Compiled by Dinos Levantis

Issued by BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys 2011

All Data in this booklet should be used as guidance only
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any form
or means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written
permission of BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys.
Details correct at time of going to press.

I n t r o d u c t i o n 1



Marine survey reports frequently contain engineering terminology which can often be
unfamiliar to the non engineers in the wider spectrum of the shipping industry.

In an attempt to bridge this gap we have produced this small guide book which covers some
of the common terminology used for ships, their engines and ships related operation, often
encountered in survey reports. By no means should this booklet be considered a complete
dictionary encompassing the entire terminology. Such a dictionary would in any case be
rather large and cumbersome to use.

The intention was to keep it simple and easy to use, providing a quick reference through
easily understood illustrations. A blank page has been left next to each illustration for the
user to write additional notes and queries they may have which our technical staff are more
than happy to advise on.

We would like to especially thank the Piraeus Office Administration staff for their enormous
help and patience in preparing this booklet.

This is the first version, (Ver. 01) of this booklet and we would gladly welcome any
suggestions from the users which will help us enhance any future versions.


Dinos Levantis MSc
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys (Incorporating The Salvage Association)
2 C ONT E NT S

Page
GENERAL
BMT MARINE & OFFSHORE SURVEYS................................................................
GENERAL CONTACT DETAILS (HEAD OFFICE LONDON)............
GLOBAL SURVEYOR LOCATIONS.................................
REGIONAL HUB OFFICES.....................................
UNITS.......................................
NAVIGATION....................................
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA ...........................
COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA............................
WEATHER DATA-BEAUFORT SCALE..................................
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS..................................
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (BOW CONSTRUCTION).......................
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (DOUBLE BOTTOM DECK
CONSTRUCTION)..................................
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (STERN & RUDDER CONSTRUCTION).....................
STEERNG GEARS...............................................................................................
ANCHOR & CHAINS......................................

3
4
5
6
8-9
10
11-13
14
15
16-17
18

19
20
21
22

HULL
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER.................................
BULK CARRIER....................................
HATCH COVERS.....................................
CONTAINER CARRIER..................................
GAS CARRIER...................................
PASSENGER FERRY...................................
OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT................................
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER.................................


24
26-28
30
32
34
36
38
40

MACHINERY
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION.............................
CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS...............................
TRUNK PISTON TYPE V- ENGINES.............................
TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT ARRANGEMENT...........................
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT..................................
TURBOCHARGER...................................
ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR & EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT.........................
PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT.................................
WATER JET THRUSTERS................................
STEAM TURBINE...................................
VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED BOILER..............................



42
44-46
48-50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66

REFERENCES.................................... 68-69
GENERAL
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd
(Incorporating The Salvage Association)
3


BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading international marine surveying and technical
consultancy, operating from a worldwide network of offices. The company incorporates the
world-renowned casualty expertise of The Salvage Association and BMT Murray Fenton.

The Salvage Association was founded in 1856 in London and has been closely operating with
the London insurance market.

Our services include casualty surveys, report and investigations work on behalf of Hull &
Machinery, P&I, Liability and cargo insurers. Our spectrum of work includes surveys of
incidents affecting every type of vessel from a yacht to the largest ULCC and the most
complex LNG or chemical carrier.

BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading marine consultant providing warranty
services for the Cargo, Offshore Energy, Construction, Liability and Hull & Machinery
insurance markets. Additional services include; risk management, risk assessments including
environmental and emissions risks, feasibility studies; risk audits of vessel and engine room
operations, shipbuilding and repair facilities and their procedures; assessments of port
operations, wreck removal and navigation.

Our global network of surveyors are ready to immediately assist in the event of marine
casualties, collisions, stranding, sinkings, salvage, wreck removal, machinery investigations,
warranty, P&I and risk assessment.



4 CONTACT DETAI L S F OR PI RAEUS & VARNA GENERAL


LONDON Office HEAD OFFICE

Marlow House
1A Lloyds Avenue
London, EC3N 3AL
United Kingdom

Tel: +44 207 648 9650
Fax: +44 207 929 5564
Email: london@bmtmarinerisk.com


Global Support Services
London

Tel: +44 (0)020 7648 9655
Mobile: +44 (0)7831 879675
Email: gss_staff@bmtmarinerisk.com
Email: smartin@bmtmarinerisk.com


Global Support Services
New York

Tel: +1 212 587 9307
Mobile: +1 646 283-0626
Email: grocco@bmtmarinerisk.com


For direct contact with our regional
offices please refer to page 6 of this
guide or visit our website to download
our International contact directory
www.bmtmarinerisk.com













GENERAL GL OBAL S UVEYOR NETWORK 5



Marine Expertise:
Anytime, Anywhere

Global Surveyor Network


6 REGI ONAL HUB OF F I CES GENERAL


GREECE
Hellas Branch
5-7 Fillelinon Street
185 36 Piraeus
Greece

Tel: +30 210 42 92 690
Fax:+30 210 42 92 691
Email: piraeus@bmtmarinerisk.com
or hellas@bmtmarinerisk.com



NEW YORK
20 Broad Street
7
th
Floor, Suite A
New York, NY 10005-2615
USA

Tel: +1 212 587 9300
Fax: +1 212 587 9301
Email: new_york@bmtmarinerisk.com



DUBAI
Dubai World Trade Centre Building
13
th
Level, PO Box 9222
Dubai
United Arab Emirates

