l t ooGoo

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B usi ness
Paul Emmerso"
Gfammaf
Builder
n
MACMIII,AN
Contents
L I ST OF GRAMMAR TERMS
VERB TEN5E5
I Present time 1:
present simple,
present continuous. time exprcssions
l0
2 Prsent time 2:
present simple or continuous?,
prcsent
continuous or present pedect 14
continuous?, other uses of
present
tenses, state verbs
3 Past time 1:
past
simple,
past
continuous, time expressions,
past smple orcontinuous
18
4 Past time 2r
past perfect,
time exprcssions,
past perfect
continuous, used tol!'l,ould
22
+ nfinitive
5 Past and
present 1:
present perfect, time expressions, bet
(to)
and
gone (to) 26
6 Past and
present
2:
past
simple or
present perfect?, prcsent simpe or
present perfectT, 30
present perfect
continuous, time expressions,
present pertect or
present perfect
continuous?
7 Eutute 1t wilt,
going to,
present continuous, wil/ ot
going to?,
going
ta ot
ptesent 34
continuous?, time exDressons
8 Future 2i time expressions,
prcsent simple/continuous, future continLlous, future
prfect' 38
wal
going
to, other ways to talk about lhe futule
PASSt VES
9
passive
li fofm, focus on impo(ant information, systems and
processes, sayinq who does 42
the action, transitive and intransitive verbs
10 Pasiive 2: linking to
previoos information, being fomal/impersonal,
passive
+ infin tive,
46
verbs with two objects, have something done, to be bom
MODAI S ANO RELATED VERBS
11 Modals and related verbs l: form, ability, w;// and willingness
50
12 Modals and related verbs 2i necessity, no necessity,
pemission, prohibition, oplnions
54
and advice, Dast criticism, need lo
13 Modals and related vrbs 3:
probability,
certainty and deduction, expectation, lnceara nty, 58
possibillty
I 4 Modals and related verbs 4: direct/indirect language, requests,
permiss on, offers and
62
invltatlons, suggestons
QUESTI ONS
15
Questions
l:
yeslno questions and answers,
question word questions, question phrases, 66
quesrion words as lhe subred, negative
questions
16
Questions
2: question tags, reply quenions, indiFct quest ons, preposit ons ln question5,
ia
what B it tor and wlal was i lile
coNDt t t oNAt S
17 Condi t i onal s1: condi t i onsandresul l s, f vvesel / . . . , / f wesol d. , unl ers, oi hermodak
74
18 Conditionafs 2: /f we 50 ld .-.
,
ff we had sold ..., .onditionals withoui li wish, modal verbs 78
n conditionals. /f/ rvere
You...
CONTENTS 5
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
- , , VG
OR I NFI I { I TI VE
19 Verb +
-ing
or intinitive I: ve|b+-r?g; verb + to+ innnitive, verb +objecr+ fo+ infnitve, a2
make and /et, verb + that clause
20 Verb + ,hg or inJinitive 2: ve.b +
-t
g
or infinitive, ve|bs of
p-6rcepUon, pass v-a forms: 86
-lrg
or infinitive
REPORTED SPEECH
2l Reported speech 1: reported speech;tense changes, notense change.
peopl, paces, 90
times and things
22 Reported speech 2: 5ay or te4 other reporting vebs, /t + pass
ve of a reporting verb, 94
reporting questions, rcpoding commands and requests
PHRASAL VERB5
23 Phrasal verbs l: undeGtanding
phrasalvelbs,
separable phrasal
verbs, inseparable 98
phraralverbs
24 Phrasalverbs 2:
phrasalve|bs + pposition.
three-pan phrasalverbs, partcle
me.nings 1O2
OI HER VERB CONs TRUCI I ONS
25 Verbs and obiectsr transitive vebs, intransitive verbs, verb + two objects, vefb + two
objeds using lor
106
26 The
'ing
form: as a noun, as an adjective, after prcpositions,
used to b-cain a c ause 1 1 0
27 rhake, do, get, haver uses of four common verbs 114
FEL AI I V CI AUS 5
28 Relative clau5$ 1: relative clauses, lative pronouns,
leaving out the re ative
pronou
n n 118
a defining rclative clause, non-defining reiative clauses, lat ve prono!ns
and
prepostions
29 Relative clauses 2: combrning senten<es, structure of combined sentences, use of 122
what, use ol where, when and why, rclative clauses with a participle
{-lngl-ed)
I {OUNS, PRONOUi I S AI \ I D ARTI CLES
30 Countable and uncountable nouns: @untable nouns, uncountable nouns, singu ar or 126
p|nal?,
alan/a bt of, anylsone, nanyl nuch, few,liftle, specific and
general
meanings
3l Pronouns: indefinite prcr,ouna,
someonelanyone, eye4lonelno one, reflexive pronouns 130
32 Determiners: a///most/nanylsomela few, all meaning
'everything'
or
'th
on y ih ng', 134
no/none, ea.hlevery, both I elherl neithel
33 Possessivs and compound nouns: possessive
adjectives and
pronouns,
's
(aposirophe
s), 138
ot compound nouns
34 Articles 1: basic uses ol artides, a/a4 a of an?, tle noarticle 142
35 Articles 2: place names and no article, place
names and rhe, speci. lses of the, 146
specdl use! of ' ro ddi (l e. gener. l and spFcrt r( rredrrngs
6 CONTEI{IS
ADJECTI VE5
AND ADVERBS
36 Adiectives and adverbs: types, form of adverbs,
gdable and non gradab adjct ves
l 50
oder of adjectives, adiedives ending
-t
g and
-ed
37 Comparing
1: comparaiives and superlatives, comparinq equal things, compar ng actions
154
38 Comparing
2: lalge and small differcnces. other structures with cornparatives,
phGseswth
158
supe atives, comparing
advelbs, compannq nouns
39 Adverbs of degrce: too lenoughlnot enough, orher stuctuts w th too and e'ough' 50
162
ad such,
quite,
lail\,
PrctlY
ot Gtherl
40 Time adverbs: inlon /af, no preposition on time ot in tinel
'
far lsince lduring lago,
1 66
duing ot whtlel
,
by ot untin ,
then lafterwatds / after / later, calender references
I I I { KI NG WORDS AND PHRASES
4l Linking wor& l: addition
\and,
both, too' atsa, etc)'.or[ast lbut,
yet, althaugh thaugh,
17o
even though, whereas, despitelin spite ol) although ot wheteas?
42 Linking words 2: te3son
(becausq
at since) rcsu t
(5o), purpo5e
(to
and ftr, 50 thaf),
174
manner
(as,
as ifand ,ke)
43 Developing an argument
1: words meaning and, butand50, exarnples
(for
examp/e'
174
for nstance. such a5), additional/rcalinformation
(in
fad, acTua//r, sequence
(lilst
ofail
as weltas, this, finally),
generalising
(in gereral on the rviole), surnmarsing Go'
to sum up,
in sum nary), eithet ... ot .., instead of
,
except for
44 Developing an argument
2:
pelsonal comment, othet linking words and
phrases,
142
structures to ioclis on important information, af t/re end, in the end, at last, if, unless, otherwse'
abbrcviations in written Englith
PREPOSI TI ONs
45 Prepositlons of
pfa<e: ai or ,ir?, exprcssions with at in and on, above / below, ovet / under,
186
o1qosite, next ta/beside, neatlbY
46 Verb +
preposition: velb + preposition, verb + obje( + preposition, verb + different
190
oreoositons,
use5 of different
prcpositions
47 Adjective +
preposition: adjective + prcposition, feelings, other adlectives, adjective +
194
choice of oreoosition
48 Noun +
preposition: noun +
preposition. rise, fal/ + ofllr, connection, reatlonship +
194
wkh/bef een, need, wish, reguest + for' prepositional phrases
I RENDS. GRAPH5 AND FI GURES
49 Trnd5,
graphs and figures:
qraphs and fiqures, trends, verbs and objects, .dverbs and
242
adjecuves, linking words and
phEses
PUNCTUATI OI {
50 Punctuation:
capital lettets, fullstop, comma, semi-colon, colon, speech marks,
questlon
)46
mafk and exclamation mark
co[tENTs 7
Test bank
(for
diagnosis or review)
Tcat I Verb tenses: prgent (units
1 2)
Test 2 Verb tenss: past (units
H)
Test 3 Velb tenss:
past
and
presem (units
t6)
Tesl4 Verb tenses: future
(units
7-)
Tert 5 Passives
(units
9-10)
Test 5 Modals
(units
1l-14)
Test 7
Qr.istions
(units
15-16)
Test I Condhionals
(units
17-18)
Test 9 Verbs +
-,iag
or inlinitive
(units
19-20)
Test l0 Reported speech
(units
21-22)
Test 11 Phrasal verbs
(unils
23-24)
.rest12
nakel dolgetl have
(unit
271
Ten t3 Relatjve clauses
(units
28-29)
Test 14 Nount
pronouns
and anicles
(units
30-35)
Ten 15 Adjectives and advftE
(units
36-40)
Tst 16 Prepositions
(units
45-48)
210
212
214
218
220
222
224
226
221
228
231
232
Appendices
Appendlr 1
Appendlx 2
Appendlx 3
Appendlx 4
Appndlx 5
Regular vrh6: all toms
kregulaa verbs
Spelling
Diagram of the English velb system
Eriti5h and American English
244
249
263
Answer key
Index
List of
grammar terms
The actrv form of a verb is when the
pe6on orthlng doing the a'tion
|5 the
subject of the verb: , Mote the reporr. Compare with
'parsive
fo'm' on
page 9'
An adjective
helps to dsc be a noun or
pronoun: /t3 a small' modem starage
An adverb adds infomatioti abo'r\ when, wherc at haw sornething
happens: /d'd
it yeneday. I did it qui.klY.
Article5.rc the wsd the
(=
th definte artice)or a/an
(=
the indef n te altcle)
An auxiliaryverb
(be
do and have) is used with alher
verbs to make tenses 'no
passi\e forme: He it vnrking in Milan where did
vou
go? Iwa hundred
peapte
have been nade redundant.
A clauie
i5 a group of wods that conta ns a subject and a verb lt may b a
sentence or only
pan or a sentnce.
A .onditional is a sentence lhat incLuds i, unless etc, and nares somethlng
that
must be t.ue
(the
condition) before somethinq elte can be tnre or can happen {the
result).
The continuous
is the lom of the velb lh.t luggests that an actbn s in progress
The continuous
form ends in
-rng
A determiner
is a wod like lhe, son]e and everv lt is used beiore a noun or
adjecrNe ro show wh(h tr'
.g
yo- nean
A
gerund is an
',ng
form of a verb used like a noun: Smoking is not allowed My
haw is sailing
An imperarive
i5 when we tellpeope what to do we use the base form of the
\et6: Come hete. Swilth off the lbht
The infinitive is lhe base foffn ot the verb
(wort, qo, tc) lt s used with or without
to: I hape to see
you next week. I must
go naw.
The
-ing
lorm is the form oi the verb thai ends ln'ing When it s used as a verb or
adjective it is sometimes
called a'present
participe:/saw hin leaving' Abo ng
meetrEr. When it is used as a nouf it i5 somet mes .alled a
'qerund'
6ee
above)
An intransitive
verb is a vetb that dos noi take an obiect For example, the vem
arive ir iniransitlve: / atrived here /ast week ln this sentence there is no object
compare wlth
'vansilive
ve.b' on paqe 9.
A modaf verb is a verb like can, wi
,
night and should lt
g ves a me'nlnq like
abiliry, obligation,
prcbability, permsson, etc
A noun is a word that is the nam of an object, idea, pace or person: a car,
demo(acy
S ingaPorc, Robett.
A noun
phrase is a group of words. lncLuding a noLrn' wh ch can act as a subled or
object of a senienc:
paple, sane
peapte, sane people wha werc hete
vestetday
The object is the wod that descrlbes the
peBon or lhing lhat is affcted by the
vetb: t innalled tone new softwarc on ny PC
Clause
conditional
Gerund
lnfinitive
The
-ioq
form
object
LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS 9
Passive form The passive form is used to show how rh subjcl of the vrb is atfected by the
action of the velb: Ihe report was wfitten
W
n,e. Compae wlth the active forrn
on
page 8.
Past participle A pan paiticiple isthe form used in the
perfect
tense or passive structr.rres. Yc,
can find it in the thtrd column of tense tables. For example: worked is the
pan
participle of lvolk
(this
is d regular past participle). gone ls the past participe of
90
(this
is an iregular past participie).
Possessive A possessive is a form that shows who or what something belongs to: my4lour
(possessive
adjectivet. m,loelyours
(possessive
pronouns), etc. lt is a so used to show
other types of lationships: my hthet my hometown; ny enployer.
Phrasalverb A
phrasal
verb is a verb with an adverb or
prepositon
that has a d ffent mean ng
f.om the verb used alone: Ihe
plane
too& off.
Preposition A preposition is a word like aa behind, in, thtough, to, wth u5ed bfor a noun or
pronoun
to show
pla.e,
time, direcrion, etc.
Pronoun A pronoun is a wod like lC me, you, hin, her, e.(,rhat takes the place of a noun:
Have you been to Wa6aw? L has changed a lot aver the last few yeaE.
Question
tag A quenion tag is a sho(
quenion
like /snt i2 or don't
,ou7
that
you
add ai the
end of a sentence to check infomation or ask it someone aqrs wth vour
/ts hol
isnt It?
Reflexive pronoun A reflexive p.onoun is mainly used to show that the person who does the acton is
also the oerson alfected bv ir: She introduced herself to ne at the coflee break.
Relative.lause A relative clause is used to identii/ someone of someth ng, or
give mor
infomation about them. lt begins with who, which, that, eL.
The sfmpfe The simple is the basic fom of thevetb: I agrce with you
(prsent
simple), He
agred r14th me
(past
simple).
Th subjct lhe subject is the word that shows who is doing the acton of the verbr.rea, works
here oara-,lme, lt usuallv comes before the verb.
Tense A tnse i5 the fom of the verb. lt helps !s to know the t me at which an action of
event happened
(past, present
or f!tufe). A(adem cs somet mes have a more imited
definition ot the word'tense', and rhey make a distincton betwn
'tense'
and
'aspecr'
. I work in the na*eitng ara
(presnt
simpl teffe), t wo*ed in the
marketlngr area
(past
simple tense).
Transitive verb A transitive verb is a vrb lhat has an object. The velb make s tr.nstve, and n
this sentence a m,lrtake is the obled: lhey've made a ndake. Compar wih
'inlrdn<irive
verb on page .
Verb A verb expresses an action o( stare: He a ived at 103A. He knows the naftet
10
A
resent time 1
Present simple: form
I The
psent slmpl is fomed with th nf nitive form of the verb We add sforthethlrd
person
sinqular helrhl/t.
l/you /we / they work here.
He / she / it works here.
a Negatves are fomed with doldoer rot. In speech and informa witlng we uee contractons
t/yaulwelthey do not
(don't)
wo* herc.
He tshe / it does not
(doesn't)
wotk herc.
a
Quenions
arc forrned with the auxiliary verb doldoer and th nflntve.shortanswe6to
yeslno queetions repat the auxiliary
A: Do
tou
work here? A: Does she work herc?
B Present simple: uses
a We use the present simple for permanent facts.
This nachine cuts the netal.
ln finance,'p/e' ttands fot priceleanings rcna'.
a We use the
presenl simple for actions and situations that are genera y true.
We offet a full range of flnancial
prcduc1s.
Liz wo*s in the Matketing depannent.
a We use the
prsenl
simple lor aclions which.re repeated reg! ary over a long
peiod oi t me,
for example habits and routins.
AtU,ionl Est,'ent, a lat{. Ftd klrt
jukl
h4mlet, dbo half rf ttu dBtone\ iwesr d ftrular
anhr,t.!c\' ,'otth.
(Wrll StreetJouanl Eurcpe website)
C Present simple: time expressions
a We often ule frcquncy adverbs wirh the present sirnpe Exarnpes inc ude:
alwavs, often, usually, nomaly, sametines, occasionaly, ftrely, not aften, hardly eve, never
Ibq Shith, tha .hieJ e\edti,e ol Colli's Sku4tt, cswllt ises dt 6 d,h. H. tdk6 the ttdin ta
Iinnok a d afti"e! at his ofie hy I an. LMcll k tt alb a tand.pteh uith sana
Japanete rrcea
le{trel.
