Chapter 1 Number Calculations Notes Form 2 2013

Form 2 [CHAPTER 1: NUMBER CALCULATIONS]
C.Camenzuli | www.smcmaths.webs.com 1

ChapLer 1: number CalculaLlons

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ftom tbe ootes foooJ oo tbe webslte lo tbe fotm 1 sectloo.

1.1 - lace value and roundlng numbers Lo Lhe nearesL whole, Len, hundred,
Lhousand, eLc.
Lach dlglL ln a number has a place value:

1234.S67

1000 200 30 4 0.3 0.06 0.007
Lhousands hundreds Lens unlLs LenLhs hundredLhs LhousandLhs
1000 s 100s 10 s 1 s 1/10 s 1/100s 1/1000s

Lxample 1: kound 264S to the:
(|) Nearest 10
(||) Nearest 100
(|||) Nearest 1000
(l)
underllne Lhe Lens: 2643
Look aL Lhe number behlnd lL
lf lL ls 3 or blgger add 1 Lo Lhe underllned value
lf lL ls sLrlcLly smaller Lhan 3 leave lL as lL ls

ln Lhls case we add 1 Lo Lhe 4 and Lhe answer ls 26S0
(ll)
underllne Lhe hundreds: 2643
ln Lhls case we leave lL as lL ls: 2600


(lll)
underllne Lhe Lhousands: 2643

ln Lhls case add 1 Lo 2 and Lhe answer ls 3000

Lxample 2: Comp|ete the fo||ow|ng tab|e:

Number 1o the nearest 10 1o the nearest 100 1o the nearest 1000
1673

678

9397

230

2673

Lxample 3: 1here are 1300 supporters to the nearest 100 at 1a' a|| Nat|ona|
Stad|um. L|st a|| the poss|b|e number of supporters that cou|d have been at the
stad|um.



Lxample 4: kound the fo||ow|ng numbers to the nearest who|e number:

4.6 - _________ 36.3 - _________ 743.4999 - _________

89.3 - _________ 12.3 - __________ 1.1 - ________

1.2 - 8oundlng numbers: ueclmal places

arLs of a unlL can be wrlLLen elLher as fract|ons or as dec|ma|s by placlng a polnL afLer Lhe
unlLs column and conLlnulng Lo Lhe rlghL e.g. 1.234

1he flrsL column afLer Lhe declmal polnL represenLs tenths and ls called Lhe f|rst dec|ma| p|ace.

1he second column afLer Lhe polnL represenLs hundredths and ls called Lhe second dec|ma|
p|ace.

1he Lhlrd column afLer Lhe polnL represenLs Lhe thousandths and ls called Lhe th|rd dec|ma|
p|ace.

Lxample 1: Correct 3.4S1 to:
(|) one dec|ma| p|ace
(||) two dec|ma| p|aces

(l)
underllne Lhe flrsL declmal place: 3.431

ln Lhls case we add 1 Lo Lhe 3 and Lhe answer ls 3.S

(ll)
underllne Lhe second declmal place: 3.431

ln Lhls case we leave lL as lL ls and Lhe answer ls 3.4S



Lxample 2: Comp|ete the fo||ow|ng tab|e:

Number 1 d.p. 2 d.p. 3 d.p.
36.1682

1.6431

3.287

6.7176

3.436723

1.3 - 8oundlng numbers: SlgnlflcanL flgures

! All dlglLs LhaL are noL zero are slgnlflcanL.
Lxamp|e: 16.2 (3 slgnlflcanL flgures)
! Zeros beLween non zero dlglLs are slgnlflcanL.
Lxamp|e: 103 (3 slgnlflcanL flgures)
! Zeros Lo Lhe lefL of Lhe flrsL non zero dlglL are noL slgnlflcanL. 1hey lndlcaLe placemenL
of Lhe declmal polnL only.
Lxamp|e: 0.0002 (1 slgnlflcanL flgure)
! Zeros Lo Lhe rlghL of a declmal polnL are slgnlflcanL lf Lhey are aL Lhe end of a number.
Lxamp|e: 16.000 (3 slgnlflcanL flgures)



now do we correct numbers to a g|ven number of s|gn|f|cant f|gures?
Lxample 1: Correct S.744S62647 correct to four s|gn|f|cant f|gures.
underllne Lhe fourLh slgnlflcanL flgure: 3.744362647
lf Lhe number behlnd lL ls 3 or blgger, add one
lf Lhe number behlnd lL ls sLrlcLly smaller Lhan 3, leave lL as lL ls.