Tel: +971 4 331 3100
Fax: +971 4 331 4121
Email: dubai@bmtmarinerisk.com

SOUTH AFRICA
13 Foregate Square
Table Bay Boulevard
Cape Town 8000
South Africa

Tel: +27 21 421 3172/3
Fax: +27 21 421 3166
Email: cape_town@bmtmarinerisk.com




SINGAPORE
3 HarbourFront Place
No 03-01/04 HarbourFront
Tower Two
Singapore 099254

Tel: +65 6517 6860
Fax: +65 6274 4881
Email: singapore@bmtmarinerisk.com




















For further information please visit our website www.bmtmarinerisk.com
GENERAL NOT ES 7


8 UNI TS GENERAL

Length

1 nm = 1852 m = 1.852 km
1 yd = 3 ft = 36 in = 0.9144 m
1 m = 100 cm = 10 dm = 1000 mm = 3,2808 ft
1 m =0.001 mm
1 cable = 185.20 m = 0.1 nm
1 fn = 1.8288 m
1 shackle of anchor cable = 15 fm = 27.5 m



Nm
km
m
cm
dm
mm
m
ft
in
yd
cable
fn


Nautical mile
kilometer
meter
centimeter
decimeter
millimeter
micron
foot
inch
yard
cable length (international)
fathom

Volume

1 m
3
= 1000 dm
3

= 1000 lit
= 219.9692 gal (UK)
= 1759.7547 pt (UK)
= 35.31467 ft
3

= 6.2898 barrels (US)



lit
gal
pt
barrels





litre
gallon (UK)
pint (UK)
barrels (US)
Force

1 Kgf = 9.80665 N = 2.2046 lbf = 1 Kpond
1 tonf = 1000 Kgf = 9806.65 N = 9.80665 KN
1 tonef (UK long tons) = 1.01605 tonf (metric)


Kgf
Lbf
Kpond
N
KN


Kilogram force
Pound force
Kilopond
Newton
Kilo-Newton

Pressure / Stress

1 atm = 1.01325 bar
= 101325 N/m
2

= 0.101325 N/mm
2

= 1.03322 Kgf/cm
2

= 10332.27 Kgf/m
2

= 101.325 KPa
= 2116.21658 lbf/ft
2

= 14.6959 psi (lbf/in
2
)
= 29.9213 in Hg
= 760.0021 mm Hg




atm
bar
KPa
psi
in Hg
mm Hg






Atmosphere
Bar
Kilo-Pascal
Pound per square inch
Inches of Mercury
Millimeters of Mercury



GENERAL UNI TS 9

Temperature

1 C = 33.8 F = 274.15 K

C
F
K
Degree Celsius
Degree Fahrenheit
Degree Kelvin

Flow rate

1 lit/min = 0.000589 ft
3
/sec
= 0.0000167 m
3
/sec
= 0.06012 m
3
/hr
= 13.1981 gal/hr (UK)


Velocity

1 Knot = 0.51444 m/s
= 1.852 km/hr
= 1.6878 ft/sec


Power

1 KW = 1000 W
= 1.3410 HP
= 1.3596 PS (Metric Horse power)



W
HP
PS


Watt
Horse Power
Metric Horse power
Moment / Torque

1 Kgf m = 9.80665 Nm
= 0.009807 KNm
= 7.233 lbf ft
= 0.001 tonf m





10 NAVI GATI ON GENERAL




Most charts are drawn to MERCATORs PROJECTION, to represent
the spherical world on a flat sheet of paper with all the meridians
of longitude made parallel. To keep the same land shapes the
parallels of latitude are increased in proportion.
This gives rise to say 600 sea miles being measured on a chart
being a bigger measurement at the top of the chart than at the
bottom.
This is because 1 sea mile = 1 minute of latitude and the latitude
scale gradually increases towards the top of the chart. This is why
distances are ALWAYS measured on the latitude scale opposite
your position.
Parallels of Latitude
Meridians of Longitude
LONDON 51
o
30 North
NEW YORK 74
o
00 West
CAPE TOWN 33
o
55 South
CAPE TOWN 18
o
22 East
GREENWICH MERIDIAN
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
N
S
W E
30
o

15
o
0
o

15
o

30
o

0
[Ref. 1]
GENERAL COMMON NAVAL ARCHI TECTURE DATA 11

D
e
p
t
h

D
r
a
f
t

F
r
e
e
b
o
a
r
d

B
a
s
e

L
i
n
e

B
i
l
g
e

K
e
e
l

C
a
m
b
e
r

M
a
i
n

D
e
c
k

B
e
a
m

W
L

R
i
s
e

o
f

F
l
o
o
r

S
h
e
e
r

f
o
r
w
a
r
d

C
o
l
l
i
s
i
o
n

B
u
l
k
h
e
a
d

W
L

2
0
0

L
o
a

(
L
e
n
g
t
h

O
v
e
r
a
l
l
)

L
b
p

(
L
e
n
g
t
h

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

p
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
r
s
)

M
a
i
n

D
e
c
k

S
u
m
m
e
r

L
o
a
d

l
i
n
e

F
r
a
m
e

N
u
m
b
e
r
s

1
0
0

1
0

0

A
f
t

P
e
a
k

B
u
l
k
h
e
a
d

12 COMMON NAVAL ARCHI TE CTURE DATA GENERAL

Wave length
Wave trough Wave height
Wave crest
Main Deck structure in tension
Bending HOGGING CONDITION
Bottom structure in compression
Main Deck structure in compression
Bending SAGGING CONDITION
Bottom structure in tension
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weight
Shear Force
Shear Force
The ocean wave geometry resembles a trochoidal shape. The ship structure is designed to withstand
the extreme stresses due to the applied forces when balanced on such a wave having the ships length
in both hogging and sagging conditions.

