ch3 - Ma Tran

hdxb_2009
MA TRN
Chng 3
Bi ging TON NG DNG TRONG TIN HC
(Ti liu cp nht 2009)
TRNG CAO NG NGH iSPACE
137C Nguyn Ch Thanh, P 9, Q 5, TP. H Ch Minh
Web: ispace.edu.vn - Tel: 08.6.261.0303 - Fax: 08.6.261.0304
2
1. Ma trn
- Khi nim ma trn
- Ma trn vung
- Cc php ton trn ma trn

A. MA TRN
TON NG DNG Chng 3: MA TRN HDXB-2009
1. Khi nim ma trn
nh ngha ma trn:

Ma trn cp mxn l bng s thc hnh ch nht c m dng
v n ct .
11 1 1
1
1
... ...
... ...
... ...
j n
i ij in
m mj mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
\ .
Ct j
Dng i
3
A. MA TRN
V d 1.
( )
1 4 2
0 2 5
A

=
A l ma trn thc cp 2x3 gm 2 dng v 3 ct
11 12 13 21 22 23
1; 4; 2; 0; 2; 5 a a a a a a = = = = = =
Phn t ca A:
V d 2
1 2 1
3 3 2
5 1 4
A

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
4
1. Khi nim ma trn
A. MA TRN
Tp hp tt c cc ma trn cp mxn c k hiu l M
m
x
n
(R)
Ma trn A c m dng v n ct thng c k hiu bi
( )
n m
ij
a A

=
Ma trn c tt c cc phn t l khng c gi l ma trn
khng, k hiu 0, (a
ij
= 0 vi mi i v j).
nh ngha ma trn khng
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 0 0
0 0 0
A
5
1. Khi nim ma trn
A. MA TRN
Nu s dng v ct ca ma trn A bng nhau v bng n, th
A c gi l ma trn vung cp n.
nh ngha ma trn vung
2 1
3 2
A

| |
=
|
\ .
Tp hp cc ma trn vung cp n c k hiu bi M
n
(R)
6
2. Ma trn vung
A. MA TRN
2 3 1 1
3 4 0 5
2 1 3 7
2 1 6 8
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
Cc phn t a
11
, a
22
,,a
nn
to nn ng cho
chnh ca ma trn vung A.
Ma trn ng cho l ma trn c cc phn t nm ngoi
ng cho chnh bng 0. Lc ma trn ng cho
c k hiu: diag(a
11
, a
22
,,a
nn
) vi a
ii
l cc phn t
nm trn ng cho chnh.
7
2. Ma trn vung
A. MA TRN
Ma trn vung c gi l ma trn tam
gic trn nu

nh ngha ma trn tam gic trn
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 0 0
6 3 0
3 1 2
A
( )
ij
n n
A a

=
ij
0, a i j = >
Ma trn vung c gi l ma trn tam
gic di nu

nh ngha ma trn tam gic di
2 0 0
4 1 0
5 7 2
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
( )
ij
n n
A a

=
ij
0, = < a i j
8
2. Ma trn vung
A. MA TRN
Ma trn cho vi cc phn t ng cho u bng
1 c gi l ma trn n v, tc l (a
ij
= 0, i j;
v a
ii
= 1 vi mi i).
nh ngha ma trn n v
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I
2. Ma trn vung
Ma trn n v cp n c k hiu bi I
n

9
A. MA TRN
3. Cc php ton ma trn
Hai ma trn bng nhau nu:
1) cng cp;
2)cc phn t nhng v tr tng ng bng
nhau (a
ij
= b
ij
vi mi i v j).
a. Hai ma trn trn bng nhau
10
A. MA TRN
2 3
9 3
0 1
4 2
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
T
A
3 2
9 0 4
3 1 2
|
.
|
\
|

