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Source

Filter

Output

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Signal

Feature
Extraction
Training

Acoustic
Model

Testing

Matching
(acoustic domain)

Symbol sequence

Language
Model

Matching
(symbolic domain)

Sentence Hypothesis

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Training

Input

Model
Generation

Threshold
Criterion

Pattern
Matching

Decision
Logic

Signal
Processing
Testing

Accepted
Rejected

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Signal processing
Training

Testing

Speaker independent
text model

Text verification

Speaker adaptation

good match No
Yes

Speaker-specific
password model

Speaker verification

good match No
Yes
Accept

Reject

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C{7}|NPC}|

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