(sund.y Tines websire)
a Note the
positlon of fiequency advrbs:
Belorc the main velb: I often .3ke
(l
don't ofn |j,ke) the Eurostat to Erussels
I'n usua
y (l'n
not usualy) nervaus befate a ptesentattan.
B: Yes,ldo./No, I don't B. )5 ih doei./No, she doeiDl.
a Adverb phr.ses like e!ry day, onG a yeaa nost af the tine, frcn time ta time, now and then
come at the beginning o. end ot th senten.e:
Ttrf St'tith ta"els to hit NeuYa'k ofre ofe dflonth. (SundayTiEes website)
see unft a a We also lse the
prcsent
simple aftr thes future time expressions: when, aftec befare unless,
in case, as saan as, until, by the tine, the next ti|r,e
1 PRESENT IIME I 1I
D Present <ontinuous: form
a The
present
continuous is formed w th the auxiliary verb be and the hg forrn of the main verb.
mings dre also l'!sy at Dea\the Pon, ehich
Josflded
its E-ConftLere Setui(
IECS)
htemel
divisioti i nlid-1999. ECS Lr setting
ry
odin. stoq, hsndliag product delivety and eret
d.lministding lrEnet a6tonE6'ftdit cotd ,nbe6. (FT.com website)
see appendix 3 In spech and in{ormalwriting we Lrse convactions. Negatives are formed wth the verb
t an
(t'n)
warkins here. I'n not working herc.
You arc
(you"e)
wo*ing here. You're not/You arcn't vr'a*ing here.
she is
(she's)
warking here She's not/She isn't wotking here.
we arc
(we're)
warking here. we'rc not/we arcn't wo*ing here.
They ate
(they'rc)
workins here They'rc not/They arcn't wo*ins herc.
Not ce that there ar two alternatives for the negatives oI you / he / she /it lwe lthey
I
Quenions
are fomed by inverting the subjct and the auxi ary be. Short answeG toyes/no
qLrenions repeat the auxiliary
A: Ate you working here? A: ls he working here?
S: Yes, I amlNo, l'm not- B: Yes, he is/^ta, he isn't.
E Ptesent continuous: usei
a We use the
psent .ontinuous to talk about temporary actions and situations that arc
nappenrng now
a The acton or situation may be in progress now, at the mornent of speaking:
Sarry W Oa* can t see you at the nanent. He's Elking ta a ustoner
a The acton or rituatio. may be happening
'around
now', even f il s not happen ng exactly at
the momenl oi speak ngl
A e o\ poweful oklnr rttha,lt are movinz ca*ua
,
to lrc ar Net htarket h Ewope.
'Ihey're
openiry ofi.cs in lindo"\ Canatf Whaf ... and bulng biLlb.adt i Bamlo a.
(Businessweek websire)
a The action of situation may be a current trend:
Codp et
San'B
arc gettirg bettet ercry year TlE applnatian oJ phy\i6 is nakins htouene t htorc
&lni. and dnifuial ihtcllircne ir .a6ing pky{s to buou. 'karc euotianallt intulred.
(Econonnt website)
F Present continuousi time expressions
a The present continuous is often used with these iime exprcssions: now ar ihe momeni,
nowadays, tunently, these days, right now.
Ftunthnitg ii lnc UtiErl Std?s h6 beet go|ing steadily sine th. 1950s dnd thk @ftept is nov
p@iding husiflss opponunities i" not kan ?5 difetent indunri.s. (worldtndeonlile
12 I PiEE|'T T|ME 1
I Practice
Exercise 1
ff
g
Unde ine th corrct words.
1 You often vnrk /
DQJgllgfteltwork
at the weekend?
2 | dan t knowl not know why your invoice hdsn't been
paid.' try to f nd out.
3 Excuse me, does
)ou
knowldo
you knowll Ihis isthe wdy to the lT sernin.r?
4 sorry that
pojector don't wo*ldoesn't work. Use rhis one nstead.
5 A: Do you know ou. new sales rep Marta?
B: Yes, Ido-lYes, I know.
6 a: ls that Linda Napie. over thrc?
B: Yes, she wpks / she do work he.e.
I I writing /I'm writing Ihe pon at the moment lt should be rcady iomorrow
a They not replying /They're not repting to my emaib. l'll have to
phone
them
9 why is therc such a long delay? whar is hawening? lis happenl
1A You are enjayinglAre
you enioyhg this conference?
11 Can Karen callyou back? Shes speatlsie3 spea/o)rg on another ne.
12 A: ls Sarah Kennedy expecting me?
B: Yes, she's expeding.lYes, she is.
Exerci se 2
8g:
Match sentences 1-5 with their lses a)-).
a)
permaneni facts
b) habts and repeated actions
c) actons in
progress at the moment ot speaking
d) temporary adions happening
'around
now'
e) current trends and changing situations
I These days wete selling more and more oi olr products abroad
2 LooklThyte selling malt whisky at 20olo dscounl in dLrty ireel
3 we re selling the new model, but we don't have any in stock right now
4 we usua ly sell arcund 40% ol our annualtotal at Ch stmas t me.
5 we sell a full range of consumer electronics, from TVs to cameras.
a) | every day arrive at t6e ofiice at aboul nine. J
b) Every day I arrive at the office at about nine. n
a) lawars check my email before doinq anylhing else. n
b) Always I check my email belo.e doinq anythinq else. n
a) This iakes a lot of time usually as | rcceive so many. n
b) rhls usu.lly rakes a Lot of time as I re(eive so many. L.l
a) Most of the tim the emarls are not very urgent. n
b) The emalk.re most ofthe time not very urgent. n
a)
quite
often
get
junk
email frcm .ompanies I don't know about. n
b) qet quite often
junk
emailfrcm companies I don't know.bour !
a) abor.rt once a month delete all myjunk email. ]
b) delete all myjunk email about once a month. ]
ta
I
L ]
n
n
Exercise 3
lFl
Decide which wod order is the most usual, .) or b). Put a tick
(/)
by the coffct answer.
@0.
1 PRESENT TIME I 13
Exerci se 4 A 3
lane introduces Claude to lo;o in London. compet the dl.logLre by punnq each of the verbs n brdckers
into the coffect form oJ the
prcsnt s mple.
r AM
Chud. .
( 1) . . . . . . . . QP. . 1Q{ . . K$9! . 1 . . . . . .
( } o" / k" o*)
Joi o? Joi o
( 2) . . . . . . - - - - - -
( t ' . )
f r on Br : zr l . but he sor ked $i r h meh Par i s hn yei r ' He ( 3) . . . . . . . . - - - -
(tro\, a lot abour
lour
Line of\rork.
. i a! Dr ReaI \ ' l Wcl l I ( . +) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( be) ver l pl er sed t o mcct you, Joi o
r.rio
Plelsed to ,neet
),ou
roo- Chude.
CL UD!, So. Nhrr exictly
(5) .......... .. . . (]ou/do)?
l ono,
I
( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( \ or k) i n t he on l ndt st r l . s r nr ar ket i ml ysr .
.LAUDE oh, $
)ou
(7) . . . . . (nmke) de.nio's about level\ ofprcductio'1?
r o^o No. l
( 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( I r ot ' n. ke) any decsi ons r ci l l Y MYJob
(r) ....................... . . (nrvolve) studvmg mrket tends and
sivins.dvicc
on levch 'f
Productron.
{tr^!r)1, StiI, rh.ti: lot of rcsponsibiht\l
r(),i()
\Vell.-lcs.but B..zil (10)
0rot/be)
x t]xior prcducs likc Stdl
Anbir. What about \oo?
i : uur r I r vr k f or r Fr cn. h . oDr yanr dr 3t
( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . ( ' ! ppl y) sPcci xl i sed
cqui pnent t o dr c oi l ! ! t ost r ( wc
( 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( be) one of t hc bi sses
conrprnies !r our nlfket.
r ( ) ^( )
Oh, r ci l l l ? And
( 13) . . . . . ( vo! / of t en / conr c) b Lor dor ?
( , ^ur n,
Ycs, qui t e of i eD. M! conl p. Dy
( 1{ )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0ur c)
r n ol i i ce hcr c l t
( 1s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ( l t x/ t . kc) l oDs r o gt t her e nor v, i f yo! t r i vcl by Eur ost xr '
(inrld
I givc
)ou
D1! cirda
Exerci se 5 D E
02 CompLeie this newspaperartcle aboui the Braz an cornpany Cerdau by using the words from lhe
Lisi
beow Each set of wods f Lls lwo spaces
i5+6rFilmpaie5
is making/flexibe s altractinq/attention is approaching/market
slrare
is getting/rghi s raisifg/plan6 ie beginning/expectations i5 rnodernis n9/Law
t5b)
(6bl
----------- ---- of ctd, th
Th6 days it'3 much easir to do
hsiness ir B.& . Th govlmn!
is 3implilying th .6nPmy-td
3ttu.tue,it(7a),,.......,,.,....,,,,,,......
--.
ti labou mrkt mor.
(7b)..--.........,.....,,.,...,,,,,,,.... by charying
rhe rstncfv.lalou lawt, dd il
dom6ri. ndkl ald so it
(5.),,....,-.....,,*......,*....--
l h
.......-...... ... ........comPdv
Gerdau: a Brazilian success story
Gdau, th. Bdilid stel Erkr,
o") ....it-...be..!.9x11.X.....'"'.r
kri"
Am.rica's dott 3udssful
{$).......S-o..}re*.}i.-e:......Ir
(2.).,....,,,,,....,,,,,..............,,,
!rcducl i vi ty
in fts l2t ) .,,,,,,..,,,,,.........-......,,,....
j
ft
( 3a)
- " " - - t h' Pr i @
dil timing oi 6 r.keor6 of smaller
cobpad6
(3b)
- -, - * - - - * - - - - - - - *
;
(4a),,......,..,..............,,-...,,,,
i o
(4b)
--......-.......-,.....,,,,.....,,,... InvetoE
wat a 6tu ihlgs fodsd and
tFnspent, with . .impl. sh.re
structurc, ad th.l3 scdy what
TIE o! y ptubld in ih. snon rem is
. preblF of succ63. Grd.u
resent time 2
A Present simple or continuous?
It lhe prcsent
simpe and
presnt
conlinuous are expa nd nuftl Compare
facts that are dlw.ys irue
l rive in Audapesa
(all
the time)
This plane lands in rtankfurt
(rculine)
events happen n9 at the mome.t
t'm living in Budapest.
(fo.
a lew rnonths)
Lookt we'rc landing.
(in
prcgrcss now)
NTL dortint6 th. UK 6bl. tcl.ritia" tztket
(Aenetll
situation). 1t ir doilg ,.t, r,.ll t, rr.
t st t{ Entup., ta., vith rbour 4tr, .rrro,e^ (rt the moment). (lntcrD.tioml HcraldTribune
Cd dda coiti'i'6 to b. th.
"tost
poprlar onnt
Ju|idt.h
lic .rpd{rnri dr!,{.q L,S-rdr../
.o,?d,ni (general srtuatiorl), blt thdt is .hanging (tJe.d
in progrcs). (worldtradconlmc
B Present continuous or ptesent perlfect
continuous?
a The present
continuous is used ior a temporary acrion happen n9 now
The
present periect
continuous dercribes an action n
progress
fiom the
past
up to the present.
'ue is wo*ing an the new desiqn.
(in
progress now .nd wrllconnnue)
'ue has been working on the new design.
(in
progss lrp to now and may or rnay not contnue)
C Other uses of
present
tenses
P RE S E NT S I MP L E
seeunirB . The present simpe can be usd io refer to tmelablesand scheduls Whn w speak about
t metables we are ofien ihinking about the futurc.
Britlsh AiMays flight 8A729 leaves Geneva at 16.40 and anives in Landon at 17.20.
a The pretent
simple can be used to make a srory appear more immedrate and iniereeting. Th s is
common n
journalism.
OD d
srcy
No,eh'bet dq, h Nev E,sld"d lE na.d i$ine EMC'\ heddqranea b \nry nnd
bnstu. Eftcatires aJ the dataJtotdte ,wkct leadu
ye
ha liuits ta the wold\ expadin! dppetite.fot
theh tonge t&chinet. CEO Michael Rrcttrcrs tulls EMC rete\\iatptuoJ
(Busin6s Week iveblite)
PRESf NT CONTI NUOUS
see unit 7 a The preseni coniinuous can be used to descrlbe a fxed Juiure arrangement. There is usua
y
a
tuture time exprcssion.
HSBC arc moving to new premises
next yeat
a We can use a/war.s with the
prcsent
continuous. Th s is oftn used for exdqgeratinq or
complaining. We emphasise a/wdr.s in speech n this case.
This
photacopier
is always breaking dawn!
2 PSESENT TIME 2 15
D State verbs
Some vebs descibe states, not acdons. Nothing happeni. Vetbs like this are not norma y
used in the continuous form of anytense
I notice that you've noved
Jr'our
desk
(NOT
ljn-i{ing)
Sotry I don't undedhnd.
(NOT
Fr*-r+rrnCnd*g)
Haw much does it con?
(NOT
H.fl-rathi5+++ii+
It weighs 4kg with the
packaging. (NOT
l+i5*e*iEd
These evmples are in the
present
simple even tholgh we are ta king about temporary
State verbs include:
the senset: appear hearr /ook like, notice, see, seem, snel, sound, laste
(=
hav a flavou,
feelings: dislike, feat, hate, like, IovE,
prefe,
want, wish
thinklng: agtee, believe doubt, expect
(=
believe) fee/
(=
believe), foryet, imagine, know,
rcalise, rccognise, suppose, suspect, t lnk
(=
be ieve) unde6tand
possession: belong to, cortain, have
(=
possess), indude, own,
passess
being: be, consist of. eist
othefverbs: cosc depend on, fit, involve, nattet, neasure
(=
have lengtht meaa nee4 satBFy
sutqise wetgh
Andlysts dp..t that tha/et i, tlr d.hEryed PGO Piness Cntiss tril thde initia y at lhott
400t o shaq which tn .ns that PEO is c"rektly utdetuahrcd. Haue'er sonc akalysts thinh thal
th. afti%l oI kctu tt'1itc shi.6 ai th hh at toill
tbdu@
dtll i" pro,'ia. (Telegraph {ebsite)
Some of the verbs in lhe
prcvious ist can have a Staie'meaning and an
'acton'
meaning.
Examples include be, /ra!, taste, tiirk.
out supplie/J arc usually very helpful.
\9".\eJ
out supplieE ate belng vety helpful at the nanent.
(actian)
I have n^/o iiste6.
(state)
I'm having prcblens with thr5 computer
(action)
Ih6 soup taner sa/Ol
(state)
I'm tasting the soup to see if li needs more ra/t
(action)
I think you're tight.
lsrae)
t'm thinking about changing ny
hb.
(acrion)
State vrbs arc not normally used in the imperative.
"Whrt do
you
think . . , lhould w.
9a!
sbrled
on th.t motivation rcearch or notr
16 2 DRESE T 'IME 2
2 Practice
Exercise I
!
Underline the cored words-
1 A. What do vou dolate you doing1
B: l'm an executive secretary
2 A, What do
tau
dol are
tou
doing2
B: l'm looking for the details on lhe computer.
3 A: whete do you wo*l are you wotking?
B: Pais thi5 month. then Eonn the next.
4 A: whete do
you wo*larc you woking?
B: At our head office in Paris.
5 N,ly nameS walter, and / cortel/ m coming from Fnkfurt.
6 | conell'n coming to FtanHurt next Thursday
-
| can call in to your offlce.
7 | deal withll'n dealiry with Andrcw! dients while he! on holiday.
A I deal withll'n dealirq with the
papeMork
and
general
administration.
9 At Who do you golare you
9o,in9
to the Trade Fair withT
B: This year with Stefano.
'10
a: who do
you goleft you grorir,g
to the Tlade Fair with?
8: Usually with Stefano.
