Viện Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật Bưu Điện: Bộ Thông Tin Và Truyền Thông

B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
VIN KHOA HC K THUT BU IN
NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH RFID (RADIO FREQUENCY

IDENTIFICATION ) TRONG BU CHNH
M s: 88-07- KHKT-RD
Ch tr: Ths Nguyn Trng Thnh

Nhm thc hin ti:
Ths. V Anh Tun

Ths. Nguyn Xun Lng
Ks. Trn Minh Sn
Ths. Phan Trn Thng
H ni, thng 11 nm 2007
Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh RFID (Radio Frequency Identification ) trong bu chnh.
M s: 88-007- KHKT-RD
MC LC
BNG THUT NG VIT TT............................................................................................4
DANH MC HNH V............................................................................................................5
DANH MC BNG BIU.......................................................................................................6
M U....................................................................................................................................7
M U....................................................................................................................................7
I. Tng quan v cng ngh nhn dng RFID..........................................................................9
1.1 Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng RFID.......................................................................9
1.1.1. Th..................................................................................................................................10
1.1.2. u c...........................................................................................................................13
1.1.3 Cc phn mm trung gian................................................................................................15
1.2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng................................................................................20
1.3. Mt s chun v RFID.....................................................................................................21
1.4. u v nhc im ca h thng RFID..........................................................................24
1.4.1. u im..........................................................................................................................25
1.4.2. Nhc im.....................................................................................................................26
II. CC NG DNG CA RFID I VI NGNH BU CHNH TI MT S
QUC GIA..............................................................................................................................27
2.1 Mt s gii php RFID cho dch v bu chnh v vn chuyn.....................................27
2.2 ng dng i vi thng th.............................................................................................28
2.3 ng dng cho tng mc bu gi.....................................................................................29
2.4 Mt s ng dng khc......................................................................................................31
2.5 xut hng ng dng RFID trong mt s hot ng qun l, sn xut, kinh
doanh dch v Bu chnh Vit nam.......................................................................................33
III. XUT PHNG N NG DNG RFID CHO VIC QUN L V NNG
CAO CHT LNG DCH V BU PHM, BU KIN..............................................35
3.1 H thng lu vt, tm du bu phm, bu kin.............................................................35
3.1.1 M t chc nng c bn ca h thng..............................................................................35
3.1.2 T chc h thng..............................................................................................................36
3.1.3 Cc thnh phn ca h thng...........................................................................................37
3.1.4 u im ca h thng......................................................................................................38
3.1.5 Tnh kh thi ca h thng.................................................................................................39
3.2 H thng th kim tra (H thng Test Mail)..................................................................40
3.2.2 u im v tnh kh thi ca h thng..............................................................................41
3.3 H thng kim sot thng th..........................................................................................42
3.3.2 u im v tnh kh thi ca h thng..............................................................................42
IV. THC T CNG TC GIM ST V QUN L CHT LNG DCH V BU
PHM-BU KIN TI MT S QUC GIA...................................................................43
4.1. Cc cng ngh c s dng..........................................................................................45
4.2. Hiu qu t c............................................................................................................47
4.3. Xu hng cng ngh ng dng trong vic gim st cht lng dch v bu phm,
bu kin...................................................................................................................................47
4.4 Kt lun v phng n kh thi........................................................................................50
V. PHN TCH, THIT K H THNG NG DNG RFID TRONG QUN L V
NNG CAO CHT LNG DCH V BU PHM BU KIN..................................51
5.1 Phn tch, thit k h thng k thut..............................................................................51
5.1.1 M hnh chung ca h thng............................................................................................51
5.1.2 M t chc nng h thng................................................................................................52
Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

122 Hong Quc Vit Ngha tn Cu giy H Ni
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5.2 Kin trc chung ca h thng Test Mail........................................................................53
5.2.1 H thng Test Mail II......................................................................................................55
5.2.2 H thng Test Mail I.......................................................................................................56
5.2.3 H thng qun l tp trung (H thng Test Mail CMS)..................................................57
5.3 Cc yu cu khi pht trin h thng RFID....................................................................58
5.3.1 Mi trng v yu cu ca h thng................................................................................59
5.3.2 iu kin v bo mt.......................................................................................................62
5.3.3 m bo tnh lin thng tng thch vi h thng Continuous Testing ca lin minh bu
chnh th gii............................................................................................................................67
5.3.4 Yu cu m bo tun theo quy nh ca nh nc v tn s s dng cng ngh RFID 70
5.4 Cu trc thng tin v hnh dng, trng lng ca th RFID gn trong th test.......73
5.4.1 Cu trc thng tin v t chc b nh...............................................................................73
5.4.2 Thng tin lu trn th......................................................................................................78
5.4.3 Thit k hnh dng, trng lng ca thit b gn trong BPBK, th Test.........................79
VI. XUT PHM VI, QUY M V NI DUNG U T.........................................82
6.1 Phm vi, quy m ng dng..............................................................................................82
6.1.1 Phm vi............................................................................................................................82
6.1.2 Quy m ng dng............................................................................................................83
6.2 Ni dung u t.................................................................................................................84
6.2.1 xut ni dung cn u t............................................................................................84
6.2.2. u im t c vi nhng phn cng v phn mm xut.....................................87
VII XUT PHNG N O TO, TRIN KHAI V VN HNH H THNG
...................................................................................................................................................88
7.1 o to...............................................................................................................................88
7.1.1 i tng s dng h thng RFID..................................................................................88
7.1.2 Ni dung v quy m trong vic o to...........................................................................88
7.2 Trin khai...........................................................................................................................91
7.2.1. Chc nng, nhim v ca cc n v tham gia h thng................................................91
7.2.2. Quy trnh thc hin qun l v nh gi cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin ng
dng cng ngh RFID...............................................................................................................92
7.2.3 So snh quy trnh gi th kim tra khi cha p dng RFID v khi p dng RFID....94
7.2.4 K hoch trin khai qua cc giai on.............................................................................96
7.3. Quy nh vn hnh v khai thc h thng..........................................................................98
KT LUN............................................................................................................................100
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................101

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BNG THUT NG VIT TT

T vit tt
Miu t
BC-PHBC
Bu chnh pht hnh bo ch
BCVT
Bu chnh Vin thng
BPBK
Bu phm bu kin
CNTT
Cng ngh thng tin
CMS
Center Management System
CSDL
C s d liu
HF
High Frequency
IPC
International Post Corporation
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
LDCS
Local Data Collection System
LF
Low frequency
RFID
Radio Frequency Identification
UHF
Ultra high frequency
UPU
Universal Postal Union
VNPT
Tp on Bu chnh Vin Thng Vit Nam

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DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn ca h thng RFID.....................................................................10
Hnh 1.2: Hai th RFID..........................................................................................................12
Hnh 1.3: Cc thnh phn ca u c RFID......................................................................14
Hnh 1.4: Cc thnh phn ca phn mm trung gian RFID..............................................15
Hnh 1.5: t ng dng trc tip vi u c RFID...........................................................16
Hnh 1.6: S dng phn mm trung gian RFID..................................................................16
Hnh 1.7: Cc b lc s kin..................................................................................................19
Hnh 1.8: Trao i thng tin gi th v u c..................................................................21
Hnh 2.1: Quy trnh pht trin h thng RFID ca DHL...................................................30
Hnh 3.1: S t chc h thng...........................................................................................37
Hnh 5.1: M hnh chung ca h thng Test Mail................................................................39
Hnh 5.2: S chc nng ca h thng Test Mail..............................................................39
Hnh 5.3: Kin trc chung ca h thng TestMail...............................................................39
Hnh 5.4: M hnh d liu ti bu cc..................................................................................39
Hnh 5.5: M hnh d liu ti VPS I, II, III..........................................................................39
Hnh 5.6: M hnh d liu ti Ban Post * Net......................................................................39
Hnh 5.7: Cc min bo mt ca h thng RFID.................................................................39
Hnh 5.8: Quy trnh hot ng ca h thng RFID track and trace ca IPC...................39
Hnh 5.9:Kin trc b nh theo chun ISO/IEC.................................................................39
Hnh 5.10: S t chc b nh ca th RFID 1024 bit.....................................................39
Hnh 5.12: Phng thc giao tip gia th Mifare v u c...........................................39
Hnh 5.13: Th hnh trn- dng ng xu..............................................................................39
Hnh 5.14: Th RFID gn vi hng ha trong siu th........................................................39
Hnh 5.15: RFID dng nhn..................................................................................................39

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DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1: Bng k trung bnh ( in)...............................................................................18
Bng 1.2. Tng d liu theo di ca h thng RFID............................................................18
Bng 1.3. Mt s chun RFID................................................................................................23
Bng 1.4: So snh cc cng ngh nhn dng theo cc tham s h thng...........................25
Bng 5.1. Tnh cht chung ca th RFID..............................................................................39
Bng 5.2. c im h thng RFID ca IPC........................................................................39
Bng 7.1: Ni dung o to....................................................................................................39
Bng 7.2: So snh quy trnh trc v sau khi ng dng RFID..........................................39

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M U
RFID l cng ngh nhn dng khng tip xc, s dng tn s radio. c im
ca th RFID (IC Tags) l c th thu tn hiu khong cch xa v ngi kim sot
nhn ra s lng ln cc th mt ln. N c tnh bn vng cao, chu c mi trng
khc nghit, khng pht quang, khng nhn thy, ng thi c th c v ghi c.
Hin nay RFID c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc, ti ny gii thiu c
im cng ngh ny, xu hng pht trin v c bit l kh nng ng dng trong lnh
vc bu chnh. Khi nim RFID c nhc n rt nhiu trong mt s nm gn y
v RFID ang l mc tiu hng ti ca rt nhiu nh sn xut. Ti Vit Nam vic s
dng cng ngh RFID v ang p dng th nghim vo vic qun l thi gian, hnh
trnh ca cc tuyn xe but; trn th gii c bit l ti cc nc c nn cng ngh pht
trin th vic s dng RFID trong cuc sng dng nh tr thnh mt iu tt yu.
ti ny gii thiu cc c im, xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh RFID trn th
gii v ti Vit Nam. c bit xut mt s m hnh trin khai cng ngh RFID vo
lnh vc Bu chnh ca Vit Nam.
Hin nay, cng tc gim st v qun l cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin ti Vit
Nam vn cn nhiu bt cp. Vic m bo cht lng ca cc dch v bu chnh hin
c quan tm nhng vn cha ng k. Khi khch hng yu cu thng tin v bu
phm bu kin m mnh gi ang u vn cha p ng c hoc trong trng
hp b mt mt hay chm tr, rt kh c th nhn bit bu phm, bu kin ang
ni no v c th kim tra t v tr no. iu ny gy ra khng t kh khn trong
vic m bo cht lng dch v ca ngnh Bu chnh v vic mt mt cc gi hng,
d t l thp, vn l iu kh trnh khi.
Trong khi , cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh ni chung v Cng ngh
thng tin ni ring, nhiu nc trn th gii hin nay p dng cng ngh nhn dng
bng tn s v tuyn RFID qun l, nng cao cht lng dch v bu phm, bu
kin cng nh m ra mt s dch v gia tng mi cho khch hng.
Trc tnh hnh , bc u nhm qun l v nng cao cht lng dch v bu phm
bu kin, tin ti a ra mt s dch v gia tng cho khch hng, gp phn nng cao
tnh cnh tranh ca cc dch v Bu chnh truyn thng so vi cc hnh thc gi th,
thip qua mng Internet (e-mail, e-card), ti: Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification ) trong bu chnh, xut phng n ng
dng cng ngh nhn dng bng tn s v tuyn RFID trong vic qun l v nng cao
cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin do phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh
Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in xut.
Mc tiu t ra i vi ti l:
-
Nghin cu cng ngh nhn dng bng tn s v tuyn RFID
xut phng n xy dng phn mm ng dng RFID trong vic qun l v

nng cao cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin.
Sau mt thi gian thc hin ti, Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh bo co
nhng cng vic thc hin c ng thi xin kin ng gp ca cc chuyn gia
trong lnh vc ny t c th chnh sa, v hon thin ni dn nghin cu

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Cng ngh nhn dng bng tn s v tuyn RFID (Radio Frequency

Identification)
Cc ng dng ca RFID i vi ngnh bu chnh ti mt s quc gia
xut phng n ng dng RFID cho vic qun l v nng cao cht lng
dch v bu phm, bu kin
Nhm thc hin ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca V khoa hc v cng

ngh, V Bu chnh - B thng tin v truyn thng, ng cm n chuyn vin Ban
BC-PHBC, Ban Post*Net cng nh nhng gp ca ng nghip.

Trang 8
I. Tng quan v cng ngh nhn dng RFID

1.1 Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng RFID
Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng RFID bao gm (hnh 3.1):
-
Th: Ti gc tri di ca hnh minh ha, c mt b cc th RFID dng k

hiu cho cc hng ha c gn th.
u c: Gian hng ny cng c cc u c c t trn cc gi v li ra.

Nhng u c ny c th c th vi tc hng trm th thm tr l hng
nghn th trong vng mt pht. Cc u c phi c cu hnh, qun l v
phi bit kt hp vi nhau trong trng hp c mt u c gp li.
Phn mm trung gian:Hnh ch nht ghi RFID midleware (phn mm trung

gian RFID) i din cho mt hay nhiu module phn mm iu khin nhng
nhim v ny.
ng dng bin: Hnh ch nht ghi Edge Applications (ng dng bin) k
hiu bt k ng dng no c th di chuyn trong gian hng, ly v d l cc
thnh phn ca h thng POS (Pharmcacys point of sales).
Cc dch v thng tin RFID: (RFID Informaiton Services) l c ch lu cc

s kin RFID v nhng d liu lin quan vng bin. Hnh minh ha cho thy
c mt thnh phn tng t l RFID Information Services trong
Enterprises data center.
Cc trung tm d liu: (Data Center) gm c trung tm d liu ca bn thn

doanh nghip (Enterprises Data Center) v trung tm d liu ca cc i tc
kinh doanh (Bussiness Partners data center). S d c iu ny l bi thng tin
RFID c lu ti rt nhiu im trong h tng k thut: ti cc im bin, ti
trung tm d liu v vi cc i tc kinh doanh.Hai thnh phn khc trong trung
tm d liu l Enterprise service bus v Enterprise applications. Trong ,
Enterprise service bus l bt k c ch no m cng ty bn chn tch
hp ng dng. Enterprise Application l bt k ng dng no trong hot ng
kinh doanh ca bn chu nh hng ca d liu RFID.

Trang 9
Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn ca h thng RFID

Chng ta s ln lt xem xt chi tit cc thnh phn ny:
1.1.1. Th
Thut ng RFID dng m t cc h thng trong s dng mt loi thit b c
gi l u c (reader) c kh nng nhn ra cc thit b in (th) s dng mt trong s
cc c ch truyn khng dy. Cc c ch ny c th hat ng nh cc sng ngn (vi
sng) nhng khng phi l tia hng ngoi hay h thng nh sng thy. V u c c
kh nng nhn ra tng th c lp nn h thng c th yu cu cc i tng c
nhn dng phi gn th. Cc th c th c gn vo mt nt nha nh, mt ng thy
tinh, mt nhn giy hay thm ch vo cc hp kim loi,Chng c th c dn vo
cc gi nh, c th vo trong ngi hoc ng vt.
c im
Sau y l nhng nhng c im quan trng ca th RFID:
-
ng gi
Nh nhc n phn trn, cc th c th c t trong cc nt PVC, trong cc ng

thy tinh nh, trn cc nhn giy hoc trn cc tm th bng nha. Cc th ny cng
Trang 10
c th c gn vo trang sc, treo vo cng vi chm cha kha hay gn trc tip
vo thn cha kha. Chun DIN/ISO69873 xc nh tiu chun cho cc th c
gn vo cc khe trn cc my hoc cc cng c. Mt s th gn vo dy chuyn lp rp
t ng c thit k v ng gi sao cho n vn c th hot ng c khi phi chu
sc nng ca cc my khoan. Ni mt cch ngn gn, c th c nhiu cch ng gi
th khc nhau. Hnh 3-13 minh ha hai th: th thanh ton nhanh trong lng cha kha
l ra c antenna v chip, v u chic cha kha cng cha mt con chip.
V kh nng ng gi, cng ngh RFID hon ton ph hp c th gn vo cc bu
phm, bu kin di hnh thc nhn bng giy, c keo dn sn. Loi th RFID ny
khng cng knh, c th gn c vo th, thip,khng nh hng ti trng lng,
tnh trng ca bu gi
-
Kt ni
Vic kt ni lin quan ti cch thc u c v th giao tip vi nhau. Mi mt cch

kt ni khc nhau u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Vic la chn phng php
kt ni c nh hng trc tip ti phm vi giao tip gia th v u c, ti gi thnh
ca th v ti iu kin gy nhiu.
-
Ngun
Nhiu th RFID s dng mt s h thng passive (th ng), trong nng lng ca
in t trng hoc ca xung tn s do u c pht ra s cung cp ngun hot ng
cho th. Cn trong nhng th active th li c mt pin ngun, microchip hoc cc cm
bin b sung. Tuy nhin, cc th active vn giao tip vi u c s dng ngun nng
lng nhn c t u c. Loi th th ba c gi l th two-way, loi th ny
t cung cp ngun giao tip vi u c v thm ch n cn c kh nng giao tip
trc tip vi cc th khc m khng thng qua u c.
C th chn mt trong ba loi th ni trn ng dng RFID cho vic qun l cc bu
gi. Mi mt loi th u c u nhc im ring, iu ny s c phn tch k hn
trong phn sau.
-
Kh nng lu tr thng tin
Lng thng tin lu tr c trong cc th thng bin i. Nhng th ch c c

thit lp lu tr nhng gi tr c th ngay trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngi s dng
c th ghi mt ln cc gi tr vo th ghi mt ln, trong khi gi tr c lu trong
th ghi nhiu ln c th c thay i nhiu ln. Nhiu th cng c kh nng t thu
nhn thm thng tin mi nh cc thng s v nhit , p sut. Kh nng lu tr ca
cc th nm trong khong t 1-bit (loi th 1-bit) cho thi hng nghn byte (cc loi
th c s dung trong dy chuyn t ng).
Vi kh nng lu tr lng thng tin ln, c th ghi thm thng tin b sung khi cn
thit, RFID rt ph hp vi vic qun l, lu vt cc bu gi. C th a ra mt ng
dng c th l mi bu gi khi i qua mt bu cc no c th c cp nht thng
tin v thi gian, m bu cc va qua, tnh trng bu gi (nguyn vn, hng hc, rch,
) mt cch t ng.

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Hnh 1.2: Hai th RFID.

-
Tun theo cc chun
C nhiu loi h thng RFID, mi loi u tun theo cc chun quc gia hoc quc t
ring. Mt s chun nh h thng phn lp do EPCglobal s dng li xc nh chnh
xc tn s, loi kt ni, kh nng lu tr thng tin v nhiu c im khc.
Phn loi
C 2 loi th (tag) ang c s dng rng ri hin nay:
-
Passive tag (tag b ng): y l loi tag c s dng rng ri hin nay, gi thnh
r.
+
Phng thc hot ng: B phn c tag s truyn sng radio n passive
tag v kch hot tag. Sau tag s t ng truyn thng tin c m ha ca
n n b phn c.
Hn ch: tm hot ng hn ch, thng ch xp x 3-2m.
u im: passive tag khng i hi phi c pin hot ng, c vng i

s dng rt lu, kch thc nh v r, c th ti s dng
Active tag: l loi tag c gn pin (mt loi gn pin c nh, mt loi c th thay
th)
+
Phng thc hot ng: active tag s t ng pht ra tn hiu trong mt bn

knh khong 100m n cc b phn c v truyn thng tin c m ha.
Hn ch: tag khng th hot ng nu khng c pin, t v c kch thc

tng i ln
u im: tm ph sng ln (hn 100m), c th s dng cc ngun in

hot ng. Trong tng lai gn, cc active tag c th s mang nhng chc
nng sau:
o Kh nng t kim sot v theo di sn phm n gn vo.
o C dung lng thng tin ln nht.
o C th c gn vi b phn tm kim mng li t ng, cho php
n la chn knh truyn thng tt nht.

Trang 12
Ngoi ra cn c loi th bn th ng l s kt hp gia th th ng v ch ng. Th

bn th ng c s dng ngun pin, khong cch c th ngn hn th ch ng
nhng xa hn so vi th th ng.
La chn th ph thuc vo yu cu sau:
-
Di c yu cu
Cc th active thng cho c di c rng hn th passive. i vi cc ng dng bn

hng, ngi ta thng s dng th passive v di c ca nhng th ny cng p
ng yu cu.
-
Cht liu v ng gi
Mi mt cht liu khc nhau s to ra cc th RFID c c im khc nhau. V d,

cht lng c th ngn c lung sng radio. Cc hp cha bng kim loi cng to ra
nhiu ti u c.
-
H s kch thc
Th RFID c cc kch thc khc nhau. H s kch thc cho cc loi th RFID dng
cho cc mi loi sn phm s ph thuc vo cch ng gi sn phm .
-
Chp nhn cc chun
Vic tnh ton xem liu c phi hu ht cc u c hin c s hiu c cc th RF

bn chn hay khng cng l mt iu quan trng. EPCglobal v International
Standards Organization (ISO) cung cp cc chun cho giao tip gia th RFID v
u c
-
Chi ph
Chi ph ca mt th RFID gi vai tr quan trng trong vic c chn loi th hay
khng bi v hu ht cc ng dng u s dng rt nhiu th RFID. V vy, cn phi
chn loi th RFID p ng va nhu cu v c chi ph chp nhn c
1.1.2. u c
u c RFID dng nhn ra s c mt (trong phm vi nht nh) ca cc th RFID.
u c RFID s truyn nng lng RF (Radio Frequency) qua mt hay nhiu
antenna. Lc ny, antenne ca mt th (nm trong vng hot ng ca u c k trn)
s bt c nng lng ny v sau , qua hin tng cm ng, th ny s chuyn
chng thnh nng lng in. Nng lng in ny cp ngun cho chip bn dn
gn trn antenna ca th. Sau , th s gi nhng tn hiu nhn dng v u c
(bng cch tng v gim in tr ca antenna) di dng m Morse. y ch l mt
trng hp ring, nhng loi th khc nhau c th hot ng theo nhng cch tng
khc nhau (khng ng k), nhng y l s tng tc c trng gia u c v th.
Th RFID c nhiu hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau. C th coi cc u c nh
im kt ni cc th vi mng. Hnh 3-14 minh ha cc thnh phn ca mt u c,
ng thi cng cho thy lm cch no mt u c c th hot ng n khp vi cc
th v vi th gii bn ngoi

Trang 13
Hnh 1.3: Cc thnh phn ca u c RFID.

Cc h thng con ca u c
u c l mt h thng gm c bn h thng con sau y:
-
API ca u c
API ca u c l giao din chng trnh ng dng cho php chng trnh c th bt
c cc s kin c th RFID. N cng cung cp kh nng cu hnh, iu khin v
kh nng qun l u c.
-
Giao tip
Cc u c l nhng thit b bin v cng ging nh nhng thit b RFID khc,

chng c ni vi ton b bin ca mng. Cc thnh phn giao tip s iu khin cc
chc nng mng.
-
Qun l s kin
Khi u c nhn thy mt th, chng ta gi l s kin theo di. S kin theo di
c nhc n y khc vi s theo di thng thng, nn n c gi l mt s
kin. Qu trnh phn tch s kin theo di c gi l lc s kin. Vic qun l s kin
s xc nh xem loi theo di no c coi nh cc s kin v cng nh r nhng s
kin no cn thit a vo trong bo co hoc c gi lp tc ti nhng ng
dng bn ngoi nm trong mng.
-
H thng antenna
H thng antenna bao gm mt hoc nhiu antenna, cc logic v kt ni h tr cho

php u c c th c th tham vn cc th RFID.
La chn u c

Trang 14
Vic la chn u c ph thuc hon ton vo loi th chn. Nhiu u c ch c

th tng thch vi ch xc mt s loi th nht nh v khng tng thch vi cc
loi khc. Cc u c cng phi tng thch vi cc quy tc cc b lin quan ti tn
s, mc nng lng v tn sut (tn sut truyn thc s ca u c). Khi la chn
mt loi u c, cng cn ch ti mi trng vt l m u c s hot ng trong
. u c phi nh gn vo cc thit b v phi nhy chng li khi b
bm bi, gp sc hay chu c m hoc nhit cao (hoc thp). Cui cng, quan
tm ti vic la chn mt u c sao cho n c th kt hp c tt vi h thng v
cc cng c qun l IT ca bn.
1.1.3 Cc phn mm trung gian
Chn ng loi th, u c v xc nh v tr t antenna mi ch l bc u tin
trong vic xy dng h thng RFID, v vic nhn dng cc i tng ch l bc u
trong c quy trnh qun l chng. Kh nng c hng trm, hng nghn, thm ch hng
triu th khi chng di chuyn qua dy chuyn sn xut v s cn thit phi gn nhng
thng tin c ngha vo m th s to ra lng d liu ln c quan h vi nhau kh
phc tp. Mt trong nhng li ch ca vic s dng phn mm trung gian RFID l n
s chun ha cc phng n gii quyt khi xy ra hin tng lt thng tin do cc th
ny to ra. Bn cch vic lc s kin, cng cn phi c mt c ch gi gn ng
dng bo v, lm cho cc chi tit v c s h tng vt l khng b l ra ngoi (cc
chi tit c th l: u c, cc cm bin v cu hnh ca chng).
Hnh 3.4 cho thy cc thnh phn chnh ca phn mm RFID trung gian
Hnh 1.4: Cc thnh phn ca phn mm trung gian RFID

Mc ch ca vic s dng phn mm trung gian RFID
C ba l do chnh thc y vic a cc phn mm trung gian RFID vo s dng,
l:
-
Cung cp kh nng kt ni vi u c (thng qua b iu hp thit b c)
X l cc theo di th ca RFID (thng qua b qun l s kin)

Trang 15
Cung cp kt ni mc ng dng (application-level interface) qun l cc u

c v lc cc s kin RFID.
Hnh 1.5: t ng dng trc tip vi u c RFID.