In a sea way, the structure will be continuously subjected to deformation in all directions. The
generated stresses will alternate and the material forming the structure will therefore be subjected to
fatigue. A well designed structure having a well conceived geometry and being of suitable material is
expected to withstand the fatigue stresses for a substantial period of time.

GENERAL COMMON NAVAL ARCHI TECTURE DATA 13

= DWT + Lightship
Where is the displacement, DWT is the deadweight, (cargo capacity including fuel and stores, crew
and effects), and the Lightship is the weight of the structure as built including, water in the boilers and
lubes in machinery to working level.
In all normal calculations the lightship figure is taken to be the same as stated in the vessels approved
trim and stability booklet. The lightship is also the figure used for scrap estimations.

= Lbp x B x Tm x x Cb
Where Lbp is the length between perpendiculars, B is the beam, Tm is the mean draft, is the density of
sea water (about 1025 Kg/m
3
) and Cb is the block coefficient, (for most cargo type ships between 0.65 to
0.9 passenger cruisers, 0.55 to 0.63).
The larger the block coefficient the more box shaped the vessel is. Thus for a perfect box type structure
Cb is 1, and off course the resistance is larger.

Tm = (Tf + Ta)/2
Where Tm is the midship draft, Tf and Ta are the drafts forward and aft, respectively.

Heel angle, (radians) = wl / GM
T
x
Where wl is the moment of the weight causing the heel, (the weight times the transverse distance from
midship), GMT is the transverse metacentric height and is the total displacement. The formula works
in radians, (1 rad = 57.3 degrees) and can be accurate for small angles.

Ships motions at sea
The ships centre of gravity has six degrees of freedom, three linear and three angular as illustrated in
the fig below. In a seaway it can experience all six motions simultaneously.

An object resting anywhere in the structure is subjected to forces resulting from these motions. The
magnitude of these forces are calculated using Newtons well known formula F = m x , where m is
the mass of the object and is the acceleration of its centre of gravity.


Yawing motion
Rolling motion
Pitching motion
H
e
a
v
i
n
g

m
o
t
i
o
n

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

a
x
i
s

G
14 COMMON MARI NE E NGI NEERI NG DATA GENERAL

Indicated Power (KW) = Pm x A x L x N x K x n / 0.6
Where Pm is the mean indicated pressure per cylinder in Bar
A is the sectional area of the cylinder in m
2

L is the length of stroke in m
N is the engine speed in rpm
K is the type of stroke per revolution (i.e. 1 for two stroke engines and 0.5 for four stroke engines)
n is the number of cylinders

Brake Power = Mechanical efficiency x Indicated power
The mechanical efficiency of a well designed turbocharged engine can be 90%

Bunkers
Bunker fuel is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard ships. In the maritime field the type of
classification used for fuel oils is:
IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) A blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil
o IFO 380 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes at 50C
o IFO 180 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes at 50C
o LS 380 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
o LS 180 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
HFO 380 (Heavy fuel oil) - Pure or nearly pure residual oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes
MGO (Marine gas oil) - made from distillate only
MDO (Marine diesel oil) - A blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black
refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it does not need to be heated for use in
internal combustion engines.

1 mm/s = 1 cSt Viscosity (Kinematic) is a measure of the resistance of the fuel. In everyday terms
viscosity is "thickness".
TYPICAL ENGINE OPERATING PARAMETERS
Parameter Unit Values
Max Exhaust Temperatures C 500
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 2-stroke engines Kg/cm
2
3.5~4.2
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 4-stroke engines Kg/cm
2
2.0~3.0
Jacket water outlet temperature C 65~68
Type of system oil used for 2-stroke engines SAE Viscosity 30
Type of cylinder oil used for 2-stroke engines* SAE Viscosity 70 or 50
Type of system oil used for 4-stroke engines SAE Viscosity 40
*Changeover from TBN 70 to TBN 50 only when operating for more than one week on <1% sulfur
Parameter Unit MGO MDO IFO 180 RMH 380 RMK 380
Max Density at 15C kg/m
3
890.0 900.0 991.0 991.0 1010.0
Max Viscosity at 50C mm/
s
6.0 11.0 180.0 380.0 380.0
Max Pour point, Winter C Ambient Ambient 30 30 30
General recommended
injection viscosity and
temperature
cSt
/C
Ambient Ambient 10~15/
110~ 118
10-15/
130 ~ 142
10-15/
130~142
GENERAL WEATHER DATA BEAUF ORT S CAL E 15

