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THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING & DEBATE

Presentation by Darshali Vyas and Lauren Johnson
Presented by Lauren Johnson
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Good Public Speaking Skills
Posture
Hand and Arm Gestures
Eye contact
Standing
Vocal style (volume, clarity,
intonation, and pronunciation)
Language


Use of notes but not reading a lot
Humor
No personal attacks

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Posture: Arms and Hands
DO use your hands to point,
explain, or emphasize
Do NOT swing your arms by
your side
Do NOT fidget with objects in
your hands
Do NOT forget to use your
hands from time to time

DO DONT
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Posture: Head
MAINTAIN EYE CONTACT
DO NOT READ TO YOUR AUDIENCE
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Posture: Standing
Stand up STRAIGHT
Do NOT lean against anything
Do NOT pace up and down if you
have a podium or presentation
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Vocalization
Speak to the farthest person in the room if your audience
cant hear you, they will not agree with you.
Enunciate (pronounce each word clearly)
Speak slowly
Pause for emphasis
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Language
Use Appropriate Language
Appropriate for the Speaker
Does the language you are using fit your speaking pattern?
Do NOT use complicated words that you do not know the meaning of
Do NOT use words that you cannot pronounce.
Appropriate for the Audience
Try to use words your audience will understand

Appropriate for the Context
The language you use to talk to your friends is
different than the language you use to speak to a
teacher.
Similarly, the language you will use in Global
Classrooms is more formal than the language
that you use in conversation.

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Language
Use Vivid Language
Vivid language created strong, distinct, clear, and memorable mental images.
Let your words show, not tell.
For instance, if you want to convince countries to get involved in the Ebola
epidemic, which is more convincing?
Tell: Ebola is a very tragic and serious disease.
Show: Ebola has infected over 6,000 people and killed nearly 3,000. The CDC
predicts 1.5million new cases by January 2015.
Repetition
Helps audiences become familiar with your main points as they hear it over and
over again
Use Inclusive Language
Do not alienate (distance yourself ) from your audience
Inclusive language avoids making one group seem more important than another
while speaking

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Connecting with your audience
Constant eye contact
Facial expressions
If you use humor,
pause for laughter
Try to gauge the
audiences response

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Example of a Public Speaker #1
Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YivQYeI0vys
What did you think about this speaker?
What were some things that he/she did not do well and could
improve upon?


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Example of a Public Speaker #2
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoFqV3qVMGA
What did you think about this speaker?
How does this speaker compare to the first speaker?

Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who can cut through argument,
debate and doubt, to offer a solution everybody can understand. Colin Powell


A debate is a contest where two teams present their arguments intent on
persuading one another.

What is a debate?

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Debates develop skills such as:
Abstract and analytical thinking
Professionalism and etiquette
Clarity
Point of view
Distinguishing fact from opinion
(identifying bias)
Language usage
Organization
Persuasion
Public speaking
Research
Teamwork/cooperation

Basic terms

Debate - a game in which two opposing teams make speeches to
support their arguments and disagree with those of the other team.
Motion - the opinion about which two teams argue.
Affirmative team - agrees with the resolution.
Negative team - disagrees with the resolution.
Rebuttal - explains why one team disagrees with the other team.
Judges - decide the winner.

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Motions
A Motion, also known topic of the debate, is a full propositional
statement that determines what a debate shall be about
Example: Education should be free for all.

Procedure
o Affirmative team must defend and give constructive
arguments to the motion.
o Negative team (opposition) must oppose or give counter-case
arguments to the motion.

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Procedure

A debate is held between two
teams

Affirmative Vs Negative

Speech Order :
1) Affirmative Opening Statement
2) Negative Opening Statement
3) Affirmative Rebuttal
4) Negative Rebuttal
5) Affirmative Closing Statement
6) Affirmative reply


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Rebuttal
A good rebuttal should:
1) Show that the opposing argument is illogical
2) Show that the opposing argument is based on an error of fact or a
misinterpretation of fact/ evidence
3) Show that the opposing argument does not have strong and enough data, fact,
or evidence
4) Show that the opposing argument is irrelevant to the proof of the topic/ motion
5) Show that the opposing argument involves unacceptable implication and
application

Getting ready

Use soft words and hard arguments. English proverb
Having an opinion isn't enough to be effective in a debate. You need to be able to have
strong supporting materials for your side of the debate.
Make sure you include relevant facts that many others would not have already known. The
more related relevant facts you include the stronger your presentation becomes.
Train yourself to fully respect the other debater. Even if you are completely convinced you
are right, you must give the other person time to speak their mind as well.
Prepare to have a rebuttal to the arguments that the other person will make. Many times
you can know what they will say ahead of time and prepare yourself with facts that contradict
their argument.

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Characteristics of Strong Arguments
1) Relevance
2) Organization
3) Consistency and internal logic-i.e. dont contradict yourself or you teammates.
4) Clarity (remember, debating is about persuading your audience and adjudicator
that youre right so make sure they can understand what youre saying)
5) Effective use of evidence

Useful language

How to Agree
You know, thats exactly what I think.
I agree entirely.
True enough.
Oh, definitely.
Thats a good point.
I couldnt agree more.
Yes, thats quite true, but
Thats just what I was thinking
How to Disagree
Thats not the way I see it.
There may be something in what you say but
Ive got some reasons to disagree.
Im not at all convinced
To be honest, I dont think thats true.
I know what you are saying, but
That may be true, but
I cant agree with you there, I still think
Thats one way of looking at it. But
I cant say that I share your view.
I see things rather differently.
How to Ask for More Information
Can you explain that?
What do you mean exactly?
Could you give me an example?
Could you be more specific?
Would you mind saying a little bit more about
that?
Do you really think that
Could you explain what you mean by
How to Persuade Someone
You must admit that
Do you really believe that
Dont you agree that
What you dont seem to understand is that
(Oh,) come on,
III tell you what
I was wondering if youd ever thought of
Dont you think

Evaluation criteria

Respect for other team
Information
Rebuttal
Use of facts/statistics
Organization
Understanding of topic
Presentation style
Language