Trong hnh 3.6, phn mm trung gian x l s kin c a vo gia u c v ng
dng. Phng php ny thch hp trong vic trin khai quy m nh s dng cc kh
nng do cc sn phm tch hp ng dng cung cp.
Hnh 1.6: S dng phn mm trung gian RFID

Cc chnh thnh phn ca phn mm trung gian RFID:
B iu hp thit b c
Hin nay c kh nhiu loi u c RFID v mi mt loi trong s u c dng kt
ni ring. S l khng thc t nu yu cu nhng ngi pht trin cc ng dng phi
hc cc loi kt ni khc nhau ca mi loi th khc nhau. Cc cch kt ni u c,
cng nh truy cp d liu v kh nng qun l thit b, u khc xa nhau, v vy bn
nn c gng s dng phn mm trung gian m c kh nng gip bn trnh khi vic
phi hc c tnh ca tng u c n l. Chnh v vy, lp iu hp thit b c ng
gi cc kt ni u c ring l li trnh vic ngi pht trin ng dng phi tip
xc trc tip vi cc kt ni u c
Trang 16
B qun l s kin
Mt dy chuyn ng dng cng ngh RFID c th c hng trm thm ch hng nghn
u c thc hin qut v c hng trm ln mi giy. Hu ht nhng s theo di c
th c t ngha i vi h thng v vy bn mun ng gi cc k ni u c li
trnh cho ng dng ca bn b tn cng khi gp phi nhng d liu th. Do , cn
phi trin khai nhng phn mm trung gian RFID c mc c bit trong vng bin ca
c s h tng IT.
Cc u c c th bt c tn hiu t cc th trong vng ln cn ca n vi chnh
xc nh hn 100%. Gi s c 100 i tng xut hin gn mt u c c thit
lp qut hng trm ln trong mt pht. S may ri l ch mi ln u c qut, n
c th bt c t 80 n 90 i tng trong s 100 i tng k trn. Nhng thc t,
u c li ch nhn thy c 80% s ln i tng th 2 (ly v d) khi n i qua
u c nhiu ln. Tuy nhin, v d ny minh ha ti sao vic c ca u c RFID
c coi l th v vn phi c nhng quy trnh x l tip theo thu c nhng s
kin c ngha. Gi s rng, u c ny c t trn mt k thng minh. Liu
ngi s dng c mun t nhng b theo di c khng lc vo quy trnh ng dng
ca mnh khng? i vi tt c cc ng dng, tr nhng ng dng t quan trng, hu
nh chc chn ngi s dng s mun nhng theo di ny c x l k hn trc
khi gi chng i tip. Mt v d l b lc mn c th ly kt qu qut ca nhiu u
c v tng hp li trong kt qu, cch lm ny c coi l t chnh xc hn so vi cc
cng ngh RFID khc.
Nu bn ngh rng vic t s quan st ca mt u c trc tip vo ng dng ca l
mt kin ti, hy ngh rng hot ng ca mt h thng RFID c trng lun cn c
s kt hp cht ch nhiu u c RFID. Hy tng tng lng d liu do tt c
nhng u c ny to ra v cn phi c bao nhiu b lc.
B phn qun l s kin RFID s kt hp cc d liu RF th c c t nhiu ngun
d liu (nh t cc u c), cng c li v lc d liu da trn cc b lc s kin mc
ng dng c cu hnh trc . Hu ht cc b phn qun l s kin sau s
gi tip d liu lc ti h thng ph tr (backend systems).
Hy quan st k hn cch a vo s dng b qun l s kin trong trng hp i
vi k (gi) thng minh. Hy tng tng i vi mt ng dng no , mi mt u
c s qut xung quanh cc k 10 ln mt pht. Mi lt qut s tr v kt qu l mt
tp hp cc theo di, v mi theo di s c dng nh sau:
Reader Observation
Timestamp, reader code, antenna code, RF tag id, Signal strength
(Kt qu theo di ca b dc
Nhn thi gian, m u c, m anntenna, Id ca th RF, cng tn hiu)
c th nhn bit c cc gi tr ca d liu do cc u c gn trn cc k sinh ra,
hy ch ti v d di y. Mt i l in, mun tin hnh s dng h thng k
thng minh. Trong mt kho, c sp nh sau: 25 in trn mt ngn, c 4 ngn
trn mt gi, nh vy, tnh trung bnh, mt gi c 100 in. C 10 kho hng th c
20 dy, mi dy c 20 gi (mi bn c 10 gi). V vy, kho hng c 400 gi th s
c khong 40.000 in. Bng 2-1 tm tt nhng con s trn:
Trang 17
Gi s gi tr d liu c sinh ra khi h thng RFID c cc d liu:

-
Mi ln qut cho ra mt bng theo di gm thng tin trn tt c cc in (trn

ngn) c nhn ra
25 in (1gi) x 4 gi x 10 ln qut 1 pht= 1.000 bn theo di trong mt pht,

i vi mi gi
1.000 in c c trong 1 pht x 400 gi= 400.000 bn theo di trong mt

pht
Coi nh phi theo di cc kho 10 ting/ ngy: 10 ting x 2.400.000 i tng mt

gi= 24.000.000 bn theo di mt ngy i vi mi kho
10 kho= 240.000.000 bn theo di.

n v dng cha
S lng in/n v ngn cha
Ngn
25
Gi (4 ngn)
100
Kho (400 gi)
40.000
Ton b 10 Kho
400.000
Bng 1.1: Bng k trung bnh ( in)

Bng sau tnh ton tng lng d liu:
V tr xp
S lng bn theo di
1 gi trong 1 pht
1.000
1 kho trong 1 pht
400.000
1 kho trong 1 ngy
24.000.000
Tt c cc kho trong 1 ngy
240.000.000
Bng 1.2. Tng d liu theo di ca h thng RFID

C th ni y l mt con s rt ln, tuy nhin, vn cha tnh n cc bn theo di t
cc cng kim sot. Vic x l tt c nhng bn theo di ny i hi phi ln k hoch
mt cch c h thng. Nhng trc khi bt u thit k h thng (vi nhng chc
nng v cc lung x l), cn phi hiu v c im v s lin quan ca cc thng tin
cha trong cc bng theo di.
Nu ch n gin cho nhng bng theo di ny i qua trung tm d liu ca ng dng
th s khng th p o c nhng ng dng ny nhng cng c th lm cho h thng
mng v cc phn t h tng k thut t ti gii hn. Cng nh vy, nhng ng dng
tuyn tip theo cng c kh nng tm thy nhng bng theo di th t u c RF.
Ly v d, hy yu cu mt khch hng ly mt a DVD t gi ny v chuyn sang

Trang 18
gi khc. iu ny c th to ra hng lot cc bng theo di do cc u c tng ng

vi cc gi truyn v. Tuy nhin, nu nhn v d ny trong bi cnh h thng qun
l t hng, nhng thng tin ny c th khng thc s quan trng v khng c s thay
i v hng trong kho. Trn thc t, thm ch nu khch hng mua chic a DVD ny,
h thng qun l t hng cng s khng quan tm ti s kin ny nu nh nh bng
k ca kho lu tr v DVD ny cha xung di mc nht nh no (c thit
lp t trc qua mt s quy tc qun l kinh doanh).
V d ny minh ha s cn thit ca mt c ch tp hp kt qu ca cc bng theo
di ca cc u c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh no . V d cng minh
ha cn phi c lc, hp nht v truyn cc bng theo di th. iu gii thch ti
sao h thng RFID cn phi c cc phn mm trung gian chy ti cc ng dng bin
ca trung tm d liu. Theo cch ny, ch nhng bng theo di thc s quan trng mi
c gi ti cc ng dng. Phn mm trung gian RFID s lc phn cn li ca d liu.
Nh vy, nhng loi d liu no s c lc? V cc antenna t kh gn nhau (hai
antenne mi gi) nn vng qut ca chng s chng ln nhau. Do , nhng bng theo
di t cc u c phi c lc xa i nhng bng trng nhau. Cng nh vy, v
chnh xc ca qu trnh qut lun nh hn 100% nn nhng bng theo di ny cn
phi c tng hp li sau cc vng c. V khch hng s i dc theo li i gia cc
gi , h c th cm sn phm hng ha trn tay hoc trn xe y hng ca ca
hng nn nhng u c gn cng c th bt c sng t cc sn phm hng ha
ny. Chng ta nn lc nhng bng theo di b i bt k mt bng no khng chnh
xc trong h thng iu khin thng k. Hnh 3.7 minh ha vic lc v lm lm mn h
thng.
Hnh 1.7: Cc b lc s kin

Mi thnh phn trong h thng ni trn c gii thch k hn phn di y:

Trang 19
Nhn cc bng theo di dng d liu th (EPC)
Cc u c bt tn hiu, ly d liu dng th (cc bng theo di).

-
Lm mn cc bng theo di
Hin nay, chnh xc ca cc u c khi bt tn hiu t cc th RF thng nh hn

100% nu qut 1 ln, v vy cn phi phn tch d liu th t u c qua vi ln qut
v ly trung bnh cc gi tr ca bng theo di. Ly v d, nu 70% s bng theo di u
cho ta thy hp cp RCA ang quy thu tin, thng tin ny s c chp nhn.
-
Lc nhng bng theo di b trng lp
Vic cc bng theo di b trng lp xy ra khi nhiu hn mt antenna nhn dng cng
mt i tng, hin tng ny c th x l bng cc phng php lc da trn cng
tn hiu lin quan.
-
Lc nhng bng theo di khi i tng i qua li i gia cc gi
Bng theo di ca nhng i tng di chuyn qua li i gia cc gi s c

cng tn hiu nh hn v tn ti trong khong thi gian ngn hn. V vy, cc tn
hiu ny c th c lc i.
-
Cng b cc bng theo di
Sau giai on lc cn thit, d liu ca chng ta sn sng giao tip vi tuyn

tip theo.
Giao din mc ng dng
Giao din mc ng dng l lp cao nht ca phn mm trung gian RFID. Mc ch
chnh ca n l cung cp mt c ch c chun ha cho php cc ng dng c th
nhn c cc s kin RFID lc t nhiu u c. Thm vo iu ny, giao din
mc ng dng cng cung cp API chun cu hnh, iu khin v qun l phn mm
trung gian RFID, cc u c, cc cm bin. Nhiu nh cung cp phn mm RFID a
ra nhng giao din c quyn c thit k cho nhng mc ch trn. Gn y hn
na, EPCglobal a ra khi nim s kin mc ng dng (Application Level Events,
ALE) chun ha vic qun l s kin ca chc nng RFID.
Cui cng, cn lu rng phn mm trung gian RFID c th khai thc trn nhiu gc
v kha cnh khc nhau. Nhng iu trnh by trn y mi ch l s phn tch
thng k mang tnh logic ca nhng g gi l phn mm trung gian v nhng g m
phn mm trung gian lm c. Trong thc t, c th tm ra rt nhiu nh cung cp
phn mm trung gian a ra cc module cho php bn trin khai trn cc loi u c
ring ca nhng ng dng nht nh.
1.2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng
hiu c lm cch no mt th RFID c th truyn thng tin ti u c v s c
mt ca n v cc c im nhn dng, hy quan st minh ha trong hnh 3. Trong
hnh ny, u c truyn tn hiu Radio vi tn s v khong thi gian (thng l
khong vi trm ln mi giy) thit lp t trc. Bt k th no c tn s nm trong
khong c c ca u c ny s bt c sng do u c pht ra v mi mt th
c gn sn mt antenna c kh nng nhn bit c cc tn hiu radio ti tn s nht

Trang 20
nh. Cc th ny s dng nng lng nhn c t tn hiu radio phn hi li tn

hiu ny v sau c th s iu chnh tn hiu gi thng tin v u c.
Hnh 1.8: Trao i thng tin gi th v u c

Nhng loi th v u c khc nhau s thch hp vi nhng ng dng cng nh mi
trng khc nhau. Quyt nh s s dng loi th v u c l cng vic bao gm xc
nh nhng g thch hp nht so vi nhu cu. Tuy nhin, chi ph cho h thng s chu
nh hng nhiu nht t quyt nh chn loi th no.
Nguyn tc chung v hot ng ca h thng RFID nh sau: cc vt phm, hng ha
cn gim st c gn vi cc th RFID (cc th ny c th dng nhn hoc dng
th cng). Cc th ny s pht ra tn hiu, anten ca u c c nhim v kch thch v
bt tn hiu u c RFID c thng tin t cc th khi chng i qua nhng u c
ny. D liu do th c c l d liu th v s c cc thnh phn trung gian,
nhng thnh phn lc v qun l s kin lc thng tin v chuyn n c s d liu
my tnh. Qua cc thnh phn ng dng (phn mm bin, cc ng dng ERP) thng
tin trn th c truyn ti ngi dng v di dng con ngi c th hiu c. Qu
trnh x l d liu m u c c c cho ti dng con ngi c th hiu l rt phc
tp v yu cu c s bo mt, an ton d liu nhm m bo thng tin khng b r r,
trnh nhng thit hi cho ngi dng.
Hin nay cc u c cung cp cc kh nng lc d liu, v v cc u c ngy
cng tr nn thng minh hn nn chng s c kh nng t thc hin c nhiu
bc lc. Tuy nhin, phn mm trung gian v phn mm bin cung cp cc b lc
mc su hn, cc th vin hm lp trnh, cc c t giao tip gia th v u c cn
cc thnh phn ng dng ng vai tr hin th d liu cho ngi dng cui.
1.3. Mt s chun v RFID
Qu trnh ghi d liu ln th, giao tip v trao i d liu gia u c v th RFID l
mt qu trnh phc tp. thc hin c mt h thng RFID hon chnh, phc v
cho vic c v ghi d liu ln th cng nh ln c s d liu, c kh nhiu chun
v giao thc cng nh th vin API thc hin cng vic ny. Cc chun phc v cho
h thng c phn chia lm hai chun chnh cho hai qu trnh: qu trnh c ghi d

Trang 21
liu ln th v qu trnh giao tip gia u c vi th. Ngoi ra cn c cc chun khc

cho vic kim tra hiu nng v tun theo chun quc t ca th v u c (v d ISO
18047 v ISO 18046).
ISO 11784 l chun xc nh cu trc d liu trn th, cch lu tr v sp xp thng
tin. ISO 11785 xc nh giao thc giao tip gia u c v u ghi, tn s c s
dng l 134.2kHz. Hai chun ny ch yu c s dng trong vic nhn dng v theo
di ng vt. Cc chun dng nhn dng cc vt th bao gm ISO 18000 hay
EPCGlobal. Tp on EPCGlobal trin khai v p dng mt chun mi cho qu
trnh giao tip gia u c v th, tuy nhin li ch p dng cho di tn s UHF (tc
l di tn s cao) bi v h cho rng giao thc UHF ca ISO (ISO/IEC 18000-6) qu
phc tp s lm cho chi ph ca th tng ln khng cn thit. Chun ny c t tn
l Gen2, c ph bin trn ton cu. i km vi chun ny l s pht trin ca c t
ALE, cung cp cc th vin hm, API tt hn cho vic giao tip vi u c v th.
Ngoi ISO 18000-6 dnh cho di tn s UHF cn c ISO 18000-3 dnh cho di tn s
HF. Bn cnh chun ca ISO v EPC Global, Trung Quc cng a ra chun ca
ring mnh, nhm phc v cho vic ng dng RFID trn ton Trung Quc thng nht
theo mt chun ring. Vic ny c thc hin vo cui nm 2004, p dng cho cng
ngh DVD v chun ny khng phi min ph.
Trung tm Auto-ID pht trin hai c t Class 1 v Class 0 cho th EPC v thuc qun
l ca EPCGlobal vo thng 12-2003. n thng 6-2004 hai c t ny hon thin
chun tin trnh ca EPCGlobal v tr thnh chun EPC u tin, v n thng 122004 th chun Gen2 ra i thay th cho Class 1 v Class 0. Gen2 c thit k lm
vic mang tnh cht quc t, c th c s dng bt c ni no trn th gii, ci
thin kh nng ca u c v ngn chn nhng tn hiu nhiu t nhng u c khc
khi c qu nhiu u c cng hot ng trong mt phm vi hp. Gi r hn v kh
nng lm vic ca th tt hn khin Gen2 c chp nhn rng ri. Tuy vy, d
chun ca EPC c thit k hot ng mang tnh cht ton cu nhng n vn
khng phi l mt chun thuc qun l ca ISO.

Trang 22
Bng di th hin mt s chun trn th gii cho RFID:

Tn chun
M t
ISO 18000-1
Giao tip Air Interface (giao tip gia

u c v ghi) cho tn s c chp
nhn trn ton cu
ISO 18000-2
Giao tip Air Interface cho tn s di

135kHz
ISO 18000-3
Giao tip
13.56MHz
ISO 18000-4
Giao tip Air Interface tn s 2.45GHz
ISO 18000-5
Giao tip Air Interface tn s 5.8GHz
Air
Interface
tn
ISO 18000-6 (d nh tn s c thay Giao tip Air Interface tn s 860i)

930MHz
ISO 18000-7 (chun mi d kin)
Giao tip Air

433.92MHz
Interface
tn
ISO 18185
Giao thc giao tip tn s Radio cho

du in t
ISO 23330
RFID c ghi
ISO 11784
Xc nh cu trc ca m nhn dng
ISO 11785
Xc nh h thng nhn v pht tn

hiu hot ng v lu tr thng tin
truyn ti b nhn nh th no (tnh
cht ca vic truyn nhn thng tin
gia b pht v nhn)
Bng 1.3. Mt s chun RFID

Ngoi ra, cn c mt s chun khc nh chun ANSI (t chc tiu chun Quc Gia
Hoa K), chun cho h thng thi gian thc RTLS (ANSI INCITS T20) hay Trung
Quc s dng chun ca EPCGlobal cng vi mt vi thay i ph hp vi c
im ring ca nc ny, c bit n vi vic pht trin EPCGlobal China.
Chnh s xut hin ca kh nhiu chun cho cc quc gia v khu vc ring bit l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin RFID chm tin trnh pht trin v trin khai trn
ton cu. Thm vo , hin nay kh nhiu cng ty cung cp cc phn mm, cc c t
h tr cho cc cng ngh ny yu cu cp bn quyn lm cho vic sn xut v a
cng ngh ny vo thc t chm li. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai, s pht trin ca RFID
l tt yu, c s dng trong nhiu hot ng phn phi hng ha, sn xut kinh
Trang 23
doanh v cc h thng bn l cng nh cc dch v Bu chnh v vn chuyn trn ton

th gii vi chi ph trin khai v gi thnh ngy cng h.
1.4. u v nhc im ca h thng RFID
Vic so snh cc h thng nhn dng ni trn s nu bt u im cng nh nhc im
ca h thng RFID trong mi quan h vi cc h thng khc. Cng y, c mt mi
quan h kh gn gia th thng minh hot ng da vo lp tip xc b mt v h
thng RFID, tuy nhin, h thng ra i sau loi b c ton b cc nhc im
lin quan ti li tip xc b mt (nh: bi bn, mt tip xc b xc, c th theo mt
hng duy nht, thi gian c th,..).Bng 1-1 so snh cc h thng nhn dng vi
nhau
Tham s h M
thng
vch
Nhn
Nhn
dng k dng
t bng ting ni
quang
hc
Nhn
Th
dng
thng
bng c minh
im
sinh hc
H thng
RFID
Lng d 1-100
liu
c
trng
(byte)
1-100
__
__
16-64K
16-64K
Mt d Thp
liu
Thp
Cao
Cao
Rt cao
Rt cao
My
c
Tt
Kh khn
c Tt
Kh Tt
Tt
khn
Con ngi B gii n gin

c c
hn
n gin
Kh khn Khng
th
Khng
th
nh hng Cao
ca bi v
m
Cao
__
__
C th
Khng
nh
hng
nh hng Hon
ca lp v ton sai
Hon
ton sai
__
C th
__
Khng
nh
hng
nh hng B gii B gii __

ca hng hn
hn
v v tr
__
V
hng
Khng
nh
hng
Gim cht B gii B gii __

lng, hao hn
hn
mn
__
Mn lp Khng
tip xc
nh
hng
Chi
Rt cao
Thp
ph Rt thp Trung
Rt cao

Trung
Trang 24
mua sm
bnh
Chi
ph Thp
vn hnh
Thp
Bn quyn
Khng
c
coi
trng
Khng
C h
c coi
trng
Tc c
Thp
(~4s)
Thp
(~3s)
Khong
0-50 cm < 1cm
cch ti a
gia u
c v thit
b mang d
liu
bnh
Khng
Khng
Trung
bnh
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Rt thp Rt thp Thp

(>5s)
( > 5-10s) (~4s)
0-50 cm
Cc
nhanh
(~0.5s)
Tip xc Tip xc 0-5m, vi

trc tip trc tip sng
Bng 1.4: So snh cc cng ngh nhn dng theo cc tham s h thng
1.4.1. u im
C nhiu cch khc nhau nhn dng cc i tng, ng vt v con ngi. Nhng
ti sao li s dng RFID? Con ngi bit ti vic m cc bn thng k th rng
mt vng v theo di s vn chuyn hng ha k t khi ngi Xume (Sumerian) pht
hin ra s tht thot hng ha. Thm ch nhiu ghi chp cho thy s cn thit ca vic
nhn dng hng ha v nh r hp ng hng ha c trao i gia hai ngi cha
h gp mt. Cc th ghi v cc dy eo tn lm vic kh hiu qu trong vic nhn dng
mt vi i tng hoc mt vi ngi, nhng nhn dng v qun l hng trm gi
hng trong vng mt gi, ngi ta yu cu phi c mt vi quy trnh t ng.
M vch l phng php gn nht vi th c c bi my tnh, nhng nh sng s
dng qut tia laser qua m vch li c mt s hn ch. Quan trng nht, n i hi
phi c mt ng sng trc tip, tc l i tng phi c t gn nh st vo thit
b c, hng phn m vch v thit b c, yu cu khng c vt no nm gia chm
tia laser v m vch khng chn cc tia sng. Hu ht cc dng nhn dng, nh di
t trn th credit cng phi t ng hng vi u c card hoc c cho vo bn
trong u c th theo mt cch ring. D bn ang theo di cc hp trn bng ti hay
bn ang theo du nhng a tr trong khu vui chi no , vic xp cc hp hay cc
a tr thnh hng cng tn kh nhiu thi gian. Cc l thuyt v sinh hc c th c
dng nhn dng con ngi, nhng cc h thng nhn dng vn tay u i hi phi
t tay (bn tay, ngn tay) nhn dng mt cch cn thn, tng t nh cc di t
trng. gii quyt nhng vn ny, ngi ta s dng cng ngh RFID. Cng
ngh ny cung cp c ch nhn dng mt i tng trong khng gian, vi nhy nh
hn nhiu nh hng c cc i tng v cc u c. u c c th nhn
thy cc i tng thm ch c khi n khng trc u c.
Trang 25
RFID c cc c tnh b sung khin vic s dng n tr nn thch hp hn so vi cc

cng ngh khc (nh m vch hai di t). Khng th b sung thng tin mt cch d
dng vo m vch sau khi in chng, trong khi nhiu loi th RFID c th ghi v ghi
, ghi li nhiu ln. Cng nh vy, v vic s dng RFID loi b vic phi sp xp
i tng theo di chng nn s gy t phin h cho ngi s dng hn. RFID hot
ng trong mt khng gian, lm cho d liu v quan h gia cc i tng, v tr v
thi gian c kt hp mt cch m thm m khng cn mt s can thip cng khai
no ca ngi s dng hay ngi vn hnh h thng.
Tm li:RFID c nhng u im nh sau:
-
Khng phi sp xp: lu du, kim sot cc i tng m khng cn phi sp

xp cng. iu ny tit kim thi gian x l rtt nhiu.
Kim k vi tc cao: Nhiu i tng c th c qut ti cng mt thi

im. Kt qu l, thi gian m cc i tng gim thc s.
Lu vt i tng: th RFID 96 bit cung cp kh nng nhn dng hng t i

tng.
Kh nng ghi li (ghi ) thng tin: mt s loi th cho php ghi v ghi li
nhiu ln. Trong trng hp ti s dng cc bao b, y l mt thun li ln.
Hot ng ng tin cy trong mi trng khng thun li (v d nng, m, bi,

bn, mi trng n mn hay c s va chm)
Thu thp d liu nhanh v thao tc khng tip xc.
H thng trin khai vi RFID s tng nng sut lao ng, t ng ha nhiu qu
trnh sn xut, tng s tha mn khch hng v tng li nhun.
1.4.2. Nhc im
Bn cnh nhiu u im ca h thng ng dng RFID, mt vi nhc im ca cng ngh
ny vn cha c khc phc:
-
Vn bo mt v quyn c nhn ca khch hng khi s dng cng ngh ny vn

cn ang gp nhiu tranh ci v cha c gii quyt trit .
Ti thi im hin ti chi ph cho th v u c RFID vn l kh ln
Cha c c mt chun thng nht gia cc quc gia, cc nh sn xut thit b.
Vi nhng nhc im cn tn ti ny nn mc d c bit n trong 50 nm qua m

RFID vn cha c ng dng rng ri v ph bin. Cn gii quyt c vn bo mt
v thng nht gia cc nh sn xut cng nh chi ph gim xung th cng ngh ny mi
c th a vo trong cuc sng hng ngy ca con ngi, trong nhiu lnh vc kinh doanh,
dch v.

Trang 26
II. CC NG DNG CA RFID I VI NGNH BU CHNH TI MT S

QUC GIA
Cng ngh RFID c bit n trong 50 nm qua, nhng vic p dng n cho cc
ngnh ngh trong x hi mi ch c thc hin trong mt vi nm gn y. Trong
ngnh bu chnh, RFID ch yu c ng dng ti cc quc gia v cc cng ty vn
chuyn ln hng u trn th gii, bi hin ti chi ph cho cng ngh ny vn cn kh
cao. Cng ngh ny ch yu gip nhn dng, lu vt, m ha thng tin ca hng ha
cn gi, tng cng an ninh v bo mt, c bit l nhng hng ha c vn
chuyn qua nhiu nc hoc hng ha nguy him hay qu him, yu cu gim st v
theo di cao hn nhng hng ha khc. Ngnh bu chnh th gii c nhiu n lc
trong vic nng cao cht lng dch v v vic dn dn p dng v thay th cng ngh
RFID cho m vch cng nh p dng cng ngh ny vo kha cnh khc nh gim st,
theo di v qun l.
Dch v bu chnh v vn chuyn hng ha kh ph bin v pht trin trn tt c cc
nc trn th gii, trong vic qun l nhng mt hng, bu gi nh b trong mt
thi gian di rt kh khn v kh kim sot. Mt khc, hng nm lung hng ha c
vn chuyn v gi i u tng ln ng k. Trong tng lai, d on chi ph cho RFID
s l 3 t vo nm 2016. y l mt con s rt kh quan trong vic ng dng RFID
cho ngnh bu chnh v ngnh vn chuyn hng ha hay cc dch v bn l. Khi chi
ph ca th RFID gim i, cng ngh ny c th c in trn cc l th hoc trn bu
gi thay th cho m vch ang c s dng hin nay. Hin ti, bu chnh cc nc
pht trin v cc cng ty vn chuyn hng ha ln hng u trn th gii ng dng
RFID trong kh nhiu lnh vc. Chng ta s xem xt chi tit cc ng dng ca RFID
trong vic kim tra gim st cc vt phm c gi, lu vt hng ha, tng cng bo
mt, cung cp hng ca cc h thng bn l, y u l nhng quy trnh quan trng
i vi dch v bu chnh v chuyn ch hng ha. Nhng hng vn chuyn ln p
dng RFID c DHL Europe, La Post France, Deutsche Poste/ DHL B, Saudi Post
Arp Saudi, UPS v FedEx
2.1 Mt s gii php RFID cho dch v bu chnh v vn chuyn
-
Tnh ton ng i ca bu gi, th t: Vi mt th RFID ch ng c gn

vo hoc t trong mt gi bu kin ngu nhin (th hoc bu gi), khi chng
c vn chuyn qua cc nc khc nhau, chng ta s so snh c cht lng
vn chuyn ca dch v bu chnh gia cc nc khc nhau mt cch cng
bng. Tuy nhin, hin nay RFID c s dng vi nhiu mc ch khc.
Trong vn chuyn v chuyn ch: y l mt bc thnh cng mi ca RFID

cho dch v bu chnh. S dng RFID s a ra hiu qu cao hn, tc dch
v nhanh hn (gip gim st v x l kp thi) v gim c chi ph, ti phm
v li. Thng thng cc gi bu chnh s c gn th RFID th ng hoc
ch ng lu vt v gim st. Trong ngnh bu chnh th gii, Italia l nc
i u trong vic ng dng u im ny ca RFID vi mc ch lu vt v
ngn chn ti phm cng nh nng cao hiu qu ca ngnh.
Thng th: Gn th RFID vo thng th gip gim st vic ng m thng v

ngn chn nhng li xy ra. ng dng ny mi c pht trin trong thi gian

Trang 27
gn y trong Php v Arp Saudi l hai nc i u trong vic p dng n

vo lnh vc bu chnh.
-
S dng RFID cho t hng trc tuyn: Mi th c kch thc ging nh mt

qun bi c mt nhn sn h dn vo cc gi hng, n s lu gi cc thng
tin v gi hng nh ni dung gi hng l g, a ch ni n v ngi gi l ai.
Qun l thit b t ng: Gn th RFID vo cc thit b, my mc th ny s

gim st vic vn hnh cc thit b , thng bo hng hc, qun l thng tin
Do , vic vn chuyn hng ha, bu gi, phn chia ti cc sn bay, trung
tm vn chuyn s c gim st v iu khin t ng, phc v rt tt cho
vic vn chuyn v chuyn ch
ng dng trn th gii cho lnh vc bu chnh hin ti c a ra p dng cho

bn lnh vc sau: Th nht l p dng cho tng bu gi, th t; th hai lin quan n
th cho cc thng th, th 3 l ng dng cho vic vn chuyn v cui cng l p dng
gim st cc phng tin vn chuyn v xe ch bu gi.
2.2 ng dng i vi thng th
Nhn dng thng th- Saudi Post- Arap Saudi
Thng th s c trang b th RFID, nhn vin bu chnh kim tra bng cch s dng
mt thit b cm tay c trang b u c. Mt chp RFID c nhng trong hp th ti
cc gia nh v n s thng bo cho ngi a th bit khi anh ta gn khu vc .
Nhng thng th s l ngun ti nguyn, c lp trnh v c ci t bi mt t
chc. D n ny c trin khai ti tng khu vc. Khi thit k thng th, mt trong
nhng thch thc ln nht l v kim loi ca thng th s cn tr, lm nhiu tn hiu
t th RFID. gii quyt vn ny, h thng c thit k vi thng th c lm
t Trung Quc, c mt khe tht vo 6mm mt trc thng. Th RFID s c t
bn trong khe ny, trong mt v bc bng nha dy 5mm.
Loi th c s dng l ca Symbol Technology, tn s th c s dng l UHF
(300MHz n 3GHz), hot ng trong phm vi 1m. Li ch mang li ca d n ny l
nng cao cht lng dch v, phc v khch hng tt hn v s gim thiu li xy ra.
Khch hng s khng cn phi n bu in gi th na, thay vo nhn vin
bu in s n tng nh tp hp v gi th. H thng RFID ca Symbol c s
dng Symbols MC9060R- ging nh mt my tnh cm tay th- cc thng th s
c thit k vi th RFID v nhng th ny c th c c bi Symbols MC9060R
ca nhng ngi a th, m bo th s n ng vi hp th ca ngi nhn. iu
ny s khin khch hng hi lng hn v gim c nhng chi ph do yu cu cn
chnh sa hoc thay i. Thm vo , cc xe ch th ca Saudi Post cng c trang
b mt h thng nh v ton cu (GPS- Global Positioning System), c tch hp vo
MC9060R gip ngi a th xc nh c ng v tr. MC9060R cng c th kt
hp vi RFID, u c m vch, hnh nh v kt ni khng dy cho php tp hp v
phn phi thng tin hiu qu hn. H thng RFID ca Symbol s mang li cho khch
hng thng tin ng tin cy, xy dng mt c s h tng vi chi ph hiu qu ph hp
vi cc ng dng bu chnh.
Dch v bu chnh La Post- Php

Trang 28
H thng ny c mang tn l Vigik, c pht trin bi dch v bu chnh La Post

ca Php. Tuy khng lin quan trc tip n thng th, mc ch ca n l m bo
yu cu v bo mt, s dng RFID th ng. Vigik l mt ph hiu c kh nng c
np li, c thit k vi mt chip RFID lu gi thng tin chi tit nhn dng ca
mt cng ty. Qun l ta nh s n gin l a ra mt quyn hn chng thc cho
cng ty v cc nhn vin ca cng ty s ch c cho php vo ta nh nu c ph
hiu Vigik vi cc thng tin chng thc v cng ty trn con chip RFID . tng
cng kh nng bo mt v trnh cc li do mt th, m chng thc s c thay i
mi ngy mt ln v nhn vin s np li cc m ny vo th ca mnh khi mt ngy
lm vic bt u. Vigik c s dng hn 60,000 ta nh ti Php cho vic gi th,
o ga v o in.
im chnh ca gii php ny l n khng c thit k dnh cho mt ngi, cng
khng phi cho mt nhm ngi cng ty. N c thit k dnh ring cho vic
chng thc cho mt cng ty cung cp mt dch v no , cng ty ny s c xc
thc vi qun l ta nh trong vic ra vo. Cc th c cung cp cho cng nhn ch
c m s ng trong mt ngy, mi bui sng m s s c np li t ng bi mt
thit b v vi th chng thc ny ca cng ty, nhn vin s m c ca vo lm
vic. Vi h thng ny, Vigik c s dng 1000 bu in ti Php. Thit b ny
vi u im ni tri l d dng s dng v chi ph thp, mc an ton cao. La Post thit
k h thng ny nhm cho php tin li hn cho nhn vin, m bo an ton trong vic
vo ra ca vn phng hay ta nh, hiu qu hn trong vic qun l v bo mt.
2.3 ng dng cho tng mc bu gi
Dch v bu chnh DHL, B
Cng ty ny ca B tin hnh nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh RFID cho mc
vt phm c gi i nh th t, hng ha vi mc ch lm gim chi ph v nng
cao cht lng dch v. Tn s RFID c s dng l HF(13.56MHz) vi th c
c l th th ng c kh nng c-ghi, bn knh hot ng l 1-2m. DHL l cng ty
i tin phong trong vic p dng RFID th ng vo trong lnh vc bu chnh, trc
cng ngh ny ch c s dng vi mc ch kim tra mu cc gi hng ca bu
chnh vi ngun tin ti tr v thc hin gia cc dch v bu chnh trong nc.
DHL l mt trong bn dch v vn chuyn hng ha ln nht trn th gii. Cng ngh
RFID c s dng hon ton ph hp vi cc chun v cc quy nh quc t, bi v
h thng vn chuyn ca DHL n tt c nc trn th gii nn vic ph hp v theo
chun quc t l cn thit ng dng ny c th hot ng c cc quc gia khc
trn th gii.