Beaufort
Number
Descriptive
Term
Mean wind
speed equivalent Deep Sea Criterion

Probable
mean wave
height*
in metres
Knots m/sec
0 Calm <1 0-0.2 Sea like a mirror -
1 Light air 1-3 0.3-1.5
Ripples with the appearance of scales are
formed without foam crests
0.1 (0.1)
2 Light breeze 4-6 1.6-3.3
Small wavelets, still short but more
pronounced crests have a glassy appearance
and do not break
0.2 (0.3)
3
Gentle
breeze
7-10 3.4-5.4
Large wavelets cress begin to break foam of
glassy appearance, perhaps scattered white
horses
0.6 (1)
4
Moderate
breeze
11-16 5.5-7.9
Small waves becoming longer fairly frequent
white horses
1 (1.5)
5 Fresh breeze 17-21 8.0-10.7
Moderate waves taking a more pronounced
long form many white horses are formed
(chance of some spray)
2 (2.5)
6 Strong breeze 22-27
10.8-
13.8
Large waves begin to form the white foam
crests are more extensive everywhere (some
spray)
3 (4)
7 Near gale 28-33
13.9-
17.1
Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking
waves begin to be blown in streaks along the
direction of the wind
4 (5.5)
8 Gale 34-40
17.2-
20.7
Moderately high waves of greater length
edges of crest begin to break into spindrift
foam is blown in well marked streaks along
the direction of the wind
5.5 (7.5)
9 Strong gale 41-47
20.8-
24.4
High waves dense streaks of foam along the
direction of the wind crests of waves begin to
topple, tumble and roll over, spray may affect
visibility
7 (10)
10 Storm 48-55
24.5-
28.4
Very high waves with long overhanging crests
the resulting foam in great patches is blown in
dense white streaks along the direction of the
wind on the whole, the surface of the sea
takes a white appearance the tumbling of the
sea becomes heavy and shock like visibility
affected
9 (12.5)
11 Violent storm 56-63
28.5-
32.6
Exceptionally high waves (small and medium
sized ships might be for a time lost to view
behind the waves) the sea is completely
covered with long white patches of foam lying
along the direction of the wind everywhere
the edges of the wave crests are blown into
froth visibility affected
11.5 (16)
12 Hurricane
64
and
over
32.7
and over
The air is filled with foam and spray sea
completely white with driving spray visibility
very seriously affected
14 (-)
[Ref. 2]
16 CL AS S I F I CATI ON OF S HI PS GENERAL

S
E
A
G
O
I
N
G

V
E
S
S
E
L
S

(
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
,

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

E
f
f
e
c
t
,

S
u
b
-
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
)

A
i
r
c
r
a
f
t

B
E
R
N
O
U
L
L
I

A
R
C
H
I
M
E
D
E
S

S
u
b
m
e
r
s
i
b
l
e
s

A
e
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c

c

H
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

H
y
d
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c

s
u
p
p
o
r
t

(
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
)

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

e
f
f
e
c
t

H
y
d
r
o

t
o
i
l

C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

S
p
e
c
i
a
l

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

P
l
a
n
i
n
g

h
u
l
l

C
a
t
a
m
a
r
a
n

(
M
u
l
t
i

h
u
l
l
)


D
e
e
p

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

C
u
s
h
i
o
n

A
i
r

S
e
a

6
0
-
4
0

4
0
-
2
5

8
0
-
1
0
0

K
n
o
t
s

A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
p
e
e
d

r
a
n
g
e

p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

p
i
e
r
c
i
n
g

S
u
b
m
e
r
g
e
d

t
o
i
l
s

S
m
a
l
l

w
a
t
e
r

p
l
a
n
e

S
u
b
m
a
r
i
n
e

3
0
-
1
5

1
5

[Ref. 3]
GENERAL CL AS S I F I CATI ON OF S HI PS 17

The terms below refer to design restrictions imposed on a vessel, in order to be able to trade within
standard geographic areas
TYPE

DESIGN RESTRICTIONS COMMENTS
DRY CARGO
HANDYSIZE DWT about 15,000 to 40,000 mt It is numerically the most common type of Bulk
carrier and in most cases is fitted with cranes

HANDYMAX DWT about 41,000 to 55,000 mt

Most commonly they have 5 Cargo holds and 4
cranes of 30tonnes lifting capacity
SUEZMAX DWT up to 150,000 mt

Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
PANAMAX DWT 60,000 80,000 mt

Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Panama Canal
POST PANAMAX
And
CAPESIZE

DWT 81,000 250,000
Capers do not cross any of the worlds canals
TANKERS
AFRAMAX (Crude
and Product Oil
tankers)
DWT between 75,000 120,000 mt

Are largely used in the basins of the Black Sea,
Caribbean, China Sea and the Mediterranean

Non-OPEC exporting countries mainly require
the use of AFRAMAX tankers , because their
harbours and canals are too small to
accommodate VLCCs and ULCCs
SUEZMAX

Similar size as the respective bulk carrier. Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
VLCC

Very large crude oil carrier (super Tanker
DWT between 150,000 320,000 mt)
Do not cross any of the worlds canals
ULCC Ultra large crude oil carrier (super Tanker
DWT between 320,000 550,000 mt)
Do not cross any of the worlds canals
CONTAINER VESSELS
SMALL FEEDER Up to 13,500mt
(up to 1000 TEU)
Used when economic and size restrictions
imposed for larger sizes
FEEDER Approx. between
13,500-31,000mt
(1,000-2,500 TEU)
Used when economic and size restrictions
imposed for larger sizes
PANAMAX Approx. between
31,000-59,000mt
(2,500-5,000 TEU)
Can cross Panama Canal
POST-PANAMAX Approx. between
59,000-113,000mt
(5,000-10,000 TEU)
Cannot cross Panama Canal
SUEZMAX Approx. between
113,000-137,000mt
(10,000-12,000 TEU)
Can cross Suez Canal
POST-SUEZMAX Above 137,000mt
(Above 12,000TEU)
Cannot cross Suez Canal


