.73 0.265
No. 3 3 Mesh 5.66 0.233
No. 4 4 Mesh 4.76 0.187
No. 5 5 Mesh 4.00 0.157
No. 6 6 Mesh 3.36 0.132
No. 7 7 Mesh 2.83 0.111
No. 8 8 Mesh 2.38 0.0937
No.10 9 Mesh 2.00 0.0787
No. 12 10 Mesh 1.68 0.0661
No. 14 12 Mesh 1.41 0.0555
No. 16 14 Mesh 1.19 0.0469
No. 18 16 Mesh 1.00 0.0394
No. 20 20 Mesh 0.841 0.0331
No. 25 24 Mesh 0.707 0.0278
No. 30 28 Mesh 0.595 0.0234
No. 35 32 Mesh 0.500 0.0197
No. 40 35 Mesh 0.420 0.0165
No. 45 42 Mesh 0.354 0.0139
No. 50 48 Mesh 0.297 0.0117
No. 60 60 Mesh 0.250 0.0098
No. 70 65 Mesh 0.210 0.0083
No. 80 80 Mesh 0.177 0.0070
No.100 100 Mesh 0.149 0.0059
No. 120 115 Mesh 0.125 0.0049
No. 140 150 Mesh 0.105 0.0041
No. 170 170 Mesh 0.088 0.0035
No. 200 200 Mesh 0.074 0.0029
No. 230 250 Mesh 0.063 0.0025
No. 270 270 Mesh 0.053 0.0021
No. 325 325 Mesh 0.044 0.0017
No. 400 400 Mesh 0.037 0.0015
US Sieve
Size
Tyler
Equivalen
t
Opening
mm in