Trang 29
Hnh 2.1: Quy trnh pht trin h thng RFID ca DHL

Vo thng 6-2005, DHL International GmbH bt u pht trin c s h tng
CNTT m n s gn lin vi cng ngh RFID trong th RFID s c gn vo cc
gi hng vi mc ch qun l cht hn vic vn chuyn hng ha, ct gim chi ph v
ci tin nng sut hot ng bng cch gim cc cng vic lin quan n giy t v lu
tr d liu trn giy. DHL cng bit rng cn phi t ng cc ng dng.
CNTT, ci thin mi quan h vi khch hng v nhng chi nhnh lin quan,
cng nh lm vic vi cc thnh vin ca t chc EPCglobal to ra mt chun
chung c th chia s c vi nn cng nghip hu cn phc v v lin quan n
RFID.
V hot ng: Cc nhm CNTT ca cng ty dnh thi gian h tr to ra
CSDL Dch v tn i tng (Object Name Services) ca DHL CSDL ny s lu tr
thng tin v cc gi hng chuyn i. DHL hng ti thit lp c s h tng m
th RFID s hot ng nh mt ng lin kt vi thng tin gia nhng ni khc
nhau. Vi CSDL ny, DHL c th gim c vic lu tr d liu v cc yu cu v
bo co bng vic s dng th RFID. Cc khai bo Hi Quan s dng th RFID s
thc hin truy nhp trc tip vi b phn Hi Quan ly ra cc thng tin bn trong
CSDL c duy tr bi cc nh sn xut cn vn chuyn sn phm . DHL cng c
k hoch xy dng mt tng bo co cc trng hp c bit c thc hin t ng
cc th RFID c th gi thng bo nu c iu g bt thng xy ra. V d, mt
thng bo s c gi i thng qua in thoi di ng hoc e-mail ti ngi qun l
vn chuyn nu gi hng b tht lc hoc chch khi ng i ca n.
Dch v vn chuyn UPS, M
UPS l dch v vn chuyn ln nht trn th gii. Cng ty ny bt u th im cc
ng dng ca cng ngh RFID trong chui cung cp hng ha. UPS cng thay th m
vch bng cc th RFID trong cc container mang cc kin hng t ng v d
dng.

Trang 30
V tr kin hng l yu t chnh trong tin trnh sp xp t ng ca UPS v h thng

m vch hin ti ca UPS s dng mt my qut c cc nhn thng tin trn cc
kin hng. My qut yu cu mt lung nh snh c v mi ln n ch c c
mt vt, v vy r rng l s dng m vch khng hiu qu bng RFID, khi RFID c
th c c nhiu vt cng mt lc, li khng yu cu mt khong cch gn nh m
vch c nhng thng tin v hng ha. u im ca h thng ny l gim c chi
ph v tin li. Th RFID c dng l th th ng c kh nng c ghi, tn s HF
v bn knh hot ng l 0.5m. Vi h thng ny, UPS hy vng c th nh du v
lu vt c cc kin hng, nng cao vic gim st v c th qun l c cng ngh
ny ci thin cht lng dch v, khin khch hng tin tng hn v nng cao c
doanh thu.
p dng i vi tng loi hng ha v bu kin, th RFID cng c trin khai
trong mt vi d n ln na ca cc dch v bu chnh hng u th gii nh dch v
chuyn hng tr li FedEx NetReturn ca M, gim st v ghi li nhng yu t nh
thi gian v nhit nh ti DHL B, dch v bu chnh LaPost ca Php trong vic
o thi gian vn chuyn trn ng th hay Royal Mail- h thng gim st v qun l
ng th mi ca Anh Nhng d n ny c xy dng ch yu s dng cng
ngh th RFID th ng, bn knh hot ng khong 0.5-1 hoc 2m v tn s th c
s dng l HF (13.56MHz). y ch l mt vi ng dng ph bin nht p dng i
vi tng loi bu gi kim tra, cha c s dng i tr cho tt c cc bu gi v
hng ha c gi i v chi ph cho vic s dng cng ngh ny vn cn l qu cao,
cha hon ton c th thay th c m vch.
Vi Vit Nam, bu chnh v vn chuyn bu phm bu kin l mt ngnh quan trng.
Hin ti nc ta, RFID mi ch c quan tm p dng i vi vic qun l vo
ra v chm cng qut th ti cc cng ty, cha c ng dng c th cho bu chnh. Tuy
nhin, khi gi thnh ca mt th RFID ngy cng gim xung, ngnh bu chnh cng
nh cc ngnh khc ca Vit Nam c th s dng cng ngh ny nng cao cht
lng ca dch v cng nh m bo an ton v gim st cht ch hn qu trnh bu
gi c chuyn i, c bit l nhng hng ha quan trng c nhn gi qua bu
in, cng nh tng tnh bo mt cho cc trung tm u mi. Bu chnh Vit Nam c
th p dng ng dng nhn dng t ng cho cc xe vn chuyn bu chnh ra v
vo trung tm, tng tnh bo mt cho trung tm chuyn tin hoc cc xe chuyn tin,
hay cng c nh v v gim st bu gi cng nh qun l v nh gi cht lng
ca dch v bu phm bu kin Vit Nam.
Tng lai s dng RFID cho bu chnh Vit Nam v th gii cng nh cc ngnh khc
l rt kh quan. Gi thnh ngy cng gim, phm vi hot ng v nh hng rng hn,
cc th c th c s dng li cng vi rt nhiu u im v cht lng v bo mt,
gip gim chi ph cho cc hot ng khi s dng cng ngh ny l nhng iu kin
tt a RFID vo cuc sng. Bu chnh Vit Nam vi mc tiu nng cao cht lng
v pht trin, tin hc ha vic qun l v cc hot ng nghip v cng vi s pht
trin mnh m ca Internet v giao tip khng dy th vic dn a RFID vo phc v
cc hot ng ca ngnh l iu ng nghin cu v trin khai.
2.4 Mt s ng dng khc
Ngoi ng dng trong dch v bu chnh, RFID cn c ng dng trong ngnh vn
chuyn hng ha, p dng cho cc xe chuyn ch, trong sn xut kinh doanh, gim st
Trang 31
cc mt hng trong siu th thay cho m vchTiu biu trong lnh vc vn chuyn
phi k n dch v chuyn ch ca Php (cng ty Brink France). Vi ng dng ny,
tp on Brink hy vng s ngn chn c ti phm v tng an ton cho hng ha.
Loi th c s dng l ca EM Microelectronic, th ch ng, tn s hat ng l
125 v 868MHz, nh hng trong phm vi 10cm (cng c th rng hn). Tp on
ny l tp on ln nht v lu i nht v lnh vc vn chuyn thng mi bo mt
trn th gii, vi cc dch v c cung cp c gi hng bng xe bc thp, chuyn ch
tin mt, qun l tin mt v tin xu. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng ny l th
RFID c gn trong cc thng gi l BrinkBox, th c nhim v gim st v theo
di s thay i v nhit , s va chm khi c tc ng bn ngoi ti thng. Khi ,
th s a ra nhng phn ng cn thit, gi v trung tm d liu hoc t ng hy cc
mt hng trong thng nhm trnh cho nhng hng ha ri vo tay bn ti phm.
a vo hot ng, h thng cng cn phi xt n cc ri ro nh tai nn hoc mt tn
hiutuy nhin, vi s gp mt ca cng ngh RFID trong vic vn chuyn tin nh
th ny r rng l tnh an ton v bo mt c nng cao hn rt nhiu, cng nh d
dng iu tra tung tch ca nhng k tn cng vo xe vn chuyn hng ha.
Mt trong nhng cng ty vn chuyn ln nht th gii FedEx (M) cng ng dng
RFID trong lnh vc vn chuyn, p dng vi xe ti chuyn dng chuyn ch hng
ha. Kt qu t c l hot ng ca cng ty hiu qu hn v bo mt hn. Cng
ngh RFID c s dng vi tn s 13.56MHz, nh dng th th ng c kh nng
c-ghi v phm vi hot ng khong 6 inches(150mm). Nhng ngi a th hay
bu kin ca cng ty s dng mt h thng t ng c trang b h thng nhn v pht
tn hiu bng RFID, nhng trong kha Velcro ( mt loi kha dn) c tay. H thng
ny c kim tra vi khong 200 phng tin vn chuyn ca FedEx. ng dng ny
c hiu qu r rt trong trng hp nhn vin vn chuyn ch hng i, anh ta s mt
rt nhiu thi gian vo vic tm kim xem cha kha no dng m/kha ca ca cc
xe vn chuyn. Hn na, khi mt cha kha, anh ta s phi bo li cho trm ca FedEx
ly cha kha d phng, v nhng xe ny c th phi lm li cha kha, iu c
ngha l s tn km. Gii php n gin hn l mi nhn vin thc hin cng vic ny
trong cng ty s c cp mt kha ko Velcro c gn chip RFID. Khi , trong
trng hp b mt thit b ny, m ca n cng c th c reset li t h thng v mt
m mi c lp trnh li ch trong vi giy. H thng ny do tin li hn v an
ton hn rt nhiu trong vic vn chuyn, m v ng ca xe. a h thng vo
hot ng, mt vi yu cu khc cng cn c xem xt l v phm vi hot ng ca
h thng, b nh lu tr ca thN cng c th gip ngn chn tnh trng n cp
hng ha vn chuyn trn xe, chng c lp trnh m bo rng nhng xe ny s
khng c khi ng cho ti khi tt c cc ca c ng. Mi phng tin vn
chuyn c lp trnh s dng mt b truyn nhn tn hiu chnh. Mt b truyn nhn
tn hiu thm ch c th c lp trnh hot ng vi nhiu xe.
Trong cc lnh vc sn xut kinh doanh, gim st hng ha trong siu th hay vic ra
vo trong mt khu vc, RFID cng c p dng. Ti Vit Nam, cng ngh RFID
c nghin cu th nghim v a ra sn phm ng dng thc t l kha th in
t. y l sn phm do Vin CNTT ti 18 Hong Quc Vit nghin cu ch to thnh
cng v a ra cho bn vo nm 2005. RFID cn c kh nhiu ng dng trong cc
lnh vc khc nh nhn dng v lu vt ng vt, c, xy dng cc h thng h tr
nhng ngi mc bnh tm thn.... Trong tng lai khng xa, cng ngh ny s dn
Trang 32
ph bin trong cuc sng hng ngy, trong cc dch v, hot ng mua bn t ng...
khi gi thnh v chi ph sn xut ca thit b gim xung, phc v tt hn cuc sng
ca con ngi.
2.5 xut hng ng dng RFID trong mt s hot ng qun l, sn xut, kinh
doanh dch v Bu chnh Vit nam
RFID c kh nhiu ng dng trong thc t v tng lai cho cng ngh ny l rt
kh quan, do vy vic ng dng trong cc hot ng ca ngnh bu chnh vin thng
l hon ton c th. Hin ti, cc sn phm chnh trong hot ng ca VNPT l Bu
Chnh Vin thng v CNTT. Trc tin, RFID c th c p dng trong cc hot
ng qun l nhn s, gim st vic ra vo trong cc c quan, khu vc quan trng.
Tip , dng nh v lu vt trong lnh vc bu phm, bu kin, gi hng ha. N
cng c th c p dng trong cc xe vn chuyn tin ca cc bu in, hoc cc xe
ch th nng cao mc an ton v kh nng bo mt.
Cng ngh nhn dng tin tin bng tn s Radio (RFID) ang c nh gi rt cao
v l mt trong nhng mc tiu cng ngh ca Malaysia, Hn QucVic p dng
c cng ngh ny vo cuc sng s a ra nhng li ch lu di trong vic nhn
dng v lu vt sn phm, gp phn nng cao nng sut v cht lng dch v cho
ton ngnh. Chng ta c th p dng nhng nghin cu ca cc nc khc trn th
gii ph hp hn vi tnh hnh ca nc ta. Tuy nhin, v iu kin kinh t v k
thut ca nc ta vn cn thp so vi cc nc khc nn p dng c vo trong
thc t, RFID vn phi ch i mt thi gian na khi gi c ca mi th RFID gim
xung. Nhng lnh vc c th p dng RFID nh kinh doanh, qun l, gim stl
nhng lnh vc chng ta c th hng ti. p dng cho ngnh Bu chnh, hai hng
quan trng hin nay l ng dng vo vic qun l v gim st cht lng dch v bu
phm bu kin v lu vt cc xe vn chuyn quan trng nh bu gi hoc tin mt.
Sau chng ta c th p dng trn nhng hot ng khc nng cao nng sut v
cht long dch v, ci tin quy trnh nghip v ca ngnh v p dng su hn vo
vic chuyn th v bu gi n tn h gia nh.
Qun l cht lng dch v bu chnh
Hin ti vic theo di, nh gi cht lng dch v bu gi ti nhiu Bu in
Tnh/Thnh ph c thc hin bng cch gi mt s lng nht nh cc th kim tra
ti cc a ch xc nh. Cn c trn thi gian ton trnh v s lng th nhn c cc
Bu in Tnh/Thnh ph c th a ra mt nh gi tng i v cht lng dch v.
Tuy nhin cch ny c nhc im l khng theo di c thi gian x l dch v ti
tng im khai thc, trong trng hp mt th th cng khng xc nh c th
mt khu no. Cc nhc im ny s c khc phc nu s dng cng ngh RFID
vi gii php xut nh sau:
-
Cc th kim tra s c gn vo 1 th RFID (Cc th RFID c th c s dng

li nhiu ln).
Ti cc trung tm khai thc chia chn hoc cc bu cc giao dch cn theo di

trng thi th s thit lp mt cng gim st Monitoring Gate.
Tt c cc ti, gi c giao nhn gia i vn chuyn v cc bu cc phi c

a qua cng gim st, c th s dng bng chuyn hoc xe y.

Trang 33
Xy dng mt h thng phn mm cho php phn tch, x l thng tin v cc l th

kim tra thu thp c. Phn mm ny s c trin khai phn tn ti cc im c
t cng gim st, c nhim v x l thng tin c c thng qua cng gim st,
b sung thm cc thng tin v thi gian v a im nhn ri chuyn cc thng tin
ny v CSDL tp trung.
H tr nghip v khai thc, qun l v nh v bu gi

Mt trong nhng ni dung cng vic yu cu nhiu thi gian v nhn lc nht trong
quy trnh cung cp cc dch v bu gi l vic nhp thng tin v cc loi bu phm,
bu kin c th tin hnh khai thc, theo di, nh v v phc v cng tc qun l.
c bit l ti cc Trung tm u mi Bu chnh nh Cng ty VPS. Nguyn nhn l
hin ti Bu chnh Vit Nam cha h tr cc h thng phn mm cung cp cc dch v
bu gi theo mt quy trnh khp kn, vic trao i thng tin gia cc n v cn rt t,
hoc thng tin trao khng y do h tng mng cn yu km. V vy ti hu ht cc
n v u thc hin thao tc nhp d liu u vo trc ri mi c th tin hnh cc
nghip v khai thc, nh v hay bo co thng k. Vi vic ng dng cng ngh
RFID, Bu chnh Vit Nam c th gim thiu thi gian v nhn lc trong cc khu
nhp d liu u vo m khng cn ph thuc vo thng tin trao i vi n v khc,
c th xut gii php nh sau:
-
Thng tin v bu gi cn qun l, theo di c nhp ti cc im cung cp dch

v v ghi vo th RFID (loi c ghi).
Mi bu gi cn qun l thng tin s c gn vi 1 th RFID
Xy dng mt mng li cc cng gim st (Monitoring Gate) ti cc u mi

khai thc bu gi thu thp thng tin. Tt c cc ti, gi c giao nhn gia i
vn chuyn v cc bu cc phi c a qua cng gim st, c th s dng bng
chuyn hoc xe y.
Pht trin phn mm giao tip hoc truy nhp trc tip ngun thng tin thu c
thc hin cc nghip v khai thc bu chnh v cc cng tc qun l trong phm
vi n v.
c th h tr cng tc nh v bu gi th cn t chc mt trung tm lu tr d liu

tp trung lin quan n ton trnh cung cp cc dch v bu gi v c s cp nht
thng tin t cc im c trin khai cng ngh RFID, c th l nhng im c t cng
gim st
Vi nhng li ch ln ca RFID, vic ng dng n vo lnh vc bu chnh nng cao
nng sut v cht lng dch v l iu ng quan tm. Trong phn tip theo, chng ta
s a ra vic p dng cng ngh ny trong lnh vc gim st v qun l cht lng
dch v bu kin bu phm cho lnh vc bu chnh trong VNPT.

Trang 34
III. XUT PHNG N NG DNG RFID CHO VIC QUN L V

NNG CAO CHT LNG DCH V BU PHM, BU KIN
3.1 H thng lu vt, tm du bu phm, bu kin.
3.1.1 M t chc nng c bn ca h thng
y l h thng cho php lu tt c thng tin ca cc bu phm, bu kin (BPBK)
nhn gi ti cc bu cc cp 3. Sau khi khch hng hon tt th tc gi BPBK, ton b
thng tin v BPBK (bao gm trng lng, ni dung, thng tin v ngi gi, ngi
nhn,) s c lu vo c s d liu CSDL phn tn, nhng d liu ny s c cp
nht nh k ln CSDL tp trung ca h thng. Bn cnh , mt s thng tin c bn
s c lu vo th RFID thng qua chc nng Ghi vo th, c bit, mi th RFID
c gn vo BPBK u phi c s ID ring v ID ny l duy nht i vi ton b h
thng. Th ny sau s c gn mt cch chc chn vo BPBK.
Ti cc trung tm khai thc u c gn cc u c ti cc cng kim sot-l ni bt
buc cc BPBK phi i qua. Do , mi khi BPBK c gn th i qua cng kim sot
ni trn, thng tin ca BPBK s c cp nht vo CSDL phn tn ca trung tm khai
thc tng ng. Thng tin ny cng s c cp nht nh k vo CSDL tp trung ca
h thng. Nh vy, mi khi qua mt trung tm khai thc, thng tin v BPBK s c
cp nht. Vic cp nht thng tin ca BPBK cho php kim sot c v tr hin thi
ca BPBK.
p ng kh nng lu, cp nht d liu cng nh p ng c cc yu cu v lu
vt v tm du BPBK, h thng c mt s chc nng chnh nh sau:
Ghi thng tin vo th RFID (gn vo BPBK) v CSDL: thc hin khi nhn gi
BPBK ti cc BC3.
Cp nht t ng thng tin ca BPBK mi khi qua cng kim sot ti cc trung
tm khai thc: thc hin ti tt c cc trung tm khai thc m BPBK i qua.
Tm kim BPBK theo cc kha tm kim:
-
Ngi gi, ngi nhn
ID ca BPBK
Xem trc hnh trnh ca BPBK: cho php xem ton b hnh trnh m BPBK
s i qua, hnh trnh ny c tnh ton ngay t bc nhn gi BPBK (sau khi
nhp cc thng tin v BC gi, BC nhn hoc a ch ngi nhn)
Xc nhn BPBP: chc nng ny cho php cp nht vo CSDL v/hoc vo th
nhng thng tin nh: i qua bu cc no, trung tm khai thc no, vo thi gian
no,
nh gi, bo co: cc chc nng cho php a ra cc nh gi, bo co (trong
nhng khong thi gian nht nh) v cc ch tiu cht lng dch v BPBK
(nh: t l BPBK gi ng/sai thi hn so vi tng s, t l mt mt, hng
hc,...)

Trang 35
Nhng chc nng ni trn cng nh nhng thng tin lu trong CSDL cho php
kim sot BPBK mt cch cht ch. iu ny gip cho vic gii quyt cc thc
mc, khiu ni ca khch hng c tha ng.
3.1.2 T chc h thng
H thng c t chc theo m hnh phn cp. Gm hai h thng con: H thng ti
im giao dch v H thng ti trung tm u mi. C th nh sau:
H thng ti im giao dch: y l h thng trin khai ti cc bu cc cp
3.Chc nng in hnh l nhn gi, cho php lu thng tin vo th RFID ng
thi lu vo CSDL cc b, d liu s c cp nht nh k ln CSDL trung
tm. Ngoi ra, ti y vn c nhng chc nng nh tm kim v tr BPBK (s
dng khi cn kim tra hoc khi c yu cu ca khch hng), mt s chc nng
qun l h thng, qun l ngi dng,
H thng ti trung tm u mi: y l h thng c trin khai ti cc trung
tm u mi, cc trung tm khai thc. H thng ny gip kim sot cc BPBK
i qua cng kim sot, cp nht thng tin ln th RFID (khi cn) v thng tin
trong CSDL, vic cp nht ny c thc hin hon ton t ng mi khi
BPBK c gn th i qua cng kim sot. Do tnh cht phn cp ca h thng, ti
mi cp khc nhau, cc chc nng chnh ca h thng c th thay i. V d, ti
cc trung tm khai thc tnh/thnh ph, h thng khng c chc nng bo co,
nh gi; ti y, hu nh h thng ch c chc nng cp nht thng tin vo
CSDL (v ln th, khi cn). Tuy nhin, ti cc trung tm VPS h thng li c
thm chc nng bo co, nh gi. c bit, ti cc n v c trch nhim qun
l cht lng dch v BPBK, h thng s khng cn chc nng ghi/cp nht vo
th/CSDL na, do y ch c trch nhim kim tra, kim sot nn cc chc
nng bo co, nh gi s l nhng chc nng c bn, cho php thng k t l
sai st, hng hc ca BPBK trong qu trnh gi, cho php pht hin im gy
li khc phc v x l.
Cc H thng ti img giao dch s c trin khai trn cc my tnh c nhn sn c
ca cc BC3, mi h thng ny u c CSDL cc b ca BC tng ng. Ton b
thng tin khi nhn gi BPBK s c lu vo CSDL ny. D liu t cc CSDL cc b
s c cp nht nh k ln cc CSDL tp trung cp cao hn.
Cc H thng ti cc trung tm u mi c trin khai trn cc my tnh c cu hnh
cao hn (ty thuc vo cp ca ni trin khai h thng). Ti y c cc CSDL tp
trung, nhn d liu cp nht nh k t cc BC3 (t cc CSDL cc b ti cc BC3)
ng thi cp nht thng tin v cc BPBK qua x l ti cc trung tm ny.
M hnh t chc ca h thng c m t trong hnh 5.1

Trang 36
Hnh 3.1: S t chc h thng

3.1.3 Cc thnh phn ca h thng
a. Th
Loi th xut l th c kh nng ti s dng. L do s dng loi th ni trn l
lng BPBK cn gn th c s lng ln, mc d th c kh nng ghi nhiu ln c gi
thnh cao hn so vi th ch c kh nng ghi mt ln, tuy nhin, nu ti s dng th s
tit kim c chi ph cho ton h thng do tui th ca th c ghi nhiu ln c th
ln ti 10 nm s dng lin tc. V vy, nu tnh tng chi ph th s dng th c kh
nng ghi nhiu ln kinh t hn.
Do , th c xut s dng l th RFID ch ng c kh nng c/ghi (nhiu
ln), tn s hot ng thuc di UHF, dung lng lu tr khong 1Kbyte.
Cc th ny s c gn vo BPBK ngay khi va c nhn gi. Trn th s ghi mt
s thng tin cn thit nh ID ca th (ca BPBK), trng lng BPBK, ni dung,
Cc thng tin ny gip cho vic nhn ra cc BPBK ti cc cng kim sot cc trung
tm khai thc.Thay v phi c thng tin mt cc th cng nh trc y, cc BPBK
c gn th s i qua mt cng kim sot (bt buc i vi mi BPBK). V vy, khi h
thng nhn ra s xut hin ca BPBK c ID nht nh, thng tin v BPBK ny s c
cp nht vo CSDL (trc tin l cp nht vo CSDL cc b, sau , d liu s c
cp nht nh k ln CSDL tp trung). Sau khi qua cc trung tm khai thc, chia chn,
BPBK ti bu cc nhn. Ti bu cc ny, th ca BPBK s c tch khi BPBK v
gi li, BPBK s c a ti tay ngi nhn th bnh thng. Ton b thng tin trn
th va tch ra s c xa, tuy nhin, nhng thng tin trong CSDL v BPBK ny vn
Trang 37
c lu trong mt khong thi gian theo quy nh, gii quyt nhng thc mc,
khiu ni ca khch hng khi cn.
b. u c ghi ti cc cng kim sot
Ti cc bu cc giao dch, ni nhn gi BPBK, s t h thng cho php ghi th v ti
y, cn phi ghi thng tin khi to ln th, trc khi BPBK bt u hnh trnh. Ch ti
cc bu cc giao dch mi cn thit t b ghi th, ti cc trung tm x l, khai thc,
ch cn t u c. Do nhng ni ny, ch tin hnh nhn ra s xut hin ca BPBK
(tc l nhn ra th gn trn BPBK ), mi thng tin s c cp nht vo CSDL.
Ti cc trung tm khai thc, x l s t mt h thng, c gi chung l Cng kim
sot (Monitoring Gate System). H thng ny bao gm bng truyn ( BPBK t ln
, i qua cng), cng kim sot c gn b c RFID (tng ng vi loi th h thng
s dng). Tt c cc BPBK khi ti trung tm khai thc, bt buc phi i qua cng
kim sot ni trn. iu ny gip x l c ton b cc BPBK khng b b xt. Sau
khi BPBK i qua cng kim sot, thng tin v chng trc tin s c cp nht vo
CSDL cc b ti trung tm khai thc ni trn, cc d liu ny sau s c truyn
ln v cp nht vo CSDL tp trung.
Nh vy, h thng cng kim sot ni trn cho php x l BPBK vi tc nhanh hn
hn so vi x l th cng thng thng. Mc khc, mi khi i qua mt cng kim sot,
BPBK gi thng tin ca n v CSDL, do vy, vic xem tnh trng, v tr hin thi
ca BPBK c thc hin d dng hn.
c. H thng my tnh c nhn v my ch
My tnh c nhn phc v ti cc bn giao dch nhn gi BPBK ti cc bu cc
giaodch. Cc my tnh mi bu cc giao dch c kt ni vi nhau v vi CSDL
cc b ca bu cc. Trng hp bu cc giao dch ch c mt my tnh c nhn th
my tnh ny ng thi cng cha CSDL cc b ca chnh bu cc .
Cc my ch c cu hnh khc nhau, phc v ti cc bu cc giao dch (lm my ch
ti bu cc giao dch, ni c nhiu my tnh c nhn), ti cc trung tm x l. c
bit, ti cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc (cc VPS khu vc) c h thng my ch c
cu hnh ln, phc v cho vic cp nht CSDL t cc bu cc di, lu li d liu
ca cc bu gi trong mt khong thi gian xc nh.
d. Phn mm
Phn mm trin khai bao gm hai h thng con nh m t trong phn M hnh
chung ca h thng (Mc 5.1.1). Phn mm ny ng vai tr:
-
To ra cc chc nng c/ghi ln th v vo CSDL
T ng nhn ra s xut hin ca cc bu gi ti cc cn kim sot, sau , xc

nhn (bu gi i qua cng) vo CSDL trung tm
Gip cho giao dch vin d thao tc
Gip vic qun l, kim sot v thng k bu gi c chnh xc
3.1.4 u im ca h thng
H thng nh m t trn c mt s u im sau:

Trang 38
Thng nht trn c nc v d liu BPBK nhn gi
Kim sot c hnh trnh, thi gian (t khi gi ti khi n tay ngi nhn) ca
BPBK
Lu tr c ton b d liu v cc BPBK, phc v cho cng tc gic p thc

mc, khiu ni ca khch hng
Gim c cc thao tc th cng khi x l BPBK
Tng tc khai thc, x l BPBK, gim thiu cc sai st do c sai thng tin
Kim sot c v tr BPBK bt u sai hng v c iu chnh kp thi
a ra thm mt s dch v gia tng cho khch hng: xem v tr hin thi ca
BPBK, theo di hnh trnh ca BPBK,
3.1.5 Tnh kh thi ca h thng

H thng ni trn c kh nhiu u im, v vy, trin khai h thng s gip nng xut
sn xut kinh doanh ca ngnh Bu Chnh tng ln ng k. Hn th na, cht lng
dch v BPBK cng c ci thin, vic qun l, gim st cht lng dch v cng c
th thc hin d dng hn da vo h thng ni trn. Tuy nhin, da vo thc t hin
nay ca ngnh Bu Chnh Vit Nam, cng nh h tng k thut trong nc, vic trin
khai h thng xut cn gp mt s kh khn nh sau:
-
Thit b bao gm th RFID v u c RFID hin nay hon ton phi mua ca
nc ngoi. , nu trin khai h thng trn ton b cc bu cc, h thng
s ph thuc nhiu vo nh cung cp.
S lng u c trin khai trn ton h thng l qu ln (mi bu cc giao

dch phi c b ghi, ti cc trung tm khai thc phi c u c) lm chi ph
u t ban u ca h thng l rt cao.
Do trin khai ti tt c cc bu cc giao dch nn tn xut s dng thit b s

khng u nhau ti cc khu vc. C th l, ti cc Bu cc Tnh/Thnh ph,
s c tn xut s dng cao hn. Ti cc bu cc vng su vng xa, lng
BPBK gi i l kh t, iu ny s gy lng ph cho h thng.
H tng k thut (my tnh, mng v cc thit b mng) cha cho php trin
khai h thng n tng bu cc
V nhng l do trn, ti thi im hin nay, vic trin khai h thng lu vt, tm du
BPBK l cha kh thi do chi ph cho h thng l kh ln trong khi tn xut s dng li
khng cao mt s ni (vng su, vng xa), iu ny gy tnh trng lng ph cc b
ca h thng. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai, khi h tng k thut ca ngnh Bu Chnh
c ci thin, gi thnh ca cc thit b RFID gim, s lng nh cung cp thit b
ny tng ln c th c nhiu la chn, vic ng dng cng ngh RFID trong lu vt
v tm du BPBK s to ra nhiu u im, lm cho nng xut sn xut kinh doanh ca
ngnh Bu Chnh tng ln. ng thi, vic ng dng RFID vo h thng lu vt, tm
du BPBK s gip vic gim st, qun l cht lng dch v BPBK cht ch hn, iu
ny lm nng cao cht lng phc v ca cc dch v BPBK.
Mt khc, qua tm hiu v kho st (ti ban BC-PHBC), nhu cu i vi vic qun l
cht lng dch v BPBK hin nay cha ti mc kim sot tng BPBK m ch tp
Trang 39
trung vo cc th kim tra, kim tra ngu nhin hnh trnh ca th din ra trong bao
nhiu ngy, chm tr xy ra ti u. Vic ny gip bo co cht lng dch v Bu
Chnh ca Vit Nam vi Lin minh Bu chnh Th Gii-UPU. Chnh v vy, trc
mt, mc ch l xy dng h thng th kim tra, c ng dng cng ngh RFID
tng tnh khch quan. Da vo yu cu ny, nhm ti a ra xut th hai ng
dng cng ngh RFID trong qun l v nng cao cht lng dch v BPBK.
3.2 H thng th kim tra (H thng Test Mail)
H thng xut mang tn H thng Test Mail. H thng ny cho php kim tra
ngu nhin hnh trnh v thi gian ton trnh khi gi mt bc th. iu ny cho php
vic kim tra din ra khch quan hn.
Trc y, mun kim tra thi gian ton trnh khi gi th, ngi ta s dng hnh thc
th kim tra bng cch gi th c dn phiu bn ngoi, hoc dn phiu vo chnh th
thng ca khch hng. Hnh thc kim tra ny c u im l th kim tra cng c
i nh th thng. Tuy nhin, vic kim tra nh trn li thiu tnh khch quan v ti
cc trung tm x l, khi nhn thy th c mang phiu, ngi ta thng u tin x l
nhanh hn. Do vy, a ra mt h thng kim tra, gim st c tnh khch quan v
chnh xc cao hn, nhm nghin cu ti xut xy dng H thng Test Mail
vi nhng chc nng chnh c m t nh sau:
H thng cho php gi th kim tra t nhng a im xc nh (thng thng l ti
cc n v c trch nhim qun l cht lng dch v BPBK), nhng th kim tra ny
u c gn th RFID, tuy nhin, khch quan, cc th RFID u c vo bn
trong th, th c gi i vi a ch ngi gi v ngi nhn nh trn mt bc th
thng thng. Ti ni gi i, nhng thng tin cn thit ca th s c ghi ln th
RFID v ghi vo CSDL
. Ti cc trung tm khai thc khu vc (VPS1, VPS2,
VPS3), ti cc trung tm khai thc Tnh/Thnh ph (nhng a im cn xc nh thi
gian ton trnh ca th) s c cc u c ph hp vi loi th la chn gn ln
th kim tra. Cc u c ny s t ng pht hin ra s xut hin ca cc th, chnh
xc hn l cc th c gn th, ri t ng cp nht thng tin vo CSDL. Vic ny din
ra hon ton khch quan, khng c s can thip ca con ngi, do vy, tnh chnh xc
trong vic kim tra c nng ln.
Vi chc nng k trn, h thng Test Mail khng cn thit bao gm hai h thng con
nh H thng lu vt, tm du BPBK xut trn. H thng Test Mail s thng nht
ti mi a im trin khai. Cc chc nng s c phn quyn theo ngi s dng
(hoc theo a im trin khai: ti cc n v qun l cht lng dich v hay ti cc
trung tm khai thc?). Cc chc nng c m t nh sau:
-
Chc nng ghi ln th: chc nng ny cho php ghi nhng thng tin cn thit
ln th RFID th ny sau c cho vo bn trong th, gi i nh th
thng thng. Nhng n v c chc nng qun l cht lng dch v BPBK,
kim tra ton trnh ca th thng,s l nhng n v c phn quyn s
dng chc nng ny. y l nhng ni th kim tra bt u hnh trnh. Cc
thng tin v th gi i s c che kn hon ton i vi nhng n v khc
tng tnh khch quan ca qu trnh kim tra.