1he number behlnd Lhe fourLh slgnlflcanL flgure ls blgger Lhus we add one Lo 4.

1hls leaves us wlLh S.74S

Lxample 2: Correct the fo||ow|ng numbers to the number of s|gn|f|cant f|gure
shown |n the brackets.

(l) 343 (2)
(ll) 0.0023 (1)
(lll) 306 (2)
(lv) 3.673 (3)
(v) 9743 (1)
(vl) 6.097 (2)
(vll) 64864 (4)



1.4 - Crderlng poslLlve and negaLlve declmals

Lach dlglL ln a number means someLhlng dlfferenL dependlng on lLs poslLlon. lor example Lhe
number 4S31 means

4 thousands
S hundreds
3 tens
1 un|t

1housands Pundreds 1ens unlLs
4 3 3 1

1housands are blqqet Lhan nundreds whlch are blqqet Lhan 1ens whlch are blqqet Lhan Un|ts.

So 4331 ls larger Lhan 999 because 4331 has a dlglL ln Lhe Lhousands column.

Lxamp|e

Whlch ls larger 89 or 809?
809 slnce lL has a dlglL ln Lhe hundreds column

Lxtend|ng to Dec|ma|s

LeL us bulld Lhe same Lable for 1234.367

1h n 1 U . t h th
1 2 3 4 . 3 6 7

Un|ts are larger Lhan tenths whlch are larger Lhan hundredths whlch are larger Lhan
thousandths.



Lxample 1: Wh|ch |s the |arger 0.23 or 0.023?

Un|ts . 1enths nundredths 1housandths
0 . 2 3
0 . 0 2 3

1he larger ls 0.23 because lL has a flgure ln Lhe tenth column.

Lxample 2: Wh|ch |s the |arger from 0.203 and 0.23?

Un|ts . 1enths nundredths 1housandths
0 . 2 0 3
0 . 2 3

0.23 ls Lhe larger because Lhey botb have 2 LenLhs buL Lhe 3 ln Lhe 0.23 ls larger Lhan Lhe 0 ln
0.203 slnce Lhere are 3 hundredths ln 0.23.

Lxample 3: Arrange the fo||ow|ng numbers |n order of s|ze:
0.909, 0.99, 0.099, 9.09
lookloq ot tbe oolts
9 ls larger Lhan 0
9.09 ls Lhe largesL

lookloq ot tbe teotbs
9 ls larger Lhan 0
0.909 and 0.99 are larger Lhan 0.099
Compare Lhe hundredLhs of Lhese Lwo

0.99 ls larger Lhan 0.909


nexL afLer ls 0.909

1he smaller one ls 0.099

OtJeteJ
9.09, 0.99, 0.909, 0.099

Lxample 4: Arrange S.26, 0.S26, 0.S02, 0.00S26 |n ascend|ng order.

Work|ng w|th negat|ve numbers and dec|ma|s

numbers furLher on Lhe rlghL of Lhe number llne are Lhe larger. oslLlves are olwoys larger
Lhan negaLlves.

! Whlch number ls larger -11 or 2?
2 because negaLlve ls always smaller Lhan poslLlve.

This is called descending order
since it starts from the largest to the
smallest. (devil)

Ascending
order: from
the smallest
to the largest.
(angel)


Lxample 3: Arrange the fo||ow|ng dec|ma|s |n ascend|ng order: -0.2S, 0.2S,
-1.26S, 0.S68

SLarL looklng aL Lhe s|gns
1here are 2 negaLlves whlch musL be smaller Lhan Lhe poslLlves
We look aL Lhe un|ts flrsL
-1 ls sma||er Lhan -0
1he smaller one ls -1.26S
lmmedlaLely afLer -0.2S
We look aL Lhe pos|t|ves now
LeL us compare Lhe tenths
3 ls |arger Lhan 2
1he nexL ls 0.2S
1he largesL one ls 0.S68

utowloq o oombet lloe coo olso belp.