Exercise 2
Il
Completethe sentences by
putting
the verb5 in brackets into the
present
simple or
present cont nuous.
1 | ...4|d..19eki4t...4t..
(look
a0 the deiails on the screen right now.
2 L...............................
(look
at) the sales results in detail every month.
3 The
productton
line ................................
(nol
wo*) at wekends.
4 The
p|oduction line ................................
(noL
wo*) 6t the moment.
5 Yes, I agree. | .......-........................
(think)
itl a
good
idea.
6 | ................................
(think)
about it. l'll let you know tomorow
7 Helen ................................
(stay)
at the Anoda while she! in Madrid this month.
8 Helen ................................
(stay)
at the Astoria when shes in lradrid.
9 We ................................
(take)a
sample for testing once a day.
10 We .-................'.-'.-...
(take)a
big risk if we
go
ahead with the
pfoject.
1 1 They ..-.........-....-..............
(be)
usually very flexjbl if we need to change the ordr
1 2 They ..-...................-..-.,....
(b)
flexible about
giving
us crdit for a few more months.
Exercise 3
I
Some of the following sentences are rightand some are wrong. Put a ti.k
(/)next
to the rlght ones, and
corect the wong ones.
I Which wine are you going to have?
2 Which wine e.yr+p#ngt
3 ]hats ridiculous
-
I m not believing it!
4 Thats ridiculous
-
l'm not doing business with them againl ............................................
5 l'm sorry l'm not Iollowinq what you're saing.
6 l'm sorry, l'm not undeFtanding what you'r saying.
7 This building is conlaining allthe pfinting machines.
do vou orefer
S Ihis building is qetting very old
-
soon we'll have to move. -............-.........................-...
2 PRESENT TIME 2
'I7
Exerci se4 A D uni t 1
!-
03 Cornpete ih s dr. ogle by putnng each of the verbs in brackets into the correcr form of the
present s mple
or
present
continuous.
0)
...Ars...y.et ..leo..Ei^4.... ()ou/Look) fo. someone?
j ENNTER
Yes I ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( need)
r o spcak t o Ki nr t sr yant bot \ he l snt n her oncc.
( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ! ou/ kno\ ! ) Nher e sr r e s?
oh. I n sor m she sDt her e t odN Shc ( , +) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l vor kl dt hor k t , l hr g
r o f i Dsh an ur scn! . epor r . I
( 5)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( t hhk)
she' l l t e br ck at her desk
r or nor r osl l ahJp. l
. - n
hcl p \ ou:
JENNtrrR
Oh, thhks. I (6) ...................................... ..... (!iork) for Prirchaftl E!2ns.we
( 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( or gr ni i e) . or por ar e hospi r al i n . . .
Oh, , r ' er '
IENNTFR
Weil, Knn IlDlrt .odte.ted us hst *tck Apprrcntl_v
)o!
( 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gxpcct )
. vi si r bv r Kor er n r r ade del esJt i on ne\ t t r r ont h.
Ycs. thrti right
r
NNrrEr(
yln
rskcd mc to cill in rDd givc hcr some inlbrmton on our seNicc. Um, I
( 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( hi vc)
x l i si . f sussest xna r vi t h nr e. I t
(10) . . ......
(give)
)o!
nlfornurior ou rvhcrc vou couLtt trkc
_vou!
\ ^,(!\,
rDd .le ilr ofert services dut s,e cf olTcr.like our pick{,p s$vic. Iiou dic hotcl in r
.hx!ffc!.-drileD ltrDousine.
wcll, drrt nnnlds
srext.Iln
mre Kinr wo!ld bc rc.lly inrcrcsred ro see rhis
LNN! r Ho\ r l ( r r s ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
( ] , our vsi r o$/ sr . y) ?
Oh. 1 Dr so. nr I ( 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( Dor / kDow) e\ i . t l , vYr r c. l l y necd t o spcr k
t o Ku! r , di c
( 13)
Gl ci l )
wuh r hi \ conr i r . i . c. I ' l l t cl l hcr o,
$i ve ) , , u
r ring tonoroslwhat\ dre bcsr Inlc to crll?
rlNNtrlL I (1+) ... ... ('u/\ork)
ii th. oftl.c ir thc onil\lr\ ... rnytrDe rftcr
No. Or sh. . r n . xl l l r c on ! r ! nr ) bi l ( . , on 1) 777. . .
Exerci se 5 A D
04 Compl el e t h6. r t ce. bo! r t he mag. z ne I i me Od by ! s ng wor ds f r om t he l l st bel ow Decde whet her t o
plt the verbs inlo the
present simpe o. prcsenl
coniinuous
v/F look ior move want prov
de try 1o
(2)
managem.t time. Elliotr J$ h.s plds for
rh wisit, Tiheout-co6, which wag
laun.hdi!1e95ed(a)..--.-....,....-..,-...,,...,,,...
infomation about hoe tha 30 .itis. Ir
{5).,....,........--........-........... o! advrrising
@nui: d.l a sEaI uoDt of morcy fren
ti.&et sal6 lo 3wiv. But as lir. OIl'
.hanges d.t
qpanils,
To.y Elliotr
3P..e on i h Intrret si te. ALo, he
11).,................................... the
poddi bi l i ty of
.h.rAing viditoB t6 th 3it. f6r a..36 to
some inJonation. Derpite lh$ e1pdsion
plds, Elliot saF that a fotation on the stock
markt i 3 out of th.
ql edti on. H
{3)..,,,,......,......................-. ao ke.p .onhol of
th. b8in$6 he lu3 built up-
Time Oufi time to e><1>a rrd-
Tine Ott, tlr. Loldon .nlrrairmeni
nagazine, h$ plan. lor rpansion. Ii
alre.dy
(1)
.............q.b-.1;.......-..... tn no nly
magazirc P.ds ?adi6n, anil now it
other markels 3!.h I Arg.ntina and
Japan,
Tory Elliott, Titu O!f'r fou.ler, eF he
(3),...,,...,,...,,..,,...,,...,........
local people to
iriliat and m th. mtein6, as ?iru
Ort's London of6. doedn't haye the cash o. in the printed vBion 10 tak more
ast t i me 1
A Past si mpl e: form
Yaulwelthey werc tate.
t / he / she t lt wasn't late.
Yau I we / they wercn't lale.
wat l/he/she/n laE?
Wete you /v\/e lthey late?
a The past si mpl eof r egul ar ve. bs i sf or md bydddng edt ot he nf nt ve Vef t sendi ng n
simply add
-d.
common nrcgular vefbs dre listed on
page
240.
check-checked: I decked the t'iqures
tike liked: rhey liked his idea
lrfegul.r: eat-6te dtink dnnk ga went etc
a Negatives are for.ned with dlcl ,ot d nd the infin t ve This is contracted to ddn't n speech a nd
nformalwflting
tdidn't like his idea.
l didn't
90
ta the neeting.
a
Qunionsarc
formedwth the auxili.ry velb dLl and the infintve Sho.t answeE to
/es/ro
quenions repeat the arx ary
A: Did you .heck the ftgures?
B: Yes, I did.lNa tdidn't.
a Th verb to be 6 rregu ar and fo ows a different
pattern
n negatves there is no d/d n
questions
there is no d/d and the sLrbject and verb arc nverled:
B Past simple: uses
a We Lr se t he
pan
si mpl e t o del cr i be act i ons and st at es nacompl et edper odof t i me. Weknow
when the actlon happened, and this may be meniioned or cear from the stualion.
l.hecked the ligurcs very carcfuly iast week.
I n sorry I wasn't in the aflice
yestetday.
Akrtuan ISPJno design.d .al taa6. ohail vtuk. a nv rtulA( nDd tlu ontsonrccd
rritrhi,tt dse. h lcased
/br.
li'xt.fto t d do.. t.updrk! d d hhed ort d5toitrt !.tui.c
(BDsinesweek lvebs'te)
a The pan smpl e i s al so used t o descr i be habi t ual acl ons nt hepan
Every evening we went out and ate in a different rcstaurant.
c Past simple: time exptessions
see unir 40 a T me expressons lsed with the
pan
simple ncludel
r,, r..:
'.
!r,.i
ji!
ar tuelve a,ctock/the end of the
yeal
in the narning llune / 1998 / the sixttes
on Friday/the sercnd of Aqtil
no prcposition last week /yenetday I ago
tuk
t
n', 4ie
rq
d i@ t e d4td. o wttu.
3 PAST TIME 1 19
D Past continuous: form
see appendix 3 O The pan continuous is formed with the past ofbe and the
-irg
form of the main vrb.
lor sper ne ru es
Negatives arc formed with the verb be + ,rot. In spech and nfo.mal writing we us
comraftons
l/ he / shel it was w)*ing
yesterday. ll he lshe I it wasn't warking
yesterday.
Youlwe/they werc wofing yesterday. Youlwelthey weren't waking
yestetday.
a
Quenions
arcformed by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb be.short answ6 to
)slno
quenions repedt the auxiliary
A: Was he wotking
testerclay?
B: res, he was.lNo, he watn't.
A: Were they waking
yestet)ay?
B: Yes, theY werc-lNo, theY wercn't.
E Past continuous: uses
a The
past
continuous is lsed to describe a situdtion in progress in th pan
I was waiting in the depafture lounge fot nore than wo hous.
a There can be several situations rn
progress,
happening at the s.me tirne:
Tl'e edtly 1970t Ms a tih. ukcn IBM uas belinning to lose its My a hd y lkiLltd
Naplc
wete learing to set
ry
thcn oM l,vliftltc!. Contpfiin{ uds dtering a kew d.q(
(The'f ines
a The
past
continuous is used to
give information about th backgrcund situation. The separate,
completed actions that happen duing or afterthi5
period are n the past simple:
'I
catn in to Otulc 6 it u'as fteoo.rinzron the &ssion oJ thc ed y 1990! Ttc busi e!! ittit I
joircd
ha.l at1 azei'g ptudtct linc that uas d.ellning by 30 pu ,ent d yat i salet Wlthi a y?at
uE cafiplctcu tsrneal thot un aro,id.'
(Eurobusincss website)
lf we do not mention the background situation then the sepafate actions are in the
past simple
in th normal way:
When I a ved I rcgisEred at rcceplon and went straight to the confercnce hall.
F Past continuous: time expressions
a We can use whe4 wh,le oras with ihe
pan
cort nuous to mean
'dur
ng the time that
something was haPPening':
Whilc Platner and Dietnar HW ud. devcloping the
i6t
redl-tine o 4
loesing
tftteu 4l
sAe aaus Wellent her
pB
Mitins thc
jndntial
sotware. (xurobusines website)
But if we mean'at the time that'then we only us whe, with the
pa( sirnpe:
He wasn t very hapry when I told hirr' the nevvs.
(NOT
*Hel-+d*hh ...)
G Past simple or continuous?
a Sometimes the
past
simple or
past
continuols .an be used The pasi sim p e slggestr a
separate, complete aciion or event. The past
continlous emphasises th duration oi the acion.
we discusted the repoft and aqreed that Peter should
prcpare lr.ne detailed flgurcs before
the nert neenng.
we wete discussing the repott for over an hour Eventually we agreed that Petet shauld
prepare
sone detailed figures befote the next '],eeting.
20 :' PAST TIi'E T
3 Practice
Exercise 1
ff
underline the correct word/s.
1 A: Did
you ge!/got the maillsentyou
yesteday?
B: Yes, thank, I
oidlgot
2 Hc\N you feltldid you fed when they to/d/did te// you about movinq offlces?
3 a: Did you tel//io/d him aboutthe change of plans?
B: Yes, l t lti.lldid.
4 1 d idn't see / didn' t saw rhe eason fof the delay, so I got I did get argry.
Exer<iie 2
H
@05
Complete the diaogue using the velbs from the li5t below in the
past simple. There is a m xtlre of
affirmative, negalive and
question forms. There i9 one negative qoeslion.
9
take think sell lik have
(x2)
make
(x2)
be
(x4)
buy
DALE Hi,Jill.You
(1) .......*q^J........ to the Milan Fashion Show iast week. didnt you?
( 2) - - , - - - - - - - you - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a good ni p?
lrll,
Yes, it'tv3s grcat.
D LE (3) ......................... you ......................... :rny usetul contacts?
lrr!,
',igel,
therc (4) ......................... loids ofpeopie at the sho\ d I
(5) ......................... . lot ofgood
contict but we (6) -.......... rly $ many orde.s as last yerr.
DALE oh, why was thrt? (7) ......................... rhey ......................... our new styles?
Iu,
No, no, rhat (8)......................... rhe p.oblen.The shoes (9) ......................... rcally well, but we
(10) ......................... so successtul wnh some ofour other products.like handbrgs. for exanrple, ind
there
(11) ......................... much more comperirion rhis year
lrLL
we[, the Paul smith srand wa5 real]y busy.
DrE Oh, but his clorhes are expeniive ... Um,
(12) ...-..................... people at the show
. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . our pr i ces wer e t oo hi gh?
ILL,
Po$iblJr Bur we (13) ...............-..-....-. ....-.........-....-..-.. the authoriry ro lower them .t the rime.
DrE Oh, whar a shame. So it was a sEste ofa trip thn?
IILL
wel, not exactly ... I (14) ..................-...... this glEat pan ofPnda shoes and this Cucci h.ndbag
Exercise 3
gg
Unde ine the best continuation of the conve6ations.
I A: What was she doing this morning?
B: She inANiewed/wat!fu?!!!!l4149 candidates fof the lales
job.
2 A: How did Erenda spend her holiday?
B: Most days sh !rcntlwas
goitg to the beach.
3 A: What happened after you laun.hed th prcduct?
B: while we promotdlwere qonolng iI" ov main compelilot dropped /was droppirg their
prices.
4 A: ldidn t see you ln the office last week.
B: Na,l wotkedlwas wo*ittg at home for a few dala.
5 A: What did Pat do when she saw the artlvork?
B: She called lwas
(alling
the designers and sa/itlwas saylhE it wasn t suitable.
5 A: Why did Renata take so long to gt here?
Bi She said they mendedlu!re merd,ing the rcad and so the rtaffi( noved/was naving \ery s owly.
3 PASTIIME 1
21
G1o"
Exer.i se 4 A
Complete thi5 article about VNndi by
pLrtl nq e.ch of the verbs
verbs are rreqllar
(see
Appendix 2)
n brackets nto the
pan ! mpe. \.4ost oi the
Vivendi: 1-50 years of history
I 7i \ endi ,
t h. Fr . n. h ut i l i t i s . nd
Y communi.' tion!
Amup,
hs . lonB
history going ba.k to r3$,ln tlat yar li
covd"-e"r
(1)
-..S.I:-44' ' 1.94... krire)
compagni Generale det Eaui The
founders
(2).,,...,...-........... (hrv.)
rwo
objctives: ro irigate rhe countrysid. for
faming and to srpply wnter lo towns and
In
' ,1330
a tRiry
(3)
-..,,,,,,...,,,,,....
G' ve)
Cenrale des Eaur tha righl lo suPP,y
water ro Venice, and th.n Consl.nlinople
ind Oporto
(4)............--..-- (con)
soon
iitei By the tine of tha .entcnary
cclbrrtions in 1953 Ge.ettl. d.s Eaut
(s).,,,,,...,,,,,,....,,, (supply)
wtter to .iaht
mitlion peoplc in Fran..
6 When he
I. th. 1960s and 1970s th. compmy
(6).......-.......---,, (beAin)
actiYities in th aRa
oI ciwil .onstru.tion a.d
(7)
--........--....--.
(hild)
a l.r8e towr hlock in th
La Defensp b8incas dislrict ot P,ris.
Du.ing lh. 1930s Cneral des Eaur
(3)..,,,.,,.............- (join)
with the Hav,5
nedia gro{p io .ral. Cdal Plus, r
Pay
Tv .hannel. Thy alto
(9)---------
( t ak)
a. onl ' ol l i ng sl . k i n l ht ci vi l
engirerin8
8iant,
SGE. In the 1990s thcy
(10),,,...........,,,,,... (wir)
majo. .ontrads in
th Asia P.cifj. region ,nd in Lati.
Jcan-Mari
Messter
(11t.-
.- . .