Trang 40
Chc nng ghi vo CSDL: sau khi mi thng tin cn thit c ghi ln th,
cc thng tin ny cng vi mt s thng tin khc v th kim tra s c lu
vo CSDL thng qua chc nng ghi vo CSDL.
Chc nng xc nhn th: c thc hin t ng, khng c s tc ng ca

con ngi. Chc nng ny cho php mi khi th (c cha th RFID bn trong)
i qua cng gim st ti cc trung tm khai thc, cng ny (c gn u c) s
pht hin ra s xut hin ca th. T , s gi nhng thng tin cn thit v
CSDL (nh: ngy, gi th i qua cng gim st).
Chc nng xem hnh trnh, tr tr hin thi ca th: chc nng ny c
phn quyn s dng ti nhng n v c chc nng kim tra, qun l cht lng
dch v. Mi th kim tra u c ID duy nht trong ton h thng. Vic theo di
cc th kim tra s da trn cc ID ny.
Ngoi ra, h thng cn c cc chc nng nh thng k, bo co, nh gi ton

b lng th kim tra gi trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Cc chc
nng ny s c phn quyn s dung cho nhng n v c chc nng kim tra,
qun l cht lng dch v BPBK.
3.2.2 u im v tnh kh thi ca h thng

H thng Test Mail c gii hn trin khai trn vic nhn gi th thng. H thng
c mt s u im nh sau:
-
S lng b c/ghi khng ln, do ch trin khai ti cc trung tm bu chnh

khu vc v ti mt s trung tm khai thc Tnh/Thnh ph s thc hin th
im. Do , chi ph cho h thng s khng qu cao
Ti cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc v ti cc trung tm khai thc c sn h

tng k thut (my tnh c nhn, h tng mng) vn hay h thng.
Cc thit b u c s dng vi tn xut cao, khng gy lng ph cho h

thng
H thng p ng c cc yu cu (bc u) v th kim tra ca cc n v

c chc nng qun l, gim st cht lng dch v BPBK.
H thng cho php kim tra thi gian ton trnh ca th thng mt cch khch
quan v chnh xc.
T nhng u im nu trn, nhm ti tin hnh nghin cu tnh kh thi ca h

thng trong giai on hin nay.
-
H thng p ng c yu cu trc mt ca cc n v qun l cht lng do

cc n v ny ang rt cn mt h thng c th cho bit thi gian ton trnh
chnh xc ca gi th thng (v tip theo l BPBK) c th bo co nhng
con s c th cho Lin minh Bu Chnh Th Gii (UPU)
H tng k thut hin thi p ng cho s vn hnh ca h thng
S lng u c, ghi khng qu ln, chi ph cho h thng s khng qu cao

Trang 41
3.3 H thng kim sot thng th

Theo quy nh v tn sut thu gom th: ti cc thnh ph, th x phi thc hin m v
ly th 2 ln/ngy; ti th trn, nng thn phi m v ly th t nht 1 ln/ngy. Tuy
nhin, tn sut thu gom theo quy nh trn khng phi lun c duy tr. c th
phc v khch hng c tt hn, cng nh lm gim thi gian ton trnh ca th gi,
vic thu gom th ng theo quy nh cng l mt vic rt quan trng. V vy, cn phi
thc hin kim tra vic thu gom th ti cc thng th. vic kim tra ny din ra
c khch quan v chnh xc, c th p dng H thng kim sot thng th vi cc
chc nng nh xut di y:
-
Ghi nhn mi ln thu gom (mi ln thng th c m ra) v bo v CSDL cc

b, nhng d liu t CSDL cc b s c cp nht nh k ln CSDL trung
tm
Bo cho h thng trung tm (hoc h thng qun l trc tip) bit mi khi thng
th (tng ng) c thu gom t hn s ln quy nh (trong mt ngy)
Nhng thng tin v s ln thu gom trong mi ngy l nhng thng tin cn thit
kim tra xem cc thng th c c thu gom vi tn sut ng quy nh hay khng.
Trong trng hp thng th c thu gom vi s ln t hn quy nh, h thng s bo
v trung tm, t , trung tm qun l s c nhng x l ph hp.
3.3.2 u im v tnh kh thi ca h thng
H thng kim sot thng th c a ra nhm kim sot tn sut thu gom th, c
bit l ti nhng vng su, vng xa. H thng c mt s u im nh sau:
-
Kim sot cht ch, khch quan s ln thu gom th ti cc thng th
Bo v trung tm khi c thng th khng c thu gom theo tn sut quy nh,
t , c nhng bin php c th x l nhng vi phm ny
Kim tra t xut c tn sut thu gom ti cc thng th
H thng gip cho tn sut thu gom th c m bo, c bit l ti cc vng

su, vng xa. Do , thi gian ton trnh ca cc th c th gim i do cc th
c thu gom ng quy nh. Ton b iu ny gip nng cao cht lng dch
v, bo m tiu ch nhanh chng.
Tuy h thng trn nu c trin khai s mang li nhiu u im, li ch nhng vic
a h thng vo xy dng v trin khai cn gp mt s kh khn sau:
-
H thng cn c chi ph ln trin khai (bao gm chi ph th, u c, h

thng h tng k thut nh my tnh, h thng mng,)
Vic truyn d liu t cc thng th v cc CSDL cc b, t CSDL cc b ln

CSDL tp trung l rt kh khn (do chi ph, a hnh, v tr a l ca ni t
thng th,)

Trang 42
IV. THC T CNG TC GIM ST V QUN L CHT LNG DCH

V BU PHM-BU KIN TI MT S QUC GIA
Lin minh bu chnh th gii UPU a ra cc qui nh chung nh gi cht
lng ca dch v bu phm - bu kin, trong mt vi tiu ch c quan tm nht
l:
-
V quyn s dng cc dch v bu chnh: Mt s nc c gng cung cp tt c

cc dch v bu chnh n ton b cc khu dn c, mt vi tiu ch khc nh
thi gian m ca bu in, khong cch t bu in n ng giao thng
chnh cng c nhc n. Ngoi ra, mt thch thc ln ca dch v bu
chnh l phi m bo cung cp cc dch v ny vi gi c m khch hng
c th chp nhn c, v vy cng cn quan tm n mt vi yu t khc nh
v a l, tnh trng kinh t, nn vn ha xy dng c c s h tng c
bn cho ngnh bu chnh nhm a ra gi thnh hp l cho cc dch v.
Phi tha mn c khch hng: Khch hng l mt thnh phn quan trng
ca bt c mt ngnh kinh t no, do quan tm v tha mn c khch
hng l yu t quan trng nng cao c cht lng dch v bu chnh v
tng c doanh thu.
Tc v tin cy: Bu chnh l ngnh vn chuyn, mang thng tin v hng

ha. V vy, vic m bo thng tin v hng ha c chuyn n chnh xc,
nhanh chng ti tay ngi nhn l rt quan trng. Nng cao cht lng dch
v bu phm, bu kin trong ngnh bu chnh khng th b qua yu t ny.
An ton v bo mt: Trc tnh hnh ti phm v khng b ngy cng gia
tng, vic kim tra hng ha v th t rt cn thit trnh nhng thit hi v
ngi v vt cht. Tuy nhin, hng ha v th t ca khch hng cng yu cu
phi c m bo b mt v khng l thng tin c nhn, trnh nhng ri ro
cho khch hng l tiu ch ang c t ln v tr hng u hin nay.
Tin li: Tin li cho khch hng khi tham gia dch v, khiu ni v cc hot
ng khc. i vi nhn vin trong ngnh c th d dng qun l v thng k
c nhng thng tin cn thit, nh vy cht lng dch v mi c th nng
ln v c th a vo nhng phng php mi.
Nhng tiu ch ny l yu cu c bn trong vic m bo cht lng dch v ca

ngnh bu chnh, trong c c bu phm bu kin. Bu chnh Vit Nam l thnh
vin ca Lin minh Bu Chnh th gii nn cng phi tun theo nhng qui nh chung
ny. i vi mi nc, ty thuc vo c im ring v kinh t, vn ha, con ngi
nc mnh m p dng v thc thi cho ph hp.
Trc tnh hnh chung ca th gii, Bu chnh Vit Nam cn n lc p dng khoa hc
cng ngh v ci tin nng cao cht lng dch v, nht l i vi bu phm, bu
kin, c bit l trong tnh hnh Bu chnh tch ra hot ng ng lp vi Vin Thng
hin nay.
nng cao c cht lng dch v bu phm-bu kin, vic p dng mt phng
php nh gi chnh xc l rt quan trng. Trn th gii p dng nhiu cng ngh
mi xc nh v thng k thng tin hng ha gi i, hoc a ra cc dch v nh
chm sc khch hng, tin hnh nhng cuc kho st, thm d kin, u t c s h
Trang 43
tng tt c ch vi mc ch lm th no ci tin v nng cao cht lng dch v.

Tuy nhin nh gi v qun l c cht lng dch v l iu khng phi d dng.
Mt vi phng php c a ra l:
-
Xy dng h thng chm sc khch hng: thu thp, ghi nhn v qun l nhng
kin khch hng a ra. Thc hin cc cuc iu tra, kho st i vi dch
v c nhng ci tin ph hp v kp thi.
Nng cao mng li vn chuyn, kim tra bu gi nhm m bo c yu t

thi gian v tnh tin cy
p dng cng ngh mi, xy dng qui trnh kp thi pht hin hng ha
nguy him, c h thng kim tra, ghi nhn th v hng ha tht lc.
Cung cp y thng tin, cc dch v mi, cc quy nh v s dng dch v,

n b hng ha cho khch hng nhm trnh nhng ri ro v mt thi gian
khng cn thit.
Xy dng h thng mi, tin hc ha cc qu trnh nghip v. y l mt gii

php ang rt c quan tm hin nay, nhm tin ti hin i ha trong ngnh,
theo kp s pht trin ca cng ngh v th gii.
Trong bt c mt ngnh no, vic nng cao cht lng dch v l mt vic lm cn
thit. Bu chnh l mt lnh vc lin quan n nhiu ngnh khc, c bit l Giao
thng nn vic lin kt vi nhng ngnh ny cng pht trin l rt quan trng. Nm
1999, VNPT k kt vi Cc Hng Khng dn dng Vit Nam v vic kim tra an
ninh i vi bu gi bay, nhm tng an ton cho bu gi v gim cc th tc phin
h, trnh nhng trng hp hng ha b gi tr do vi phm nhng yu t an ninh.
Ngoi ra vic p dng khoa hc Cng Ngh, tin hc ha nghip v ca ngnh l mt
nhim v quan trng hin nay, m bo chnh xc v thun tin cho nhn vin trong
ngnh cng nh khch hng, ng thi vic giao dch vi Bu chnh quc t cng d
dng hn.
Xy dng mt h thng qun l v kim tra cht lng ca dch v bu phm bu
kin l mt iu cn thit. Cng ngh RFID l mt cng ngh mi, ha hn nhiu
thnh cng v li ch trong vic ny. H thng c xy dng s gip thng k, kim
tra bu gi n, gim hng ha b tht lc, nh v chnh xc bu gi ang u, t
s c nhng hnh ng kp thi v gim thiu thit hi cho ngnh bu chnh. Mt s
phng php c p dng hin nay nh gi cht lng bu chnh l:
- Thm d, kho st
Hng nm, hoc khi cn thit tin hnh kho st v thng k kin khch
hng v cc dch v trong ngnh, t xc nh cn thay i, ci tin hoc
a ra nhng phng thc mi no nng cao cht lng dch v trong
ngnh, ng thi cng thy c sai st sa cha.
- Xy dng h thng chm sc khch hng
Khch hng c th a ra cc yu cu, kin thng qua in thoi, email,
internet. Do , cn xy dng h thng qun l nhng thng tin ny, ng
thi phn hi kp thi cho khch hng. H thng ny c xy dng c s
tham gia ca my tnh, gip vic qun l v theo di c d dng, thun

Trang 44
tin hn. T , chng ta c th a ra c kt qu kim tra, o v s

tha mn ca khch hng nh th no. Trn th gii c 2 phng php chnh
o s tha mn ca khch hng l:
Phng php nh gi: Ngi dng a ra nh gi ca mnh. Nhn vin
bu in s so snh vi t l trung bnh, t a ra c nhn nh ca
khch hng v dch v
Phng php benchmarking- im chun: phng php ny so snh cht
lng bu chnh ca cc nc khc nhau vi mt im chun c sn. y l
mt phng php kh tt v hiu qu nng cao cht lng dch v.
- Thng k hng ha, bu gi
Vic thng k c h thng s rt c hiu qu trong qun l v nh gi xem
dch v no c s dng v khin khch hng hi lng nht, cng nh
nhng dch v c cht lng thp nht (hng gi khng n ni, khch hng
phn nn, mt bu gi hoc gi khng chnh xc). y cng l mt cch
thc rt hiu qu nng cao cht lng dch v bu chnh.
Ngoi ra, u t c s h tng nghin cu cng ngh v ci tin qui trnh nghip v
cng l yu cu ln trong tnh trng hin nay. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k
thut v xu hng ton cu ho trong cc ngnh ngh, nhng thay i ny s gip cho
bu chnh Vit Nam hot ng v kt ni ti th gii nhanh chng, hiu qu hn.
Bn cnh cc quy nh v tiu ch nh gi cht lng dch v bu phm bu kin do
lin minh bu chnh th gii a ra nh: m bo an ton, chnh xc, nhanh chng....,
nhiu nc cng c nhng hot ng ng k nng cao cht lng dch v, trong
phi k n Thu S-l nc va c cng nhn t cht lng qun l dch v
cao nht ca UPU nm 2006. Trc mt nc cng nghip khc cng c c
chng nhn ny l an Mch. ci tin cht lng dch v, mt s nc p dng
cng ngh mi nh RFID gim st, qun l v lu du vt hnh trnh ca cc bu
phm bu kin. Bn cnh , nhiu nm qua, UPU c nhng hot ng nhm h tr
bu chnh cc nc nng cao cht lng dch v, nhm tc ng tch cc ti ton b
mng li bu chnh quc t, nn cng tc gim st v qun l c nhng ci tin v
quan tm ng k. ng dng cng ngh c p dng v nhc ti nhiu trong nhng
nm qua l m vch. Cng ngh ny c trin khai a vo cc dch v bu chnh
m ha a ch, thay th tem thng thng bng e-stamp(p dng cng ngh m
vch), lu li nhng thng tin v ngy thng, gi cc gip cho vic trao i v lu
d liu hiu qu hn. Nhng ci tin ny cng quan tm nhiu hn n qun l ng
th v xc nh nhng im tc nghn, nhm nng cao cht lng dch v v d phng
nhng ri ro xy ra trn ng vn chuyn th. Ty theo iu kin kinh t, s pht
trin khoa hc k thut v tnh hnh a l, nhiu nc c nhng ci tin khc nhau
nhm t c hiu qu ti a trong vn chuyn hng v m bo an ton dch v
cng nh gn b, lin kt hn vi bu chnh ca cc nc khc trn th gii.
4.1. Cc cng ngh c s dng
Trong nhiu nm qua, ngnh bu chnh tch cc a nhng cng ngh mi vo s
dng, mt mt gip nng cao cht lng dch v, gim lao ng th cng phc tp cho
ngi lao ng, mt khc l theo kp s pht trin v khoa hc k thut v cng
ngh trn th gii. Nhng cng ngh phi c k n l:
Trang 45
M vch: cng ngh m vch c p dng vo lnh vc tem bu chnh

(tem in t e-stamp) nhm lu li m ca th t c gi i thay th cho tem
bu chnh thng thng.
+
C cc my in v c m vch phc v cho cng tc vn chuyn, khai

thc chia chn cc dch v bu phm bu kin, th t, EMSnhm t
ng ha cc khu phn hng, chia chn ti trung tm khai thc.
Cng ngh web, internet:

+
S dng cc dch v web, my ch web da trn nn tng internet nhm

kt ni cc vng, khu vc khc nhau m bu phm, bu kin i qua
ng b d liu v theo di nh v c bu phm bu kin trong qu
trnh vn chuyn.
Tt c cc my tnh u c kt ni internet v lin kt vi nhau, m

bo theo di c hot ng ca cc n v khc, lin thng v ng b
trong cc hot ng vi nhau.
Cng ngh RFID: y l cng ngh mi nht ang c nghin cu v p dng

ngy cng rng ri cho ngnh bu chnh vi nhiu mc ch:
+
Lu vt, theo di nh v bu phm, bu kin, th t.
Theo di, kim tra thi gian ton trnh khi vn chuyn bu phm bu
kin trong h thng Test mail.
Tin ti bu chnh in t, vi cc thng th hay bu gi cng c

gn th RFID, gip t ng v nhanh chng xc nh c v tr bu
phm, bu kin.
Ti Chu , bu chnh Hn Quc cng c k hoch a cng ngh ny

vo ng dng trong nm 2007.
Ngoi cc cng ngh ny c a vo s dng cho vic gim st qun l nh gi

cht lng bu chnh, vic p dng v tin hc ha cc hot ng nghip v ca ngnh
cng c thc hin nhm dn thay th nhng hot ng th cng bng my mc t
ng, lu tr d liu trn my tnh v thc hin cc hot ng bng my tnh, gim
thiu lao ng bng tay. Vi nhng c gng v n lc ny, ngnh bu chnh c
nhiu ci tin cho cht lng dch v, thi gian ton trnh v mc tiu cn t c khi
vn chuyn bu gi tng ln (cc mc tiu ny c xt n vi t l hi lng khch
hng, th gi m bo thi gian a ra, tc chuyn pht, tnh n nh v an ton khi
gi th).
Vic p dng nhng cng ngh mi vo ngnh bu chnh l yu cu cp thit c th
nng cao cht lng dch v v ci tin cng tc gim st cho ngnh trong iu kin
bu chnh ngy cng pht trin mnh m vi t l bu gi c gi i hng nm ngy
cng tng. Bu chnh Vit Nam cng p dng internet, m vch cho ngnh bu
chnh nhng cng ngh RFID hin ti vn l cha kh thi do gi c v yu cu bo mt
cho cng ngh ny vn cn cha trit , khng ph hp tnh hnh kinh t ca Vit
Nam. Trong mt vi nm ti, p dng cng ngh mi ny l hon ton c th c th
kt ni vi th gii trong hot ng bu chnh chung.

Trang 46
4.2. Hiu qu t c
Cng ngh hin i c p dng cho ngnh bu chnh em li nhiu li ch ng
k, gip dn dn hnh thnh nn cc bu cc in t, giao dch qua mng v ti u ha
cc hot ng nghip v ca ngnh. Chng khng nhng gp phn nng cao nng
sut, cht lng ca ngnh m cn khng nh s pht trin ca ngnh bu chnh vi
i ng nhn vin c tay ngh, kin thc ngy cng cao, theo kp s pht trin ca
khoa hc v cng ngh trn th gii. Hiu qu m nhng cng ngh ny t c
c th k n l:
-
Nng cao cht lng ca ngnh. Vic p dng khoa hc cng ngh gip
ngnh bu chnh gim st c cc dch v m ngnh phc v, theo di v p
ng c nhanh nht nhng thay i ca khch hng, m bo khch hng
lun c hi lng.
Gim thiu lao ng th cng. Tin hc ha cc h thng nghip v vi cc

cng ngh nhn dng(nh m vch, RFID) thay th cho tem bu chnh bng
giy, lu tr thng tin trn c s d liu gip gim bt gnh nng v phc
tp cho cc hot ng nghip v ca ngnh, vic lu tr v kim tra thng tin
cng d dng v thun tin hn.
Lin kt v kt ni vi cc cng ty con, cc thnh vin khc trong cng mt t

chc d dng v hiu qu da trn internet. y thc s l mt bc tin mi
gip ng b v theo di c d liu, thng tin v cc bu gi t cc khu vc
khc nhau, gip qun l tt hn tnh trng, thi gian ton trnh ca mt bu gi
hay th t. Cc h thng nh v v theo di bu gi dn ra i, vi thng
tin c qun l online t ngi qun tr cng khin khch hng hi lng bi
h c th bit thng tin v bu gi ca mnh bt c lc no.
Tng nng sut sn xut kinh doanh. Vi s lng bu gi tng ln hng nm

th vic p dng khoa hc cng ngh gip tng nng sut sn xut kinh doanh
cc dch v ny, to nn s pht trin ca ton ngnh
Vic p dng khoa hc cng ngh c nhiu li ch cho hot ng ca ton ngnh, nng
cao cht lng dch v v tng nng sut sn xut kinh doanh ng thi cng gp phn
thay i cch thc sn xut v qun l theo hng t ng v hin i ha. Trong
tng lai, cng ngh ang c quan tm nhiu nht l RFID trong vic nh gi v
gim st cht lng dch v bu chnh, theo di nh v bu gi khi i qua nhng ni
khc nhau.
4.3. Xu hng cng ngh ng dng trong vic gim st cht lng dch v bu
phm, bu kin
Hin ti, vic gim st v qun l c cht lng dch v bu phm bu kin cng
nh th thng l yu cu cn thit hot ng bu chnh ngy cng pht trin v
phc v khch hng tt hn. Trn th gii v Vit Nam vn cha c hnh thc no tht
s r rng cho vic nh gi v kim tra cht lng, tt c u ty thuc vo c im
ring ca mi nc m cha h c mt quy nh chung. Cng ngh RFID l mt cng
ngh mi c p dng cho nhiu ngnh ngh khc nhau trong c c bu chnh,
nhm theo di v gim st c hnh trnh ca bu gi. u im r rng khi s dng
cng ngh mi ny l c th theo di c thi gian ton trnh khi mt bu phm bu
kin c gi i cho ti khi n n c tay ngi nhn, t c th thy c thi
Trang 47
gian vn chuyn khai thc c trong gii hn cho php hay khng. iu ny l c bit
quan trng i vi dch v chuyn pht nhanh EMS.
Bn cnh vic ng dng cng ngh RFID, vic a cc ng dng dn ln web theo xu
hng chung cng c quan tm trong thi im hin ti. Khi a cc hot ng
nghip v ln nn web s gip gii quyt vn v thi gian, bt c ai c quyn tham
gia vo h thng cng c th lm vic trc tip vi d liu mt ni khc, thm ch c
th khng cn n c quan m vn c th lm vic c bnh thng. iu ny cng
gip nhn vin lm vic trc tuyn, mi ngi c th trao i trc tip vi nhau v
tnh hnh hot ng m khng cn phi ch i gp mt hoc kt ni in thoi ng
di. Vi cch thc hot ng nh vy khng nhng gim c chi ph cho hot ng
ca h thng m cn gip gim bt cng vic ca nhn vin m vn theo di c
hnh trnh ca bu gi, tnh trng bu gi n ni hay cha v c hng hc, mt
mt hay lc hng hay khng. C cu hot ng ny vn l m c trong tng lai,
cng nh RFID cng ang dn c s dng thay th m vch trong mt vi dch
v bi chi ph v iu kin v cng ngh trong thi im hin ti l khng kh thi.
Khi cc bu cc trong v ngoi nc c th kt ni c vi nhau, theo di c bu
gi c chuyn n t ni ny n ni khc th cht lng dch v ca ngnh bu
chnh s c nng ln ng k. l bi v bu gi c gim st cht ch, c s
sa i kp thi khi i sai hng, khi yu cu ca khch hng thay i hoc a ra
nhng bo co cn thit v tnh hnh hot ng ca mt khu vc no ch trong mt
khong thi gian ngn. V vy, cn n lc a cng ngh mi vo phc v cho cc
hot ng ca ngnh vi s nghin cu v phn tch cn thit nhm ph hp vi c
im ca mi nc cng nh em li c kt qu cao nht cho ngnh.

Trang 48
H tr nghip v khai thc, qun l v nh v bu gi
Mt trong nhng ni dung cng vic yu cu nhiu thi gian v nhn lc nht trong
quy trnh cung cp cc dch v bu gi l vic nhp thng tin v cc loi bu phm,
bu kin c th tin hnh khai thc, theo di, nh v v phc v cng tc qun l.
c bit l ti cc Trung tm u mi Bu chnh nh Cng ty VPS. Nguyn nhn l
hin ti Bu chnh Vit Nam cha h tr cc h thng phn mm cung cp cc dch v
bu gi theo mt quy trnh khp kn, vic trao i thng tin gia cc n v cn rt t,
hoc thng tin trao khng y do h tng mng cn yu km. V vy ti hu ht cc
n v u thc hin thao tc nhp d liu u vo trc ri mi c th tin hnh cc
nghip v khai thc, nh v hay bo co thng k. Vi vic ng dng cng ngh
RFID, Bu chnh Vit Nam c th gim thiu thi gian v nhn lc trong cc khu
nhp d liu u vo m khng cn ph thuc vo thng tin trao i vi n v khc,
c th xut gii php nh sau:
-
Thng tin v bu gi cn qun l, theo di c nhp ti cc im cung cp dch

v v ghi vo th RFID (loi c ghi).
Mi bu gi cn qun l thng tin s c gn vi 1 th RFID
Xy dng mt mng li cc cng gim st (Monitoring Gate) ti cc u mi

khai thc bu gi thu thp thng tin. Tt c cc ti, gi c giao nhn gia i
vn chuyn v cc bu cc phi c a qua cng gim st, c th s dng bng
chuyn hoc xe y.
Pht trin phn mm giao tip hoc truy nhp trc tip ngun thng tin thu c
thc hin cc nghip v khai thc bu chnh v cc cng tc qun l trong phm
vi n v.
c th h tr cng tc nh v bu gi th cn t chc mt trung tm lu tr d liu

tp trung lin quan n ton trnh cung cp cc dch v bu gi v c s cp nht
thng tin t cc im c trin khai cng ngh RFID, c th l nhng im c t cng
gim st
Vi nhng li ch ln ca RFID, vic ng dng n vo lnh vc bu chnh nng cao
nng sut v cht lng dch v l iu ng quan tm. Trong phn tip theo, chng ta
s a ra vic p dng cng ngh ny trong lnh vc gim st v qun l cht lng
dch v bu kin bu phm cho lnh vc bu chnh trong VNPT.