= A
Chuyn v ca l ma trn cp

nXm thu c t A bng cch chuyn dng thnh ct.
( )
m n
ij
T
a A

=
b. Ma trn chuyn v
( )
n m
ij
a A

=
V d
11
A. MA TRN
12
Ma trn vung A tha a
ij
= a
ji
vi mi i = 1,.n v j
=1,,n c gi l ma trn i xng (tc l, nu
A = A
T
)
nh ngha ma trn i xng
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
0 7 3
7 4 1
3 1 2
A
Tnh cht:
a) (A
T
)
T
= A;
b) A
T
= B
T
A =B
A. MA TRN
c. Php nhn ma trn vi mt s.
Nhn ma trn vi mt s, ta ly s nhn vi tt
c cc phn t ca ma trn.
|
.
|
\
|
=
5 0 3
4 2 1
A
|
.
|
\
|
=
10 0 6
8 4 2
2 A
V d
Tnh cht:
a) (o|)A= o(|A);
b) (oA)
T
=oA
T

13
A. MA TRN
Tng A + B:
Cng cp
Cc phn t tng ng cng li
d. Cng hai ma trn
|
.
|
\
|

= |
.
|
\
|
=
7 4 1
6 2 3
;
5 0 3
4 2 1
B A
|
.
|
\
|
= +
12 4 4
10 0 2
B A
V d
14
A. MA TRN
Tnh cht:
a) A + B = B + A;
c) (A + B) + C = A + ( B + C);
b) A + 0 = A;
d) o(A + B) = oA + oB;
e) (o + |)A = oA + |A;
f) (A + B)
T
= A
T
+ B
T
;
15
A. MA TRN
e. Nhn hai ma trn vi nhau
( ) ; ( )
p ij m i p j n
A a B b

= =
n m ij
c C AB

= = ) ( vi
pj ip j i j i ij
b a b a b a c + + + = ...
2 2 1 1
1
2
1 2
*
* *
... ... ...
*
j
j
i i ip
pj
ij
b
b
AB a a a
b
c
(
( (
(
( (
(
= =
( (
(
( (
(

(

16
11 12 13
21 22 23
1 2 2
2 1 4
3 0 1
4 1 0
2 4 3
c c c
A B
c c c
| |
| | | |
|
= =
| |
|
\ . \ .
|
\ .
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

= |
.
|
\
|

=
3 4 2
1 0 3
2 2 1
;
0 1 4
4 1 2
B A
V d
Tnh AB
11
c = ( )
2 1 4
1
3
2
| |
|
|
|
\ .
2 1 ( 1) 3 4 2 7 = + + =
12 13
21 22 23
7 c c
c c c
| |
|
\ .
17
A. MA TRN
2 1 1
;
4 1 3
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
A B
V d
Tm ma trn X, tha AX = B.
Xc nh cp ca ma trn X l 2x1.
AX=B
a
X
b
| |
=
|
\ .
t
2 1 1
4 1 3
a
b
| || | | |
=
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
2 1
4 3
a b
a b
| | | |
=
| |
+
\ . \ .
2 1
4 3
a b
a b
=

+ =
2 1
,
3 3
a b = =
2/ 3
Vay
1/ 3
X
| |
=
|
\ .
18
A. MA TRN
a. A(BC) = (AB)C; b.A(B + C) = AB + AC;
e. o(AB) = (oA)B = A(oB).
d. I
m
A = A = AI
m

Tnh cht ca php nhn hai ma trn
c. (B+C)A = BA+CA;
Ch :
1. Ni chung BA AB=
2. AC AB = C B =
0 = AB 0 0 = v = B A
3.
19
A. MA TRN
( )( ) ( )
1 2 4 3 8 5
3 4 2 1 20 13
=
( )( ) ( )
4 3 1 2 13 20
2 1 3 4 5 8
=
( )( ) ( )
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
=
( )( ) ( )
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
=
20
A. MA TRN
f. Ly tha ma trn.
n
n
A A A A A =
0
Qui c: A I =
2
A A A =
3
A A A A =
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Khi
21
A. MA TRN
1 3
.
0 1
A
| |
=
|
\ .
V d
Tnh A
2
; A
3
, t suy ra A
200