18
S HI P C ONS T R UC T I ON D A T A
( B OW C ONS T R UC T I ON)
GENERAL

Anchor chain
Hawse pipe
Bulwark
Forecastle
deck

Main
deck
Flame area
Soft nose
plating
TANK
Chain locker
Anchor Windlass
Chain Stopper
FOREPEAK
FOREPEAK TANK
[Ref. 4]
GENERAL
SHI P CONSTRUCTI ON DATA
( DOUBLE BOTTOM DECK CONSTRUCTI ON)
19

Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Side Shell
Margin Plate
Inner bottom
plating
Center
Strake
Inner bottom
Longitudinal
Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Frame Bracket
Solid Floor
Nontight
Side Girder
Bottom
Longitudinal
Solid Floor
Center
Girder
Side
Girder
Transversely Longitudinally
Framed
Framed
Built up Section
Flat Bar
Inverted Angle
Bulb Plate
Tee or Part I
H-Beam with Flanges Removed
Additional Face Plate if needed
Flange
Plate
[Ref. 5]
20
S HI P CONS T RUCT I ON DAT A
( S T E RN - RUDDE R CONS T RUCT I ON)
GENERAL

BALANCE RUDDER WITH HEEL PINTLE

Stern Frame
Rudder BLADE
Upper Pintle
Stock Palm
After Peak Tank
Steering Gear Flat
Rudder Stock
Heel Pintle
SEMI SPADE RUDDER
Rudder Stock
Steering Gear Flat
After Peak Tank
Stern Frame
Stern Tube
Rudder Blade
Horn Pintle
Neck Hearing
Rudder Horn
Frame 0
Frame 0
Skeg
Stern Tube
GENERAL S T E E R I NG GE A R S 21



ROTARY VANE STEERING GEAR SYSTEM
Stator
Rotor
Rudder stock
Vanes
RAM STEERING GEAR SYSTEM
Hydraulic Cylinder
Ram
Yoke
Rudder stock
[Ref. 6]
[Ref. 7]
22 A NC HOR & C HA I NS GENERAL

Ring (Shackle)
Fluke / Palm

Shank
Throat
Crown
Blade
Arms
Bill/Pea
Connection to Anchor
Common Link
Common Link
End Link
Anchor Crown Shackle
Common Link
Enlarged Link
Kenter Joining Shackle
Jaw and Jaw Swivel
Anchor Shank
Connection to Chain Locker
Common Link
End Link
Enlarged Link
Clinch Shackle
[Ref. 8]
[Ref. 9]
GENERAL NOT E S 23

24 GE NE R A L C A R GO C A R R I E R HULL

B
i
l
g
e

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

K
e
e
l

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

D
e
c
k

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

S
h
e
e
r

s
t
r
a
k
e

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

S
h
e
l
l

f
r
a
m
e

L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

w
e
l
d
i
n
g

s
e
a
m
s

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

w
e
l
d
i
n
g

s
e
a
m
s

T
a
n
k

t
o
p

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

T
w
e
e
n

d
e
c
k

h
a
t
c
h

[
R
e
f
.

1
0
]

[
R
e
f
.

4
]

HULL NOT E S 25

26 B UL K C A R R I E R HULL

[
R
e
f
.

1
1
]

HULL NOT E S 27

28 B UL K C A R R I E R HOL D A R R A NGE ME NT HULL

Where the cargo hold is used for
heavy ballast condition, the shell
frames have larger scantlings.
The same applies for tank top
plating if discharging is by means of
heavy crabs.
Deck plating
Deck longitudinal
Hatch side
coaming
Topside tank plating
Vertical strake
Topside tank
slopping plating
Topside tank slopping
plating longitudinal
Topside tank
transverse
web frame

Topside tank
Side shell
longitudinal
Bracket
Side shell frame
(Hold frame)
Cargo Hold
Bracket
Side shell
plating
Hopper
Transverse
web frame
Side shell
longitudinal
Double bottom tank
Hopper tank Sloping
Hopper tank sloping
plating longitudinal
Bottom side girder
Inner bottom
longitudinal
Bottom center girder
Inner bottom plating
(Tank top)
Keel plate
Floor
Hopper tank
Bottom longitudinal Bottom shell
plating
Bilge Keel
Bilge
plating
Corrugated
type bulkhead
Side transverse
Deck transverse
(Topside) bottom transverse

Topside tank bottom
Hatchside coaming
Hatchend coaming
Hatchend beam Cross deck beam
Deck longitudinal
Side longitudinal
(Topside)
bottom longitudinal
Hold frame
Bilge hopper
Lower stool
Solid floor Bottom transverse
Bilge hopper transverse
Side transverse
Transverse ring in bilge hopper
Bottom longitudinal
Bilge hopper
Longitudinal
Center girder
Side girder
Inner bottom
( tanktop of double bottom)
Tanktop (inner bottom) longitudinal
Side longitudinal
[Ref. 12]
[Ref. 13]
HULL NOT E S 29

30 HA T C H C OV E R S HULL

OPEN
Transverse opening hatch cover
Longitudinal
direction
PANELS
Longitudinally opening hatch covers
PANELS
Hatch coaming
brackets
Hatch
coaming
Longitudinal
direction
[Ref. 4]
[Ref. 5]
HULL NOT E S 31

32 C ONT A I NE R C A R R I E R HULL

D
o
u
b
l
e

b
o
t
t
o
m

[
R
e
f
.

1
0
]

[
R
e
f
.