Trang 49
4.4 Kt lun v phng n kh thi

Hai phng n va xut u c nhng u im, chc nng p ng c yu cu
ca cng tc gim st, qun l cht lng dch v BPBK. H thng lu vt, tm du
BPBK nu c xy dng v trin khai hon chnh s tr thnh mt cng c hu hiu
phc v cho cng tc quan l, gim st cht lng dch v BPBK. Ngoi ra, h thng
ny cn c th p ng c vic a ra dch v mi cho khch hng la chn, chng
hn: dch v xem hnh trnh ca BPBK, tm v tr hin thi ca BPBK,V vy, li
ch t vic trin khai h thng lu vt, tm du l rt ln. Tuy nhin, ti thi im hin
ti, xy dng mt h thng nh m t i hi phi c kinh ph kh ln (trang b u
c, ghi ti rt nhiu bu cc, i km l cc my tnh c nhn vi phn mm chuyn
dng), bn cnh , vic trin khai trn ton b cc bu cc yu cu mt h tng k
thut tng i hon chnh v ng u, nhng tn xut s dng ti cc bu cc li
khng nh nhau, nhiu ni s dng vi tn xut thp, gy lng ph cho h thng. Mt
khc, qua kho st cng tc gim st, qun l cht lng dch v BPBK, nhm ti
nhn thy, yu cu trc mt cho cng tc gim st l kim tra thi gian ton trnh ca
gi th thng. Vic kim tra c bt u ti mt a im xc nh no , gi th
kim tra i v c th ghi li thi gian ti cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc.
T nhng yu cu trc mt ca n v c chc nng qun l, gim st cht lng
dch v BPBK, nhng u im ca h thng xut cng vi h tng k thut hin ti
v thc t ca vic cung cp thit b, nhm ti i ti quyt nh la chn phng
n xy dng H thng Test Mail da trn cc l do sau y:
-
Ph hp vi yu cu hin ti ca n v c chc nng qun l, gim st cht

lng dch v BPBK
Cho php kim tra thi gian ton trnh mt cc chnh xc, khch quan
S lng u c, u c/ghi nh do ch trin khai ti cc trung tm bu chnh

khu vc, ti n v bt u gi th kim tra v ti Bu nh mt s Tnh/Thnh
ph (H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh)
H tng k thut ti cc a im trin khai (my tnh c nhn, h thng mng)

p ng vic ci t, kt ni CSDL ca H thng Test Mail

Trang 50
V. PHN TCH, THIT K H THNG NG DNG RFID TRONG QUN L

V NNG CAO CHT LNG DCH V BU PHM BU KIN
5.1 Phn tch, thit k h thng k thut
5.1.1 M hnh chung ca h thng
H thng Test Mail c xy dng l mt h thng thng nht ti cc im trin khai.
Tuy nhin, cc chc nng s c phn quyn theo ngi dng hoc theo im trin
khai (l ni gi th kim tra i hay trung tm khai thc bu chnh, ).
Hnh 5.1: M hnh chung ca h thng Test Mail

Trang 51
H thng hot ng nh sau:

Th kim tra xut pht t Ban BC-PHBC v cc n v c chc nng qun l, gim st
cht lng dch v BPBK. Th kim tra s c hnh dng nh mt bc th thng
thng vi y thng tin ngi nhn v ngi gi. im khc bit ca th kim tra
so vi th thng l trong th c cha th RFID (dng nhn giy hoc loi th plastic
mm). Ti y, ngi s dng s c quyn ghi nhng thng tin cn thit ln th v ghi
vo CSDL.
Ti cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc v cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/Thnh
ph (H Ni v TP.H Ch Minh) s c cc h thng Cng gim st (Monitoring Gate
System) cho php pht hin s c mt ca cc th c cha th bn trong. Mi th qua
x l ti trung tm u phi i qua cng gim st ny. Mi khi pht hin ra c th
trong bn knh pht hin ca u c, u c s nhn tn hiu, truyn v my tinh v
cp nht t ng vo CSDL. Ton b c ch trn s c thc hin t ng, khng c
s tham gia ca con ngi m bo tnh khch quan cho qu trnh gi th kim tra.
Khi kt thc hnh trnh ca mnh, th kim tra s c gi li v ghi nhn vo h
thng ngy kt thc. Qua s kim tra c thi gian ton trnh ca th kim tra
cng nh thi gian x l ti cc trung tm bu chnh (cn kim tra).
Vic kim tra nh trn din ra hon ton khch quan v ch c u c ( cng gim
st) mi c th pht hin ra s c mt ca th kim tra. Con ngi khng th pht hin
ra cc th ny, v vy, s khng c hin tng u tin x l th kim tra nhanh hn th
thng.
5.1.2 M t chc nng h thng
H thng Test Mail c trin khai thng nht ti cc a im. Cc chc nng s c
phn quyn theo ngi s dng hoc theo a im trin khai.
H thng c cc chc nng chnh c m t trong hnh 6.2
(1) Chc nng qun l ngi dng: chc nng ny nhm phn quyn ngi
dng, cp ti khon vo h thng ch cho nhng ngi c lin quan.
-
Ngi qun tr h thng c quyn thm, sa hoc xa thnh vin c th tham

gia h thng cng nh gii hn quyn ca h i vi h thng ny (v d nh
ch c quyn c, c c quyn c-ghi)
Ngi qun tr h thng c th tm kim thng tin chi tit v ngi dng, gim
st ai l ngi s dng h thng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
(2) Chc nng qun l h thng:

-
To cho mi ngi dng mt ti khon v yu cu ng nhp ng mi c kh

nng truy cp v s dng h thng
Khi c cc phin bn nng cp, d dng cp nht phin bn mi t nh sn xut
Chc nng i mt khu c hiu lc vi c nh qun tr v ngi dng h

thng (ngi dng ch c kh nng i mt khu ca mnh, nh qun tr c
ton quyn i vi nhng ngi dng khc trong h thng).

Trang 52
Hnh 5.2: S chc nng ca h thng Test Mail

(3) Gi th kim tra
-
Ghi thng tin ln th: do ban bu chnhpht hnh bo ch thc hin. Ghi li
nhng thng tin v ngy gi gi, ngi gi
Ghi thng tin vo c s d liu: song song vi thng tin lu vo th, cn lu

li vo c s d liu kim tra v gim st sau ny.
(4) Xc nhn th kim tra

-
Cp nht thng tin vo c s d liu: khi th i qua nhng a im c t u

c, u c t ng c d liu v lu vo c s d liu thi gian, v tr hin
ti.
Cp nht thng tin ln th: ch p dng cho ban BC-PHBC (khi mun sa i
thng tin), cc n v khc c kim tra nn khng c chc nng cp nht v
ghi thng tin ln th.
(5) Kim tra thng tin

-
Kim tra ng th: ban bu chnh xem xt ng th m th Test s i qua.
nh v th kim tra: bit c v tr hin ti ca th test, i qua u v c

kh nng ang v tr no.
5.2 Kin trc chung ca h thng Test Mail

H thng Test Mail l mt h thng phn tn, c t chc ph hp theo m hnh qun
l h thng bu chnh. Hnh v sau y m t tng qun h thng Test Mail cng nh
cc gi phn mm chnh ca h thng:

Trang 53
Hnh 5.3: Kin trc chung ca h thng TestMail

H thng Test Mail bao gm cc h thng con nh sau:
-
H thng Test Mail II
H thng Test Mail I
H thng Test Mail CMS
Vi cc h thng nh trn, m hnh v lu tr d liu v phng thc kt ni mng ti

cc a im trin khai d kin nh sau:
Ti cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP: d liu thu c t cng kim sot

t ti cc trung tm v cc th test (bu gi test) qua trung tm c lu tr ca
tng Trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP c lu tr cc b, p ng nhu cu
v tc , tnh sn sng. My tnh ti cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP kt
ni v VPS m trung tm trc thuc truyn/nhn d liu thng qua
LAN/Leased Line/ISDN/PSTN.
Ti VPS I, II, III: Lu tr d liu v cc th test ca tt c cc Trung tm khai
thc u mi Tnh/TP trc thuc. Truyn nhn d liu vi Trung tm iu hnh
mng (Ban Post*Net) thng qua Leased Line/Dial up.

Trang 54
H thng qun l tp trung: Thao tc vi CSDL tp trung ti Post*Net thng qua

kt ni Leased Line, s dng m hnh Client/Server.
Trung tm iu hnh mng/Trung tm d liu (Ban Post*Net): Lu tr tp trung
ton b d liu cc dch v chuyn tin ton quc.
Cc n v c chc nng qun l cht lng dch v BPBK (n v cn gi th
kim tra): d liu khi to ca cc th test s c lu tr ti CSDL cc b ca
cc n v ny, d liu ny sau s c truyn v Trung tm d liu (t ti
Ban Post * Net) thng qua Leased Line/Dial up.
5.2.1 H thng Test Mail II

a. Cc khi chc nng
c trin khai ti cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP (H Ni, TP.H Ch
Minh, Nng), phn mm Test Mail II l mt thnh phn ca gi sn phm Test
Mail, cung cp cc chc nng h tr x l d liu nhn t h thng cng kim sot
t ti cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP v cc chc nng truyn, nhn d
liu vi cc VPS m trung tm trc thuc. Cc khi chc nng ln ca phn mm
Test Mail II bao gm:
-
Khi chc nng qun l h thng: Cung cp cc chc nng cu hnh h thng Test
Mail II
Khi chc nng qun l ngi dng: Cung cp cc chc nng phn quyn ngi
dng, thm/sa/xa ngi dng, tm kim thng tin ngi dng
Khi chc nng xc nhn th (bu gi) kim tra: Cung cp chc nng cp nht t
ng ID ca th (BPBK) i qua cng kim sot ti trung tm cng vi cc thng
tin cn thit v th (BPBK) nh: ngy, gi ti trung tm; ngy gi ri trung tm,
Khi chc nng truyn nhn d liu: Cung cp cc chc nng truyn d liu ln
cc VPS m trung tm trc thuc.
Vi cc khi chc nng nh trn, h thng Test Mail II cn c:
-
CSDL cc b ca trung tm u mi Tnh/TP (giai on mt: ti cc trung tm

khai thc u mi H Ni, TP H Ch Minh, Nng)
Dch v truyn thng h tr nhim v truyn thng vi H thng Test Mail I m

trung tm khai thc trc thuc
Phn mm Test Mail II vi cc chc nng k trn
b. M hnh d liu ti trung tm u mi Tnh/TP

Hnh v sau din t m hnh CSDL cho mi trung tm u mi Tnh/TP:

Trang 55
Hnh 5.4: M hnh d liu ti bu cc

-
H qun tr CSDL: Ti mi trung tm u mi Tnh/TP s s dng mt h qun tr

CSDL MS SQL Server phin bn Desktop Edition. H qun tr CSDL ny s qun
l CSDL cc b lu tr cc thng tin v tt c nhng bu gi test (th hoc bu
phm c gn th RFID) i qua cng kim sot ti trung tm.
M hnh truy nhp h qun tr CSDL: Cc phn mm Test Mail II kt ni vo

CSDL ny thng qua m hnh mng cc b ngang hng.
Ni dung CSDL: CSDL ny cha ton b d liu phc v cho h thng Test Mail
II
Qun tr h CSDL: Vic qun tr h qun tr CSDL ny do cn b tin hc ti trung

tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP chu trch nhim
5.2.2 H thng Test Mail I

a. Cc khi chc nng
c trin khai ti VPSI, II, III, phn mm Test Mail I l mt thnh phn ca gi sn
phm Test Mail, cung cp cc chc nng h tr x l d liu nhn t h thng cng
kim sot t ti VPS, cc chc nng truyn, nhn d liu vi cc trung tm khai thc
u mi Tnh/TP trc thuc v vi trung tm d liu t ti Ban Post * Net. Cc khi
chc nng ln ca phn mm Test Mail I bao gm
-
Mail II
Khi chc nng xc nhn th (bu gi) kim tra: Cung cp chc nng cp nht t
ng ID ca th (BPBK) i qua cng kim sot ti trung tm cng vi cc thng
tin cn thit v th (BPBK) nh: ng ayy, gi ti trung tm; ngy gi ri trung tm,

Trang 56
Khi chc nng truyn/nhn d liu: Cung cp cc chc nng truyn d liu ln
trung tm d liu t ti Ban Post * Net, ng thi cung cp cc chc nng nhn d
liu t cc Trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP trc thuc
Vi cc khi chc nng nh trn, h thng Test Mail I cn c:
-
CSDL tp trung ti VPS I, II, III
Dch v truyn thng h tr nhim v truyn thng vi cc trung tm u mi

Tnh/TP, vi H thng qun l tp trung CMS
Phn mm s dng ti VPS I, II, III: phn mm Test Mail I vi cc chc nng
tng ng
b. M hnh d liu
Hnh 5.5: M hnh d liu ti VPS I, II, III

-
H qun tr CSDL: Ti VPS I, II, III s s dng mt h qun tr CSDL MS SQL

Server phin bn Enterprise Edition. H qun tr CSDL ny s qun l CSDL cc
b lu tr cc thng tin thu nhn v cc th hoc bu gi test c gn th RFID i
qua cc cng kim sot t ti trung tm
M hnh truy nhp h qun tr CSDL: Cc phn mm Test Mail I s kt ni vo

CSDL ny thng qua m hnh mng cc b ngang hng.
Ni dung CSDL: CSDL ny cha ton b d liu phc v cho h thng Test Mail I.
Qun tr h CSDL: Vic qun tr h qun tr CSDL ny do cn b tin hc ti VPS I,

II, III thc hin
5.2.3 H thng qun l tp trung (H thng Test Mail CMS)

Trang 57
Hnh 5.6: M hnh d liu ti Ban Post * Net

Phn mm Test Mail CMS l mt thnh phn ca gi sn phm Test Mail, cung cp
cc chc nng h tr x l d liu nhn t VPSI, II, III v trong tng lai, khi kt ni
vi h thng Continuous Testing ca IPC, Test Mail CSM s cung cp thm cc chc
nng truyn, nhn d liu trung tm d liu ca h thng qun l tp trung CMS ca
IPC t ti Brussels-B. Cc khi chc nng ln ca phn mm Test Mail CMS bao
gm:
-
Mail CMS
Khi chc nng truyn/nhn d liu: Cung cp cc chc nng nhn d liu t cc
h thng Test Mail II ti VPS I, II, III
Vi cc khi chc nng nh trn, H thng Test Mail CMS gm c:
-
CSDL tp trung
Dch v truyn thng h tr nhim v truyn thng vi VPS I, II, II, Website ca
h thng Test Mail
Phn mm s dng ti h thng qun l tp trung: phn mm Test Mail CMS, c

y cc chc nng thit k.
5.3 Cc yu cu khi pht trin h thng RFID

Pht trin v trin khai h thng RFID i hi nhng yu cu kht khe v kh phc
tp. Vic chn thit b cho ph hp vi h thng, s lng th, tn s, quan tm n
cc yu t mi trng v kh nng c d liucn c quan tm c th s dng

Trang 58
v p dng vo thc t mt cch hiu qu nht. Chng ta s xem xt mt vi c im

ca th, u c RFID vi nhng nh hng v rng buc vi cc iu kin bn ngoi
trong vic a cng ngh ny vo s dng qun l v nh gi cht lng dch v
bu phm bu kin hay Test Mail.
5.3.1 Mi trng v yu cu ca h thng
Kh hu Vit Nam l kh hu nhit i m gi ma v li c s khc nhau kh r rt
gia cc vng trong c nc trong khi bu phm, bu kin hay th li phi vn chuyn
qua kh nhiu tnh/thnh ph. V vy, vi cc bu gi, th t c gn th RFID cn
phi m bo th vn c kh nng hot ng, khng b mt tn hiu trong nhng
iu kin cho php. iu ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic chn la loi th, tn s
hot ng hay mi trng s dngChng ta s xem xt yu t mi trng c nh
hng n cht lng, tui th, kh nng truyn v c tn hiu ca th nh th no
c th a ra la chn tt nht cho ng dng Test Mail.
-
Vi tn s: Vi mi loi tn s khc nhau (nh LF, HF hay UHF) kh nng

truyn tn hiu cng khc nhau, mi loi hot ng tt trong mt mi trng
nht nh no .
+
Tn s HF: rt tin cy vi khong cch gn, hot ng tt nht trong mi

trng cht lng, truyn tn hiu km hn vi kim loi.
Tn s UHF: c khong cch c kh ln, hot ng khng tt trong mi

trng cht lng v kim loi do b nhng mi trng ny hp th nng
lng khi truyn qua.
Ngoi ra cn c tn s thuc di sng cc ngn v tn s thp. Tuy nhin

2 loi tn s ny t c s dng hn, tn s thp ch yu c dng
nhn dng ng vt, chng trm; sng cc ngn dng cho h thng iu
khin xe c.
Th UHF nhy cm vi cc yu t mi trng hn so vi cc th hot ng thuc di

tn s khc. Nhiu yu t, trong c c cc yu t vt l v mi trng nh hng
n kh nng c v tnh chnh xc ca th. Vi mi trng lng, kim loi hay trong
nhng iu kin thi tit khc nghit nh nhit thp hay m cao, kh nng c
ca th u gim xung. Tuy nhin, RFID l loi cng ngh kh nhy cm i vi cc
yu t mi trng nn chng cn c s dng theo di s thay i ca nhit ,
m, bo nhng thay i ny v cho my tnh trung tm a ra nhng x l kp
thi cho nhng sn phm hay thit b c gn km th RFID. Chng vn c th hot
ng trong nhng iu kin mi trng kh khc nghit nn s dng cng ngh ny
em li s kinh t v hiu qu cao, m bo h thng vn c th vn hnh v hot
ng bnh thng. Hn na, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc sn phm mi tip
tc ra i khc phc nhng nhc im ca th RFID, v d nh cng ngh Smart
Active Label c a ra cho nhng th RFID c s dng cho cc mi trng cht
lng hay kim loi (nh nc soda, nc hoa qu). Nhng yu t vt l v mi
trng nh hng n s hot ng ca th RFID nh sau:
-
nh hng ca mi trng ti kh nng c th: Mi trng hot ng ca th

bao gm c nhng yu t vt l v cc yu t v thi tit, kh hu, m, nhit
Tt c nhng yu t ny u lm gim kh nng c ca th cng nh
chnh xc ca thit b. Tuy nhin, cc yu t ny khng lm nh hng ln n

Trang 59
hot ng ca th v u kh nng chp nhn c. Kim tra ca LOGSA

PSCC vi th RFID ch ng cho kt qa nh sau:
+
nh hng ca nhit cao: Cc th c chn s c o kh nng

c tn hiu trc khi kim tra v c o li sau khi nng nhit ln
khong 85oC sau 4h. Sau , sau khong 2h, nhit c gim xung
cn 230C (iu kin nhit bnh thng), vi m khng kh l 50%.
Kt qu cui cng, tt c cc th u c c thnh cng qua 3 cng
kim tra, ngun pin ca cc th khng h b yu i hay b cht. Tuy
nhin, cc th bng nha b bin dng mt cht khi a sang mc nhit
cao v c gim i khi c lm lnh nhng vn b bin dng.
Nhit thp: Mt s th c chn cho vic kim tra ny. Nhit

c a xung thp (<0oC). Kt qu t c rt kh quan: khng c
ngun pin no ca th b yu i v cc th vn c kh nng c c
nhit thp. Tuy c mt vi th khi mi c a vo mi trng nhit
thp khng th hot ng c nhng sau khong thi gian >=1h,
chng bt u hot ng tr li v c c qua ht cc u c.
Khi th b t: Cc th c kim tra trc khi a ra tri ma. Sau 1h,

kh nng c ca cc th ny c kim tra li. Kt qu cho thy, tt c
cc th u c c thnh cng qua cc im c t u c. Ngun
pin ca cc th cng khng h b nh hng trong sut qu trnh kim
tra.
Trong nhng mi trng nguy him: kim tra s hot ng ca th trong

mi trng nhit thp, mi trng nc, nhit tng ln cao, cng
rnh, mng mng Cc th ny c kim tra qua 14 mi trng khc
nhau. Qua bi kim tra ny, ngun pin ca th c yu i, mt s th
khng th hot ng v yu cu phi thay li ngun pin. Kh nng c
ca th cng gim. Tuy nhin, cc th vn c kh nng c c khi ch
tri qua th nghim ch trong mt hoc hai mi trng.
nh hng ca sng mui: Cc th c kim tra u c c thnh

cng qua 5 u c th. Ngun pin ca cc th cng khng b yu i.
Mt vi th khng th c c trong mi trng ny nhng ch sau
24h, chng c th hot ng bnh thng.
Mi trng nc v ngm trong nc: Nhit ca nc ngm th c

duy tr khong <=20oC. Tt c cc th c kim tra u c thnh
cng qua 5 u c. Ngun pin cng khng h b suy yu khi a vo
trong mi trng nc trong sut qu trnh kim tra.
Khi b ng bng: Cc th c ngm trong nc lnh v ng bng

nhit thp. Tt c cc u c u c th hot ng bnh thng vi
iu kin ny, ngun pin ca chng khng h b hng hay suy yu. Sau
khi tan chy, nhng vch ngn ca pin u b nc xm nhp nhng
chng cng khng nh hng nhiu n s hot ng ca th.
Kim tra th cng: cc th c nh ri v kim tra li kh nng c

ngay sau xem kh nng chu s va p ca cc th nh th no.
Kt qu cho thy tt c cc th u c c thnh cng qua cc u c

Trang 60
c dng kim tra. Tuy nhin, s va chm lm cho phn bao ph b

mt pin b trt i so vi ban u. Cc th nha khng h b ph hy hay
h hng khi xy ra va chm.
+
Trong tt c nhng kim tra ni trn, th RFID u c kim

nghim vi nhng yu t vt l. Khng c s ph hy no vi cc th
nha hay s n mn xy ra vi cc th bng kim loi. Chng c th hot
ng tt trong nhng mi trng khc nghit, chu c nhit cao,
ng bng, m ln v chu c s thay i ca p sut. Chnh v kh
nng bn vng ca thit b ny m th RFID ngy cng c ng dng
rng ri trong cc ngnh ngh trong x hi, vn chuyn hng ha hay o
s thay i ca mi trng.
Vi Vit Nam, th RFID hon ton c th c s dng m khng cn phi lo lng v

s nh hng ca mi trng i vi th hay nhng hng hc c th xy ra bi nhng
nh hng trong iu kin c th chp nhn c. Ch trong nhng iu kin c
bit khc nghit, th RFID mi b ph hy v k th hot ng, mt tn hiu v khng
thc hin c chc nng nh mong i.
-
V tui th ca th: th RFID phn chia ra lm 3 loi ch ng, th ng v

bn th ng. S phn chia ny ty thuc vo vic th c s dng ngun pin
duy tr nng lng hot ng hay khng v tui th ca th khc nhau vi
nhng loi th ny.
Tnh cht
Th th ng
Ngun nng lng
S dng ngun C s dng pin

nng lng t bn
ngoi ( t u c)
Khong cch c Khong 1-3m

th
Th bn th ng
Khong 3m
Th ch ng
C s dng pin
Ln ti 200m
Kiu b nh
Hu nh l ch c c-ghi
c-ghi
Chi ph
Khong vi usd
T 2-10$
Hn 20$
Tui th
Ln ti 20 nm
2-7 nm
Khong 5-10 nm
Bng 5.1. Tnh cht chung ca th RFID

Nh vy, th RFID c tui th l kh cao v li c th s dng li v n c kh nng
c ghi, s lm gim chi ph ng k khi s dng th trong vic vn chuyn v gn
km vi hng ha. iu kin mi trng hu nh khng c nh hng n tui th
ca th, tui th ca th ph thuc vo ngun nng lng m th c s dng hay tn
dng t bn ngoi (nh u c).
Vic la chn th RFID ph thuc vo yu cu v quy m ca h thng. Khong cch
c c ca th cng l mt yu t quan trng cn quan tm ph hp vi nhng
thit b khc cng nh vic c v kim tra d liu i vi nhng vt phm lin quan.
i vi nhng tn s khc nhau, khong cch c c ca th c khc nhau. V d,
Trang 61
th HF c khong cch c th vo khong 3m trong khi th UHF c th c th trong

khong 9m. V vy, vic la chn thit b v tn s cn cn nhc n vic th tham gia
vo nhng thnh phn no ca h thng, nh hng n nhng khu vc no v yu
cu h thng nh th no. i vi ngnh bu chnh, ti cc b phn khai thc chia
chn l kh rng ln, khong cch c th 9m l tng i ph hp.
5.3.2 iu kin v bo mt
Khi pht trin bt c mt h thng hay p dng cng ngh no, vn bo mt l vn
rt c quan tm, c bit vi cc ng dng cho ngnh bu chnh v bu gi hay
th t u c lin quan t nhiu n thng tin c nhn v tnh ring t ca ngi s
dng. RFID c p dng cho Test Mail kim tra cht lng dch v bu phm bu
kin, thi gian ton trnh khi mt bu gi hay th c vn chuyn v ti tay ngi
dng trong khong thi gian l bao nhiu lu. Cc thng tin lin quan u c lu chi
tit ln th nn khi a vo s dng vn bo mt phi c quan tm v ch .
m bo mt h thng RFID c a vo s dng an ton v bo mt thng tin,
nhng vn cn phi xem xt l:
-
Chi ph: gi thnh hin ti ca th v u c ca RFID vn cn l kh cao,

l cha tnh n c cc kha cnh bo mt cho thit b v cho h thng. V d,
vi cc th RFID ang c trn th trng th gi thnh ch vo khong 25 xu
M, nhng khi c thm tnh nng bo mt (m ha tn hiu RFID) th gi thnh
ln ti 5 USD. Con s ny l khng nh khi s dng RFID i tr v cho nhiu
dch v.
+
u c v cc phn mm c/ghi c gi thnh kh cao cng khin cho

vn b tin tc tn cng nhm n cp hay sa i d liu trn th c
hn ch. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai khi gi thnh h xung th vn
bo mt li tr nn nghim trng v hin ti gii php bo mt cho RFID
vn cha tht s hiu qu.
Yu cu v bo mt khi pht trin h thng: Mt h thng tng hp v s dng

d liu c nh gi qua cc yu t nh tnh sn c, tnh ton vn v tnh b
mt.
+
Tnh sn c: thng tin c truy cp cho nhng ngi cn n v vo bt

c khi no h cn. Tuy vy, h thng RFID c th b tn cng v gp
nguy him, mt mt thng tin. V d, mt ngi no c th bt c
tn s radio gia th v u c hoc s dng mt th blocker (th c
chc nng ngn cn) che du tn hiu ca tt c cc th khc trong
phm vi nh hng ca n. iu ny s gy ra nhng hu qu c bit
nghim trng, v thng tin c th b r r hoc ngn cn s hot ng lin
tc ca h thng.
Tnh ton vn: thng tin ch c th c chnh sa bi nhng ngi c

quyn hn. Vic ny c th c thc hin vi vic bo mt, phn quyn
cho h thng phn mm, cung cp ti khon b mt cho nhng ngi
tham gia vo h thng hoc m ha tn hiu th RFID t pha nh sn
xut.

Trang 62
+
Tnh b mt: Gii hn thng tin cho nhng ngi c kh nng truy cp
h thng, mi ngi ch bit c thng tin lin quan n phn vic ca
mnh.
Tnh ring t khi s dng RFID:

+
Khi s dng cng ngh RFID chng ta khng cn s dng mt tia sng
(ging nh m vch) m ch cn mt th trong phm vi ca u c l
u c c th c c thng tin ca th . Chnh v vy, nhng thng
tin ring t ca khch hng s tip tc c theo di v truyn qua
khng gian bi sng radio v c th c c bt k lc no bi mt u
c no . Trong kh nng hin ti, vn ny c th c gim bt
bi th th ng ch c khong cch hot ng l tm vi mt, do khi
ra khi phm vi ny th th RFID s khng b nh hng na, trong khi
th RFID ch ng li kh t v cha c s dng rng ri v i
tr.
Nhm m bo s an ton v ring t khi s dng RFID, chnh ph ca

cc quc gia khc nhau a ra nhng iu lut v hng dn khc
nhau cho nhng nh sn xut v ngi dng khi c s dng cng ngh
ny. Bn cnh , cc t chc bo v, cc ngnh cng nghip, nhng
cng ngh tng cng nhm nng cao tnh bo mt cho h thng cng
c nghin cu v pht trin v RFID l mt cng ngh rt ha hn v
c nhiu li ch trong hot ng nhn dng, lu vt v tm du t ng.
Tnh bo mt: Ngy nay hu ht cc my tnh u kt ni Internet v cc h

thng u chuyn dn sang ng dng trn nn web nn kh nng r r v mt
mt thng tin ngy cng tng ln. Nu khng c c ch bo mt v lu tr d
liu mt cch cn thn, nhng thng tin b mt v bn v cng ty c th c c
th gii bit n v gy ra nhng hu qu ht sc nghim trng. Ging nh bt
c mt h thng phn tn no, xc nh chin lc bo mt cho h thng
RFID, chng ta phi xem xt tt c cc kh nng c th dn n vic mt mt v
r r thng tin. Hnh di m t cc thnh phn ca mt h thng RFID: u
c v th giao tip vi nhau qua sng radio, u c kt ni ti RFID service
bus (cc middleware, trnh qun l s kin,). Cc thnh phn trong Service
Bus s kt ni ti h thng thng tin khc, k c mc kin trc c s h tng v
mc ng dng truyn d liu.
Bn min bo mt cn quan tm khi p dng h thng RFID gm:

+
Th RFID: 2 im yu d b tin tc li dng nhm truy cp thng tin tri

php l
D liu m th lu tr khng h c m ha. Nhng thc
hin c iu , th cn c nhiu dung lng lu tr v cc
bng mch in hn. iu ny c ngha l s lm tng chi ph cho
sn phm, thi gian x l dn n nh hng ti cc hng ha,
vt phm c s dng th.
Khi khng c s gim st v mt vt l, bt k mt ngi no
cng c th di chuyn v tro i mt th ny vi mt th khc.

Trang 63
Vn ny s nguy him nu mt ngi no c th vo khu

vc cm v ly th (tro i) tm cch nghin cu xm nhp
nhm thay i ni dung ca th.