(becom)
CEo in 1995 a.d o2) ....--................
(n.l
the codp,.y along American liner'
He
(13)...........--.--, (sell)
$5
biuion in
assts and
(14)
-...,-,,,..,,,..,.....
(cut)
the
workforce by10%. All thie
(151.-----.----
lnean) thal an annual loss of S600 mmion
(16)
...,,,.,..............
(ttrm)
into a
Prcfitof$320
million, In 1993 h
(17)..,.......-...---,
(.hange)
th name or the grelP lo vivendi
and soon ailcr
(13)
........-........,,,,,
(nake)
a
sdes of p.rtnships and a.quisilions in
lhe tele.onn!ni.alions indnstry
Operations in North Americr
(19)
.................--...
(8row)
very qui.kly ilter
tiis and in 2000 Vivn.ti
(20)
-------..
(buy)
Seasrad lo become . trury
intemalionll mdii and cohmuni.rtions
Exerci se 5 B E
Complele ihe senlences by
pltl ng the verbs !n brackets in|o e ther ihe
p.st
srmp e or pan cont nuoLrs
Somet mes lhe sarne lense s lsed tw ce; somet mes d flerent lenses a re used
I whar .. dld you eAt
(ea0
whe.
yo! ! , q^1. .
( qo)
t o Par s)
2 vth e w\t.
,'a4s-+..i1!]!t^4 (negotaie)
rhe convact, my boss .... Fhc^ed
(phone)
me 1-
say thal he wanled .ompletey d flerent conditions.
3 The an t r ne somet h nq ke l h s . . . . . . .
( happen) ,
she . .
( ca
)
a
prcss conleren(e mmediately.
4 Anne . . . .
( exp. n) her pr opoqa when Pedr o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( i . t er r ! pt ) her
5 Wenev er qol l hec hanc et or nt er v ewhm
Whi l ewe. . . . . . . . . .
( nv en gat e) t he nc dent , r r e
. . . . . . . . . . .
( | et 9n) .
say that he wds stLr.k in. trdfficjarn.
lclean)
the pece ...
ldrop)
t by nr stake
(f
n sh) read nq rhe adicle, he ....... ...
(g
ve) i to me
(wa
0
for ihe rneeting to beg n when he ......
(call)
to
8
9
( nnd)
l he mi ssi ng l l e wh e . . . . .
10 When Tl m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ar ve) ,
w
( t e
)
h r n what had happened.
see appndix 2
L, rhe p*r pad. pes.i rqu a, ve,bs
c
B
ast time 2
A Past
perfed:
form
n The past perfect is fomed wth the auxiliary hadand the past partcpe.In
speech and informa
writing nad is contracted to
'd.
I had
(l'd)
aheady de.ided what to do befote he called rr,e.
a Negatves are fomed with notand contracrions dre used
(radr'i).
Questions.re
formed by
lnvert ng the sublect and had.
At that tine I still hadn't decided what to da.
Had you aheady decided what to do before he called
you?
Past
perfect
uss
a The past perfect is used to show dearly that one pan event happened before anotlrer
past
event. We use the
p.5t perfect for the earlief event:
O" /n. NhrYork sro.l Er.r'dir. th. Nasdatl l"de' had opn.d hirh.t, hn
Jell
bd.k to 1,578 n1
na 'nE tudi't.*
(Ylhoo News Se.vice sebsite)
Compare these examples which desc.rbe exact y the same rituation:
1 Sue left at 2
pn. We aftived at her affke at 23A.
(both
verbs in past s mp e)
2 when wp aftived at Sue's office she had left.
(ear
er actlon in past prfect)
n example I th h4o actons are separate in the mind of the speaker In example 2 therc is a
stronger co.nection betlveen the two.ctons and lhe
pan perfect emphasises which happened
a lt may not be necessary lo lse the
past perfect if we use before or after to rnake the time clear
We can use lhe
past simpe for both aclions
Sue lelt/had left het office belote we arived.
(both
foms possible)
we affived at sues affice aftet she left/had left.
(bolh
foms possible)
Many speakeE still
prefe.
to use the
past perfect in thi9 case, to show . ltrong connectlon
between lhe two events.
a The past perfeci s often used with verbs o{ thinking ke tnoq reallJe, renenbet be sure,
David knew he'd seen her sanewhere beforc, but he cauldn't rcnenbet $herc.
When 1 gat
to the offi.e t rcalised I'd lelt all ny
pape6
behind.
Ellen wat swe they hadnt rcceived the invarce, but she checked one morc tlme.
I thought we'd aheady dtosen the nane for the new
product!
Past
perfect
time expressions
r The time expressions aftet, once by, aheady,
just,
neve4 meanwhl/e are oflen used wth the pan
perfecl. The word stl/ is often used with negatve torms.
Aftu"d 1993 Koreu cotpotdtion\ ttd etl tniiiq to Pdrk to aqtie tunpdni.s in the US ot
E tope. By this tine, he hait b,ih up etfr.ient tunta \ td ,elp rren. (Asi, Inc website)
4 PASTTIME 2 23
D Past
perfect
continuous: form
a The
pan perfect
continuous is fomed with th duxiLiary
phras had been and the
-,ng
lorm of
the main verb. Contractions are used.
I'd been waking on the
project for tuo nonths befare they decided to cancel it.
a Negatives arc formed with had not been and the
'ing
forrn of the ma n verb
Questions
are fomed by invedinq the subject and had.
I hadn't been sleeping wel, so I was quite
tied.
Had you heen vr'aking ftn a long tine on the projecl before they cance ed it?
E Past
perfect
continuous: uses
a The
past perfect
continuous is used to describe a situation th.t was n progress !p to a certa n
polnt
in rhe
past. lt often emphasises the duratiof of lime.
BeJot he l.Jt IBM Pktnd hctl hen pclin! togethq d soliuup
I'd.kdr. Jot
th. UK'bard
clgnitdl.onvany tCI. He hdd beet wo*ing on thk ptoje.t dwr\ I97 t dhd 1972.
(Eurobusiness {ebsite)
a The
past perfect and the pan perfed continuous both look back fiom a po nt in ihe pan The
past perfect looks back at an earller event. The patt perfect coniinuous looks back ai a situaton
n prcgress.
The economk situatbn was quite healthy. The centtal bank had lowered intercst
'ates
because
inflatbn had been fa ing steadily fot sevetal
yea6.
F Used tolwould + infinitive
a uied to describes a habit or state in the
past.
Therc is no
present
form
(for present habits we
use the
present simple).
'hha
dictat.s uhdt ttotoritt ptt itto leir pettul k ks. btt gfpeoplt !,lLo nsed to hare trcil
doubts about dicrl
Iron
biolori.dl towces nre rcr, reg rces'
,
!oy! Dietet E en, r'|to orus ar
indep.hd.ntjling adtion id solthet Ce niy. (Frankfurter Rundschau website)
u5ed to normally suggests thal the action or situation is no longer true and so rnakes . contrast
with the
present:
I used to wDfu in na*elng
(=
bLrt now I work rn another area)
He used to be realy enthusiastic about his
job. (=
but now he sn't)
O Nore t1ar used to is Jsed for hab.ts and repedted d(1iont. no( 5'9 e eve Ls
I went to the Milan Fashion Show lar the fist tine last morth.
(NOT
|u5++e)
a With negatives and
questions
used to becornes u5e to.
Did you use to work in matketing? I didnt ute to wark in natketing.
a would is used ii the same way as used to, but it only describes repeated act ons iri the past,
In the old days we used to/wodd make three capies af a dacunents tor the files.
our canpany used to belong to an American multinatiaraf
(NOT,i^,{ld$eeg)
Would is more common in descriptive wriiing lhan n speech.
24 4 PAST TIME 2
4 Practice
Exer<i se l
EEFro
underine the correct words. This exrcis includs examples of the
past perfect,
used to, the
past s mpl and
1 while I lookedl@@kirg for my ke!s, lsuddenly rmembered | /eitliaClht them at home.
2l nt hosedayst heuni onsuredt o/ hadusedrogoonni kewhenevert herewas/ wasbei ngaprobl m.
3 Ailet they were buyinglhadboughtthe company, the\J staftedlwete stafting ra make a lot of
people
4 )ack used b havelwas hacirg a Maq but then he uied to changelchanged ra aPc.
5 | asked about my
package in reception, but they sardlrcr salng that it still hadr't anived/wasn't
6 | was sule that I used to l6kl had leked rhe doot lo my office art night, but it wa5lrad been open th is
mornin9.
7l ' msut hat t hewi nt eEusedl obel hadbeen<ol derwhenl wasachi l d. l remembert hat weusedt o
walklwere walking to s<hool in the snow every winter
8 | had gonelwent back to th staurant to look for my umb'lla, bul lound lwas findlhg that somone
took/had taken it.
9 When George sawlevas5ee,hg Diane at the seminar, he knewlwas knowing lhalhe metlhad n,et nel
somewhere before.
10 While I had lwas haing hEakfast l loakedlwas looking at the financial pages io see the share
p
ces.
| sawlwas seeing that my original investment grewlhad grown
by ovet 4O%.
Exerci se 2
tr!J
Complete the sentences with the ben form of the vA tn brackets, In each sentence one verb willbe in ihe
past
simple
(unit
3)and the other in the
pan perfect.
1 After she ...........14d...Y4d.e-.........
(m6ke)
a few notes, she ............tJa1::tCd...........
(start)
writrng
the introduction to the Annual Repod.
2 Gary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(be
sure) t hat he . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Get )t he
al arm bef ore
leaviog the office.
31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cal l )mywi f eonmymobi l ebecauset hemeet i ng. . .
{nill not finish).
4 Once | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(speak)t o
hi m, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(real i se)t here
had been a
mis!nderstanding.
5 Af t e' Jrl l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(gi ve)
her f i d present at i on, s1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(' ee
rnlcn ress nervous.
6 Eefore Edite ..........-----.........................
(become)
Michael Edwad3 persona assistant she
-.
(already
work) in the company for two years.
7 | ......
(noi
se) the figur.s befoF ihe nFFring, so rr
(p!t)
me at a disadvantaqe during the discussion.
I Sorry it iook so lonq. | ..............-.............-..----.....
(have
to)
go
down to the storc rcom beca!se we
.- -.
(run
out oD
paper
for the photocopier.
9I herai n. . . -. . . . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (st op)byi het i mel ---. ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get out of l t het axi .
l 0 | . . . -. -----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----. . . . . .
(bp)
surpnsed t o f i nd t hai she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(akeady
eave).
4 PAST TIME 2 25
Exerci se 3 B uni t3
"-
07 complete th,s maqazne arlrcle by p!tl ng the verb in brackets nto eiiher the pan s mple or
p.n perrect
In one case on
y
ihe
pan perfecl can be !sed, in fve cases on y ihe
past
s nrp e can be used dnd n t x case5
both are possible
IHE DAI{ES SAY'NO'
On 28 Seplember ?000 rhe
people or
Demark
(l)....-v-D;!eQ.... ('ote) No ro
joinine
{re single European curency. the
euro. All rhe main polilical parlies. the
lrades uDions, lhc cmployers dnd $e
media
(2)..................
kanPaisn)
lbr a
'Yes'
lorc bcioE rhe releiendud. So Nly
(3) ....... ............ (he Danes/rqect) rhe eu'o?
Ler's look lirn al $e econoDic
backgrolnd. For nmy yeas the Dehh
ceneal b&k (4)..................... (bd
conrDined
ro keeping the value of lhc kronc slable
aeainst the Geman ' nark. md this policy
(i)..................... (be) very succe$rul in
nainlainin-q nability ald
pros!riry. Then
$c eurc sas launchcd in tanuary 1999. In
thc
penod afier rhe launch lhe countnes in
r he eur c zone
( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( pdom)
relatively well in econonic lems. How
Yer by rhc time oi fie rclerendun the
cur o
( 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f r U)
si Sni f i canl l y
aS.insr rhc dollar, and nE cenrEl banks or
tbe USA md Japan
(8)................... (be)
toiced ro inteNene in th foreign exchange
Bur rhe No ca' npaien
(9).......... ...
(f@us) on nlrional idcnrity. not economic
issues. ln the end rhc Dans (10).................
(make) ihcn decision becausc theY
(
l l
)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (feu) ihar cconodic
inlcgmtion Bould eventuilly lead to polilicaL
inrcsfttion. Tley (12) ..................
(wintl to
keep then indepeddence and freedon.
Exer ci se4 A B uni t 3
t f , Ot
aun s t al kl ng aboul h, s I r st
l ob
t ompel ewh. t hesayswt ht hebenf omof t hever bi nbr a. kec
Chooee
between the
pan r rnpe
(!n
1 l).
palt
continuous lunil 3) or
past pedect
So. Al r ) . $1, \ di J \ ot r
( l ui t
\ our h. t . t ( nr :
Ar ^N: Wcl l . . n i l l e t i . I
( 1) ! 4t W- o, CKl ^4
hvdr k)
i s r i n, r . . 1r l . r U. er i br i r , l , r t t , , i r t i or r . r l
A( . our r r , ! , . \ l nn ' n i . ondon | ( l ) ( bc) i i dl t sr ) r . . or r \ r l r v t ( ' $i ae
vc, r \ .
r N r Lr ( \ r \ r r . R l l os
( l )
, \ r^\ :
J! \ r
, ' her I (. 1)
ftn. I
(,ll
(.t
k, Dd ol
Jobs
rherc
(7)
cr r eer opr l or t nni f l i ar nt c . n I ( l r ) )
n)r nrv .legrcc. So | (l l) ..
So Nhr t ( 16) . . .
AL{N: wel, dre sirurrion Nrs rhs: I
(17)
. (! ou/ s. O t hcl (nr?
(iiD,nt u.tr.$itr I (5) .
(so) t{) i
roh
(rlcd.lo $l,rt I\rnk\t n) d..!!l I wi\ i,,t.R\rc(l to rc. $4ri' t
(bc) r dr. thtr.Whilc I
(s)
. (.ne'rdv/r.ikc) u!c icornrin.-v c\.urs
' . , 1 r I r l . ' L r , ' " 1 :
.- -.......... (work) lbr,, pe^or vho NJs ver-v
nri;r,Driior on oDe ofrlt {rnd\ fur r l.,rsc nt.rdrriodil xc.otrDr,rtre) ti n. nt!.onc
(9) .......
(qno nr. iD .,pplid.trD lirrdr ro tlll rn. I droughr !hi\ nlqhr b. x goo.l
(icnd) ,r on:Thev
(1-']) ..... . (intcnie$) Dre dre ibllo\!.!rg \!.ck rnd I goljob.
Ar t i r \ r , I
{ 11)
. . . . . . . . ( i i . l ) s[ si ] . d $r r h r hcj ob. but r s t n) . ! v. nr b\ ' , t l ur $
( 15) . . . . . . .
(ch.!gc) Dd I b.gin to h!t. \' orkins rhcre
d a , , , . | . . \ c r r d , , '
_ . i r r r . . . . t . c ' . ,
, F l L u \ r , ' r o , t \ r ^ l '
' o
(becoDle) too rcperrd! dd I rcalh \r.n!ed lo do $nerhtrg rrorc crcxlik. So, d[rt wlry I
r esi sDed . . I ( 19) . . .
0r o!
ha\ t ) aDol het j ob t o go r o, bur l kDc\ \ ' l
( 20)
( hr e) t o ! nk. . cht r Ds. .
Exer<i se 5 F
Complere the sentences wilh osed ta ot use.J talwoutd
I wth my old bosswe. $r.sd...:to-1rro..{1d.. have neet ngs eevera tims a week
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . own a BMW bl t now hav e an MG.
3 Befo.e lhey built the new motorway i . ....... .... ... ... ... . ....... take rne an hour 1o
qet to worK
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r hnkI want dt owor kf or a
ar ge or 9. n 5at i on Now want t o be sef ' er npoved
A
see appendi ! 2
l or the pi !r
Fft(
pe: i l rq!
i r re b5
B
yerlro quenions repedt the auxiliary
B: Yes, they havelNo, they haven't.
ast and
present
1
Present
perfecti
form
a The
prcsent perfect is formed with the present
rense of the auxitiary verb haye and rhe pasr
padiclpe.