1
4
]

HULL NOT E S 33

34 GA S C A R R I E R HULL




C
a
r
g
o

t
e
m
p

b
e
l
o
w

-
1
0
0

o
C

S
a
d
d
l
e
s

I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

a
l
l
o
y

t
a
n
k

p
l
a
t
i
n
g


P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e

s
t
e
e
l

D
o
m
e

W
a
t
e
r

b
a
l
l
a
s
t

T
y
p
e
s

A
,

B

a
n
d

C

t
a
n
k
s

a
r
e

k
n
o
w
n

a
s

i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t

t
a
n
k

t
y
p
e
s
,

c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
s
e
d

i
n

a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e

t
o

t
h
e
i
r

d
e
s
i
g
n

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
.

T
h
e
y

a
r
e

c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y

s
e
l
f

s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g

a
n
d

d
o

n
o
t

f
o
r
m

p
a
r
t

o
f

t
h
e

s
h
i
p

s

h
u
l
l
.


T
h
e

m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e

t
y
p
e

t
a
n
k

i
s

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

h
a
v
i
n
g

a

t
h
i
n

m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e

s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d

b
y

a

l
a
y
e
r

o
f

i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

w
i
t
h
i
n

t
h
e

c
o
n
f
i
n
e
s

o
f

t
h
e

s
h
i
p

s

h
u
l
l
.

[
R
e
f
.

1
0
]

HULL NOT E S 35

36 P A S S E NGE R F E R R Y HULL

I
n
n
e
r

r
a
m
p

t
o

u
p
p
e
r

c
a
r

d
e
c
k

I
n
n
e
r

r
a
m
p

t
o

l
o
w
e
r

c
a
r

d
e
c
k

B
o
w

T
h
r
u
s
t
e
r
s

B
o
w

D
o
o
r

&

R
a
m
p

R
e
t
r
a
c
t
a
b
l
e

S
t
a
b
i
l
i
z
e
r

F
i
n

P

&

S

M
a
i
n

D
e
c
k

(
G
a
r
a
g
e

D
e
c
k
)

S
t
e
r
n

R
a
m
p

[
R
e
f
.

1
0
]

HULL NOT E S 37

38 OC E A N GOI NG T UG B OA T HULL

Propeller fitted
in Kort nozzle
Bow Thruster
Towing winch
Towing Hook
Towing wire
[Ref. 5]
HULL NOT E S 39

40 DOUB L E S K I N OI L C A R R I E R HULL

D
e
c
k

S
t
r
i
n
g
e
r

p
l
a
t
e

S
h
e
e
r

s
t
r
a
k
e

S
i
d
e

s
h
e
l
l

S
i
d
e

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

D
e
c
k

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

D
e
c
k

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

W
i
n
g

b
a
l
l
a
s
t

s
p
a
c
e

B
i
l
g
e

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

B
i
l
g
e

k
e
e
l

O
u
t
b
o
a
r
d

g
i
r
d
e
r

I
n
n
e
r

H
u
l
l


l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

b
u
l
k
h
e
a
d

W
i
n
g

c
a
r
g
o

t
a
n
k

I
n
n
e
r

h
u
l
l

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

b
u
l
k
h
e
a
d

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

H
o
p
p
e
r

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

D
o
u
b
l
e

b
o
t
t
o
m

b
a
l
l
a
s
t

s
p
a
c
e

L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

b
u
l
k
h
e
a
d

L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l


b
u
l
k
h
e
a
d


l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

R
a
d
i
u
s

f
a
c
e

p
l
a
t
e

C
r
o
s
s

t
i
e


C
e
n
t
r
e

c
a
r
g
o

t
a
n
k

I
n
n
e
r

b
o
t
t
o
m

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

I
n
n
e
r


b
o
t
t
o
m


E
n
d

b
r
a
c
k
e
t

B
r
a
c
k
e
t

t
o
e

B
o
t
t
o
m

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l


B
o
t
t
o
m


s
h
e
l
l

p
l
a
t
i
n
g


K
e
e
l

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

C
e
n
t
e
r
l
i
n
e

g
i
r
d
e
r



F
l
o
o
r

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

O
u
t
b
o
a
r
d

g
i
r
d
e
r


H
o
p
p
e
r

w
e
b

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

E
n
d

b
r
a
c
k
e
t


E
n
d

b
r
a
c
k
e
t


B
r
a
c
k
e
t

t
o
e

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

w
e
b

c
a
r
g
o

t
a
n
k


H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

g
i
r
d
e
r

i
n

w
i
n
g

b
a
l
l
a
s
t

t
a
n
k


V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

W
e
b

i
n


w
i
n
g

b
a
l
l
a
s
t

t
a
n
k

W
i
n
g

c
a
r
g
o

t
a
n
k

D
e
c
k

t
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e

C
e
n
t
r
e

c
a
r
g
o

t
a
n
k

d
e
c
k

t
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e

W
e
b


S
t
i
f
f
e
n
i
n
g

S


F
a
c
e

p
l
a
t
i
n
g

S


W
e
b


p
l
a
t
i
n
g

S


S
e
c
t
i
o
n

x
-
x

S


[
R
e
f
.

1
0
]

[
R
e
f
.