2
1 3 1 3
0 1 0 1
A A A
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .
1
1
6
0
| |
=
|
\ .
3 2
1 6 1 3
0 1 0 1
A A A
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .
1
1
9
0
| |
=
|
\ .
200
1
0 1
200 3
A

| |
=
|
\ .
22
A. MA TRN
2 3
.
0 2
| |
=
|
\ .
A
V d
Tnh A
200

2 3 1 3/ 2
2
0 2 0 1
A
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
1
2
0 1
a
| |
=
|
\ .
1 1
Ta co:
0 1 0 1
n
a na
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
200 200
200
200
300 2 2
0 2
A
| |
=
|

|
\ .
23
A. MA TRN
Bi 1. Php ton no sau y thc hin c v tnh ton
kt qu:

2 1 0 1 1 3 2 1
.
3 1 2 7 5 1 0 0
a

| | | |
+
| |

\ . \ .
1 2 1 2 3
.
2 3 4 5 6
b

| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
2 1 0 1
. 3
3 1 2 7
c

| |
\ .
1 3 2 1
. 0
5 1 0 0
d
| |
|
\ .
1 0
1 2 4 1 6 0 1
. 0 3 0 3 5 2 4
2 4 1 2 4 3 3
3 1
e
| |
|

| |
|
|
|
|
|
|

\ .
|
|

\ .
1 2 4
1 0 1
. 2 0 0
4 3 2
1 1 1
f
| |
| |
|
|
|

\ .
|
\ .
B. BI TP
Bi 2. Cho 3 ma trn vung A, B, C cp n. iu ny sau y
lun ng?
( ) ( )
) a AB C A BC =
( )
) b A B C AB AC + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
) c A kB kA B k AB = =
) d AB BA =
B. BI TP

Bi 3. Cho

Php ton no sau y thc hin c? V tnh kt qu
.
2 5 1 3 1 6 4
;
3 0 4 0 2 7 5
A B

| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
. a A B +
. b A B .
T
c A B
.
T
d A B
B. BI TP

Bi 4. Tm x, y nu

Bi 5. Tm x, y, z, w tha:
1 3
6 .
5 3
x x
y y
| || | | |
=
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
1 1 1 1
.
0 1 0 1
x y x y
z w z w
| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
B. BI TP
Bi 6. Cho cc ma trn A, B nh sau:

a) Tnh

b) Tm ma trn X sao cho
2 1 1 2 1 0
;
0 1 4 3 2 2
A B

| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
( )
2
3 2 ; 2 ; .
T T T T
A B AA BB A A B B +
B. BI TP
2
T
B X BA =
Bi 7. Tm s thc x, y, z, w bit rng:

6 4
3
1 2 3
x y x x y
z w w z w
+
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
B. BI TP

Bi 9. Tnh

Bi 10. Cho . Tnh

Gi : p dng nguyn l qui np.
2003
0 1
.
1 0
| |
|
\ .
1 2
0 1
A
| |
=
|
\ .
.
n
A
B. BI TP
CHNG 3: MA TRN
3.1 Ma trn
3.2 Cc ma trn
16- Khi nim v ma trn
17- S hc ma trn
18- Chuyn v v ly tha cc ma trn
19- Thut ton
20- phc tp ca thut ton
21- nh gi thi gian tnh ca mt thut ton
16- KHI NiM v MA TRN
Ma trn A (mxn):
m = n : MT vung
2 ma trn (A=B)

m hng & n ct.
Bng hnh ch nht
j
i
a
Phn t
nh ngha:
Xc nh hng (i) v ct (j)
ca phn t bt k:
Hng 2 & ct 3.
3.1 Ma trn
A(3x3)
n
A
= n
B
,
m
A
= m
B
a
ij
= b
ij
A =