In speech and infomalwriring
w use contrdcrions
(,ye.nd
's).
lltjau/we/thev have
('vd
oone.
HAtshelit ha;(s)
sone
'
a Negatves are fomd with not
t/ you I we / they have not
(havenj
gone.
He/shet it has not
(hasn't)
gone.
.
Quesrions
are fo.rned by inverting rhe subjct and the.ux aryve.bhaye. Shortanswersto
B: Yes, he has/No, he hasn't.
Present perfe<ft
uses
a In general,
we use the
pferent perfed
to t. k about a preseni
5 tldt on wh ch s connecled to
a lhere may be a
present
situation thal naared n the
past
I've lived here far about ten yeaE.
l've known Mary since we warked together in Spain.
a There may be a series of actions that happened in our tife up ro now
I've often been to Singapore.
I've seen a lot of chahges arcund herc
a There m.y be a resuh in the
present
of a
pasr
event.
Sary, I think l've lost the file.
lly conputet has cashed
h ihis case we .re explaining rhe current irnporrance
of the past eveni. Whn t happened s
not mporlant and s not mentroned.
Present perfect
time expriessions
a We lse ever and,reyerto ask and talk about our generat Je experence.
Have you
ever spoken in frcnt of a brge audience? lin a
you
r tife u p to now)
I've never wo*ed abroad, but next yeat I night be based in
paris.
lf the answe. io ihe quenion
s
yes
then we contrnue ro gv
rnore iniormaton about the
(pel
IL eve^6 by u<ing vr'bs In I e p.sr {mp'e.
A: Have yau ever spoken in front of a hrye audience?
B: Yes, t have. Last yeat 1 went ta a sales canfeten e in Berne and tgave a prcsentdtion.
i Thepresent perfect
i!often usd with a/ready and yer.A/.eady
is norma y Lrsd n affirmatve
K]app, CEO aJ Us aLle .o,ryatry NTL, insis^ tltut NTL has dlrca4' ffiade 7
j%
o.f ns ptdnned
i',att"an b delivd btuadbd
for
liobile phonc ty^. (Tetegnph
website)
c
5 PAST AND PRESENT I 27
vetis used in quenions and negatives, and suggeststhat someth ng has not happened,
aLthough we expect it lo happen
Have
yau finished the rePolt
Yet?
Sorry I haven't finished the .epott yet.
(ll
try to finish it this afternoon
Shaes ik the nn big teleconts storks Colt afld Eflctgis.adin e toJdll Neithet hat yet ndnafeti ta
con ine i v6to6 thdt they cM
Ptu
ide seruices nttbctile et@Wh to 4m n drcnt rctwh
(Giardian
websire)
t we use
./ust
to descibe something that happened a sho( time ago
Ite
just
spoken to him on the
phone and he sals he'll be herc at 9 34 bnorrcw
a The p.esent perfect is ofien used with time expressions that refer to unfinished time
In oih_ar
words the time
period includes the prcsent. Common exprcrsions ate: this naming, today this
month, so faa up to now re<ently, dutittglin the
past nonth aver the last few years, eI(
n1e F:ussidn Cennal tsonk dn'onft.d or'llu'day thdt ik
rold
a\d .une el Eset,.s ha"' in(nsed
in the past u'e.h by t300
t tilio, (Delovoj Peterburg websitc)
tn thc areo of Io"onn da.loph'.nt, th. Asia Padfu Erian hds rl.cecded ii ^thi.vi"r q)id
rrar)th,
uhkh hB ex?ed?d 7% a' tnly t*iry th. pastf.w
lu'r.
(Asia Prcific Econo,nj'
Review
website)
a Some t me expressions can be used wilh the
present priect or the
past simple, depend nq on
when
You
are speaking:
Have
you sp*en to Sue this moning?
(itis
now 11am:the morning has not finshd)
Did
tou
speak to Sue this noming?
(it
h now 3 pm:the morning has i i shed)
a We use for and s,hce with the present periect
to relef to pe ods of t me
A: How long has lon wo*ed herc? * He's wo*ed here fot thrce months i
B: He's wo*ed hete since the beginning of May
seeareo unii40 For desc bes lhe length of the time
peiod
since dscribes the
po ntwhen the tirne
perod
started
'Wc
ha1'e be.t ir bdifest
Jor
37
Yats,
so tlft l tetnet to 4s n
j'rst
aNthcr av ofeolladi
!
otdcts'
says I'ndt Er.ts' inteuational vke ple'ide k mybt (CNBC Busjne$ website)
UPS be6k? a wdd ide Otympis sroksot i 1994, aid sinee thn it has ha led the Atlatia
gonet i t 996 on.l tllc 1998
Japor
u'ktet
ra'hct
(wolldtladeonline nngazine)
a Frequency adverbs that are used with the
present simple can also be used with the
present
see unh 1 perfect.
Ihey've often
given us
good advke
Hollirfet has alpa$ b.d ideeeed if buyitg rcPsPApeR, and we tend to laok nt non
thdt cone
ah to the tak t. (SundayTimd website)
D Eeerr
(to)
ani
gone (to)
a lf we have been to a place, we went there and have now returned lf we have gone ro a pLace
we went therc but have not
vet
Fturned
She3 been to visit out supplies Eve!\thing seems to be AK
(she
has come back)
She's
gone to vtst out supplie9 l hope evetything wil be OK
Ghe
is still there)
2A 5 PA9T AND PNESEI{T I
5 Practice
Exercise 1
n
Complete the sentenes by
putting
the vefts in bta*eti into a form of the
present perfect. Use contraciions
1 are you sure it isn't workins?.....1161e...)lSa...i{!Cd.....
(youltry)
it?
2 | ..-.-..-......-....-....-....-..............
(never/see)
such a boing
presentarion.
3 Luckily, our cunomers ... .. .. .... .. .... ..--- '.
(not/complain)
about ihe pr
ce I se.
4 We ......-......-....-............-............
(already/spend)
quite a lot of money on this project.
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . -. . . . . . . -. . . (t hey/ repl y)t oyourl ast emai i ?
6 L.....-.....................................
(not/get)
the figures to hand
-can
tcallyou back tatr?
7 U nemployment ............................................
{9o/up)
by 2 % since lanuary
8 I rr sorry 9he3 nol here She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Ln/ l eave)
9 Their shares............................................
(fall)
by 15% 5ince the merger
l 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {you/ ever/ t ake)t heEurcst art oBrussel sT
Exer<ise 2
E
Look at the paked
sentences below Match each one with situation a) or b),
1 lnflation has fallen by 1%. Lll a) Two yea6
ago it was 46,6. Last year it was:%
2 Inflation fellby 1%. L41 b) Last month it was 4%. This month it is 3%.
3 l ihink rve lost the file. L-J a) I can't find the file. t wonder where t pui tt?
4 Sorry | lost the file. L--l b) The file has gone
aid t'll nver fnd i.
5 Has Jane called th6 morning? t-l a) Jane
promisd
ro cal thrs mor-
-g
.t5
'1
ar1
6 Did Jane call this morning? L l b) Jane promised
to ca this mom n9. lt3 2
pm.
7 Sales imprcved. L- l a) Last year sales were poor. This year
they are better.
8 Sales have improved. L l b) Sales were poo. initialiy. A yar
later they were better
9 How lo19 have you worled here? L a) In 1999.
10 When did
you
start wo ing he? Lj b) Since 1999.
Exercise 3
l;
Complete the sentences with a suitabletime expression from the lin below
akedy yet
ever never
just
for sin<e always
l The goodswllbe
with ybu soon. They've ........4!f9#dJ....... lefr ourwarehouse.
2 l've ........................-..-.... had a great idea! Why don't w launch . new range of colours?
3 We've known each other..-..-............-.......-.-... morethan twentyyears.
4 l've .....................-.......-.. used my credit cad on the tntemet_ | don't think itt safe.
5 haven't had a.hance to speak to Magda .........-...................-.., but l'm surc she'll a9ree.
6 l've .-.........-.-....-....-..-..... worked in insurance, ever since leaving unive6ity.
7l ' msorryhehasn' t cal l edyouback. HeSbeeni nameet i n9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . l uncht i me.
8 H.ve you
....................-....-...... ben ro 560 Paulo? lt3 completely different frorn Rio.
5 PAST AND PRESENT I 29
aSot
Althoush lord
(1)........|ret-.............X4d9.....
operati"g
profits of over $Tbillion in its Ameri.u market this yed,
the story in Europe
(2).,...,..-' ----
------..*, vry
di { f er ent . l r ' mr , l pr shi r e
( 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hom 12% six yeas ago to only 9'1, nos. The truth is ihat
rivals like volkswagen.nd Re.ault (4) ......... .............
.......,..,..,...,..,. much better over recent yeds. They
( t
. . . .
( . { ' d n d
( 6 r
' '
.............-.,..,,. exciting and hiShly suc.esstul nes' models ln
conh ast, lord
(7)
....... ...........- . ...... ................ its latge saloon,
Ex er c i s e4AB C
Read th r text about the
pe.formance of the Ford car company. Compete the iext with the verbs from the
st beoW Lrs ng the
present
Perfecl
rR.*e lall launch be have cut withdr.w spend iake periorm
Ford: the road to recovery
the S.orpio $ hich was not selling wel1. But Ford
( 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . al ot mor esuc. essal t h
higher end of the market. O!'er the last lew years it
( 9) . . ' . ' ' . ' ' ' . ' ' - ' - - . - - . . . . . a l ot of mony buyi n8 br ands
such as
Jaglar,
Aston Martin and Land Rovcr, and thse
models hale mu.h hiEhe. profit margins. k
(10) ....................... ....................... some time io sort out the
prcblems at
Jaguar
in pdticulat butit' s nolv a su.cesshrl
Exerci se 5 C D
Rad t h6 emai L f r om St eve. t he Pur chas ng Mnager of . UK mpo( et who, s n Pond on a bue ness t r
p
Comp ete the email by chooenq the corre.l alterianve frorn A, B, C or D beow
Sl eve McGi nLaY
to: Mike
..'.,
l_1u
r.u.-
'
1
" . , [
, .
soi i v havenl canl acr ed vou i 1)
P. l asl weer . , bot ve been ver v bl sv l ve( 2) . . 1o Kat owce i n t he sout h
west of Poand
( 3)
. . . . . . a r ew days, a. d i ve ( 4) i n Wa6aw r r om wher e I m sendi ng t h s
emai l l vi si l ed severa nrms when l was i n Kal owce and one or rhem l ooks qui te promi sns l ve (5)
fa.l ory. and Ive gol some
product sampl es rd show you
Unfortunatery Ihaven\ hel th
suy
i n charse
(6) .... .... He wasn r thre
-
he s (7) td cdansk,nd shoul d be
so, the trip has been
q! re successful
(3)
. .... Have yoL (s) ... b6n lo cenlral Europe? Everyth ng rs
chano ng very fasl ve (1o) ........... seen so much bullding wo.k going on. Anvwav L enaL
vou
aga n rsrer . rh6
week to lel you know what' s happening.
Regards, Steve
2 A qoi nq
5 A yet
6 At l n
7 A goi ng
B sin.e
B been
B a ready
B a ready
B gone
B yei
B sin.e
c
j un
C bei ng
c
l l n
C been
C now
c b-.ing
c
j un
C ever
D so tar
D gone
D
yet
30
A Past simple o.
present perfect?
a The past
sirnple is used to describe.ctons in a complred iime perod.
The present perfect
is lrsed when the time
priod
ncludee th
present
Th s can be a s tut on
which 5tarted in the pan and continles to be rrue ln rhe psent, feexperencuntitnowor
the pfesent result of a pan actron.
I lived in Milan nany yea6
ago.
Ive lived in Milan since 1998
I've lived in both Milan and Rame
(.ompleted:
now I ve in another place)
(a
stuaton that naded in the pan and cont nues n
the prese.t: I nill ve rhere)
(
ie experence: the tirne when I ved n these clties
s not mntioned dnd s not irnportant)
t've spoken to ny bass, and he's asrced.
(pretent
rcsuh of
past
acriof)
seeunit3 a T me ph rases lsed wlth the part simple fefer to a pa rt cular point
n the pan: yesterda, /asr
nonth, a few yeats ago, in 2042
see unir 5 T me
phrases
used with rhe prcsent perlecr
nk the pan 1o the
present
this nanth, evet, never
alrcady,
just,
recently, since
Look at this example:
Lojas Awti6"ds, a cl'ii't oI tlill\a stot s ,t Btd:il, has hod d;fii 1ti.! since rha nid-1990s .
Althaqh lr stotcs
.q(nak
arnl6 ttufr(,
t)n)litdbility
has beet had h1 d.lrar h&,r. ol . hw
dr.titc ptthasc pti... In 1998 it begaa d tutiondlkat\n c[ivt. It rcdr.ed th! tun[( oJ uarcho$$
did sold 2-1 t'pnntuitct !a6 to Cdn.fi\n
(Fnrd.
(ebusine$fonun
$rbsn.)
a The time wod for refers to a
period
oi t me. t can be lsed w th eilhe. tense:
1 lived in Milan for fou yea6
when I was at unive5ity
(now
donr ve there)
thave lived in Milan fot fov yea's. (
stlll iv there)
(a pemaneft
st.te
-
always live ihere)
a The choce of tense oflen depends on the stualDn and where our attentio. is:
We've won the .ontftctl
(recent
news: the eveni s oresent in mv mind)
We won the cantta(t.
(te
ng a nory: th event fees distant in my rn nd)
B Present
gimple
or
present perfect?
a The present
simple ls used in two rnain waysr facts, and habits or stares n the
prcsent.
The
prcsnt perfect
makes a connection between
past
and
present.
About t\,\o nillion
people
live in Milan.
la
la.I)
I have lived in Milan far twa yeas. (l
arrived there two
yea6
aqo and si live there now)
C Present
perfect
continuous: form
a The present perfe.l continuols i5 formed with the present perfect
ol be, and the
-/hq
form ol
the veft. Negatives arc formed wth nor.
t've heen
(haven't
been) waiting here far norc than an haur
Sh.'s been
(hasn't
been) waiting he,F all normng
a
Questions
arc fo.med by inveriing the subject and hdye.
Im sotry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
6 PAST AND PRESENT 2 3T
D Present
perfect
continuous:
qses
I The prcsnt prfect
continuous describes an action or sluation in
progress
frcm the
pdn !p to
'ndde
bet\Een slove!'ia dfld the Ltkraine has beea irqssing steadilr sint 1992,.lhen it tatalle'l
ju\t
Us$9 klillion. (SloEnia Busine$ Week website)
a The pesent perfct continuous often emphasises the lenqth oi t me of the action:
Ive been trying ta contact her all day
a The action may b finished or continuing, we on y know by th stLration:
I've been waiting for an hour! Wtry are
you
so late?
(the
waitinq is f nished)
t've been wainng for an hour and he hasn t anived yer
(l
will cont nue waiting)
a The present perfect continuous can be Lrsed for rpated actions:
t've been phoning her aI marnins, but she's always in a meeting.
E Present perfe<t continuous: time expaeisions
a Typca tirne exp.essions that are lsed with the present perlect continuous include:a//day for
manths, fot ages, lately, rccently, aver the last few yea6, sin.e, far
Foreirk liJe n\urcR hdre be.n expaadit! then bBi'pss ir
Japar
bt ahbut 15% ainudlly oret tht
p*st
fo'E r.|rs.
(Businesweek lvebsite)
F Present
perfect
or
present peife(t
continuous?
a Olten there is very little difference in meaning betlveen the
present pedect
and
present perfect
l've wotked/been working hete fot thtee
yea6.
a The cho ce of iense often depends on where or.r allent on is, We lse the
present perfect if ou"
attention s on the
present
res!.r t.
l've witten the repott.
(the
iinished rcport s in my mind)
We ule th presenl perfect
continuous f our attention is on the acton in progress.
l've been witing the rcport.