1
5
]

HULL NOT E S 41

42 T Y P I C A L E NGI NE S F OR P R OP UL S I ON MACHINERY

T
w
o

s
t
r
o
k
e

C
r
o
s
s
h
e
a
d

T
y
p
e


S
l
o
w

s
p
e
e
d

e
n
g
i
n
e

R
a
n
g
e

8
0

1
8
0

r
p
m


T
u
r
b
o
c
h
a
r
g
e
r

P
i
s
t
o
n

P
i
s
t
o
n


R
o
d

C
r
o
s
s
h
e
a
d

C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g


R
o
d

C
r
a
n
k
s
h
a
f
t


F
o
u
r

s
t
r
o
k
e

T
r
u
n
k

P
i
s
t
o
n

T
y
p
e

M
e
d
i
u
m

s
p
e
e
d

e
n
g
i
n
e

R
a
n
g
e

2
0
0

8
5
0

r
p
m

R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

G
e
a
r

B
o
x

r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d

C
r
a
n
k
c
a
s
e

i
n
s
p
e
c
t
i
o
n

d
o
o
r
s


[
R
e
f
.

1
6
]

MACHINERY NOT E S 43


44 C R OS S HE A D T Y P E E NGI NE P A R T S MACHINERY

Cylinder block
Crankshaft
line
Bed plate
Main
Bearing
Keep
Crankcase
inspection
doors
Engine
frame
[Ref. 17]
MACHINERY NOT E S 45

46 C R OS S HE A D T Y P E E NGI NE P A R T S MACHINERY

`
Piston rings
Piston
Cylinder liner
Piston
grooves
Stuffing box
Piston rod
Crosshead assembly
Sliding shoes
Crosshead pin
Stuffing box unit
Crankshaft
Crosshead bearings
Connecting rod
[Ref. 16]
[Ref. 18]
MACHINERY NOT E S 47

48 T R UNK P I S T ON T Y P E V - E NGI NE MACHINERY

L
u
b
e

o
i
l

f
i
r
s
t

e
n
t
e
r
s

t
h
e

m
a
i
n

b
e
a
r
i
n
g

j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
,

t
h
e
n

t
o

c
r
a
n
k
p
i
n
s
,

t
h
e
n

t
h
r
o
u
g
h

c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g

r
o
d

t
o

G
u
d
g
e
o
n

p
i
n

a
n
d

p
i
s
t
o
n

/

l
i
n
e
r

C
y
l
i
n
d
e
r

C
o
v
e
r

(
H
e
a
d
)

L
u
b
e

O
i
l

t
o

r
o
c
k
e
r

a
r
m
s

L
u
b
e

O
i
l

s
u
c
t
i
o
n

L
u
b
e

O
i
l

F
i
l
t
e
r

L
u
b
e

o
i
l

C
o
o
l
e
r

O
i
l

P
u
m
p

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

V
a
l
v
e

C
a
m
s
h
a
f
t

L
u
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

C
a
m
s
h
a
f
t

[
R
e
f
.

1
6
]

MACHINERY NOT E S 49

50 TRUNK PI S TON TYPE V- ENGI NE PART S MACHINERY

Slave piston
Master piston
Two connecting rods on one crank pin
Master and slave piston
articulated Type joint
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOT E S 51

52
T Y P I C A L P I S T ON & C R A NK S HA F T
A R R A NGE ME NT
MACHINERY

[Ref. 20]
Gudgeon
pin
Piston rings
Piston
Gudgeon pin bearing
Connecting rod big end
Big end bearing keep
Main
Journal
Timing gear
MAIN BEARING SHELLS
Connecting rod top end
Connecting rod
Bearing shells
Crankpin
Thrust pads
[Ref. 19]
MACHINERY NOT E S 53

54 C A MS HA F T A R R A NGE ME NT MACHINERY

C
A
M
S
H
A
F
T

d
r
i
v
i
n
g

g
e
a
r

C
A
M
S

C
A
M
S

C
A
M
S
H
A
F
T

[
R
e
f
.

1
6
]

MACHINERY NOT E S 55

56 T UR B OC HA R GE R MACHINERY


Turbine wheel
Engine Exhaust
gas inlet
Compressed air outlet into the
Engine
Engine Exhaust
gas outlet
Compressor wheel
Air Inlet Filter
Air Inlet
Turbocharger rotational
speed up to 20,000 rpm
[Ref. 20]
MACHINERY NOTES 57

58
ENGI NE S CAVENGE AI R &
EXHAUS T ARRANGEMENT
MACHINERY

Rocker arm
Exhaust to
chimney
Push rod
Cooling water
space
Cylinder liner
Scavenge air inlet
ports
Piston
Exhaust
gas
Exhaust valve
Protection
grids
Turbine wheel
Compression wheel
Compressed
air
Air
Scavenge manifold
Intercooler
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOT E S 59

60 P R OP E L L E R S & T A I L S HA F T MACHINERY

Moving piston
Propeller rotating blade
Blade carrier
Hub body
Tail shaft Piston rod
Crankpin of blade carrier
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER
Coupling
Propeller
Aft Seal
Adjusting Ring
For Alignment
Stern Frame
Fwd Seal
Propeller Shaft
Stern Tube Aft Bearing

Aft Bulkhead
Stern Tube
Stern tube Fwd Bearing
FIXED PITCH PROPELLER
Rope Guard
[Ref. 19]
[Ref. 21]
MACHINERY NOT E S 61

62 WA T E R J E T T HR US T E R S MACHINERY

I
n
l
e
t

d
u
c
t

o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d

f
o
r

e
a
c
h

t
y
p
e

o
f

v
e
s
s
e
l

S
t
e
e
r
i
n
g

h
y
d
r
a
u
l
i
c

r
a
m
s

P
u
m
p

i
m
p
e
l
l
e
r

S
h
a
f
t

&

B
e
a
r
i
n
g

R
e
v
e
r
s
i
n
g

B
u
c
k
e
t

S
u
c
t
i
o
n

F
l
a
n
g
e

c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n

t
o

h
u
l
l

D
u
c
t

R
o
t
a
t
i
o
n

i
s

o
n
e

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

R
e
v
e
r
s
i
n
g

i
s

b
y

c
h
a
n
g
e

o
f

f
l
o
w

v
i
a

v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t

o
f

b
u
c
k
e
t

S
t
e
e
r
i
n
g

i
s

b
y

s
i
d
e

w
a
y

m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t

o
f

o
u
t
l
e
t

n
o
z
z
l
e

O
u
t
l
e
t

[
R
e
f
.