Trang 64
Min 4
H THNG ENTERPRISE
ERP& cc ng
dng Khc
Enterprise
Middleware
Min 3
Min 1
Min 2
SERVICE BUS
TH
U
C
ONS
Thng tin EPC
Middleware
Server
tch hp
RFID
Qun l s kin
RFID
Dch v RFID
bn ngoi
Cc cng ty/thnh vin
Hnh 5.7: Cc min bo mt ca h thng RFID

Cc bin php nhm i ph vi cho nhng ri ro ny nh gim st quyn ra/vo cho
nhng khu vc vt l c t th, theo di s bun bn v vn chuyn vi cc hng ha
c gn th RFID, yu cu quyn truy cp gii hn vi nhng thng tin bo mt trn th
(v d m bo mt EPC trong cu trc lu gi thng tin ca th) hay s dng th c
kh nng ghi li thng tin ch nhng ni nht nh v phi c quyn s dng chnh
xc (c v vt l v v m ha thng tin). Nhng hn ch ny ch gp phn lm gim
n mc thp nht nhng nguy c t vic n cp thng tin v d liu t th ca tin tc.
+
u c RFID: u c RFID thng thng kt ni vi mng Ethernet qua

kt ni khng dy hoc kt ni thng thng. Nguy c xy ra vi u c
c th l lung d liu i t th ti u c khng c m ha v cc u
c khng c chng thc quyn hn c th (tc l bt c mt u
c no cng c kh nng c th m khng a ra nhng quy nh ring

Trang 65
bit cho vic u c no c th c c thng tin t nhng th nh th

no v ngc li). Nhng nguy c ny c th lm h thng cht hoc mt
thng tin vi nhng kiu tn cng DoS, la o hay cc tn cng v giao
thc truyn nhn d liu.
Bin php khc phc:
Giao tip gia u c v th c th c m ha. iu ny cng

khin chi ph cho thit b tng ln do cn thm cc bng mch in
t. Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh bn dn, chi ph cho
th v u c RFID c th r hn.
u c cn c lp trnh c nhng quyn chng thc khi tham

gia vo nhng dch v ca h thng.
Nu h thng c trin khai v truyn d liu vi mng Lan khng

dy cn c cu hnh bo mt ht sc cn thn cho cc im truy
cp khng dy (access points).
Nu trin khai h thng qua internet, cn c cc firewall, h thng

pht hin tn cng, phn mm gin ipnhm hn ch v ngn
chn nhng him ha t internet.
Knh dch v RFID: knh dch v RFID l mt nhm cc thnh phn

RFID middleware bao gm Object Name System, qun l s kin EPC,
server. Nguy c c th xy ra khi cc knh dch v giao tip vi h thng
thng tin enterprise ca ton doanh nghip (thng qua mng Lan hoc
WAN) v cc cng ty thnh vin hay cc cng ty khc thng qua Internet,
khi c th b ci vo cc phn mm gin ip, do thm, nghe trm
Bin php khc phc:
S dng quyn truy cp gii hn cho cc thnh vin c lin quan, ci

t cc phn mm, h thng chng gin ip, firewall
EPCglobal c thnh lp mt nhm bo mt nhm gip bo mt v m

ha cc lung thng tin qua Internet.
EPCglobal cng a ra nhng gi bo mt nh ch k s khi s

dng cng ngh RFID.
Min cui cng cn quan tm n trong vn bo mt cho mt h thng

RFID l h thng thng tin Enterprise. H thng ny bao gm nhng h
thng con nh Directory, Identify Management, Access Controlv tt c
nhng h thng ph tr tng hp d liu RFID. H thng ph tr ny
bao gm cc h thng ERP. Nguy c c th xy ra khi vic truyn d liu
RFID b trn b nh, d liu lu tr tim n cc thng tin khng mong
mun hay cc thng tin nhy cm. Khi , c th b r r nhng thng tin
b mt.
Bin php khc phc trong trng hp ny l hn ch quyn truy cp

mng, s dng cc c ch bo mt mng hiu qu v xem xt cn
thn nhng thng tin c nhn b r r c th b lm dng ti mc no
gim thiu nguy c thit hi khi b tn cng.

Trang 66
Nh vy, vn bo mt cho RFID cn quan tm n kh nhiu vn , t bo mt

phn cng (m ha th v u c RFID), bo mt cho h thng phn mm (phn
quyn, cung cp ti khon truy cp h thng) n bo mt v mng (ci t firewall,
phn mm chng gin ip, nghe ln) hay bo mt d liu khi truyn qua cc c s,
cc cng ty thnh vin khc nhau(phng chng tn cng qua internet, mng LAN
khng dy). Khng c bin php no c th gii quyt trit vn bo mt nhng
quan tm ti tt c cc kha cnh ny s gip h thng RFID an ton hn, gim thiu
thit hi v l thng tin b mt, nhy cm khi a vo s dng. i vi h thng Test
Mail ca bu chnh, vic m bo an ton khng nhng gip nng cao cht lng ca
ngnh, to c uy tn v lng tin cy ca khch hng m cn gip m bo nhng
thng tin ca h hon ton c b mt. V vy, mt h thng tt l mt h thng c
th gii quyt c vn bo mt v m bo an ton cho thng tin ca ngi s
dng.
5.3.3 m bo tnh lin thng tng thch vi h thng Continuous
Testing ca lin minh bu chnh th gii.
Ngnh bu chnh v vn chuyn hng ha trn th gii c kh nhiu ng dng cng
ngh RFID nhm nng cao tnh an ton, bo mt v cht lng dch v. Vi mc ch
t ng ha v theo di c thi gian ton trnh khi vn chuyn bu gi t cc quc
gia khc nhau mt cch c h thng v t ng, lin minh bu chnh th gii c
ng dng cng ngh RFID trong h thng Continuous Testing. H thng ny c a
ra vi tn gi IPC Dianostic Monitoring System.
a. Khi qut v h thng Continuous Testing
Vi mc ch gim st cht lng dch v ca ngnh bu chnh, t ng khu kim tra
th t, cng ngh RFID c s dng, c kh nng m bo tnh tin cy v an ton
cho dch v. H thng RFID ca IPC bao gm cc th c gn cng vi cc th, cc
anten nhm pht hin ra cc th ny v gi nhng thng tin nhn c cho u c
th. D liu sau c u c tng hp v gi n mt h thng gi l h thng tp
trung d liu cc b( local data collection system- LDCS) v tip tc c gi ti x
l ti h thng qun l trung tm ca IPC(Central Management System- CMS) t nht
2 ln 1 ngy.
H thng qun l qua nhiu nc trn th gii nn c phn chia ra lm 2 phn. Phn
1 l gim st v qun l cc th c gi t mt nc ti a phn nc khc v phn
th hai l t nc ti ti vng, min m th cn ti (v d phn th nht th gi t
M-> Vit Nam v phn th 2 trong phm vi nc Vit Nam chuyn th n tay
ngi nhn).
V thit b: thit b c s dng cho h thng ca IPC c chn phc v cho cc
nhu cu cn thit ca ngnh bu chnh v cng c tnh ti cc kh nng c th a
p dng v tch hp trong tng lai. Tnh cht ca h thng RFID-IPC nh sau:
Th (transponder c gn trong th dng kim tra, tn s c s
hay tag)
dng l 433.92MHz
Cng gim st Anten(kch th hot ng tn s 125KHz), cc u c
(Monitoring gate)
v my bin th

Trang 67
PC(ti LDCS)
H thng lu tr d liu cc b lu tr d liu c

c
Mng gi tr gia Mng s dng truyn d liu ti IPC

tng (value-added)
CMS
H thng gim st trung tm IPC
B
iu
phi B iu phi quc gia v khu vc cc mc bu cc
(coordinator)
H thng Test Mail
c s dng gi cc th gn km th gia cc cng
Bng 5.2. c im h thng RFID ca IPC

Cc thnh phn ca h thng RFID ca IPC c m t chi tit nh sau:
-
Th: cc th c thit k c kh nng s dng t nht l 5 nm, c gn

vo trong cc ti th hoc cc th kim tra. Nhng ti th ny c a qua
mt cng (c gn cc thit b c th) v h thng c kh nng c c d liu
ca t nht 15 th i qua cng mt cch chnh xc cng mt lc.
+
V l do bo mt, cc th phi khng c kh nng qung b tn hiu mt

cch rng ri. Cc th phi qung b tn hiu trong nhng iu kin c
thit k c th.
Th c s dng l loi th active, c kh nng s dng li.
Cng gim st: cng gim st c 2 thnh phn chnh l anten v u c.

+
Anten: to tn hiu in t trng tn s 125KHz. Anten c nhim v

pht hin ra th trong th, kch thch chng gi tn hiu tn s
433.92MHz ti u c.
u c: l mt hp c t trn tng v khng cch xa anten qu

10m. u c tp hp tn hiu c gi i t th, thm cc thng tin nh
thi gian, v tr v truyn d liu ny v h thng tp hp d liu cc b.
Mt cng thng c th c 4 anten/ 1 u c, ph thuc vo khong
cch v khng gian ca khu vc .
LDCS: d liu t mi cng c truyn t ng n my tnh trong LDCS. C

th c ti 15 cng lin kt ti 1LDCS. LDCS bao gm 1 modem lin kt ti
Value-added network hot ng bi GXS. LDCS lu tr d liu ri gi ti
CMS IPC. LDCS cng l ni lu tr thng tin, t ng kim tra h thng
nhm gim st c nhng li xy ra, gi ti CMS, khi LCDS s lu li bo
co li v i cho ti khi vn c gii quyt.
Cc thnh phn khng phi phn cng: Ngoi nhng thnh phn phn cng nh
th, anten, u c, my tnh cc thnh phn khc cng rt quan trng.
Nhng thnh phn phi k n l ng dy lin lc gia cc LDCS v gia
LDCS vi CMS, nhng thnh phn iu phi hot ng, CMS lu tr v x
l d liu, h thng kim tra th end-to-end.

Trang 68
CMS c chc nng tp hp v phn phi d liu theo mong mun ca

ngi s dng d liu. iu c ngha l CMS c chc nng qun l
vic kim tra ton b d liu c gi n. Ngoi ra, CMS cn c
nhim v gim st s hot ng ca h thng, m bo h thng lun
c hot ng bnh thng c th phn ng kp thi vi nhng vn
c th xy ra. Cng vic ny s c s h tr t nhng ngi gim
st, cc file thng bo vi cc ng lin kt t LDCS. Ton b cc
thnh phn ny s m bo h thng hot ng mt cch bnh thng v
thng sut.
H thng kim tra th end-to-end: cc th kim tra c gn th RFID v

c gi i theo tin trnh h thng x l mail., m bo vic gi v
nhn mail theo mt tin trnh x l cho trc.
Tin trnh x l v hot ng:

+
Cc th c gn th RFID c x l v gi i t h thng kim tra u

cui. H thng ny ca IPC c tn l Unex.
Diagnostic Monitoring Segment Level

Tracking
Sorting
Center
Posting
Office of
Exchange
Airline/
Transport
Office of
Exchange
Sorting
Center
Delivery
Office
Addressee
UNEX
- TEST LETTER
UNEX
- TEST LETTER
End-to-End
Diagnostic
- outbound
Diagnostic
- inbound
REIMS
IPC 2002
Hnh 5.8: Quy trnh hot ng ca h thng RFID track and

trace ca IPC
+
Khi th c gn th RFID, d liu c tp trung ti LDCS ca qua vic

x l v c cc thng tin ca cc cng gim st khi th i qua cc im ny.
D liu t cc LDCS c tp trung ti CMS nhm x l ton b thng tin

lin quan n th gi ca tt c cc nc trong h thng. Lin lc gia cc
thnh phn c ng b v thng nht qua mng in thoi hay internet.
H thng ny ca IPC hot ng c trn 10 nm v hin ti c 236 v

tr trn khong 50 nc.
Cng ngh s dng cho h thng ny hot ng rt thnh cng, h thng

hot ng tt v tui th cao.

Trang 69
+
Ph hp vi tiu chun cn a ra vi i tng s dng v cc yu cu v

tnh tin cy ca h thng.
Mc d h thng c a ra v nghin cu pht trin t 1996 nhng cho

n nay, IPC vn cha tm ra c h thng no hay nh cung cp no c th
thay th h thng hin c cng nh ci tin c mt cch thc hot ng
hiu qu hn.
Vi s pht trin v hot ng ngy cng ln ca bu chnh, h thng ny ca

IPC ngy cng pht trin v m rng, m bo c vic kim tra c thi
gian ton trnh khi gi th hay bu phm, bu kin t nc ny n nc
khc.
b. Xu hng tch hp vi IPC ca bu chnh Vit Nam

H thng ca IPC l mt h thng c pht trin cch y kh lu v hot ng
trn nhiu quc gia t chu u, chu M n chu Phi v chu Thi Bnh Dng
nhng Vit Nam vn l nc nm ngoi h thng ny mc d chng ta tham gia vo
lin minh bu chnh th gii. Do , c th hot ng ng b v lin kt tt hn
vi quc t th vic ng dng cng ngh ny v tch hp vi hot ng ca IPC l mt
yu cu cn thit nhm nng cao cht lng dch v, gim thiu cc khu kim tra th
th cng ang s dng hin nay.
Mt mt h thng c s dng ti Vit Nam phi m bo c khu kim tra thi
gian ton trnh cho th, bu gi trong nc, ng thi phi theo di c khi th vn
chuyn t nc ngoi v Vit Nam hay t Vit Nam i nc ngoi. Mun vy, bu
chnh Vit Nam cn xy dng h thng s dng cng ngh tng ng vi IPC nhm
trao i d liu v lin kt vi bu chnh th gii. y l mt trong nhng yu cu cn
thit nhm nng cao cht lng dch v bu phm bu kin cng nh vic kim tra th
c lin thng v thng sut vi th gii.
Tm li, yu cu ch yu khi tch hp vi h thng ca IPC bao gm:
-
Hot ng ng b v m bo lin kt, tr thnh mt b phn trong h thng

kim tra th ca IPC. iu ny khng nhng gim st c th t, bu gi t
cc nc khc n Vit Nam m cn xem xt th gi trong a phn Vit Nam
nh th no.
Ti thiu cc cng on th cng phc tp v rm r khi phi kim tra th hay

bu gi.
Nng cao cht lng cho ngnh.
Bu chnh Vit Nam cn c nhng ci tin v pht trin mi nng cao cht lng
dch v bu phm bu kin, th t v to c uy tn vi khch hng cng nh bu
chnh cc nc khc trn th gii.
5.3.4 Yu cu m bo tun theo quy nh ca nh nc v tn s s
dng cng ngh RFID
i vi h thng RFID, hin ti trn th gii ang pht trin cc ng dng trong cc
bng tn: 13,6 MHz; 433 MHz; 800 MHz; 900 MHz; 2,4 GHz; 5,8 GHz; trong hai
bng tn 800 MHz (theo chun chu u) v 900 MHz (theo chun FCC- M) ang
pht trin rt mnh do cc ng dng trong qun l chui hng ho ton cu.
Trang 70
i vi th (RF tag) th ng, tn s m th pht ra s chnh l tn s nhn c t

thit b c th (Reader). Do thit b c c th c c thng tin ca cc th c
thit k cng mt bng tn. Cn tn s c th ca ca thit b c (tc l tn s ca
H thng RFID) s ph thuc vo quy nh ca tng quc gia. V d Vit nam, d
kin RFID bng 900MHz s hot ng trong di tn 920-925 MHz. Cn i vi cc
th RFID ch ng, tn s hot ng ca th s c xc nh v th hot ng trong
mt di tn s nht nh, do u c cho th cng phi hot ng trong di tn s
.
Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU) phn chia 3 khu vc s dng tn s. Vit nam nm
trong Khu vc 3 (bao gm mt s nc chu v chu i dng). Vic s dng tn
s Vit nam phi tun theo Qui hoch Ph tn s v tuyn in quc gia, c th
tng chnh ph ph duyt trong quyt nh s 336/Q-TTg ngy 16/12/2005.
RFID l cng ngh nhn dng da trn tn s v tuyn, v vy vic la chn mt di
tn ph hp vi cc quy nh v quy ch ca Vit Nam m vn p ng theo yu cu
quc t l rt quan trng.
Vit Nam, RFID vn cn kh mi m v vn cha c nh hng hoc h tr r
rng no t pha chnh ph, cng thm c s h tng vn cn yu km nn vic pht
trin cng ngh ny vn cn phi cn nhiu thi gian mi c th p dng vo thc t.
Theo kt qu ca cuc kho st thc hin nm 2004 do B Kinh t, Thng Mi v
Cng nghip-METI (Nht Bn) tin hnh i vi 7 nc Asean (gm Indonesia,
ThaiLan, Singgapore, Malaysia, Vit nam, Campuchia, Myanma) th Vit Nam l nc
c c s h tng vn cn yu km v cha c s pht trin nhiu v cng ngh. Cng
theo bn bo co ny, tnh n thi im nm 2004, Singapore l nc dn u trong
trong khu vc Asean v vic pht trin v s dng RFID cng nh c nn tng c s
h tng cng ngh kh vng chc. Ti Vit Nam, h thng m hai chiu chp nhn
th nhn dng ID quc gia v t chc EAN Vit Nam cng nh nhng t chc khc
bt u tho lun gii thiu cng ngh RFID a vo thc t. Bng di y m
t tng quan hin trng s dng RFID ti Vit Nam (theo kho st nm 2004 ca
METI):
Quy nh v sng radio EAN Vit Nam v Cc tn s Vit Nam c bui gp
v tn s s dng
mt bn v tn s s c s dng cho RFID. Cc
tn s Vit Nam ng s xem xt tn s m EAN Vit
Nam a ra. Da trn nhng kinh nghim c c t
cc nc Asean, EAN Vit Nam quyt nh s dng tn
s dnh cho RFID l UHF.
EAN Vit Nam gi ti B Khoa hc v Cng ngh tn
s s c s dng cho RFID. Sau , xut ca B
Khoa hc v Cng ngh s c gi ti B Bu Chnh
Vin thng nhm quyt nh tn s s c s dng.

Trang 71
V d gii thiu
Lnh vc c kh nng p
dng trong tng lai
Nm 2002, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh tin

hnh nghin cu v kho st v RFID v m vch.
Theo yu cu ca cc nc chu u, vic lu vt

cho cc sn phm vn chuyn theo ng bin s
c thc hin vo nm 2005, da trn kin ca
B Thy Sn.
Ti Vit Nam, vi s kt hp vi ca Denso v

Marubeni, m QR (mt h thng m hai chiu)
c chp nhn cho h thng ID quc gia v h
thng ny hin nay c kim tra, kt qu ca
cuc kim tra ny s c trnh chnh ph ci
tin h thng c. Sau khi c kt qu so snh ca
QR, m QR c s dng v chi ph gim, mi
trng v cch thc s dng n gin. M QR c
kh nng m ha du vn tay, nh chn dung, cc k
t ting Trung Quc v thm ch nu b ph hy
30% th d liu vn c th c c. Vic nhn
dng ny cng c th dn c thay th bi RFID
khi cng ngh ny pht trin hn v chi ph
gim xung.
V lnh vc cung cp hng ha mang li nhiu li

nhun cho RFID nn EAN Vit Nam khuyn khch cc
cng ty thnh vin s dng RFID trong h thng dy
chuyn cung cp hng ha.
Trong nm 2004 v cc nm sau , EAN Vit Nam
gi cho cc cng ty h p dng RFID. n thi
im nm 2004, mi ch c Netsle Vit Nam c nh
p dng cng ngh ny.
Kh khn v tr ngi
H thng th tc hi quan v thng mi EDI (tiu

chun trao i d liu bng cc ti liu in t) cha
c gii thiu, nn tng cng ngh thng tin cha
pht trin v cha c s quan tm y v cng ngh
RFID
Cc i l ln
Cha c
Hin nay, RFID ch c s dng ch yu trong lnh vc qun l ra vo trong cc

cng ty hoc c nghin cu trong lnh vc cung cp v xe bus in t, tc l phm
vi hot ng ca th l hp (ch khong <=3m). c th p dng vo nhiu h thng
nghip v ca cc ngnh ngh khc nhau, cn c s h tr v nh hng r rng hn
na ca Nh nc cng nh s pht trin chung cng ngh ny trn ton th gii cng
vi vic gim gi thnh ca u c v th.
H thng tha mn yu cu ca Vit Nam v tng thch vi IPC:

Trang 72
Vi cc quy nh v vic s dng tn s v tuyn cho cng ngh RFID, khi a cng
ngh ny vo s dng ti Vit Nam tn s s phi thuc di UHF v ph hp vi yu
cu v tn s, thit b cng nh cch thc hot ng ca h thng gim st ca IPC.
Da theo yu cu ph hp h thng v cc thit b s dng ca IPC cng vi quy nh
ca Vit Nam v vic s dng tn s, khi trin khai cng ngh RFID tha mn cc iu
kin sau:
-
Cc thnh phn thuc h thng ca IPC c lin kt ti CMS ti Brussels, B. Tt

c cc server cc b thuc mi site chuyn i d liu ca n ln CMS 2 ln/1
ngy. Do , ti Vit Nam s c t chc ging nh 1 site ti mt trung tm lu
tr d liu CMS ca Vit Nam (c th t ti ban Bu chnh-PHBC). Cc trung
tm u mi tnh/thnh ph lin kt v truyn d liu v cho trung tm CMS ca
Vit Nam.
Tn s s dng thuc di UHF, 433.92MHz.
Th s dng c kh nng c/ghi, loi th ch ng.
Th c kh nng s dng c trong vng 10 nm v c th s dng li.
m bo h thng c kh nng pht trin v m rng trong tng lai nhm gim
st chi tit hn bu gi cc cp nh hn, khng ch gii hn khu kim tra th
t v bu gi.
5.4 Cu trc thng tin v hnh dng, trng lng ca th RFID gn trong th test
5.4.1 Cu trc thng tin v t chc b nh.
Th RFID c s dng trong ng dng Test Mail phi m bo lu c y
thng tin khi cn kim tra, khng b nh hng ln di s tc ng ca cc yu t
mi trng m bo th c th hot ng tt khi vn chuyn qua cc vng v cc
khu vc a l khc nhau. Th phi c cc tnh nng nh sau:
-
Th ch ng.
C kh nng c/ghi.
B nh lu tr ln lu c cc thng tin khi th i qua nhiu im khc

nhau.
Tn s hot ng thuc di tn nc Vit Nam cp php (di tn UHF).
Th c b SDK tin hnh lp trnh thm cc tnh nng cn thit cho h

thng.
m bo c nhng yu cu ny, th c chn l loi th ch ng vi tn s

433.92MHz, c kh nng c/ghi v b nh lu tr l 1024 bit, chip ca nh sn xut
Philip.
Kin trc th ny c 1 b nh n, kch thc ca cc khi v s khi c th khc
nhau ph thuc vo dung lng b nh v nh sn xut. Thng tin nhn dng duy nht
cho th ( Tag ID) v thng tin h thng hon ton c b tr thnh cc vng phn
bit. V c bn, t chc ca th nh sau ( theo tiu chun ISO/IEC):

Trang 73
UNIQUE
TAG ID
SYSTEM INFO
Thng tin ty chn
Bao gm nh dng d liu ca

nh sn xut
Vng ny lu tt c d liu
ng dng ni tip nhau trong 1
chui.
Mi khi (blocks) c th c
nh a ch c th v c th
chn cc khi b kha.
Mi mu vng l mt khi
(blocks)
Kch thc ca block
Hnh 5.9:Kin trc b nh theo chun ISO/IEC

Vi dung lng 1024 bit, b nh c t chc thnh 16 phn vng (sctors) mi
phn vng 8 bt v cc khi vi 16 bytes mi khi. Trong phn vng xa ca
EEPROM c gi logic l 0 v vng c vit c gi l 1. S t chc
b nh chi tit c m t nh hnh sau:

Trang 74
Hnh 5.10: S t chc b nh ca th RFID 1024 bit

Khi nh sn xut
y l khi d liu u tin (block O) ca cung t d liu u tin (Sector 0). Khi d
liu ny lu d thng tin ca nh sn xut. V l do bo mt v yu cu ca cc h
thng, khi d liu ny c m ho chng ghi v c lp trnh bi nh sn
xut chp (Philips) ti c s sn xut.
Khi d liu
Tt c cc cung t ny cha 3 khi c 16 bytes dnh cho cha d liu (cung t 0 ch
cha hai khi d liu v l khi ch c (read-only) ca nh sn xut). Th Mifare
c cung cp cho khch hng Hanoibus l loi th c sn xut da trn nn chp
Phillips ca nh sn xut. Mi chp c nh m s v khng th sa i c v
c coi l duy nht.
Cc khi d liu c quy nh thnh cc bits tip cn nh:
khi c v vit v d kim sot ra vo hay
khi gi tr v d ng dng v in t, c s dng cho cc cu lnh nh tng
hoc gim gi tr lu tr.
Th phi vt qua cu lnh kim tra, xc nhn th (authentification command) trc
khi thit b c th tip cn v a ra cc cu lnh khc nh c hoc vit ln b nh
ca th.
Khi ui

Trang 75
Mi cung t c cc phn ui cung t gm c

Kho bo mt A v B (ty chn), a li gi tr 0 khi c v
Cc iu kin bo mt truy nhp vo bn khi d liu ca cung t ,
bn khi ny nm t byte 6 n 9. Cc bit truy nhp cng th hin loi khi
d liu (c/ghi hay gi tr).
Nu khng s dng kho bo mt B, 6 bytes cn li ca khi 3 c th c s
dng nh cc bytes d liu. Byte 9 ca cung t ui c th c s dng nh d liu
ngi dng. Loi byte ny cng p dng cc quyn truy nhp ging nh byte 6, 7 v 8.
Hnh 5.11: Cu trc b nh ca mt khi d liu

c tnh k thut
Tnh nng
Chun cm ng Mifare (ISO/IEC 14443 A)
Truyn d liu khng tip xc v cung cp nng lng khng dng Pin
Bin hot ng: ti 100mm (ph thuc vo vng antenna)
Tn s hot ng: 13.56 MHz
Tc truyn d liu: 106 kbit/s
Chun d liu: 16 Bit CRC, parity, bit coding, bit counting
Chng nhiu
Giao dch kim tra v thng thng: <100 ms (bao gm c qun l d
phng)
EEPROM
1 Kbyte, c t chc thnh 16 cung t vi 4 khi (16 bytes mi khi)
Cc kho bo mt do ngi dng quy nh cho mi khi d liu
Lu tr d liu 10 nm
Tui th c tnh cho 100.000 ln c/ghi
Bo mt
Ch kim tra chn thc 3 ln (ISO/IEC DIS9798-2)
M ho d liu trn knh RF chng li xm hi do truyn li d liu
Mi cung t (sector) c ci t kho bo mt c lp h tr th a tnh
nng/ng dng
M s nh sn xut chp duy nht cho mi th
M t chung cc tnh nng ca th Mifare
Trang 76
Truyn d liu v nng lng khng tip xc

Trong s kt cu ca th Mifare, mt con chp MF1 IC S50 c kt ni vi mt
vng antenna v c gn chm vo mt thn nha to thnh th thng minh khng
tip xc. Khng cn dng Pin cho vic chuyn d liu. Khi th Mifare c t trc
antenna ca thit b c th (Read Write Device RWD), giao thc truyn d liu RF
tc cao cho php truyn d liu vi tc 106 kBit/s.
Lc nhiu
Tnh nng lc nhiu thng minh cho php thit b c th hot ng vi nhiu hn mt
th trong cng mt mi trng (vd. Trong trng hp ngi dng th trong v
chung vi nhiu th khc, tnh nng lc nhiu cho php u c th c th ph hp).
Thut ton lc nhiu s la chn tng th mt v m bo vic c/ghi d liu trn th
c tin hnh mt cc tun t v chnh xc i vi th c la chn m d liu
khng b nh hng bi cc th khc trong cng mi trng.
Hnh 5.12: Phng thc giao tip gia th Mifare v u c

Thun tin
Th Mifare c thit k ti u ho s tin dng cho ngi dng th. Kh nng truyn
d liu tc cao cho php giao dch kim sot v xe but c tin hnh ch trong
thi gian 100 ms. Do vy ngi dng th Mifare khng phi dng li trc antenna
ca u c v do vy rt ph hp vi mt ngi dng cao nh trn xe but. Th
Mifare cng c th hot ng c ngay trong v ca ngi dng m khng cn rt ra
k c trong c cha cc loi th khc.
Bo mt
Th Mifare c nhng tnh nng c bit nhm chng li vic lm gi th. Cc thut
ton th v kim tra chn thc, m ho d liu gip h thng chng li bt k loi
hnh lm gi th no do vy y l loi th l tng cho cc ng dng thu ph, thu v.
M s th, c m ho bi nh sn xut v khng th thay i, m bo c tnh
duy nht ca mi th.
Tnh nng a ng dng

Trang 77
Th Mifare cung cp tnh nng a ng dng thc s tng thch vi cc c tnh ca

mt th chp. Hai m kho khc nhau cho mi cung t d liu h tr h thng s dng
nhiu m hnh kho khc nhau.
V b nh Logic, cu trc d liu c a ra bi thng tin h thng t th RF trong
:
-
width= kch thc khi (hoc t m code word).
length= s cc khi (hoc cc t m)
Bn trong mt sector, thc hin cc yu cu sau:

-
nh dng i tng d liu
Xc nh d liu i tng c lu tr:
nh dng (v d theo kiu s, kiu ch ci, hay UTF-8)
C nh hoc thay i di
C nh hoc xc nh di ti a
M rng v duyt li vi m bo tha mn cc rng buc theo chun v d

liu ca i tng
y l cu trc thng tin v t chc d liu ca loi th 1K (1024 bit), thit b c

mua t cng ty C Phn Cng Ngh MK. Ngoi ra vi cc loi th khc, c b nh
lu tr d liu vo khong 64, 96 bit th c t chc d liu tng i khc. Vic chn
la b nh ty thuc vo lng thng tin m th cn lu tr.
5.4.2 Thng tin lu trn th
Th RFID lu li thng tin v th test, trng thi th gi i, thi gian, a im khi th
test i qua, thng tin v ngi gi, ngi nhnMt th c gn th ny c gi l
Test mail, th c c thng qua Monitoring Gate cng vi nhng h thng phn
mm v phn cng cng nh c s h tng mng khc d liu c qun l v
ng b gia cc im trin khai.
-
Test Mail: Mi bu gi c gn mt th RFID, mi th ny lu nhng thng

tin cn thit v bu gi nh tn ngi gi, ngi nhn, a ch ca h, thng tin
ca ngi ghi d liu ln th, ni dung ca gi bu gi, ngy gi Vi nhng
thng tin cn lu gi ny, dung lng th khong 1Kb l . Phc v cho vic
c d liu t ng thng qua Monitoring Gate System, tn s c s dng s
thuc di tn UHF (c th c c trong khong cch khong 9m) hoc HF
(phm vi c th l 3m). Th c s dng l th ch ng, c kh nng c
ghi s dng li trong nhng ln sau. Nhng thng tin c lu vo th bao
gm:
+
M th test ( Test ID), duy nht trong ton h thng
Ngy, gi gi i: ngy th test c gi i.
M ni gi
M ni n
Ni dung th

Trang 78
+
Thi gian ti mi ni n (c u c th).
Monitoring Gate System (cng gim st): c chc nng c thng tin t th
RFID v c phn mm trung gian lc d liu th t th, lc v truyn v my
tnh, biu th di dng con ngi c th hiu c. Qui trnh ny c thc
hin mt cch t ng. Thit b c d liu c tn s hot ng ph hp vi tn
s pht ra ca anten gn trn th. Ti mi im trin khai, c gn mt u c
c d liu trn th t th test.
5.4.3 Thit k hnh dng, trng lng ca thit b gn trong BPBK, th

Test
Hin ti, RFID c 2 dng ph bin l dng th (tag) v dng nhn (label) vi nhiu loi
v kch c khc nhau. Ty thuc vo ng dng cho nhng vt phm nh th no m
la chn loi hnh dng v kch c ph hp. Kch thc ln nht cho mt th RFID
nm va gn trong lng bn tay, ging nh mt th ATM hay th t vo ra ang c
s dng trong cc cng ty, ta nh. V hnh dng, c th l trn dng ng xu, hnh
ch nht (cho c th v nhn) hay nhng hnh dng c bit nh hnh mt chic cha
kha Vi c th cho ngnh bu chnh, nhiu kch c khc nhau c th c s
dng, t mt th vi kch thc tng ng mt th ATM n dng nhn v vi th
t hay bu phm bu kin, nhng dng ny u c th c gn ph hp trong cc gi
bu gi, th t.
RFID hin ang c s dng ti nhiu nc trn th gii nh M, Php, NhtHnh
dng c s dng ph bin l hnh ch nht vi cc kch thc khc nhau, hnh trn,
dng nhn dnh ln cc sn phm ging nh m vch. Di y l mt vi hnh nh
ca nhng dng th ny vi ng dng cho nhng sn phm khc nhau:
Hnh 5.13: Th hnh trn- dng ng xu

Th hnh trn ny c kch thc ng knh vo khong 20mm, thch hp s dng
trong cc hng ha, bao gi, bu phm bu kin.
Th hnh ch nht c nhiu kch thc khc nhau. Vi loi ln nh th ATM, n c
s dng lm cc th vo ra trong cc c quan, ta nh, s dng trong cc my chm
cng qut th. Nhng th c kch thc nh hn (khong 60mm x 36mm), n c
gn km vi cc loi hng ha trong cc ca hng, siu th ging nh mt nhn mc
thng thng ca mt nh sn xut no . Thng tin c lu trn th c gi c
tin theo di, gim st v chng trm. (hnh 6.)