(the
act ol wr ting is in my rn nd)
Ih the
slobal
eaao'nn
rbeh
oJ ree,I yedts ia" eokryaties har. been eteated at dn astoblshitu
lata. Can?a es u,hnh hau bed opdatingJot flanf yats tuitha
.ta
ehi\ikr at. flaw cxploinr
the posribilitie'. (worldtndeorJine website)
a lf we give details of how rnany or how mu.h we do not use a cont nuous form
l've wdtten thfte rcpofts this week.
l've done a lot of rcsearch an this .onpany.
The E haolog.hea'y Natnaq index h^ beaJalliisJot tlwe ueeh\,41d b iou 3la.4lawet thd, iLt
Math peak. Shnet oI .o,tpakies afl,ont'd,g paot fteLltr hare
fallefl
bt a thM or a hd$ aft(
paft warnkgs.
(wshhgton Posr lvebsite)
32 6 PA5I AXD PNESEIIT 2
5 Practice
Exercise I
!
lh4lerliDe
the correct words.
1
yes'e.day
t phonedl I've phoned the bank about my ovedraft.
2 | wo* here/ have wotkd here since the end of last year.
3 Yol.rr raxi has
just
anived I
jun
affieed.
4 We |e enjoying ou. trip- We tave nadel nade a lot of useful contacts.
5 /1seen//sawHugh Hopper a few days ago- he snds his regards.
5 We
yvntlhave
ben to an intercning sminar last week.
7 Today has beehlwas really busy-and its only lunchtimel
8 Today hai beefllwas really burjr lt3 7 pm
-
l'm going
home.
9 I'.rl af?id Pattizia leftl has/e/ithe offace an hour ago.
10 l'm afraid Patrizia isn't hete
-
she /eftlha5 /ert the office.
Exe.cise 2
I !
Complete the sentences by
putting
the vefus in b6ket5 into either the
present
simple, past simple or
present perfect,
I The company
js
doing verywell. Last year sales ............*a..A-t-..$p.........
(So
up)by 15%, and so far ihis
year they .....h4y.9..4e1g..!r!0....
(go
up) another 12%.
2 We ......................................
(oprate)
all over tatin Ame ca. Recently we ......................................
(set
up)
kenches in Peru and Ecuador
3 This ......................................
(not
look) like the
ght
block. Are you
sure we .........
(come)
to the right address?
4 ......-...............................
(you/see)
my laptop? l'm sure | ---'--''--,---'.'....
(leave)
lt here earlier
5 | ...................................... (ust/ meo Andrew f.om Sales. ......................................
(you/
know) him 7
5 | ......................................
(nevr/speak)
to him, but | ...-..'.'--------.-
Gpeak)to
his assistani on the
7 | ......................................
(wo*)
for WorldCom now- | ......................................
(be)there
for more rhan
five yea|5. ......................................
(you/know)
Worldcom?
81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (work)f orWorl dComsi ncel ast year, but nowt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (want )t o
change
jobs.....................-.........-....... (you/hear)of
anyvacancies?
Exerci se 3
!!l
@to
Complete eactr mini-d'alogue by putting the verbs in bGckts intothe correct form. One verb willbe in the
present perfect and the other in the prcsent pedect
continuous. Use contEctions where possible.
1 A: What3 the matier? You look worriedl
B:
yes.
I am. | .1.Ye...-he4t-\...k++!l{...41.
tuok
at)the
(ontract
in derait, and | .......:.y.*...|rP}if#-......
{notice)
a lot of potential problems.
A: oh, su.h as?
2 A: l -....-......-.......-................
(phone)
Ca.ol all day, butthere3 no.eply.
B: I expect she......................................
(go)
to Head Office.
A: Oh, yes, I folgot.
I A:
'Tosca'
is coming to the Opeta Hous. ....-.......-..-......................
(you
see) it?
B: No, not yet. shallwe go? | .........................-..-.........
(look
foMard) to itfor ages.
A: 50 have l. What about next week?
4 A: How long ..........-....-..-.................-.
(you prcduce)
cars at this site?
.
B: Aboutfour years-
We .-.-.....-..---'..--*-
{inven)
twenty million dollars in plant and machinery
A: Oh, and how long willittaketo recoup your investment, do you
thinkT
. A, ,
6 PAST AND PRESENT 2 33
Exerci se 4 A
Cor.pete th s dialogue by
pulting
the verbs n br.ckets intothe corecl forrn ofihe
pan
s nrpe or
present
perJecr.
Use
(ontracilons
where possible
!r. roRrr Hi. suc. I (r) . ...114f.e1:t. tqql
(ior.
see) vou ii)r ascsl
l t i . r. ' o. l rn sor\ r I
(2)
. (nd/ i re) i n rouch Nj rh anyone recenrl y . . . I
( - r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( bc)
r . . n! bu\
lrcroRri
()h.
\'lDt hale \ou beer up to dE?
\ Vt l l . r or knos I ( . r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f l c
c) nr vJob r i J. r t r , xr _v n) t hr t I
( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( . t r n)
so
t i ecl ancc as a g phi . Jc\ i sr er ?
! r , ( x , A Yc s l r c n, c Dr t c r l ou
( . )
. . . . . . . . . . t J 1k ) r l t ) t r l r ur t hr t l s r _\ t r . l l oNi j . s onr s ?
nr \ v c l l . , r
( 7)
. . . . . . .
t . )
x r er l l ! d, r i . nl t v er r \ o f t r I ( S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lrNo/do) rnrthng lik.
(hr
t).lbn' . . t\ nuch hrrder \rofk rh.rD 1 (1))
( 1r ) r sr ' . ) ( l r ) ) ( \ on. ev. r / br ) 5cr f cn+, l o] cdl
v ( r or r ^ No. . e\ er . r l r l Nus h I ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( or i c n
dr ! ) k ) r bol r i t s o, r v h. ! hr \ i r bc c n
\ Vc l l . r t t hc hc qi nr i n{ l ( l : ) . . . . . . . . .
( hNe)
r K, or r h. . .
qoo, l
c hc nt s r r d,
r o! kno\ :
r cor l .
t ht r r I ( l l ) . . . . . . . . .
( kr d\ )
n, . nr xn!
, v. r s. l i kcT
n l Ji cr . L.
And si n. . r hcn I ( 11)
. . . . ( h. , ! e) x l ( , t or ' i nr . r cs. r i or n di l T( r . . t . oni r . ni cs-
bu xni c of r h. r )
( 15)
. . . . . ( l uom. ) r . t U1. , , cr \ r . . , . r ! .
\ {
' . . . l i r , r
, , . .
I ( l ( ) )
( . r l r ( . ( h
/ ( l ( , )
dr . r l ( 17) . . . . . . . .
h\ 1r )
i , i . r ( i ve| ' ( i i ,
I).!rr) Mord)h ., .o!fl. .i ! xrrh\ .rgo. l,ur I (ls)
. ... (,ior/sro i|v rt|licr
( ) h. , 1. . n.
\ . 11. ( l ' ) )
t , ut )
ut ) . , $eh\ i r . $i d) cM, | | I . \
( ) i
! . r , \ L{ t r k?
Y. s. l
( l 1r )
. ( i u{ / h, , t r h) n \ Vr , l , l ! { { 1 r i ! , ) , 1 hr v, , i l r l l f , . k l ( n, k r r i l
. ur l t cl l nr c sh. r t vou t hi r k of i t ?
Exerci se 5 A
?a
12 Loot a1 the
qraph
..ri read the
p.ssaqe
abour technology no.ks Comp ete the text by
pltt
f! nre veros ,r
br.clels nlo rhe coiiect form of the
pan
! mple or
present peiecl
Europea invetors (1).........h4-v,e...1,.4'tllPd........... (watch)
Us stock markeis
neflously over the last few months. The preblems wirh US te.hnology dd
teleco"trtls stocks
(2) ..............................-.-.....-.-................. (beCin)
lasi Mar.h, and since then
share pric6 at.ompdia like lntel, Apple and DeX
(3)
..
(crash).
ove! the sunner au thse gidts
(4)
.......................................................... (annoluce)
lower thd exp!.ted profits, md tnvesios fear that delldd for PCs in the higliy
developed US market (5) .... . . . .. . . . . - - . . ........... (peak).
Now it's the turn of
Edopem stftks. On Monday stock in companies like Cemdy's SA? dd
Finland's Nokia
(6) .................... .... .. ..... (falt)
sharply. sAP
@.....................................................-.-..
(be)
doM 3% in lrdkfln, md Nokia
(8)
--............-.-.......................................
(drop)
7% in Helsinki
But therc was $me ged nes s fo. invetoF
vesreday Yah@l
$295 mitioi! tp from
$115 million a yed edlid. Yznel reIi6 on ornie advertising for most of iis ituome, dd this yed it
(11) ...................................................--. (gain)
sig.i6@! Mrket share in E@pe ad
(12)
................... (manage)
10 achieve the
pGition ol top Web'navigation conpdy.
Anatysts believe that the mdkei (13) ...-.-.........-..---*--,-.,.......... (noi/hit)
the bonom yet. Edlier this year
jnvestore
(1.1)
.-..................................................-. (buy) dy tntemet stels that wde available, catint a st@k mdket bubble- Now ifs jusr the
opposite. Invstors (15)
.............................-........................-.-. (beome)
so nero6 that they are e]ling everythin& even if the company is soud
md the siock lools cheap.
34
uture 1
a wi
We can Lrse w// + the infin itiv
(w
thout to) to rcfer to the future. M// ls usua ly shodened n
speech and informalwriting ro'll.Ihe rcgarive ol willis wan't
We use wTto talk about future events th.t we see d5 rdcL5:
ln June we will bring out twe new nadels.
'11'.
sovonnut
aill soot impose an oblirdtior all cl..ttkity ',ppU atnpdkas to buy a spe.A.d
p(entds. oJ thcit poln
Jron
rcfleunbt. sonrte'. (cua.dian
websrlc)
We use M// to talk about future be efsl
Lyrth bdi.as tlnt
fkbolsatioi
aid .otsolidatio in th. tihiolosy sc.tat wiII crcat! d
.qrcdt.l
dqrdd.fu kw d"1 pdrefil ha66.'Sto.k ,fldtkets uill hd,. tl .ow t lot nor nd'F.t
.aptali$tion and t d .r itd']{ltJ oiU ha,e kss of d tok'jd),r Lr,.l,. (Obscrvcr
wcbsrtc)
We car add perhaps I naybe or probdbly
to ma ke the blief ess certa n:
Ttu
.li6t
lda af
job
la$s futthn(
ioh
l'. ,nryets i,
(;unan
bdslnq will prcbably b. h tlt
Cny oI lindot.
@trsinssweck
lvcbsire)
Notice thai probabt come! after wil/ bLrt before rvon't
He'll prchably
agree with yau.
He probahly won't aqrce with you.
We can use nil/ wth an introductory phrase
to
9
ve other mean ngs. For exarnpe, a
persona
opinion
(/
th,nk) or a hope
(/
hope):
I think we'll prcbably
open a subsidiary in Russia next yeal
I hope he'll agtee with yau.
ty,7 can be used ior instanl decisions and thoughis that corne into our head at the moment of
sPeak ng
I' wait fat you outside.
I' phone yau tamanaw.
B Going to
a We use the ved be + gorng
to + the i.finitive to m.ke a conneclion beiween the present and
a We use
golrg
ta for plans
and intentions. These arc thlngs we have already dec dd io do.
I belie,e thdt Cree'tpan is goins to lorpet bt.s.T'et dft tone tisr oJ liqtidny ptuh1effi in the
dedit ,1a*ets at hi\ pon tu 6ft, a i sntut enbal hanh ftsponds by easing oedit.
Q'IewYotk
Times $'ebsite)
TLe l|nc In rre fLlure can be
-ea
or disunt.
I'm going
to call Fiona Cla*e this afternoon.
We'te going
to open a faatoty in Hungary nexr yeat
a We Lrse
going
to to make predictions
when there is some evdence in the present siuationi
Be Grefult t*
9oin9
to fa . (l
can see it)
I think weTe going ao |ose t/]ls dedl
(l
ve
just
he.rd some news)
7 FUI UFE' I 35
C Present continuous
a We can us rhe present .ontinuous tense to ratk about th ngs we have arr.nged to do in the
future. There is nearly always a time exprcssion.
Ann is leaving tonoffow norning
HSBC are moving to new prenises
next year
The affangemenls are oftn socidl arrangements or dppointmenB.
see unirs 1 and 2 What are you doing an Tuesday afternoon?
l'm seeing lack at tuw, and after that I'm meeting ny bank nanager
D Wilt or going to?
a Wll/ s used for instant dcisions Going to is used for plans
and nienrions.
aK, t know what to do. fll .a/lane
(an
insiant decision)
Da
tou
have the inlornation for Jane? I'm going
to catl her rhls afternoon.
(an
intention)
a l4rl/ is uled for general be iefs, op nions, hop! and th ngs the speaker tees as facts
I n sure they'll like the new design
ln the futurc, narc people wi wotk from hone.
a When 'v/7 s used with a
phse like / thirk and/or words like probab, rhen the belief/op nion
becomes less certain, like a
prediction.
I think you'll
like this idea.
The wo d wi prcbably
end in about fi@ billian yeaE.
8ut if the is ircng evidnce in the prerenr
situarion then go,inq
to is usua y used for
Ithink it's going to Rin.
(lcan
ree black clouds)
We'rc going to nake a loss on this ptoject. (t
have rhe figures n tront of me)
a There are occasions when we can use either fonn:
]n ny
presentation
I'll talk/rm going
to talk about three maih arcas Fitst, ...
Herc the speaker could see it .s a fact
(w/,
or an ntention
Golrg
ro).
a W;t s more usual in w.tt^g. llandgoing ta aE nore usua in speech.
E GoDg to or present continuous?
a For furure pans and.nangements there is ofren lirtle d fference between golng ro and rhe
preeent.ontinuo!s.
rm going to givelrm giving ny prcsentation
on Friday.
a Golng to can slqgen that the detaih of the afiangemenl have not been fina sed. The present
continuous can sirqqest that the arrangement is more fixed, wirh a rirne and a
pace.
I'm going to meet hin nert week.
(justa
plan
iimeand pace are siill ! nknown)
I'm meeting hin at ten in ny o#tce.
(a
definite, fixed arranqement)
F Time expressions
a Cornmon time exprcssions for ihe fLrture include: tomoftaw, the day after tanarraw on Fiday,
at the weel,end. nen w?pk. n a htu ddk ine.
:F rFnEl
=-F
7 Practice
Exerci se 1
l l I
l/atch sentences 1-{ with their uses aFo.
a) a future fact
d) a future plan or intention
b) an opinion about the future
e) a
prediction with evidence in the
present situation
c) an instant decGion fl
a future arrangement
1 l'm going to ask my boss lor a
pay rise next week.
E
2 l'm sorryto hearthat. l'll find outwhat the problem is right now n
3 l'm sorry but I won't be here tomorrc,w- l ll be in Paris. n
4 l'm meeting Angela for lunch. Do
you want to
join
ut n
5 Their share
price will
probably rise when the market re<overs L l
6 with so mlch competition it3
going
to be dilticuh to increase sales n
Exercise 2
| |
underline the corcct words in each mini-dialogue.
1 Ar Are
you frce next Tuesday morning?
B. Sorry, 1'll havell'm haing a meeting with Sue.
Ai oh, dght. well,,^hatabout Thu6day?
2 Ai What are
your plans
for next year?
S: We'I open/We'rc
going to ope, a new factory io Hungary
A: That sounds interening.
3 A: What do
you think about their new ma*eting campaign?
B: I think ,?'/
probabt suceed / it!
gobably
succeeding.
Ar Do
you really?
4 Ar What about tomorrow at around live thidy?
gt
OK, I'll see
you then.ll'm seeing
you
then.
A: 8ye.
5 A: So as
you
can 5e, l've ben thinking about this
problem quite
a lol
8i Yes, I see. So, #,at ate
you going to do?lwlEt arc you doing?
A: Resignl
6 a: ltwould be nice to se
you next weel,
B: Yes, it would. Are
,1,u
do irg antrhing lwill you do anythtng on Wednesday?
Exer ci se 3I l l l l
complete the sentences by
putting the velbs in brackets into the most approprlate flture form Choose
berween w,4 going to and lhe
present
(ontinuous.