B =

17- S HC v MA TRN
a/ PHP CNG (TNG CA CC MA TRN)
3.1 Ma trn
iu kin: cc ma trn thnh phn phi c cng kch thc m x n.
V d 3.1:
Lu : Php CNG ma trn c tnh giao hon A + B = B + A
1 3 5
2 3 0
0 2 7
3 1 0
8 0 2
1 3 5
+
4 .. ..
.. 3 ..
.. .. ..
=
17- S HC v MA TRN (tt)
V d 3.2:
3.1 Ma trn
1 3 5
2 3 0
0 2 7
+
=
V d 3.3:
3.1 Ma trn
4 5 3
9 4 2
2 1 8
2 4 7
3 5 4
1 6 5
.. 4 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
-
1 3 5
2 3 0
0 2 7
-
=
V d 3.4:
4 5 3
8 4 6
1 3 8
2 4 7
3 5 4
1 6 5
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
+
17- S HC v MA TRN (tt) 3.1 Ma trn
b/ PHP NHN
(TCH CA CC MA TRN)
A (mxk)
B (kxn)
C (mxn)
iu kin: ct tri = hngphi
A
(mxk)
B
(kxn)
C=A.B
(mxn)
b/ PHP NHN - TCH CA CC MA TRN (tt)
Lu : Php TCH ma trn khng c tnh giao hon
A.B B.A
A.B.C = (A.B).C A.(B.C)
j
i
a
j
i
b
j
i
c
x
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23

a
31
a
32
a
33

a
41
a
42
a
43
x
=
A (4x3) B (3x2)
b
11
b
12

b
21
b
22

b
31
b
32

c
11
c
12
c
21
c
22

c
31
c
32

c
41
c
42
C=AxB (4x2)
c
11
=a
11
.b
11
+a
12
.b
21
+a
13
.b
31
c
21
=a
21
.b
11
+a
22
.b
21
+a
23
.b
31
c
12
=a
11
.b
12
+a
12
.b
22
+a
13
.b
32
c
22
=a
21
.b
12
+a
22
.b
22
+a
23
.b
32
Phng php NHN ma trn:
HNG X CT
1 0 4
2 1 1
3 1 0
0 2 2
2 4
1 1
3 0
x =
.. ..
.. ..
7 ..
.. ..
V d 3.5:
Phng php NHN ma trn:
HNG X CT
C
31
= 3x2 + 1x1 + 0x3 = 7
1 0 4
6 2 3
3 5 0
0 2 3
2 3
4 1
3 0
x =
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
1 0 4
6 2 3
2 3 0
4 1 2
3 0 1
x
=
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
V d 3.6:
V d 3.7
3.1 Ma trn
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
18- Chuyn v v ly tha cc ma trn
Tham kho Seminars
18- Chuyn v v ly tha cc ma trn (tt)
Chuyn v
Tham kho Seminars
1 0 4
6 2 3
3 5 0
0 2 3
=
a/
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
1 5
2 2
3 7
4 8
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
MA TRN 0 1`
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Ly tha cc ma trn
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
19- Thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
20- phc tp ca thut ton
Tham kho Seminars
20- phc tp ca thut ton (tt)
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
21- nh gi thi gian tnh ca 1 thut ton
Tham kho Seminars
21- nh gi thi gian tnh ca 1 thut ton(tt)
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
Tham kho Seminars
CM N CC EM
CH LNG NGHE !
TRNG CAO NG NGH iSPACE
137C Nguyn Ch Thanh, P 9, Q 5, TP. H Ch Minh
Web: ispace.edu.vn - Tel: 08.6.261.0303 - Fax: 08.6.261.0304
TON NG DNG Chng 4: PHNG PHP TNH HDXB-2009
Kt thc Chng 3:
MA TRN

ch3 - Ma Tran

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