Trang 79
Hnh 5.14: Th RFID gn vi hng ha trong siu th

Mi i giy c gn 2 th RFID ging nhau. ng dng ny c trin khai ti
tng 7 Mitsusoki qun l 200 000 i giy hng nm (Nht Bn). Ngoi vic gn
th ny vi giy dp, th RFID cng c th c gn vi qun o v mt vi loi hng
ha khc. Trong khi , RFID dng nhn c gn vi cc sn phm nh hoa qu,
hng in t, gia dng vi chc nng tng t nh RFID dng th (hnh 6.):
Hnh 5.15: RFID dng nhn

Vi s phong ph v kch thc, chng loi, mu sc v hnh dng, RFID thch hp
cho rt nhiu vt phm, thit b hng ha theo di, gim st v nh v nhng vt
phm ny. Th v bu phm bu kin vi cc dch v ca ngnh bu chnh cn c
theo di v nh v c th qun l tt hn v nng cao c cht lng hon ton c
th s dng nhng loi th RFID. la chn c loi RFID thch hp, cn quan
tm n nhng yu t sau ca cc dch v ngnh bu chnh:
-
Vi bu phm bu kin:
+
Cc loi dch v khc nhau c th s dng cc loi th khc nhau (v d, ty

thuc vo c trng ca loi dch v nh bu phm thng, ghi s, y thc
c th s dng th ti s dng hay th dng 1 ln, dng nhn hay dng th
cng, khi lng ca th)
Th dng nhn thng l th s dng 1 ln gn trn sn phm ging nh m

vch nn cn cn nhc s dng vi loi dch v no. Vi dng nhn c th dn

Trang 80
ln mt ngoi gi bu gi ging nh m vch, dng th c ng gi kn

cng vi bu phm.
+
Bu gi c gi i l test hay do khch hng gi. Nu l test, trong thi

im hin ti trnh dn ra ngoi gi bu gi v RFID cha c ng dng ph
bin cho cc loi hnh dch v trong ngnh bu chnh.
Vi th thng:
+
Kch thc phong b v gii hn khi lng cho mt th l nh nn ch

khng s dng th c kch thc v khi lng qu ln.
Trnh nhng mu sc, hnh dng v kch thc gy t m cho nhn vin bu
in v nhng ngi khc (nh hnh ng xu, hnh chic cha kha)
S dng RFID cho th thng ch yu phc v cho vic test th nhm kim
tra cht lng dch v, nh gi thi gian ton trnh ca th i.
Vi nhng yu cu, c trng ny v trong thi im hin ti, ng dng RFID ch

c p dng cho mc test th thng (y cng l vn ang c nhiu ban chc
nng ca ngnh bu chnh quan tm v th thng l rt kh kim sot), nhm thc
hin ti a ra hnh dng v kch thc s dng cho th thng c th l:
-
Dng th:
+
C th s dng c th c kch thc ln nh th vo/ra trong cc c quan.

Khng s dng th c kch thc qu nh, v c th b ri hoc mt trong qu
trnh vn chuyn th (kch thc <= kch thc ca sim in thoi).
Th c dng hnh ch nht, kch thc khong 5cm x 3cm hoc nh hn.
Th mu trng
Dng nhn: c dn bn trong mt t giy gi km vi th test. V y l th test

nn s khng dn bn ngoi b th.
+
u im: nhn vin bu in hoc nhng ngi khc khng h bit c th

l th test hay khng, v n hon ton ging nh mt th thng thng. Do
cng tc kim tra c khch quan v chnh xc.
Do trng lng ca cc th RFID u kh nh nn rt thch hp khi gn km vi cc

bu gi, th thng. Hnh dng ch yu c s dng l dng th hnh ch nht v
vi mu trng. Nu s dng dng th s c gi km trong bu phm, bu kin v
trong phong b th, vi dng nhn c th dn ngoi bao gi ca bu gi. Khi ,
vic ng dng RFID hon ton d dng v ph bin nh s dng m vch hin nay m
li c nhiu u im vt tri.

Trang 81
VI. XUT PHM VI, QUY M V NI DUNG U T

6.1 Phm vi, quy m ng dng
6.1.1 Phm vi
Qua kho st cng tc gim st, qun l cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin ti
Ban BC-PHBC, nhm ti nhn thy, trc mt, h thng a ra phi p ng c
cc yu cu sau:
-
Xc nh c thi gian ton trnh ca th kim tra bng h thng t ng

(hoc ch yu t ng)
Lu tr c d liu ca th kim tra khi i qua cc trung tm khai thc u

mi Tnh/Thnh ph.Cc d liu t nht bao gm: tn trung tm, ngy bt u
n, ngy x l xong,
Cung cp c thng tin v v tr hin thi ca th kim tra
Vic gi th kim tra phi c thc hin khch quan, do , cc th kim tra
phi c hnh thc ging nh th thng, kh pht hin c u l th kim
tra
Ph hp vi h thng ang c ca IPC c th kt ni vi h thng ny do

yu cu v vic thanh ton cc quc t cng nh hnh thc tr tin, tr tin
pht do thi gian vn chuyn ko di
Trc nhng yu cu trn, ng thi, da vo nhng iu kin hin thi ca h

tng mng cng nh trang thit b k thut, nhm ti xut phm vi ng dng
H thng Test Mail nh sau:
Loi hnh ng dng: ng dng trong vic gi th kim tra thi gian ton trnh.
Loi th gi l th thng v th thng l loi bu gi m khi gi, khng c xc
nhn ca ngi gi th, khng c xc nhn ca bu cc, ngi gi ch n gin
b th vo thng th. Do , vic kim tra dch v ny c th a ra c nhng
nh gi tng i chnh xc, khch quan v cht lng dch v BPBK
Hnh thc ng dng: tin hnh kim tra thi gian ton trnh thng qua vic
gi th thng, trc tin, th kim tra phi c gn th (hoc cha th) RFID,
th ny phi c ghi nhng thng tin cn thit, nhng thng tin ny ng thi
cng c ghi vo CSDL.Sau khi thc hin nhng cng on trn, th c mang
i gi nh mt bc th thng thng.c bit l v hnh dng bn ngoi, th cng
bao gm y tn, a ch ngi nhn (tn a ch ngi gi khng bt buc),
ngi nhn thng l ngi trong ngnh. Th s c vn chuyn, khai thc v
pht cho ngi nhn theo cc quy trnh thng thng. im khc bit ch, ti
cc trung tm x l, th s c u c gn ti cng gim st nhn ra, u c
ny sau s gi thng tin v CSDL. Ti im nhn, ngi nhn s nhn th, m
th v ghi nhng thng tin cn thit, gi ngc li cho ni xut pht. Hnh trnh
khp kn ca th s c lu li trong CSDL v nhng thi gian, a im th
c x l. Nhng thng tin ny cho php a ra c nh gi chnh xc, khch
quan cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin.

Trang 82
6.1.2 Quy m ng dng

a. Quy m ti trung ti ni trin khai H thng qun l tp trung
Ni trin khai h thng qun l tp trung CMS l Ban BC-PHBC v cc n v c
chc nng qun l, gim st cht lng dch v BPBK.
Ti y s u t cc thit b mng cn thit kt ni trc tip vo mng DCN, m
bo cc kt ni VPN t cc bu in tnh thnh (trc mt l t bu in H Ni v
bu in TP. H Ch Minh). Ngoi ra, ti y cng c trang b h thng my ch
CSL, my ch ng dng v cc my trm phc v vic qun l, vn hnh v h tr t
xa.
b. Quy m ti trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/Thnh ph
giai on mt khi trin khai h thng, ch tin hnh ti bu in H Ni v bu in
TP. Trong giai on hai, h thng s c trin khai ti tt c cc trung tm khai thc
u mi Tnh/Thnh ph.
H thng ti trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/TP s ni trc tip vo Router ca Vin
thng tnh qua LAN s dng cp ng hoc cp quang. VPN t mng LAN BC1 ln
h thng qun l tp trung s c thc hin t Firewall (ca Vin thng) trn cc
phn cng VPN cm trong Firewall. Cc VPN ny c iu chnh nng cp trong
cc d n mng HSXKD 17 v 42 Bu in tnh/tp. Cng sut tnh ton VPN ca
Firewall ny nh sau:
-
Thng lng VPN: 63 Mbps dng m 3DES
S knh VPN: Ti a 2000 knh IPsec VPN ng thi
c. Quy m ti cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc

Ti cc a im ny, H thng Test Mail s c y cc chc nng, ngoi tr cc
chc nng v phn quyn cho cc h thng con (l chc nng ch c ti CMS).
V mt trang thit b: yu cu c my ch CSDL mnh v cc my trm, h thng
cng gim st c gn u c.Mi BPBK cng nh th u phi i qua cng ny trc
khi a vo x l..
d. V cc thit b phn cng khc
- Ti ni trin khai h thng qun l tp trung: Cc thit b my ch, my trm, ...
s c tn dng hoc u t mi (nu cn thit). Cu hnh ca cc thit b ny
phi c tnh ton n u, m bo p ng c nhu cu ca H thng Test
Mail
- Ti cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc: u t cc thit b my trm, thit b c
RFID (gn ti cng gim st) cng cc thit b ph i km phc v vic khai thc,
qun l v iu hnh h thng Test Mail.
- Ti cc Tnh/Thnh ph: D n s u t mng LAN cng thit b my tnh, thit
b c RFID (gn ti cng gim st).
e. V phn mm ng dng
H thng phn mm phi c nhng chc nng nh cp trong phn phn tch thit
k h thng, cho php thc hin t ng ha ti a cc khu nghip v, lu d liu,
Trang 83
thng tin v th kim tra vo h thng cc b, sau , cp nht nh k ln h thng

qun l tp trung CMS.
6.2 Ni dung u t
6.2.1 xut ni dung cn u t
Cng ngh RFID l mt cng ngh nhn dng hin i v c nhiu u im. H thng
c a ra thc hin vic theo di thi gian ton trnh trong vic nhn gi bu
phm bu kin, th t nhm nng cao cht lng dch v. Theo thit b nhn dng
RFID v th s c trang b ti cc trung tm khai thc thuc cc tnh/thnh ln l H
Ni, TP H Ch Minh, Cng ty Vin Thng v Lin tnh VPS (ti H Ni, Nng v
TP H Ch Minh) v Ban bu chnh- Pht hnh bo ch (n v thc hin vic kim tra
cht lng bu phm- bu kin nh gi theo thi gian ton trnh).
Yu cu quan trng t ra i vi bi ton s dng cng ngh nhn dng RFID trong
vic gim st v nng cao cht lng dch v l phi nh v v theo di c ng i
ca bu phm bu kin, c th xc nh n v no x l th t chm tr hay khng
hon thnh nhim v. Do , h thng a ra phi xc nh c thng tin v bu gi,
th t ang v tr no, thi gian ton trnh vn chuyn bu gi c vt qu thi hn
cho php hay khng. p ng c yu cu quan trng nht l nh v bu gi v
xc nh c hnh trnh bu phm bu kin, cn trang b cc h thng my tnh cng
nh thit b cn thit nhn dng cng ngh v gip h thng vn hnh. Ngoi ra,
vic c c mt i ng nhn vin c trnh hiu bit c bn c th s dng h
thng, khc phc nhng li thng thng l rt quan trng. Khi h thng c a vo
hot ng, n v kim tra s l Ban bu chnh- Pht hnh bo ch (ban ny s ghi
thng tin ln th v gi bu gi hay th c gn th ny i qua cc n v khc nhm
theo di hnh trnh ca bu gi). H thng cn m bo vic ng b d liu v nm
bt thng tin kp thi, thng sut gia cc n v, m bo bt c khi no cng c th
kim tra c thng tin v tnh hnh vn chuyn bu gi nhm nh gi cht lng
khai thc, phc v, vn chuyn ti cc n v nh th no.
H thng c pht trin vi cng ngh RFID s tn dng ti a nhng nn tng v
cng ngh v c s h tng (thit b mng, my tnh, nhn s) c ca ngnh bu
chnh, nhm lm gim chi ph n mc thp nht, m bo tng thch v hot ng
ng b vi cc phn mm khc ng thi p ng c yu cu thn thin v quen
thuc vi ngi s dng.
Nh vy, h thng Test Mail c ng dng cng ngh RFID c chc nng gim st v
theo di thi gian ton trnh ca bu gi nhm xc nh xem thi gian gi i c m
bo yu cu hay khng, nu khng m bo yu cu th li thuc v khu no v n
v no. u t cho h thng s hn ch ti a vic mua mi cc my tnh, thit b
mng v ch u t ch yu vo thit b nhn dng v th RFID cng cc
middleware lin quan.
Cc ni dung cn u t bao gm: H thng s dng cng ngh RFID s tn dng c
s h tng c ca mng li bu chnh, do y s ch a ra nhng ni dung
cn u t lin quan n cng ngh RFID, khng nhc n cc thit b khc nh my
tnh, my in, thit b kt ni mng.
Vi tiu ch s dng li ti a cc thit b v c s h tng c ca ngnh, nhng ni
dung cn u t bao gm:
Trang 84
u t v thit b phn cng v phn mm ti VPS: u c, antenna,

middleware cho RFID, phn mm ng dng gip c, ghi thng tin ln th.
u t v thit b phn cng v phn mm h thng Trung tm u mi ca

Bu in H Ni v Thnh ph HCM. Cc ni dung ch yu gm cc u c
RFID, anten phn mm ghi th v qun l thng tin
u t v phn cng, phn mm ti Ban bu chnh-Pht hnh bo ch: th,

anten, u c RFID, phn mm c v ghi th, gim st v qun l thng tin
v hnh trnh ca bu phm-bu kin.
u t phn mm trung gian cho RFID, c t k thut.
o to v chuyn giao cng ngh: o to v hng dn cch s dng cng

ngh, thit b, vn hnh h thng
Ni dung u t chi tit cho cc n v tham gia h thng:

Vi Ban Bu chnh- Pht hnh bo ch:
Ban BC-PHBC thc hin vai tr l n v a ra nhng thng tin kim tra cho h
thng, do bu gi hay th c gn th RFID c xut pht t y v gi i cc ni
khc kim tra thi gian ton trnh ca bu gi. Nhng thit b cn u t cho h
thng bao gm:
-
1 thit b c/ghi th (ghi ton b thng tin v bu gi ln th). Thit b ny

c gi l Monitoring Gate gm c cc anten thu nhn tn hiu t th v
u c RFID.
Cc th RFID nhm lu li thng tin v bu gi, th t (th ch ng, tn s

433.92MHz, c kh nng c/ghi).
Middleware RFID.
Phn mm qun l v c/ghi.
ng lin kt vi trung tm CMS ca IPC ti Brussels, B.
Tt c cc thit b u c u t vi hnh thc mua mi. Th RFID c th c ti

s dng trong nhng ln sau nhm gim ti a chi ph trong vic mua th (gi trung
bnh cho th RFID trong thi im hin ti cng vn l kh t- khong 1.85$). Thng
tin c lu trong c s d liu ti Ban bu chnh nhm gim st v theo di c
thi gian v v tr ca bu gi khi n i qua cc n v c gn th, t xc nh c
khong thi gian i v n t mt n v ny n mt n v khc cng nh thi gian
ton trnh ca bu gi.
Vi Cng ty Bu chnh v Lin tnh Quc t VPS
VPS c 3 n v thnh vin ti H Ni, Nng v TP H Ch Minh. 3 n v ny s
tng t nh 3 site thuc t chc IPC, lin kt vi nhau v vi trung tm CMS ca
IPC. Vi c s c (c v phn cng, phn mm, middleware) cn u t cc thit b
chuyn dng phc v cho h thng RFID nh sau:
-
Thit b c/ghi th: khong 2 u c cng vi anten (gn vi Monitoring

Gate) vi hnh thc u t mi.

Trang 85
Giao tip gia u c v u ghi s dng Middleware ca Sun MicroSystem

(Java System RFID Software 3.0) cung cp th vin API cho vic qun l thit
b, s kin, gim st v trin khai.
Hng dn trin khai, ci t v vn hnh h thng.
Phn mm qun l thng tin v d liu.
ng lin kt vi trung tm CMS ca IPC.
Khi bu gi hay th t c gn th i qua cc n v ny trong qu trnh khai thc v

vn chuyn, Monitoring Gate (bao gm cc u c v anten) s c d liu t th v
truyn v my tnh lu tr d liu ti Ban bu chnh- Pht hnh bo ch. Ban ny s
thc hin vic kim tra nh gi v x l thng tin, t bit c thi gian gi bu
phm t n v ny n n v khc l bao nhiu lu v xc nh c thi gian ton
trnh ca bu gi. Vi cc bu gi i nc ngoi hay bu gi t nc ngoi n Vit
Nam khi c gn cc th RFID qua Monitoring Gate c c d liu v truyn v cc
n v lin quan. Cc bu gi trong nc s truyn d liu v Ban bu chnh-Pht
hnh bo ch.
Bu in H Ni v TP H Ch Minh
T chc bu in H Ni v bu in TP H Ch Minh u gm c 4 trung tm bu
chnh v 5 bu in thuc cc huyn vi cc bu cc cp 2 pha di. V chi tit, trin
khai ti trung tm u mi gm nhng thit b nh sau:
-
Thit b c/ghi th: khong 2 u c cng vi anten (gn vi Monitoring

Gate) vi hnh thc u t mi.
Giao tip gia u c v u ghi s dng Middleware ca Sun MicroSystem

(Java System RFID Software 3.0) cung cp th vin API cho vic qun l thit
b, s kin, gim st v trin khai.
Hng dn trin khai, ci t v vn hnh h thng.
Phn mm qun l thng tin v d liu.
Tt c cc thit b c t chc di dng u t mi. Ring th RFID c th c ti

s dng cho cc ln sau.
Nh vy, ton b s thit b cn u t cho cc n v trin khai gm c th, u c,
anten, middleware cho RFID, phn mm c/ghi v qun l thng tin cng vi cng
tc t chc v o to cho cc nhn vin s dng h thng. Cc th RFID s c s
dng mi trong ln u tin, cc ln sau c th s dng li. Mi th ny c th s c
kh nng ti s dng trong vng 10 nm. Trong t u tin, cc n v lin quan c
trang b vi nhiu th RFID s dng, khi s dng ht c th yu cu nhp mi v
s dng quay vng li trong nhng ln sau. Trong iu kin th RFID c gi thnh r
th c th khng cn phi s dng li. Tuy nhin vi gi thnh t th ch p dng c
vi mt vi loi hnh dch v v kh nng ti s dng c l ti u nht.
Chi ph d tnh cho h thng:
Chi ph hin ti cho th v u c RFID l kh ln. Cng ngh RFID c s dng
vi tn s trong di UHF (khong 433.92MHz), th ch ng v bn knh s dng vo
khong 9m. Antena gip tng tc v giao tip gia u c v th c i km vi
Trang 86
nhng thit b ny. Vi gi thnh RFID hin ti vn l kh t (khong t vi nghn

cho ti vi chc nghn ng Vit Nam/ 1 th) v gi ca u c/ghi cn t hn rt
nhiu ln ( V d: u c RFID dng cng vm gi khong >175$ v th RFID MKdo cng ty MK Vit Nam phn phi vo khong >1.85$) nn chi ph cho h thng s l
kh ln trong vic mua thit b, cha k n cc phn mm middleware v th vin
hm API ph tr cho vic lp trnh giao tip cho th. Tuy nhin, thi im hin ti
trin khai h thng Test Mail cho bu gi hoc th t nhm kim tra thi gian ton
trnh ca bu gi v ch u t mt vi n v lin quan th vn mc chp nhn
c (ti mi n v lin quan c u t 1 Monitoring Gate, mt vi th c/ghi RFID
v anten). Trong tng lai khi gi thnh th v nhng phn mm trung gian ph
bin, c nhiu kh nng min ph, cng ngh ny mi c th c p dng rng ri
cho cc ngnh ngh khc nhau vi nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
H thng RFID tn dng ti a c s h tng c, thit b mng, my ch, my trm,
phn cng, phn mm ch u t mi nhng thit b c/ghi th, chip RFID cng
nh module phn mm v qun l thng tin, nh v bu gi. Tuy vy, vi gi thnh
cho th v u c RFID ti thi im ny th chi ph u t trang thit b cho cc bu
cc cng l kh ln. Phng n a ra hin ti l p dng cho Test Mail, kim tra thi
gian ton trnh v trong tng lai c th p dng i tr cho cc loi hnh dch v khc
ca ngnh bu chnh.
6.2.2. u im t c vi nhng phn cng v phn mm xut
H thng s s dng cc thit b phn cng tng t vi cc thit b u t cho h
thng gim st ca IPC do cng ty Lyngsoe System cung cp. Vi nhng thit b ny
u im t c l:
-
S dng cc thit b phn cng (u c, th, anten) ca nhng hng c h tr

chun mi Gen2 (tc c cao, kh nng lu tr d liu v bo mt cao
hn)
Gi phn mm middleware ca Java Sun h tr Gen2, lp trnh J2ME v tng

thch vi nhiu chun th khc nhau cng nh nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau.
Download gi phn mm middleware ca Sun min ph qua trang web

http://www.sun.com/software/products/rfid, hin ti c cc phin bn cho h
iu hnh Solaris, Window 2003 Server, Red Hat
H tr cc th c/ghi, cc chun ISO, EPC; cung cp th vin API cho vic

qun l thit b, s kin, gim st v trin khai.
V mi u c c kh nng c c d liu trong phm vi khong 9m nn ch

cn trang b t u c cho mi trung tm u mi, cc n v lin quan ( i
vi h thng s dng m vch, u t mi my tnh ti ni kim tra mt u
c m vch).
Tn dng ti a c s vt cht, h thng h tng, thit b mng, my mc c

ca ngnh Bu chnh.
Truyn thng v ng b d liu hiu qu gia bu cc cc cp v lin kt vi

quc t vi h thng s dng RFID ca IPC.

Trang 87
VII XUT PHNG N O TO, TRIN KHAI V VN HNH H

THNG
7.1 o to
7.1.1 i tng s dng h thng RFID
H thng RFID c s dng ti tt c cc im khai thc c trin khai h thng Test
Mail. Nh vy, h thng c cc i tng khai thc sau:
- Ti trung tm khai thc khu vc (VPS1, VPS2, VPS3), trung tm khai thc Tnh/TP:
gm giao dch vin, kim sot vin, s dng h thng thc hin cc nghip v ti
bu cc giao dch.
- Phng nghip v bu in tnh, s dng h thng thc hin cc chc nng qun l
iu hnh, thng k, bo co, nh gi ton b lng th kim tra gi trong mt
khong thi gian xc nh ca Bu in tnh.
- Ban BC-PHBC, bao gm cc chuyn vin v Lnh o ph trch mng dch v bu
phm, bu kin, s dng h thng cp nht cc thng tin cng nh xem cc bo co
thng k phc v cng tc iu hnh, qun l v h tr quyt nh cho tt c cc
tnh/TP.
- Ban Post*Net, bao gm cc chuyn vin v Lnh o ph trch phn mm, c chc
nng qun l cc phin bn phn mm, cu hnh mng, phi hp vi cc n v cp
di qun tr mng, lu tr CSDL.
Chi tit v cc i tng s dng v yu cu v trnh tin hc, ni dung cn o to
c trnh by trong phn sau:
7.1.2 Ni dung v quy m trong vic o to
Vic vn hnh h thng Test Mail i hi ngi s dng v khai thc h thng phi c
nhng hiu bit c bn v h thng. s dng thnh tho h thng, ngi s dng
cn phi c o to v cc nguyn l c bn ca h thng, hot ng ca h thng
v cch s dng cc chc nng m h thng cung cp. Chng ta s xem xt mt s ni
dung v quy m trong vic o to s dng h thng.
Ni dung o to
vn hnh h thng, ngi s dng phi c nhng hiu bit c bn v my tnh v
cch s dng my tnh. H thng Test Mail c trin khai ti:
-
Ban BC-PHBC, ban Post* Net
Cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc (VPSI, VPS II, VPS III)
Cc trung tm khai thc u mi H Ni, TP.H Ch Minh, nng
Ti nhng ni ny, v c bn c nhng h thng c trin khai t trc (h thng

chuyn tin CT2003), ngi vn hnh nhng h thng ny c nhng hiu bit c
bn v my tnh, cch s dng cc chc nng do phn mm cung cp. V vy, vic o
to nhng cn b s dng, vn hnh h thng trn l khng my kh khn. Trong
trng hp h thng Test Mail trin khai tch bit vi h thng c, yu cu phi c
nhng nhn vin mi vn hnh h thng ny, iu u tin l phi o to cho h v

Trang 88
s dng h thng. Nhng nhn vin ny trc ht phi c nhng hiu bit c bn v s
dng my tnh. Sau , h s c o to mt s ni dung chnh, bao gm:
-
Quy trnh nghip v khi s dng h thng Test Mail trong qun l, gim
st cht lng dch v bu phm, bu kin
Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca h thng Test Mail (ng dng cng

ngh nhn dng bng tn s v tuyn RFID)
Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng v cch s dng cc chc nng ny
V h thng c t chc theo m hnh phn cp nn ni dung o to ti mi ni trin

khai khng hon ton ging nhau. Ni dung o to c xut nh sau:
STT i tng o to
Yu cu
Ni dung o to
- Nm c quy trnh
nghip v qun l,
gim st cht lng
dch v BPBK khi
ng dng h thng
Test Mail
- o to v quy trnh nghip

v qun l cht lng dch v
BPBK khi vn hnh h thng
Test Mail
Ngi s dng ti
ni trin khai h
thng CMS (ban
BC-PHBC hoc ban
Post*Net)
- o to s dng cc chc
nng:
- Vn hnh thnh
tho cc chc nng
thuc phm vi hot
ng
+ Cc chc nng trong khi

chc nng Qun l ngi
dng, Qun l hi thng
(i vi ngi qun tr h
- a ra c cc thng)
thng k khi c yu + Cc chc nng trong khi
cu
chc nng Gi th kim tra
chc nng Kim tra thng
tin
Ngi s dng ti
cc trung tm bu
chnh
khu
vc
(VPSI,
VPSII,
VPSIII)
2
- Nm c quy trnh
nghip v qun l,
gim st cht lng
dch v BPBK khi
ng dng h thng
Test Mail

Test Mail
- o to s dng cc chc
nng:
- Vn hnh thnh
tho cc chc nng
thuc phm vi hot
ng

chc nng Qun l ngi
dng, Qun l hi thng
(i vi ngi qun tr h
- a ra c cc thng ti ni trin khai)
cu
chc nng Xc nhn th
kim tra (hiu c ch hot
Trang 89
ng, do y l chc nng t

ng)
chc nng Kim tra thng
tin .
Ngi s dng ti
cc trung tm khai
thc u mi H
Ni, Nng,
TP.H Ch Minh
- Nm c quy trnh
nghip v qun l,
gim st cht lng
dch v BPBK khi
ng dng h thng
Test Mail

Test Mail
- o to s dng cc chc
nng:
- Vn hnh thnh
tho cc chc nng
thuc phm vi hot
ng

chc nng Qun l ngi
dng, Qun l hi thng
(i vi ngi qun tr h
- a ra c cc thng ti ni trin khai)
cu
chc nng Xc nhn th
kim tra (hiu c ch hot
ng, do y l chc nng t
ng)
Bng 7.1: Ni dung o to
Quy m o to
Giai on 1: Trin khai th nghim ti ban BC-PHBC (hoc ban Post*Net), cc trung
tm bu chnh khu vc (VPSI, VPSII, VPSIII), cc trung tm khai thc u mi H
Ni, TP.H Ch Minh, nng.
Trong giai on ny, h thng Test Mail c trin khai th nghim ti cc n v nu
trn, v vy, vic o to c tin hnh i vi cc cn b vn hnh h thng ti cc
im trin khai. Ni dung o to ti tng ni c xut nh trong bng 1-1.
Giai on 2: Trin khai h thng Test Mail trn ton b cc tnh thnh ph, cc n v
bao gm: ban BC-PHBC (hoc ban Post*Net), cc trung tm bu chnh khu vc
(VPSI, VPSII, VPSIII), cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/Thnh ph
y l giai on trin khai h thng trn phm vi c nc, trin khai i vi tt c cc
trung tm khai thc u mi ca cc Tnh/Thnh ph. V vy, ni dung o to ti cc
n v nh ban BC-PHBC (hoc ban Post*Net), ti cc trung tm VPS hu nh khng
thay i: nu l nhn vin c, thc hin h thng trong giai on 1 th ch cn o to
b sung; nu l nhn vin mi vn hnh h thng trong giai on ny, cc yu cu v
ni dung o to cng c thc hin nh trong bng 1-1.
Ti cc trung tm khai thc u mi Tnh/Thnh ph: ni dung o to nh cc ni
dung i vi cc trung tm khai thc u mi ca H Ni, TP.H Ch Minh, Nng
( giai on 1)
Trang 90
Giai on 3: Trin khai h thng lu vt, tm du BPBK. Trong giai on ny, ni

dung v yu cu khi o to vn hnh h thng s c thay i c bn do chc nng
ca h thng c thay i tng i nhiu so vi h thng Test Mail. Khi trin khai
h thng lu vt, tm du BPBK trong giai on 3, cc ni dung o to s c thay
i ph hp.
7.2 Trin khai
7.2.1. Chc nng, nhim v ca cc n v tham gia h thng
Cc n v tham gia h thng Test Mail l Ban bu chnh Pht hnh bo ch, cc
cng ty con ca Cng ty Bu chnh Vin Thng v Lin tnh Quc t VPS, cc trung
tm u mi ca bu in H Ni v TP H Ch Minh cng cc tnh/thnh khc. Chc
nng nhim v ca cc n v tham gia h thng Test Mail nh sau:
-
Ban bu chnh v pht hnh bo ch: thc hin vic kim tra thi gian ton trnh
khi vn chuyn bu gi v th, t a ra nhng nhn xt nh gi v cht
lng phc v, khai thc, chia chn, phn hng ti cc n v c m bo thi
gian hay khng.
+
L ni t c s d liu trung tm (CMS) lu tr v qun l thng tin,

ng thi gim st c th test gi i khi chng c vn chuyn qua
cc bu in tnh/thnh ph khc nhau.
Lin kt vi trung tm d liu ca IPC.
Ghi cc thng tin ln th RFID.
Theo di hnh trnh th hoc bu gi c gn th c vn chuyn qua

cc bu cc.
Cc th c gn th s c gi i bnh thng ( vi ngi gi thuc ban

bu chnhpht hnh bo ch).
Kim tra c v tr hin ti ca bu gi ( qua nhng n v c gn

th hay cha).
Kim tra ng th: kim tra ng th s c dng vn chuyn

bu gi.
Cc trung tm u mi thuc bu in H Ni v TP H Ch Minh:

+
u c t ng c th RFID v truyn d liu (thi gian, v tr ca

bu gi, th) v c s d liu cc b sau truyn v cho trung tm d
liu CMS ti Ban BC-PHBC. Nhn vin thuc cc trung tm ny khng
h bit n th hay bu gi c gn th RFID (nu c th ch nhng ngi
c trch nhim c bit) nhm m bo qu trnh kim tra c khch
quan v chnh xc.
Vn chuyn th t c gn th RFID bnh thng nh nhng th khc
Cc trung tm u mi tnh/thnh ph:

+
c trang b thit b c th RFID (monitoring gate) nhm lu li

thng tin khi th test c vn chuyn qua.