1 Have you heard the news? vivendi .......it...4-o.ir4..Je..b4y.......
(buy)
seasram
2 1 .......-....-............-.-..-....-..............
(meet)
Andrca at nine next Thursday moming outside ihe station
3 l've
just
had a all Jrom Richard
-
he ..................... .. . . . .. . .. . -. . .
(be)
late
4 Next
yea. -...........................................-....-
(be)
ihe companyS centenary
year
5 This taxi driver is terible- He .. .... .. .....-.-. ..-. .. .... .. . .. . . .
(have)
an a.cident
6 ln the future videcronfe.ences ...-.. .........-...-............. ...
(probablv
replace) many intemational
meetings.
7 We ........................................-.........
(test)
the new machine sometime next week
8 | ........-...................-.......-.........-...
(go)
ro Manchener on Fdday.
.
9 would you mind waiting for a momenl? | ..............-'.'.-....-................... .
(not
be) lon9
@, t
7 FI'TURE 1 37
Exercise 4
!!!
@
14 Complete this dialogue by puning each of the verbs in brakets inio the future. Choose between Lail/ and
going io. Sometimes either answer may be possible,
but decide which form is the most natura . Use
contractions where possible.
IoANN^,
Pleae, come in, h.E . se*.Would you like a dlirl? Cofee? Minenl water?
oh, r (1) ...............:!!...b*ys.................. (lne) a cose please.
Jo
NNA Lucy ... could
)ru
neke tm cotrees? (siglts)
We
,
th3nk for comiry this morning. l
(2) ................................................
GeD }lcu
why I sked
)ou
here. Um, as you know, thde
(3)
--------..... ... .. ........
Oe)
sone bis chmgs itr the company. In facr, {
(4) ................................................. (Gtructue) the whole depanment.
Yes. I ktrow.when (5) ................................................ (n/happen)?
lo
NN^, Ererythiry (6) . (be)
finihed by rhe sumer. Um, the thing n,
under the Ds structure you!job
o)
................................................ (probably/disappeu).
Realy? Is that cEtain?
Jo
NN^ well, we (8) ................................................ (have) a meering nxr wek ro linalise all the plans,
and ofcou.sc I (9) . (leg you know what we decide.Anyway, you
dont have to uorry
oh?
Gotre
alrives)
Jo
NN^, w[, a! I w:! s.ying you dont heve to worryWe
00)
...............................-.----- (ofted
you a newjob.You (11) ................................................ (har) morc responsibiliry and rhe sabry
(12) ................................................
O)
much bcncr.
Thatl wondertul, thrnk you very much.\v}lat )acdy (13) ................................................ (rhe
nN
job
/ involvc)?
JoANN^
Wc[, wc (14) . (xpand) the whole customcr scrvices arca.Ifyou
accept the
job. you (15) . (be) responsible for the new team. Um,
it (16) ................................................ (meen) a lot norc work, ofcoune.whar do you rhink?
It sound! gre.t, but I (17) . (ncd)
! day or two ro rhink about u.
Jo
NN , Ofcoune, no prcblem. Look,I (18)
. (nor/be) in the ogice 6r
the Dext few d4
-I(19)
. (visir) our subsidi$y in Hungary.
(20) ................................................ (you,/ha!!)
an aiswer for me by next week?
Yes,I (21) ................................................
Give)
you lny decision on Mondala
Exercise 5
[ |
Complete this emailfrcm a PAto her boss by putting the verbs in brackets lnto the future. Choose between
!v,i/l and the present continuous. Use contractions where possible.
I ve booked your
flight to Slovenla. You (1)
..-.I_z,..le4y!.64._
(l6)
on Tuesday 3rd at A-45 in the mornlng, so
you
(2)........................ (arl) in Ljubljana bfo lunch. sonsn (3)........................ (be) at th irport to mer
you.
Yourfret meetlng is with Alekaander P@kar, and
you (4) .-,...--................ (s6) him at 1
pm
at our to@l
otfie- He (5) ...-.....-.............. (prcbably/take) you
out to luncr'- Afrer lunch you (6) -....................... (novdo)
anythinq untll4 ph,
so
you (7) ...,....,....,....,..... (have) time to
qo
to ih6 hoter. You (8) ,,...-....-....-....-... (stay) al the
Interconrhental, which is in a very @ntral lotion. | (9) ...,..-.-.--.--. (go)
to the travel agents to
pick
up the
tickets rhis aftem@n, e I (10) -....--...--.........-., (give) them ro
you
tomo@.
uture 2
A Future: time expressions
a We use the
preseni
rmpl or the presenr perfecr
(not
w//) to refer to th future after these
wotds. when, after, beforc, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the tine, the next tine:
when I see hec I'lltell het yau called.
we I discuss it again aftet you get back
As soon as I've finished the rcpon, lllenall it to
yau
Yau can wait here until she comes back
Not ce that a {ulure form
(wil,
car) s u5ed in the other
p.
(
of the 5entence
B Present simple/continuous
a We oltn use the
present
simple
(or present
continlout when we talk aboul evenls n the
futurc based on a fixed limetabe,
prcgramme
or ca endar
tim s
plane leaves
(is
leavind at 12.15
Our boss rctires
(is
rctinnd next yeat
C Future continuous
a The future continuous is lormed wth w// + be + the
-ing
forrn ol the verb:
Ok. hn\ hdt is clct it lht tuat. aid laryn krhr.! arryofi.\ tuill b. ii'cstibg i Chi n atli
thdt ttu na!
lawn
t't vill dllo', r/r,x rd. (Asixrvcck wcbshc)
a The future contin!o!s de5cr bes an activity in progre!5 in the luture
we often ure ii when we compare whal we are do ng now wth whal we w llbe do ng in the
fulure. There is neary always a lime expression.
Next yeat I'll be working in aut Sao Paulo office
where will you be wo*ing in slx nonthl time?
a The future co.t nuous 6 often uted to say that something will dei nitely happen:
we'll be holding a meeting soon, sa we can make a decisian then.
D Future perfect
a The futurc perJec( is formed with w7 + have + past paniciple:
8y the tine I retirc, nl have been in banking far ovet thirty yeaa.
By the yetu 2a20 fu ,ol ,tc o.fsoods ptodted by hadniotdl hantfadwinr ootdtide Mll
prcbobly be at led\t luie ,t' it n hday. Brt ih tfu US, IIE nMre o.f na
{a,tu s
in CDe tuhnh
n sill oround lioA or so, will ha"e sh nh to 5%. (lndusrrvweek website)
a we lse the future perfct io look back from one
poift
in th future to an ear er evenl or
period
of time. We oftef use byor by the tme with the future perfect:
By the tine we prepare our
proposal
they' have found anothet supplier.
By the end af the yeat we'll have sold arcund 1,AAO units.
a r is common to lse. simple w;fl form in pl.ce of the future perfect, athough some pople
th nk th s is not grammaiic.lly .orrect:
By the tine we've
preparcd ou prcpasal thel find another suppliet
By the end of the
yeat we'll sell arauntl 1
,000
units.
t We use the continuous fom of the future perfed to look b.ck from one polnt in th future .t
an aaviy in proqrcss:
Next year we' have been nanufactwing the sane nodel for ten yeats.
E
A FUIURE 2 39
Was
going
to
a Waslwerc going ra 1s not a futue form. We use itto refer to somerhing tharwe panned nthe
past
but did not do:
I'n sorry lwas going to
phone you this norning, but I had to see ane al out clients.
Other ways to talk about the future
a We often use modals and related velbs like shou/d, be likely
A
could, may, miqht ro rclet ta
the future. see unit 13.
O W-A use the verbs pect, hope, intend, would Iikq pla4 wara followed by an nf nitive
(ro
do)
to refer to the futurc:
Cettflan dutot dket BMW b pldnniry to hciE a
Wdftt
ai pla in Cehtal .r Eatem Ewope
by the hiddle of2001- aid the Czecl' Republn is ho ng to get the oitb.t. (pegnepost
Notice the negative forms:
lexpedlhope I won't ...
We don't inEftllplanlwant to ...
We.an use the velb t,rink followed by
'/l
I think/don't think I' change ny htenet Se"/i( tuavider
We can use be due to for thi.gs that w expect to happen:
Mrwckh, utb hit' CE\ 'flandatory rcfie,nett dge of 65 nert no th, hat btilt CE intn Anerna\
Nd1o'npony in stock 'natket lalMtian. Hc k dle to nan thr ctt chdhhdn d thiclexc uit?
9f
CE i the ncrt
Itu
ddys. (Wall
Street
Journ.l
Eurcpe websirc)
We can use be about io for things that will
(will
not) happen very soon:
A laok dt It sto.knia'tet Mluatio'ts olbir tolxude hosys s,.h as Citeo and Onde show that the
po.e ofdtulopncnt i nct! te tulofy k not cboBt t6 doo (Fo$es.com
websire)
h modrn English sha////r...2 are used to make suggestions, not to fefer to the futLire.
shall I open the window?
shall we neet again nen week?
sha// is still used for the futurc in formal siluations, for example egal documenb.
"I uaja, going h nt,'w.4 I danr tub t . tuta. Bu|,
ofa,,4r&natutt tuht.'
a
See unit 14 a
40 A FUIURE 2
8 Practice
Exer ci se 1
SSHUgg
Underline the correct word'
1 Iamotrcw nl inteNiewtrll be inteNiewing candidates all moming.
2 we will have navedtwillbe molng to our new pmises in August.
3 We will have no\/edlwillbe mov,,ng to our new pFmises
by August.
4 What Ume doesJour trainlwill
tov
train leave?
5 Don't forget to turn ofi the lights before
you
are /eaving/you lea\,p.
6 We <an't send the goods unlil we've receivedlwe willre.eive a fim oder.
7 we wil be rcpayinglwil ha! repaid the bank loan by December
A Uress theyle/they llbe more reasonable. w llhave to brcak off negotiations.
9 I was going to witelwas w',rtng to them, but I forgot.
1A lhopellwillhope ro be able to speak at the press conference myself.
1l Ou. visitors are di./e to affiveldue aniing ar 10.30.
12 lhope lwon'tlldon't hope /7be late for the meeting.
13 | think lwon'tlldon't thrl?k /7be late for the meeting.
1 4 When the conrract ,i/wz be ready, l'll let you
know
15 Will
t/Elshall
we b'eak for coffee now?
16 Sorry lcan't speak now I'lljust havell'n
just
about to haye. meeting.
Exerci se 2
fi En
Complete ea(h senren(e l+ wth an endrng aFh)
1 Please take a seat until
2 They won't accept our order unless
3 Helen wants to see
you
before
4 You won't see Helel1. 8y the time she arrives
5 As soon as Helen arives
6 | cafl waitl This time next week l'll
7 l'll have a suntan nxt time we meetl l'll
8 Sorry aboui this. In a few moments l'll
Df Rihal is feady to see you.
you' l l have l ef t .
we
give
a bank guaranie.
have finished and w can tts k.
i'llask her to
phone you.
havejust come back from creec
be lying on a beach in cfeece.
E a t
n o r
! o
! a r
! " r
n o
I q l
n ;
Exer ci se3mnHp
Complete the sentences by putting the vrbs in brackets into the right tense. Choose betlveen the present
s mp e
(/
do), future .ontinuous
(i7
be dolhq) and future peded
lt'll
have dane).
l Bythe time allthe
p.pe6 are ready, the deadline ...-Lrj!!...k.v.g..MttreC....
(past.
2 The flight .-....-....-....-....-....-.........-.......
(,eave)
at I pm
and ............................................
(arrlve)
at 3.45.
I L ...............................-..-....-....
(see)
Nick tomorrow so lcan give h m yo!r message.
4 This taxl is so slow By the time we get there the meeting ............................................
(finish).
5 Sorry | can't s you on the 1 5th | ..-..-...................-..................
(play)
golf w th . client.
6 won't do .nythinq until | ..............................-....-........
(hear)
from yo!.
7 Huffy !pl By the time we affive, the play ......................-......-....-..-......
(nari).
8 what ...........-..-....-.-..-....-........
(you/learn)
by the end of
your
course?
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . ( you/ us) t heconf er cncer comnexi Tuesday?
10 When | . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - . . . . - . . . . - . . . . -
( see)
hi m, l ' l l ask hi m.
8 FUTURE 2 41
E x e r c i s e 4 A C D F
An economist hds prepared a sho.t rcpod about h s co!ntry next year Redd it, tlren choose the correct
alternatve {rom A, B, C or D beow to complete the report.
12 6onth e.onni.
Iote@t
The Cennd Bdk (1) ...S....keep intcre$ nr6low next
Ieaf
nr orde. to $lmulte economic
srowth,.nd
so
ve
{2)
......... the c.oroNr to continuc grc$ns rt about l%.Thi5 neans tbr mcnPloymdrt
(3) .. ' !
mon secors of the econonr,v next yer Exchange ntes ar vert difil.ult to
lredicq
bui the curency
(a) ......... cmain st.blc.
sonE nnporeDr events fe (s) ......... take pl,cc in thc poliricd neH.The
President
(6) .. Gll eledions
wirhin the next twele monrhs.and 50 by the nnddc ofncxt yca! fie election camPrisn
(7) . The
sovcrnmenr
(8) ....... . on i phtfon othonsty rnd.onPcicnce. rnd t
(9)
......... int oducc rcfor$ to lhc
lcsrl sy*cD so ihdjldges.rn nr!stiste thc mnuse ofprblic funds more e6ily.' When thrt (10) ..
,
inrc.n*ioml nNr$or co.ndence should incPse nPi.Iy.
7 Aw have begl n
8 Aw be i oughl
B s l i k ng l o
I will beei f. ng
B wi l l pr obaby
B w be begun
B w be i i ghl i ng
Cw t a n9
C bei ng
C w f Lght r ng
Dw i al
D s
pr cbaby
D expecting
D 6 d u n g t o
D will begrn
D wl l have f
qht
E x e r c i s e 5 A C D E
" F
15 The Hl mdn Resou, . es Ma. ager ol a . , 9e company s expl a n ng t he appr a| sdl svst em t o a gr oup ot new
employees Complele hE ialk by
pun
ng lhe verbs n brackets inlo the r ght tense Choose between the
p.esenr s mp e
(/
do), lutu cont nlous
(/7
be doi.q). lutu.e perfect (/'//
have dore) ...) '|as going to.
' Yo! r
appr a sa nt er vews( 1) . . . . . . 4[ q. . . . ( be) ! nf . / ar . h
Er , r n sor r y r hey
( 2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . -
(be)
in February blt we had io
ponpone lhem Sorry abolt lhat Um, d!ring Febr!afy
yoLrr ne manaqetr
( 3) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( coLLect ) a
t he i nf or mal on t hey need f r or n you, and by t he t me yo! mee! f or
t he i nt er veW t hey
( 4)
. . . . . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . .
( pr odl ce)
a checkl i st of
po nt s i or di scl sson
RLght Um, n the Lnteruiew you
(5)
. ... ...... ......-.-. .- -. . .. .
(d6cLrss) your pe.forman.e dur nq the pan
year.nd any iesues reat nq to your future needs, et slch .s trarning By the end of the rneet ng hope that
you and yo! r l i n manaqer 5
( 6)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( agr ee)
on yoLr r per 50na
obl ect ves r or next veat
both n terrns o{ sales tarqels and profess onaL deve opment s that dear? Yp, OK,
qood Oi colrse there s
some f e|ibilty in the targets, n .ase any'lhinq
(7)
- , .
(happen)
to the rnarket that we
cannot
pred
ct We rnay aso have. budgt foryou to do somet.a nrng. after yo! (8)
. .
( come)
back l r om yol r sumr ner hol days bul bef or e wor k
( 9) . . . . . . .
