UNIT III

MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES

TWO MARKS
1. Classify overhead transmission lines
Overhead lines are classified as
Short transmission line
Medium transmission line
Long transmission line
2. Define Voltage regulation of a transmission line?
The regulation of a transmission line is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving end
from no load to full load; the sending end voltage remains the same. It is usually expressed as a
percentage of receiving end voltage.
% Regulation =

x 100
V
S
-Sending end voltage V
R
Receiving end voltage

3. Define Efficiency of a transmission line?
The ratio of Power delivered at the receiving end to the power sent from the sending end
% transmission =




4. What are called generalized circuit constants?
The input voltage and input current of the transmission line can be expressed in terms of
output voltage and output current.
V
S
=AV
R
+BI
R

I
S
=CV
R
+DI
R

Where A, B, C and D are called generalized circuit constants of transmission line.

5. Define Propagation constant?
The magnitude and the phase of the travelling wave is governed by the complex quantity .
The other words governs the propagation of component waves. It is therefore called the Propagation
Constant
6. Define attenuation constant?
The real part of propagation constant is .It determines the change in magnitude per unit
length of the line of the wave and is termed attenuation constant. It is expressed in nepers per unit
length.
7. What do you mean by phase constant?
The imaginary part of propagation constant in . It determines the change in phase of the
wave per unit length of the line. It is therefore called phase constant (or) wave length constant. It is
expressed in radians per unit length.

8. Define Surge impedance?
The square root of the ratio of series impedance (Z) to the shunt admittance (Y) is called as
surge impedance of the line.
Z
C
=

9. Define Surge impedance loading?
Surge impedance loading of the line is the maximum power transmitted when a lossless line
operating at its nominal voltage is terminated with a resistance equal to surge impedance of the line.

10. What is Ferranti effect?
In a medium or long transmission line, when open circuited or loaded lightly, the receiving
end voltage is found to be more than the sending end voltage. This phenomenon of rise in voltage at
the receiving end of the open circuited or lightly loaded line is called Ferranti Effect.
11.What are the properties of generalized circuit constants or ABCD constants.

are complex.
If symmetrical network ,

If reciprocal network

= 1

are dimensionless.

is impedance in ohm.

is admittance in mho.
12. What is the difference between Nominal T and Nominal method?
Nominal T Nominal
1. In this the whole line capacitance is
assumed to be concentrated at the
middle point of the line and half the line
resistance and reactance are lumped on
its either side.
In this the whole line capacitor is assumed to
be divided into two halves, one half being
connected at the receiving end and other half
at the receiving end
2. Full charging current flow over half the
line.
Capacitance at the receiving end has no effect
on the line drop. But the charging current of
the second half capacitance is added to
obtain the total sending current.

13. What are the devices used for compensation of transmission lines?
Shunt reactor.
Shunt capacitors
Static VAR system
Synchronous condensers
Series Capacitors.

14. What is the need for compensation in transmission line?
Compensation means modification of electrical characteristics of transmission line in order to
increase the power transfer capability.
To improve stability of the system
To produce substantially flat voltage profile at all level of power transmission and
To meet the economical way for reactive power requirement of the system.

15. State the advantages of series compensation.
Increase in transmission capacity
Improvement of system stability
Load division between parallel circuits.

16. What is turning power line?
The receiving end voltage and current are numerically equal to the corresponding sending end
current and voltage values so that there is no voltage drop on load. Such a line is called as turned
power lines.

17. What are the voltage regulation equipment used in transmission system?
In transmission system the following voltage regulation equipment are used
Synchronous motors.
Tap changing transformer
Series shunt capacitor
Booster transformer
Induction regulator

18. What is a power circle diagram?
A power circle diagram is a diagram drawn for transmission line network involving the
generalized circuit constants and the sending end voltage V
S
and receiving end voltage V
R.

19. What is meant by receiving and power circle diagrams?
The circle diagram drawn with receiving end true and reactive power components as the
horizontal and vertical coordinates is called receiving end power circle diagram.

20. What is meant by sending and power circle diagram?
The circle diagram drawn with sending end true and reactive power components as the
horizontal and vertical coordinates is called the sending end power circle diagrams.

PART-B

1.Deduce an expression for transmission efficiency and regulation for medium Transmission
line using Nominal T Method.
Medium lines Nominal T method.

In this method, the whole line to neutral capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the
middle point of the line and half the line resistance and reactance are lumped on either side.

) ()

) ()

()

()

Where Y Shunt admittance

Sub (2) in (4)

) ) ()

From equation (3)

()

Sub (5) in (6)

) ()
Sub (2) in (1)

) ()

Sub (7) in (8)

) (

) )(

) (

) ()

()

()

Comparing equation (9) and (7) with (A) and (B)

Regulation

Regulation is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving end when full load is thrown
off.