Trang 91
+
Ghi nhn thng tin v lu li vo c s d liu ti trung tm ri chuyn

n trung tm CMS.
Cng ty Bu chnh Vin Thng v Lin tnh Quc t:

+
VPS l trung tm u mi khai thc, chia chn ca ton quc, c 3 cng

ty con ti H Ni, Nng v TP H Ch Minh.
c trang b monitoring gate c d liu t cc th, truyn d liu

v trung tm lu tr d liu cc b v cp nht v trung tm CMS ti
Ban BC-PHBC.
H thng Test mail c chc nng chnh l theo di c thi gian ton trnh ca th
test c gn th RFID nhm nh gi c cht lng ca ngnh bu chnh, c m
bo thi gian v yu cu cho php hay khng (iu ny rt quan trng i vi cc th
chuyn pht nhanh). Mt khc, v cc th test gi i hon ton bnh thng ging nh
nhng th khc nn khng c s u tin trong cc khu x l cng nh theo di c
th test ny c mt hay n tay ngi nhn ri. Khi i qua mi trung tm u mi
tnh/thnh ph, thng tin v trng thi ca th u c cp nht ln c s d liu,
gip ngi gim st c th bit r ang n u. D liu c lu tr tp trung ti
CMS, cc CSDL cc b ti cc trung tm tnh/thnh ph truyn d liu ln CMS 2
ln/1 ngy cp nht thng tin. Trung tm CMS c ng lin kt vi trung tm d
liu ca IPC nhm gim st cc th t nc ngoi n Vit Nam v t Vit Nam i
nc ngoi. Nh vy, trung tm CMS s c coi nh mt site ca h thng gim st
v kim tra ca IPC, cc h thng ti cc trung tm u mi tnh/thnh ph s ch c
trch nhim lu tr v thu thp d liu sau truyn v cho CMS ti Ban bu chnhPht hnh bo ch.
Cc trung tm u mi tnh/thnh ph khng c chc nng ghi thng tin ln th RFID
v chc nng chnh ca n ch l gim st v thu thp thng tin t th ri truyn v
trung tm d liu CMS. Thng tin t trung tm CMS nu cn s truyn v cho my
tnh ca IPC (i vi cc th nc ngoi v t nc ngoi n Vit Nam).
7.2.2. Quy trnh thc hin qun l v nh gi cht lng dch v bu phm, bu
kin ng dng cng ngh RFID
H thng m nhm ti a ra l Test Mail vi nhim v chnh l nh gi thi gian
ton trnh ca th, bu gi nhm qun l v a ra c kt lun v cht lng dch
v ca ngnh. Thi gian ton trnh l yu t c quan tm nht, cc chc nng ph
nh kim tra ng th, cp nht, sa cha thng tin ln th/csdl gip cho vic nh
gi c d dng hn.
Quy trnh thc hin qun l v nh gi cht lng dch v c s dng RFID nh sau:
1. Ban bu chnh-pht hnh bo ch (hoc mt n v no c yu cu) c ci
t h thng phn mm CMS lu tr d liu tp trung v thng tin ca th
test. Khi cn kim tra, ban ny ghi thng tin ln th RFID v CSDL, gn th
ny vo th cn kim tra. Vic ghi th c thc hin vi s h tr ca phn
mm CMS.
2. Th c gn th c gi i (vi ngi nhn xc nh) hon ton ging vi mt
th thng thng, nhn vin ca cc bu in s khng h bit v th kim tra

Trang 92
ny. Ni dung th l mt phiu yu cu ngi nhn lu li thi gian, v tr, ngy

gi nhn c th.
3. Th c chuyn i theo ng qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn th qua cc
tnh/thnh ph.
4. Ti cc trung tm khai thc thuc tnh/thnh ph, Monitoring Gate t ng c
d liu t cc th RFID gn trong th v lu li v c s d liu cc b ti
trung tm u mi tnh/thnh ph .
5. D liu c truyn v trung tm d liu CMS 2 ln/ngy.
6. theo di ng i ca th test, nhn vin kim tra c th truy cp h thng
xem xt hnh trnh ca th, xem ng th m th s i qua v hin ti th
qua nhng bu in tnh/ thnh no vi thi gian l bao nhiu lu.
7. Khi th c gi ti tay ngi nhn, ngi nhn m th v ghi li thng tin m
ngi kim tra yu cu. Sau , ngi nhn gi th ngc tr li cho ngi
kim tra.
8. Hnh trnh tip theo ca th s c vn chuyn v gi i n tay ngi kim
tra. Cc u c tip tc c cc thng tin v th c gn th ny v lu vo c
s d liu.
9. Th v n tay ngi kim tra. Ngi kim tra thy c thi gian ton trnh
(cn c vo thi gian m ngi nhn th ghi ln phiu. Cn c vo thng tin
lu li trong c s d liu, ngi kim tra c th xc nh c ngi gi c
in thng tin sai lch hay khng).
10. Th v n trung tm CMS, c kh m ha v hy b thng tin, c th s
dng li th trong nhng ln sau.
11. Khi c th gi t nc ngoi n hay th gi i nc ngoi, trung tm d liu
kt ni vi IPC a ra thng tin cn thit. Tng t, quc t cng kt ni vi
trung tm d liu ny, yu cu a ra thng tin v tnh hnh th gi ca h khi
h c th gi n Vit Nam.
12. T nhng thng tin thu c khi th i qua cc bu in tnh/thnh, nhn vin
kim tra c th nh gi c cht lng dch v, c m bo thi gian ton
trnh hay khng (trong yu cu cho php), khu no l mt thi gian nht v c
b mt th hay khng. Nu c mt th cng d dng bit c mt trong khong
t vng no n vng no.
Nh vy, quy trnh nh gi v kim tra cht lng (trong quan tm nhiu nht n
thi gian ton trnh) vn cn mt vi iu cha khc phc c nh vn cn lao ng
th cng (ngi nhn ghi li thng tin vo phiu sau gi li cho ngi gi), thng
tin v cc bu gi, th t c gn th ch c bit n trung tm u mi, khai thc
ca tnh/thnh ph, cha gim st c cp thp hn. Nhng kh khn ny do hin
ti cha th trang b c h thng phn mm v cc thit b cho ton b cc bu cc
giao dch, bu cc cp 1, 2, 3 ca tt c cc tnh/thnh ph v chi ph a ra l qu ln.
Trong tng lai khi c th m rng h thng v thit b cho nhng bu cc cp thp
hn, ng dng cng ngh RFID khng ch gii hn trong phm vi Test Mail m cn
nhm gim st v nh v, qun l chi tit cc loi hnh dch v ca bu phm bu kin

Trang 93
ng thi thc hin c nhiu khu t ng (nh trong vic khai thc, chia chn ti
cc trung tm u mi tnh, t chc bu chnh in t).
7.2.3 So snh quy trnh gi th kim tra khi cha p dng RFID v khi p
dng RFID
So vi quy trnh gi th kim tra thng thng (c thc hin vi s lng khong
1000 th mi nm), quy trnh thc hin ca H thng Test Mail c t ng ha
mt s bc v c mt s bc pht sinh, khc vi quy trnh c.
Bng di y s so snh cc cng on ca qu trnh gi th kim tra thng thng
vi cc cng on ca quy trnh khi p dng cng ngh RFID vo trin khai th
nghim H thng Test Mail
STT
Cng on
Gi th kim tra thng H thng Test Mail

thng
Gi th
- To phiu kim tra
- To phiu kim tra
- Cho phiu vo th
- Khi to thng tin trn

th v CSDL
- Gi th ti mt hm th bt
k
- Cho phiu v th vo
th
- Gi th ti mt hm
th bt k
Xc nhn
- Th ti bu cc nhn, m - Ti nhng im trin

th, in thng tin vo phiu khai, tt c cc th u
xc nhn th qua bu cc i qua cng
nhn vo thi gian no
- u c t ng nhn
ra th c th
- u c cp nht t
ng thng tin vo
CSDL
Gi li th - Gi th c phiu v im xut - Ti bu cc nhn, th

kim tra
pht
vn c cp nht thng
tin t ng
- Ngi nhn sau khi
nhn th, m th, in
thng tin v thi gian
nhn c th vo phiu
gi km trong th
- Gi li th km phiu
in thng tin v th

Trang 94
v im xut pht
4
Nhn li th - M th, ghi li thng tin trn - Th qua cng kim

kim tra
phiu
sot, cng t ng cp
nht thng tin v CSDL
- M th, ghi thng tin
trn phiu (ch cn
thng tin v im nhn,
thng tin trung gian
c t ng cp nht)
- Hy thng tin ghi trn
th (xa trng th) ti
s dng
Bng 7.2: So snh quy trnh trc v sau khi ng dng RFID
(1) Gi th
Ti cng on ny, i vi h thng cha p dng RFID, mi thng tin u c ghi
li mt cch th cng (vo s sch hoc vo vn bn trn my tnh)
i vi h thng Test Mail, mi thng tin ghi trn th sau khi c khi to, c ghi
vo CSDL di dng cc trng (field) thng tin, mi th s l mt bn ghi (record)
trong CSDL. Cc thng tin ny khng cn phi ghi li trong s sch hay nh my th
cng vo vn bn trn my tnh
Sau khi to thng tin khi to trn th, th c gi nh mt bc th thng thng.
Trong giai on gi th, vic ghi li thng tin thay v ghi vo s sch (hay vn bn
trn my tnh) c ghi vo CSDL trong my tnh. Vic thng k, xem xt, kim tra
cc d liu trong CSDL ny s c tin hnh nhanh hn v chnh xc hn khi thng
k trn s sch, vn bn
(2) Xc nhn
i vi vic gi th kim tra thng thng, ngi nhn s bc th v in thng tin
ln phiu kim tra, sau gi mt bc th c cha phiu ny v im xut pht. Nh
vy, vic kim tra theo phng php ny ch kim tra c thi gian t khi xut pht
ti khi nhn c th, khng kim tra c thi gian ti cc bu cc nm trn ng
vn chuyn ca th.
H thng Test Mail cho php ghi li thi gian th i qua cc trung tm chia chn mt
cch t ng. Ti im cui cng (a ch ngi nhn ghi trn th), th cng c x
l nh i vi phng php gi th kim tra trc y. H thng ny cng ng thi
cho php thng tin v thi gian i qua cc trung tm khai thc theo c hai chiu (chiu
i v chiu v).
Vic xc nhn th ca H thng Test Mail c thc hin ti tng trung tm khai
thc c trin khai th nghim h thng. Do , thng tin lu li trong CSDL s c th
hn, khng ch ghi c thng tin th n a ch nhn m cn lu c thng tin trn
ng i ca th.
Trang 95
(3) Gi li th kim tra

Cng on ny c thc hin nh nhau i vi c hai h thng c v mi.
Theo phng php hin nay, ngi nhn th s phi in thng tin v gi mt bc th
mi, cha phiu in thng tin v a im xut pht
i vi h thng Test Mail, ngi nhn cng thc hin cc bc nh trn tuy nhin,
trong th gi tr li im xut pht cn phi gi km th m ngi nhn nhn c
trong th kim tra.
Vic gi li th kim tra i vi phng php hin ny v vi h thng Test Mail
u c thc hin nh nhau
(4) Nhn li th kim tra
Trong bc ny, i vi phng php hin nay, nhng thng tin trn phiu trong th
gi v s c ghi vo s sch (hoc vn bn trong my tnh). Khi cn thc hin thng
k, kim tra, cc thng tin ny u c tm kim th cng.
i vi h thng Test Mail, ngoi tr vic ghi li thng tin v thi gian n tay ngi
nhn c ghi trn phiu trong th, mi thng tin khc trn ng i ca th u c
cp nht t ng vo CSDL. Cng tc kim tra, thng k v th cng thc hin d dng
hn, nhanh chng hn do vic tm kim thng tin hon ton c t ng ha (tm
kim trong CSDL thng qua phn mm).
Tuy nhin, trong bc nhn li th, h thng Test Mail pht sinh thm mt cng on
xa trng thng tin trn th ti s dng
Vic nhn li th , kt thc hnh trnh ca mt bc th kim tra ca H thng Test
Mail pht sinh thm cng on xa trng th.
7.2.4 K hoch trin khai qua cc giai on
Trin khai h thng RFID yu cu kh ln v chi ph thit b, ci t phn mm v vit
phn mm ng dng. Do , trin khai h thng ny c t chc qua cc giai on
sau:
Trin khai giai on 1 trong thi gian tin hnh l 2 nm. Giai on ny ch tin hnh
ng dng cng ngh RFID vi vic kim tra th, thi gian ton trnh khi gi th i n
khi ti tay ngi nhn, cc n v tham gia cng hn ch ch cc ban c yu cu. C
th nhsau:
-
Phm vi ng dng l Test Mail.
Tin hnh kho st yu cu c th v cng tc gim st v qun l cht lng

ca ngnh bu chnh, cng tc kim tra th. Cc n v tham gia trong giai
on ny c ban Bu chnh-Pht hnh bo ch, cc n v kim tra gim st,
cht lng, cng ty Bu chnh v Lin tnh Quc t VPS, cc trung tm u
mi ln thuc H Ni, TP H Ch Minh, Nng.
Xy dng phn mm (h thng CMS) lu tr v qun l d liu.
Tin hnh ci t phn mm ti n v c trch nhim kim tra.
Ci t v mua thit b, phn mm c d liu t th, cu hnh c s d liu ti

cc trung tm u mi v VPS.

Trang 96
o to cc i tng c lin quan s dng phn mm.
Nh vy, trong giai on 1 phm vi ng dng ca h thng l Test Mail, p dng i

vi vic kim tra th thng. Vi cc loi hnh dch v khc (nh BPBK) s c tin
hnh trong cc giai on tip theo vi vic m rng quy m ca h thng ti cc cp
bu cc khc nhau ca cc tnh/thnh khc.
Trin khai giai on 2: tin hnh m rng quy m ca h thng i vi cc bu in
tnh/thnh ph trn phm vi c nc. So vi giai on 1, giai on ny cn u t
nhiu hn v thit b, m bo kt ni gia cc trung tm u mi tnh/thnh ph vi
trung tm lu tr d liu. C th:
-
Nng cp phn mm cho cc h thng ti cc n v c.
Mua v ci t thit b cho cc trung tm u mi thuc cc tnh/thnh ph

trong c nc.
Xy dng kt ni gia cc bu in tnh/thnh vi trung tm d liu CMS, vi

VPS v vi nhau.
Xy dng kt ni vi trung tm d liu ca IPC ti Brussels, B.
Phm vi ng dng ca h thng vn l Test Mail
Vi vic m rng quy m ca h thng, th test c gim st chi tit v nh gi

chnh xc hn. Khong cch gia cc n v c u c thu hp li nn hnh trnh ca
th c lu li chi tit, t bit c cht lng vn chuyn, khai thc ti cc bu
in thuc khu vc tnh/thnh ph no c m bo yu cu hay khng. Khi ban bu
chnh a ra nhng quy nh, ch tiu cho thi gian ton trnh ca th gi (thi gian ti
l nm 2007) th vic nh gi c chnh xc v chi tit hnh trnh ca th l rt quan
trng bit c bu in no khng hon thnh so vi mc tiu t ra ca ngnh.
Trin khai giai on 3: giai on ny tip tc u t v c s h tng, vt cht thit b
cho cc bu cc cp thp hn (nh bu cc giao dch, bu cc cp 1-2-3) v m rng
cho cc loi hnh dch v ca BPBK nhm nh gi lu vt bu gi trong thi gian
vn chuyn. Giai on 3 thc hin cc cng vic c th sau:
-
Xy dng cc chc nng m rng cho h thng phn mm p dng c vi

cc loi hnh dch v ca BPBK.
Nng cp h thng phn mm cho cc n v trin khai trong giai on trc

.
Mua thit b cho cc n v tham gia h thng.
m bo kt ni gia cc n v.
o to s dng h thng cho ngi dng.
Phm vi ng dng l Test Mail v lu vt, tm du vi BPBK.
Nh vy, trong giai on 3 h thng c ng dng RFID s c trin khai trit n

tn cc bu cc giao dch nhn vin c th ghi thng tin ln th nhm lu vt c
hnh trnh ca bu gi qua ton b cc bu cc trong c nc. Phm vi ng dng cng
c m rng cho cc loi hnh dch v ca BPBK ch khng ch n gin l Test
Mail nh trc, do phn mm v c s d liu cho h thng cng ln v phc tp

Trang 97
hn nhiu. Hn na, vic m bo kt ni gia cc thnh phn trong h thng v vi

h thng c ca IPC cng cn nng cp thay i. Chnh v vy, u t cho giai on
ny kh ln v i hi nhiu cng sc, v cng ch ph hp khi th v u c RFID
c gi r hn thi im hin ti.
Qua 3 giai on, chc nng ch yu m cng ngh ny a ra c l gim st v
qun l thi gian, hnh trnh ca bu gi, th t nhm nh gi cht lng ca cc loi
hnh dch v. Vic trin khai c tin hnh qua nhiu giai on, t mc u t t,
phm vi v quy m nh n ln rt kinh nghim thc hin v c phng n ti u
cho nhng ln sau. Khi a vo trin khai c th, ni dung trin khai c th thay i
ph thuc vo yu cu ca cc ban ngnh c lin quan cng nh yu cu quc t.
7.3. Quy nh vn hnh v khai thc h thng
H thng c ng dng RFID trong thi im hin ti s c p dng cho lnh vc th
test, vi quy trnh thc hin c ni trong phn trn. Vi vic trin khai trn phm
vi cc n v H Ni, TP HCM, Nng v ban BC PHBC v cc n v chc nng
lin quan, m bo h thng hot ng mt cch trn tru v n nh l rt quan trng,
lin quan n cc thit b phn cng, phn mm, ngun nhn lc v trnh ngun
nhn lc cng nh h tng mng. Nhm m bo h thng hot ng tt v n nh,
nhm thc hin ti xin xut mt vi quy nh cho vic vn hnh v khai thc h
thng nh sau:
-
V i tng:
+ Ti mi n v c chc nng gim st v thc hin vic kim tra th test ch
gii hn mt vi ngi trong ban gim st cht lng c tham gia vo h
thng (lu thng tin ln th, kim tra, gim st, gi th i)
+ Ti cc trung tm u mi, nhn vin bnh thng khng c bit th no c
gn thit b kim tra. Nu cn thit, ch c nhng ngi qun tr, lnh o
c bit v theo di c qu trnh thu thp d liu ca u c.
+ Ngi c chn nhn th test n phi ng tin cy, m bo lu thng
ngy gi th n chnh xc khi th n tay ngi nhn v gi ngc tr v.
+ Ti mi n v tham gia trong h thng phi c cn b chuyn trch qun tr
h thng.
V trnh :
+ Nhn vin tham gia phi c hiu bit c bn v tin hc c th thc hin cc
chc nng trong h thng.
+ Hiu bit cc nghip v lin quan.
+ Cn b qun tr phi c kh nng nm bt h thng, m bo h thng hot
ng tt v n nh. Khi cn thit c th gi in xin s h tr t n v trin
khai h thng.
Phi m bo c an ton mng v d liu:

+ V h thng c s kt ni n cc n v lin quan nn yu cu c lin kt
mng v internet, lin thng gia cc n v.
+ C s sao lu d liu hng ngy.

Trang 98
+ Cc n v tham gia c trch nhim m bo h thng ti n v mnh hot

ng tt.
+ Gim st thit b phn cng, kp thi thng bo khi c hng hc, s c x l
hoc mua mi (nu cn thit).
+ Bo mt d liu trong qu trnh khai thc.
+ Cc th test gi i khng c nhn vin bu in bit nhm m bo vic
test th l hon ton khch quan v m bo chnh xc.
-
Khi vn hnh h thng, yu cu c s ng b gia cc n v. Cn m bo thit

b lun hot ng tt, kim tra nh k pht hin xem h thng hot ng nh
th no.
Khi h thng c s thay i g cn thng bo ti tt c cc bn lin quan.
m bo h thng lun hot ng vi mc tiu: gim st thi gian ton trnh ca

th test mt cch chnh xc.
Cc n v tham gia vo h thng phi c trch nhim cho s vn hnh h thng

ti n v mnh.
Cc quy trnh h tr cng tc trin khai phn mm:

+ Quy trnh sa i v cp nht phin bn phn mm
+ Quy trnh m bo s ng b gia nghip v v phn mm.
+ Quy trnh h tr trin khai t xa.
+ Thnh lp ban iu hnh trin khai phn mm. Nhm ny c thnh lp t
khi phn mm bt u trin khai cho ti khi h thng hot ng n nh.
H thng c a vo trin khai thc t yu cu ln nht l phi m bo c vn

hnh ng quy trnh, hot ng tt v n nh, gim bt lao ng th cng v s vt v
cho nhng ngi thc hin. Yu cu h thng hot ng phi m bo c cht
lng v quy trnh pht trin, m bo ng quy trnh nghip v. Trn y ch l mt
s quy nh c bn trong vic vn hnh v trin khai h thng cn thc hin m nhm
xut m bo h thng c th hot ng n nh, p ng yu cu v cht lng
v nghip v trong vic kim tra th thng. Trong qu trnh vn hnh v trin khai h
thng c th pht sinh thm cc vn cn phi xem xt v cn nhc, trong cc giai
on sau h thng c cp nht v hon chnh hn.

Trang 99
KT LUN
Vi ti Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh RFID (Radio Frequency Identification )
trong bu chnh nhim v t ra l hng ti kh nng ng dng cng ngh RFID
cho vic qun l, gim st hnh trnh v nng cao c cht lng dch v bu phm,
bu kin trong ngnh Bu chnh cng nh nhm phc v khch hng tt hn v hiu
qu hn. n thi im ny, nhm thc hin ti thuc Vin khoa hc k thut Bu
in thc hin c nhng ni dung sau:
-
Tng quan v cng ngh nhn dng RFID

Cc tin b khoa hc trong cng ngh nhn dng
Cc thng tin, i tng nhn dng trong cng ngh nhn dng RFID
Cc thng s k thut lin quan n cng ngh nhn dng RFID;
Cc c im ca cng ngh nhn dng RFID;
Cc thng s k thut lin quan n cng ngh nhn dng RFID;
ng dng ca cng ngh nhn dng RFID v ng dng cho bu chnh Vit nam;
Cc khuyn ngh v ng dng cng ngh nhn dng RFID trong Bu chnh Vit
Nam.
Nhm thc hin ti mong nhn c s ng gp kin v nh gi ca cc cp

lnh o, cc n v c lin quan cng nh nhng c nhn quan tm n s pht trin
ca cng ngh ny theo hng ng dng trong thc t vi iu kin ca ngnh Bu
chnh ni ring cng nh nhng ngnh khc ni chung c th thc hin tt cc mc
tiu ra v nh hng pht trin trong thi gian ti.
Mt ln na nhm ti xin chn thnh cm n s quan tm v ng gp kin ca
ca V khoa hc v cng ngh, V Bu chnh - B thng tin v truyn thng, ng
cm n cc chuyn vin Ban BC-PHBC, Ban Post*Net cng nh nhng gp ca
ng nghip.
H Ni, thng 10 nm 2007

Trang 100
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Ti liu quy nh nghip v Bu phm, bu kin do Tp on Bu Chnh Vin
Thng ban hnh
[2] RFID.Essentials._2006_.BBL Oreilly
[3] RFID for Postal and Courier Services 2006-2016 IDTechEx
[4] Website ca Cc tn s v tuyn in: www.rfd.gov.vn
[5] Website v cc gii php ng dng RFID: www.rfidsolutionsonline.com
[6] Website ca cng ty cung cp thit b v thit k ng dng RFID cho IPC
www.lyngsoesystems.com
[7] Website ca IPC www.ipc.be

Trang 101

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B THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

VIN KHOA HC K THUT BU IN

NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH RFID (RADIO FREQUENCY

Ch tr: Ths Nguyn Trng Thnh

Ths. V Anh Tun

H ni, thng 11 nm 2007

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

BNG THUT NG VIT TT

Bu chnh pht hnh bo ch

Bu chnh Vin thng

Cng ngh thng tin

Center Management System

International Post Corporation

International Organization for Standardization

Local Data Collection System

Radio Frequency Identification

Ultra high frequency

Universal Postal Union

Tp on Bu chnh Vin Thng Vit Nam

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

DANH MC BNG BIU

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Nghin cu cng ngh nhn dng bng tn s v tuyn RFID

xut phng n xy dng phn mm ng dng RFID trong vic qun l v

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Cng ngh nhn dng bng tn s v tuyn RFID (Radio Frequency

Cc ng dng ca RFID i vi ngnh bu chnh ti mt s quc gia

Nhm thc hin ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca V khoa hc v cng

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

I. Tng quan v cng ngh nhn dng RFID

Th: Ti gc tri di ca hnh minh ha, c mt b cc th RFID dng k

u c: Gian hng ny cng c cc u c c t trn cc gi v li ra.

Phn mm trung gian:Hnh ch nht ghi RFID midleware (phn mm trung

Cc dch v thng tin RFID: (RFID Informaiton Services) l c ch lu cc

Cc trung tm d liu: (Data Center) gm c trung tm d liu ca bn thn

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn ca h thng RFID

Nh nhc n phn trn, cc th c th c t trong cc nt PVC, trong cc ng

Vic kt ni lin quan ti cch thc u c v th giao tip vi nhau. Mi mt cch

Kh nng lu tr thng tin

Lng thng tin lu tr c trong cc th thng bin i. Nhng th ch c c

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Hnh 1.2: Hai th RFID.

Tun theo cc chun

Hn ch: tm hot ng hn ch, thng ch xp x 3-2m.

u im: passive tag khng i hi phi c pin hot ng, c vng i

Phng thc hot ng: active tag s t ng pht ra tn hiu trong mt bn

Hn ch: tag khng th hot ng nu khng c pin, t v c kch thc

u im: tm ph sng ln (hn 100m), c th s dng cc ngun in

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Ngoi ra cn c loi th bn th ng l s kt hp gia th th ng v ch ng. Th

Cc th active thng cho c di c rng hn th passive. i vi cc ng dng bn

Mi mt cht liu khc nhau s to ra cc th RFID c c im khc nhau. V d,

Chp nhn cc chun

Vic tnh ton xem liu c phi hu ht cc u c hin c s hiu c cc th RF

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Hnh 1.3: Cc thnh phn ca u c RFID.

Cc u c l nhng thit b bin v cng ging nh nhng thit b RFID khc,

H thng antenna bao gm mt hoc nhiu antenna, cc logic v kt ni h tr cho

Phng nghin cu k thut Bu chnh - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in

Vic la chn u c ph thuc hon ton vo loi th chn. Nhiu u c ch c