-1.263, -0.23, 0.23, 0.368

Lxample 6: Arrange the fo||ow|ng dec|ma|s |n descend|ng order: 0.32, 0.S6, 17.2, -
0.63, -0.6S
(PlnL: use a number llne Lo help you ouL)



1.3 - MulLlpllcaLlon of declmals

Lxample 1: Work out: 10S.32 4.S6

Step 1: kemove the po|nts
103.32 Lo10332 (mulLlply by 100)
4.36 Lo 436 (mulLlply by 100)
ln LoLal we have moved four polnL Lo Lhe rlghL (mulLlplled by 10 000)

Step 2: Mu|t|p|y the numbers obta|ned
10332
x 436
63192
326600
+ 4212800
4802392

Step 3: Move back the po|nts
revlously we had moved four polnLs Lo Lhe rlghL ( mulLlpllcaLlon by 10 000)
now, move Lhem back (dlvlslon by 10 000)

Answer = 480.2392

Lxample 2: Lva|uate the fo||ow|ng
(l) 13.S S6.S

Revise Long
multiplication!


(ll) 0.76 0.43

(lll) 0.04S 3.1

(lv) 0.04 0.092

(v) 0.3 0.S 0.7



1.6 Division of decimals (short division)
Lxample 1: Work out the fo||ow|ng
(l) 4.8 - 2

(ll) 6.9 - 3

(lll) 1.2 - 3

(lv) 1.23 - 3

(v) 4.8 - 8

(vl) 0.2 - 8

(vll) 0.1 - 3



Lxample 2: Lva|uate
(l) 0.4 - 0.2

(ll) 13 - 0.3

(lll) 16 - 0.4

(lv) 3.6 - 0.6

1.7 - MenLal mulLlpllcaLlon and dlvlslon by powers of 10

Lxample 1: 7.4 x 10

Ooe oeeJs oot ose ooy meotol ot stooJotJ metboJ of moltlpllcotloo. lt ls eosy to colcolote tbe
ooswet sttolqbt owoy by movloq tbe polot to tbe tlqbt

= 74

Lxample 2: 93 x 1000



Lxample 3: 960 10

1hls Llme we 'subLracL zeros' or 'move Lhe polnL Lo Lhe lefL'
=96

Lxample 4: 14600 100

Lxample 3: 16.7 x 10

Lxample 6: 2S.137 x 100

Lxample 7: 74.S8 x 1000

Lxample 8: 6800 100

Lxample 9: 1986 1000

Lxample 10: 34S 10000



ln Lhls secLlon we wlll also be mulLlplylng and dlvldlng by numbers such as 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, eLc.

Lxample 11: 4S 0.1

0.01 ls Lhe same as
1
10

1hus, 43
1
10
=
45
10

=4.3

lo qeoetol,
0.1 means - 10
0.01 means - 100
0.001 means - 1000

Also,
- 0.1 means 10
- 0.01 means 100
- 0.001 means 1000

Lxample 12: Work out the fo||ow|ng:
(l) 342 0.01

(ll) 3 0.1

(lll) 6.7 0.001

(lv) 9.9 - 0.01

(v) 3.6 - 0.1

(vl) 6.89 - 0.001



Lxample 13: Work out as a dec|ma|.

!" # % &'

!!" '(# % &''

!!!"
!
!!!

!)"
!!!"
!!!!"

)"
!"#
!"""

)!" &(* %
!
!""



1.8 - CperaLlons wlLh negaLlve numbers

"#$%&%'( and )(*+&%'( numbers are collecLlvely known as dlrecLed numbers. 1hey can be used
Lo descrlbe any measuremenL LhaL goes above or below an obvlous zero level e.g.
LemperaLure, llfL (above and below ground level), eLc.

oslLlve and negaLlve numbers can be presenLed on a number llne.

Cn Lhls number llne 3 ls Lo Lhe rlghL of 3 so 3 ls greaLer Lhan 3 and we can wrlLe lL as : 3 > 3

Any number Lo Lhe tlqbt of anoLher number ls greaLer Lhan Lhe second number e.g. -1 ! ! !
and 3 ! ! !

8emember LhaL lasL year we followed Lwo rules whllsL addlng and subLracLlng negaLlve
numbers.