At no load,

% regulation =
|

|
||
|

|
|

|


Efficiency


(

)
(

) (

)


2. Deduce an expression for transmission efficiency and regulation for medium
Transmission line using Nominal Method.

Nominal Method
In this method, line to neutral capacitance is divided into two halves. One half being
concentrated at the load end and the other half at the sending end.
Here,

= Series admittance

= Shunt admittance

()

()

()

()

()

Sub (4) in (5)

)+

()

Sub (4) in (2)

()


Sub (6) in (7)

) (

) )(

) (

) ()

ABCD equations,

()

()

Comparing (7) , (8) with (A) and (B)

% regulation =
|

|
||
|

|
|

|


Efficiency


(

)
(

) (

)


3. Derive an expression for sending end voltage and current for long transmission line
Using rigorous solution
Consider a small element in the line of length dx situated at a distance x from the receiving
end.
Let Z = series impedance of the line per unit length
Y = shunt impedance of the line per unit length
V = voltage at the end of element towards receiving end
V+ dv = voltage at the end of element towards sending end
I + dI + current entering the element dx
I= current leaving the element dx
Then for the small element dx,
Zdx = series impedance
Ydx = shunt impedance
Obviously, dv = I Zdx (1)
dv/dx = IZ (2)

dI= Vydx (3)

dI/ dx = Vy (4)

differentiating eq (2) w.r.t x

d
2
V/dx
2
= Z dI/dx (5)

sub (4) in (5)

d
2
V/dx
2
= ZyV (6)

the solution of this differential equation is

()

() (7)

Differentiating eq (7) w.r.t. x

()

() (8)

Using equation (2)
dV/dx = IZ


Using (8) and (2)

()

()

()

()] (9)
Eq (7) and (9) give expression for V and I in the form of unknown constants K
1
and K
2
. It can be
found by applying end conditions as under:
At x=0 , V=V
R
and I=I
R
substiyute the above value in eq (7) and (9)

(10)

(11)

Substituting the values of K
1
and K
2
in eq (7) and (9)

()

() (12)

()

() (13)
Put x=l, V=V
s
and I = I
s

substitute these values in (12) and (13)

()

()

()

()

Y = total shunt admittance of the line
Z= total series impedance of the line

()

()

()

()
() (

)
() (
()

)
4. Draw and explain the receiving end power circle diagram.
It is the circle diagram drawn with receiving end real and reactive powers as horizontal
and vertical coordinates respectively.
The receiving end power circle diagram can be derived analytically by considering the
phaseor volt-amps at the receiving end.
V
s
= AV
R
+BI
R

( )

( )

( )

( )

Volt- ampere at the receiving end will be
S
R
= P
R
+ jQ
R
= V
R
I
R
*

=

cos (-)-

V
R
2
(-)

cos(-)+jsin(-) -

V
R
2
cos(-)+jsin(-)
S
R
=

cos(-) -

V
R
2
cos(-) + j

sin (-) -

V
R
2
sin(-)
By separating real and imaginary parts,

P
R
=

cos (-)-

V
R
2
cos (-)
Q
R =

sin (-)-

V
R
2
sin (-)
P
R +

V
R
2
cos (-) =

cos (-) .(1)

Q
R
+

V
R
2
sin (-) =

sin (-) (2)

Squaring and adding equation (1) and (2)
We get,
P
R +

V
R
2
cos (-)
2
+ Q
S
+

V
R
2
sin (-)
2
= *

+ *

+
This is the equation of the circle in rectangular coordinates.
The coordinates of centre of the circle are
Horizontal coordinates =

V
R
2
cos (-) W
Vertical coordinates =

V
R
2
sin (-) VAR
Radius =

VA

Procedure to draw receiving end circle diagram
(1) Calculate
()

()

(2) Calculate
|||

|
||

(3) By checking values of
()

|||

|
||
decide suitable scale.
(4) Draw x & y axis,fix the centre of the circle

|||

|
||
( )

|||

|
||
( )
Mark center point as 0
(5) Draw line OO
(6) From point O, draw a line with an angle of

Mark
()
in x axis at point.
Draw the vertical line from that point M.That Vertical line will cut the slanted line at L.Thus the
operating point L is obtained.
(7) Now join OL which is radius of the circle and draw the circle.


5. A 132 kV, 50 Hz, 3-phase transmission line delivers a load of 50 MW at 0 8 p.f. lagging at the
receiving end. The generalised constants of the transmission line are :
A = D = 0 95 1 4 ; B = 96 78 ; C = 0 0015 90 .Find the regulation of the line and charging
current. Use Nominal-T method.

Receiving end voltage/phase, V
R
= (132 10
3
)/ = 76210 V
Receiving end current, I
R
=

= 273 A
cos
R
= 08; sin
R
= 0 6
Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor, we have,
V
R
= V
R
+ j 0 = 76210 0
I
R
= I
R

R
= 273 36 9
Sending end voltage per phase is
V
S
= A V
R
+ B I
R

= 0 95 1 4 76210 0 + 96 78 273 36 9
= 72400 1 4 + 26208 41 1
= 72400 (cos 1 4 + j sin 1 4) + 26208 (cos 41 1 + j sin 41 1)
= 72400 (0 9997 + j 0 0244) + 26208 (0 7536 + j 0 6574)
= (72378 + j 1767) + (19750 + j 17229)
= 92128 + j 18996 = 94066 11 65 V
Sending end current, I
S
= C V
R
+ D I
R

= 0 0015 90 76210 0 + 0 95 1 4 273 36 9
= 114 90 + 260 35 5
= 114 (cos 90 + j sin 90) + 260 (cos 355 j sin 35 5)
= 114 ( 0 + j) + 260 (0814 j 0 58)
= j 114 + 211 j 150 = 211 j 36
Charging current, I
C
= I
S

= (211 j36) 273 36 9

= (211 j 36) (218 j 164) = 7 + j 128 = 128 2 93 1 A
% Regulation =
(

= 30%