2
2
]

MACHINERY NOT E S 63

64 S T E A M T UR B I NE MACHINERY

Steam Valves
Glands
Turbine Upper casing
Rotor shaft
with Blades
Fixed blades
(Nozzles)
Steam Inlet
Steam outlet
Turbine Lower
Casing
[Ref. 23]
MACHINERY NOT E S 65

66
V E R T I C A L OI L F I R E D & C OMB I NE D
B OI L E R
MACHINERY

Burner
Burner
Vertical
water tubes
Hot Gas
Engine
exhaust inlet
Engine Exhaust
Outlet
[Ref. 24]
MACHINERY NOT E S 67

68 R E F E R E NC E S

1. The Royal Yachting Association. (1988). Day skipper Shore Based course notes. Hampshire: RYA

2. Stormfax Weather Almanac (2010). Beaufort Wind Scale [Online]. Available from
http://www.stormfax.com/beaufort.htm. [Accessed on 7
th
December 2010]

3. MAN B&W Diesel A/S. Propulsion trends in container vessels. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.manbw.com/files/news/filesof4672/P9028.pdf. [Accessed 7
th
December 2010]

4. Kolliniatis, I. (2001). Naval Architecture. Athens: Evgenides Institution

5. Taggart R. (Editor) (1980). SNAME-Ship Design and construction. New York: The society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers.

6. Transportation Safety Board of Canada (2009). Marine reports 2007 M07L0040 [Online].
Available from http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-
reports/marine/2007/m07l0040/m07l0040.asp. [Accessed 3
rd
November 2010]

7. Rolls Royce plc. (2010). Rotary vane RV/IRV steering gear [Online. Available from:
http://www.rolls-royce.com/marine/products/stabilisation_manoeuvring/steering_gear/rv_irv/.
[Accessed: 2
nd
November 2010]

8. McClain R. Photography website - Nautical Sailing Terms & Nomenclature[Online]. Available
from http://www.photographers1.com/Sailing/NauticalTerms&Nomenclature.html. [Accessed
9
th
November 2010]

9. Marine Hub (Marinehub group). Marine and Offshore Equipment systems Technical book.
Singapore: Marinehub group

10. Tupper, E. (2004). Introduction to Naval Architecture. 4
th
Edition. Great Britain: Elsevier
Butterworth Heinemman

11. Kaupp R. (2006). Wikimedia commons website - File:Bulk carrier general arrangement
english.png. [Online]. Available from:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bulk_carrier_general_arrangement_english.png.
[Accessed 8
th
November 2010]

12. British Maritime and Coastguard agency (MCA),(1999). Marine guidance note MGN107(M) - The
Merchant Shipping (Carriage of Cargoes) Regulations 1999 [Online]. Available from
http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mgn107.pdf [Accessed 7
th
November 2010]

13. Eyres, D.J. (1978). Ship Construction. 2
nd
Edition. London: Heinemman

14. British Association of Cargo Surveyors (1999). Lloyds survey handbook. London: LLD Defence
Publishing

15. ABS (2003). Surveyors glossary Hull terms & Hull survey terms Recommendation 82.
American Bureau of Shipping

16. Vousouras, E. (1994). Internal Combustion Engines. Athens
69 R E F E R E NC E S


17. Woodword D. (Editor) (2004). Pounders Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. 8
th
Edition.
Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemman

18. Wartsila Corporation. (2004). Sulzer RTA84T. [Online]. 2004. Available from:
http://www.wartsila.com/Wartsila/global/docs/en/ship_power/media_publications/brochures/
product/engines/low_speed/rta84t_tr.pdf. [Accessed 3
rd
November 2010]

19. Mostratos K.A. (2005). Ships and technique. Volume II (Engine room). Piraeus: Emmanuel
Stavridakis Technical publications

20. Knak, C. (1990). Diesel Motor Ships Engines and Machinery. Volume II (Diagrams). London: The
Institute of Marine Engineers

21. Ulstein Propulsion AS Ulstein propulsion marketing leaflet. Ulstein propellers. Norway: Ulstein
propulsion AS

22. Rolls Royce plc. (2008). Introduction of the new Rolls-Royce range of waterjets Kamewa S3.
[Online]. 2008. Available from: http://www.rolls-
royce.com/Images/RR%20Kamewa%20S3_0908_tcm92-8663.pdf. [Accessed: 2
nd
November
2010]

23. McClearn S. (2006). The Canadian Navy of yesterday and today Tribal Class Machinery (Draft).
[Online]. Available from
http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/systems/propulsion/haida/haida-turbine-diagram.jpg.
[Accessed 11
th
November 2010]

24. Daniel, J. & Mimikopoulos, K. (1994). Marine Steam Boilers. Athens: Evgenides Institution




NOTES 70


NOTES 71