8ule 1: Add|ng a negat|ve number |s the same as subtract|ng a pos|t|ve number.
lor example: + -4 = -4
Lhus, 7 + - 4 = 7 - 4
= 3

8ule 2: Subtract|ng a negat|ve number |s the same as add|ng a pos|t|ve number.
lor example : - - 7 = 7
Lhus, 9 - - 7= 9 + 7
=16

(a) - 2 + 3 (b) 4 + - 3

(c) -1 + - 3 (d) 6 - 9

(e) - 6 - 3 (f) - 3 + - 3



We also had Lhree rules abouL dlvlslon and mulLlpllcaLlon of negaLlve numbers:
8ule 3: When you mu|t|p|y a negat|ve number by a pos|t|ve number you get a negat|ve
answer.
lor example, -4 4 = -16

8ule 4: When you d|v|de a negat|ve number by a pos|t|ve number you get a negat|ve answer.
lor example, -43 - 3 = -9 or 28 - - 4 = -7

8ule 3: When you d|v|de or mu|t|p|y a negat|ve number by another negat|ve number you get
a pos|t|ve answer.
lor example, -28 - -7 = 4 and -4 -3 = 20

Lxample 2: Lva|uate the fo||ow|ng:
(l) 32 - 2

(ll) 43 - - 9

(lll) - 7 - 3

(lv) - 36 - 6

(v) - 8 9



(vl) 136 - 0.1

Lxample 3: Use an appropr|ate method to ca|cu|ate these:

(l) - 1.3 + 4.7

(ll) 49.6 + 36.12 + 12.34

(lll) 3.7 - -1.8 + 16.7

(lv) 43.67 + - 12.43



1.9 - lurLher +/- uslng calculaLor
Lxample 1: Work out these us|ng a ca|cu|ator:

(l) 43 + - 113

(ll) -3.0 - - 27 + 3.3

(lll) 6.7 - 8.9 + - 9

(lv) - 8.2 - 9.0 - - 13

1.10 - use of calculaLor for powers and rooLs
kemember:
A power or lndex ls an operaLor, llke +, -, x and -.
3
2
means 3 3, whlch ls equal Lo 9.

3 ls Lhe base 2 ls Lhe power, or |ndex
3
2
|s not the same as 3 x 2, wh|ch |s 6.


lurLher examples:
4
2
= 4 x 4 = 16
3
3
= 3 x 3 x 3 = 27
3
2
= 3 x 3 = 23

We can use a calculaLor Lo work ouL powers. noL all calculaLors are Lhe same and some wlll
have dlfferenL keys Lo work powers.

ln general, Lhe keys of Lhe calculaLor are Lhe followlng:
x
2
: 1o work Lhe square of a number (power 2)
x
3
: 1o work Lhe cube of a number (power 3)
x
!
or x
y
. 1o work any power
! Look aL your calculaLor and Lry Lo work ouL several powers.
!
Lxample 1: Use a ca|cu|ator to f|nd:
(l) 4
2
+ 3
3

(ll) 6
4
- 8
2

(lll) 11
2
- 7
3
(correcL Lo 2 d.p)

(lv) 7
12
6
3

(v) 0.3
2
+ 0.43
9



A rooL ls Lhe reverse of a power.
lor example: 2
3
= 8

3
v8 = 2
1he calculaLor can also me used Lo flnd rooLs. ln general one flnds Lhe followlng keys on Lhe
calculaLor:
v! : lor square rooLs
!
v! : lor oLher rooLs
(l) v363

(ll)
4
v498

(lll)
3
v34

(lv)
3
v136

1.11 - 8luMAS (Crder of CperaLlons)
Work ouL:

l) (8
2
+ 3
4
) - (4
3
+ 6
2
)
ll) 2
2
3
lll) (2 + 3)
2
+ 6
2
2

Irom where do we start?

1he word 8IDMAS glves you Lhe order wlLh whlch you work such sums.

8rackeLs
Indlces
Dlvlslon
MulLlpllcaLlon


AddlLlon
SubLracLlon

1hls means LhaL lf Lhere are brackeLs flrsL, Lhey are worked ouL.

owers are worked ouL ln Lhe same sLage as LhaL of Lhe lndlces.

lf no brackeLs are presenL ln Lhe quesLlon Lhe mulLlpllcaLlon and dlvlslon are worked
ouL prlor Lo Lhe addlLlon and subLracLlon

When we have fracLlons we work ouL Lhe numeraLor and denomlnaLor uslng 8luMAS, Lhen we
work ouL Lhe fracLlon.

Lxample 1: Work the fo||ow|ng |n the correct order. Correct your answer to 1
dec|ma| p|ace.

(l) (3.4
3
+ 6.6
4
)

(ll)
3
2
4.5 18
3.4 10
!
!

(lll) 4 + ( 6 - 4)
3



(lv) 3
4
- 4 3

(v) 4 3 - (6 - 2)
2

(vl)
2
2
(6 8) 6 9
7 8
+! ! "!
!

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