( qet ) r ea
] ?busJr i n
september. ls that OK? Yeah. Good
Af t er t hai , l he nent i me l hai we al ! ( r 0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( meet )
aqai n wi l l be l n Oct obet
when d like some feedback on yoLrr trd n nq, as by then any cou6$ that you do
(
I I
)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( f i n
s h) . l s t hat OK? Yeah
( 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gend) y ol r
f eedback f or n' r s nar er t he t i me We
,
et un ess
yo! ( r 3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( have) any ql esi ons,
t h nk t hat \ a . Oh, no Er , yes l { 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( have)
a wor d wi t h you dbout
your ho ddv
pLans,
but
you probaby dont know thm yet. Could you ema L me wlth yoLr reqlen as soon as you know
assive 1
A Form
a To make the passive we use ao b.nd a
past paric plel
tntel produces nilians af chips every yeat
They have chosen the new design.
Rasa wi give a press bnefing tananow.
we.an arange a loan within six days
We nay give you sone new sales taryets
Mitlions of .hips are prcduced every year.
Our supplier is shipping the goods next week The goods are being shipped next week.
The govenment nised interest rctes by lo/d. tnterest rates werc rcised by |ak.
He was asking ne some difficult quesnans
I was being asked sone difficult
questians.
The new design has been chosen.
A
press
biefing will be
given
tonanaw.
A laan can be aranged within six days.
You may be given sane new sales taryets.
a The object in the.ctive senrcnce
(nillions
of chips/interest ratei) moves to the front in the
passive
sentence and becomes the subjecr
a We fofm negatves and
questons
in ihe sam way as in actve sentences
The new design hatnt been .hosen. Has the new design heen choten?
B Uses: fo<us on important intormation
a n the active senrences above the pe6on
or organ saion who does th acrion
(/rrel/Ihe
90vrnrrerf
/Rosa) ie imponant
. ln the passive
sentences above ihe pe6on
or organaat on who does the acrion s nor
ment oned. t nr i ght be
clear from lhe siiuation
Innead, rhe mponanr nfom.tion is e ther rhe actions
(ralsedlchoser)
or the things afiecled by
the adon
(Mi
bns of.hips/rhe goods/A prcss
biefirg).
a Sludy these exampes:
A
"ery
larye propottiot oJ wo d ntl
ltodtuior
it
Sewtdted
tu th. Nlihlle Ed\t. (culfBusines
Masazine wcbsrte.)
Here ihe writer wanrs to ernphasse the amount of o . Who did the acton
(ge,lerate)is
cear or
me North Aneiedn Frc. Ttade Arcd (NAFTA)
uds cstahlished in 1993 b link the Linited
Stat.s, Ca adr dtd 14.!ko in d
fi..
rrdde asteene t. (LatjnTnde websrte)
Hef e t he wr l t er w. nt s i o say when. nd why t he acl on happened Whoddt heact t on
(estabrsh)
is not rnpo.tant.
D.utstltc Post AC nill ofet ntush^ dtut prie di ot ts and bakr\ thdres .s
lart
aJ its plaa,ed
nfiidl p,blt ofe
E.
These i1'edtio* toill be ofercd n) EkiL ihre\kE in EU .ounti6 who nke
a ertll \tliniptio .
0fi/a11
Sftet
Jou.nal
Eurole websne)
Herc the witer wantr to glve intonndton aboLrr rhe incentives. Who wittdo ihe acton
(olfed
is
nol rr.portant or not known.
9 PASSTVE r 43
C Uses: sysiems and
Processes
a we often lse the
passive to talk dboLrt synems,
pro(esses and
procedures:
Tje bdnq, tvd to nnhe hzh ukisky tnkes dhort \oen nasths to gto ih the
feld.
Ia Auqun the
bo cy L' hdtrsteil d,,t then
W
tu ren
fu
d bryle al flonths.me nett ttzp is
'nallry',
dh 4k i.nt
.hettnby
Iull
of ttatitiat. ]t
rirc
a i.h, watu
fd,o"t
to th. whisq dhd d'ses the
s6ih
ta ptud,ce
narh6, whnh oft eofwte.I to suSa6 at a ld@ ndge aJ th. po.e$.The tudhe.l bdtev k Bted
Jol
abort thtee oeclJ dlen gtowd htoiofi dnd pld.ed irto htse 'esteh ihn n is mked
unh hot
utatet to 'ldk. a
'utott'
.7 he tt@n is .ooleil, then dn into orothet vessel HM, yust is addetl' dn.l
the ttdth is tnned inta !.!art p@.l!.nE d deat liqrid cdlled the tuth' It i\ distilLdtian
thdt nt$
this tudt\1 itlto ehkln. I'1 tlistilli':a, the liqtid Lt h@ted tntil the spi tutns to lnlatt' thett
.o"derced
trdtk it o liryid. By \av, Scotch uhis@ nust 6e aged i" odk bardsJot nt leost thtee
y.d6 (Adapted frctu De!%r's Scotchwhisky {ebsite)
s.e ako unit4s a To show a sequnce ln a
prccss
we use words tke: Fns ylfistof a
,
Then, The next step
Ne4 Aftet that, Fina
r.
Firtt of all the finished
products
arc .he.ked fur
qualiry, then thev arc
packed and sent out
fron ou wareholse. Aftet disPat h we allaw custanen ta lollow the
progrcss of thetr arder
on ou lntr.,net. Finally, we get a digital inage af the signature of the
pe,san wha rcceives the
qaadt
sa that this can be checked latea if necessaty
D Saying who does ihe a<tion
a In allthe
passlve
exampes above the pe6on or organisation that does the acton is not
mentoned. li we want to savwho doer ihe action then we use by:
The goods are being shipped next week by our suwliet in china
A
press
briefing will be glven tananow by our lnfotmatton officet Rosa Mendoza
Tt.fd'ton' it ttdfcd br thc loral people uho uorhed thele beJorc, h ai a awplataLf ditetul
,dJiJ.
(Busnrcss News Atncricas lvcbsitc)
E Transitive and intrantitive
verbs
seearso unit2r a Verbs which usually take oblecls.rc called lnsitive verbs
(e9:
help) Verb5 which do not lsually
take obie.ts a called intransitive verbs
(eq:/oot)
A: Gn t help
you?
B: No, In
iust
looking.
Dctonaies show this information with T or L. Some verbs can be both transtve and
inilansitive. Only lransitive verbs can be made
paseve
Raise
A
lnterest rates were rcised last month
lnsease
(T/l)
lnterest rates wete increased last manth
Go up
(l)
lnteren ntes *ereei6Ae-up la* nonth.
44 9 PASSTVE 1
9 Practice
Exer<ise 1
g
Complete each sentence with a passive
verb. You may need a negative form.
1 Somebody damaged the goods in tlansit.
The goods
...........-.L|ei:g...dA|$a4ed............. in trdnsit.
2 Thousands of people
see this advert every dal.
This advert _._...._...._............................................
bythousands of
peopte
every day.
3 They will not finish the project by the end of the month.
The project.......--------......_.._._.._................
by the end ofthe month.
4 They have closed fifty retail outlets over the last year
Fiily.etaii outlets ................
r rhe tast year.
5 We arc reviewing all of our lT syslems.
All of our lT systems ...........
6 We cannot ship your order lntilwe receive payment.
Yo!r order ,,,,...,._._.._............_._......,.,....,.,..,........
untilwe receive payment.
Exercise 2
g
!t
Decide if it is necessaryto lay who does the action. tf it is nor necessary
(toss
it oU. tf tt is necessary plt a
tick
(/).
1 | don't thlnk your proposal will be accepted
ry+pl,
2 The company was founded bythe father of the
present
chairman. /
3 All olr machines are serviced by highly trained technicians.
4 This machine isn't working againl lt was repaid yesterday
by a techni(ian.
5 The conference was opened by someone fiom the London Businesr School.
5 l'll be shown round the facrory by someone, and then t,lt rneet the sales team.
Exer ci se 3I EE! l
Rewrite these sentences using the
passjv
if it is possible.
you
may need a negative form. tf it s not possbe
(because
th verb is intransitive)put a cross L
I Our R & D department have discovered a promising
new drug.
..4...Fr-qxiti14...^e.}|...d':$4...h4t
.-bcs.^..dits-"J.g.!:gd*..,b.rx....'"!.c...R*D..deEa!:-t}4$:t.,.............;
2 The inflation rate wnt down by O_5% lan month.
3 O.e of our best young desgneB created this line
4 l'm sorry we can't do that.
5 Something very interesting happened to me lan week.
6 We?e spending more than a million dollaG on advenisinq this vear
7 The Accounts Depadment may not authorise this paymenr.
8 | worked as a
(onsultant
for four
veals afref mv tvt8A.
9 PAsSIVE I 45
Exer ci se4f $[
a marketing manager is writing a training manualthat explains how the company uses qustionnalres to do
rn.rket rcseaKh. Complete the text by
putting
the verbs frcm the in be ow into ihe prcsni s mple
pastive.
d5i9 send bacl distribute otfer put outrource analise
Firn, we c.refully slct a sample of people to ask. Then the
questions (1)
4!:g d,eti4^ed' .
by a small
team within the department. Next, the questions
(2)
..........................-..... into sequence and grouped
toqether by topic. Afterthat, we
print the questionnaire and it
(3)
....................-........... to everyone In the
sample Of cou6e, not allthe foms
(4)
.........................-...... to us, but we tryto collect as many as
poss ble
Sometimes a small
gift
(5).......................-........
to people who rctum the forms. as an incentve. F nallv
we enter allth sults onto a sprcadsheet, and the informaton
(6)
...-............................ by lh ma(eting
depadment. lf we ar using a very lae sample the dl(ribution and co ection
(7)
.-....... . . . to an
Exerci se 5
n P
Helen is narting her own busrness. Look at the extraci from her planning schdule, then complete her
lefier
to a businss advice service. choos either the
present prfect passive
(haslha!
been done),
prcsnt
cont nuou!
passive (,s/a/e
beinq done) or a modalpassive form
(e9:shou/dbe
done).
Contact bank to affange loan.
Find oiflce space.
Equipment needed? order if necessary
Print business cards, stationry etc,
Decorate office, order furniture, etc.
Place advedsements in locai
press.
Review staffing needs for Chistmas
peiod.
I am wrifFg io arange m interiew with one of your business advi*F io discuss my busine$ sta.t-uP.
I've analy*d ihe market very cdtully and I believe thai I have a
Sood
buiness plan- I can give you a
few details of my prctress so fd.
I've had *veral meetinss uth ny banl, and a lod
(1)
i4'-..*f.n..4!.-r.-a*4C-
(acute) l've fomd some
ofiice space in a
Sood
location, arthough some work (2) ........ . ....
(will/need)
therc belore I.an
move in. I've reviewed my equipment neds and in fact sone sPecialsed itens
(3)
.
(order) at the nom{t. My business cardsl4) .............-.-....-..-....-....-.. (fint)dd will b ready in a week or
60. This week I'mbsy decorating the offi.e, md I
(5)
.-.-.......-......-....-....-.-.....
(shotnd/
6nish) by the end of
I klow that roon l'l] hale to advertie in the lftal
PIs,
dd
PerhaPs
you co!]d advjse me on ihis matter
Iielly, I'd like some help plaming my stalfing neds
-
extra staff
{6)
...-..-....-....-...................
(might
/
need)
over the Ckistnas period-
Heler' Clradwick
assive 2
A Uses: linking to previous
information
a The choice of active or passive
often depends on howwe want io conr nue from the orevious
, -
v!:!9 !9!!!!'\
o"e at ..rnany, best tna6n
busne,5nch.lHe)founded
sAp n te72
"hel
working for tBM.
ladive)
was founded by Hassa Plattner in 1 9/2 after he
B Usesi being formal/impersonal
a The passive
ie oflen used n bLrsiness correspondence
where the wrirer wanil to be impersonal
Compaf e:
acnvE more personal
We orctercd twenty fitter units frcn you
on the 1 6th March and the cauriet detiverco men
yes@tday
Unfartunatety, when we opened the package
sameone had damaged two at the
uni6 Au production
depaftnent needs these ite|:ls uryentty.
PAss vE more rmpefsona
Twenty fitter units werc odeted from yau an the 16th Mar.h and they were detivere.l
yesterday.
Unfortunatet)t vr'hen the package
was opened ttr'a of the unns had been
danaged. These itens are needed ueently
by ov prcduction
depaftment.
a Passives are frequeft in format wiring generaly,
e9: repods and ]eg. docurnents. Other
anguage n fte text will a so be fo.mdr:
Cofhdd af E"rylryrctl
(i)
Of.t afotploynutt.'tlt
t)lflr Day h. exptesed ttn( y t it mat b. implied bf .and]|.. rl
ntrst be.onnt1tiate.l h rhc dttloye.'nt alf.t taa bc
pithdhw
at My trr. Lcl& aa(tj!di.(.
()
Wntc" Cotulitit B.Atct th..onha
k na.t., oery orploys mnst he giren d r,i lr rrat.ifl1!
ol tons r"d..iditio s oJ d'lor',a,r. (Busnc$
Lnrk lvebsne)
sleun,22
a P.ssves are used n phrases
w(h lrto rport wh.r peopte
said n a fomatwayr/rrvas
said/agreed that... .
I Try1o fifd a balance between activeand passive
forms Too many p.rsveforms
can makea
letter or report d tficLrlt ro undeEtano.
C Passive
+ infiniiive
a The veds berbye expect know rcpart, say, thnk, suppase, undeatand
dre often used in the
present
s mple passive followed by an infinitive
(ro
do). Th s use is common in news .eporls:
TlE Hngatidn to oDry is ex?e.t tl to erpatu! 6% ow &e kert ,uo yea6 as tisik! lteftBatt
a.tuts Euope lJaans de ord
for
lotdlly ptui!.ed .a^ dnd rejigaatas. Ca,sunet pti@, arc pftdicted
to ti!. bt at onMl duerose o.f 7% 'text yeat. (cebd websire)
a To reier io the past we use betieve, exped, ercwirh ta have done.
Mahy i"vestnut bdnl5 arc helided to ha,e srnded tos6 ih the high yietd, ot,j,hk,, boatt
'na*et h tMt honths. (FT-con websire)
a To rcier to an acrivity in progress
at rhe momenr we use belieye, expe.t, etc wirh ao be dolher.
En5soi k know to be lookiry at the pasibithy oJ outsoutinr its tao price, ehtry-teret phoaes in
1i'ipar. (Econon;i
vebsire)
D
10 PASS|VE 2 47
verbs with two obieds
a Some verbs have two objects. We can:
give / lend / offer /
prcnise I sell/ send ltake something ta somebocly
baok /buy / keep I naket pteparcl save sonething lar sonebody
a In activ sentences we can use thes-a verbs in two ways:
ABB gave a larye orderto u5 /dsayar
(with
fo)
A88 gave us a larye otder last
W.
(without
ao)
The form without tolfor is more usudl
o Each way cdn be made passive. One of the objects becomes the subjct of the
p.ss ve sentence,
the other stays as an objed.
A larye oder was given to us
W
ABB iast year
\wiIh
ta)
we werc given a la,ge oder by A88 last year.
\wilhou\
to)
again, the iom without tolfor is morc usual.
Have something dgne
a When a
protessional per9on, e9, a technician or accountant, does some work tor us, we can
vse have something done:
we have ov a..ounts atdiffd by KPMG.
we had out offices rcdecoratecl last yeat
weTe going to have a new ai conditbning ststen ins|llled.
Yau mun have you computers che.ked fot vnuses.
a We can lse
get in
place
of have in mott cases This is mor niofmal.
we
got the contract che*ed by ou lawyeE.
F lo he born
a Io be born is a
passive lorm but does not have an obvious
passive meaning.
I was bom in Utuguay
'Som
people,
Re|nlon, a.e t o.n to
pU3h
the enveloPe,
.nd sorne are bom to llck h."
4a to PA5S|VE 2
10 Practice
Exercise 1
ff.
Read each stater;nt 1-5 then choose which sentence.) or b)should fo ow
pur
a tck
(/)
bythe corrcct
1 Chevron and Texaco are goinq to merge via a S35 billion ofier by Chevron.
a) Senior executives fi6t discussed it a year ago.
n
b) lt was flrst disclssed by senior executives a year
ago. A
2 The process
of economic union in Europe is proqressing quickly.
a) A commissionef from spain called Pedro Solbes is dire(ing it
n
b) lt is being dkected by Pedrc solbes, a commissioner from spain. n
3 Pedro Solbes is Eurc'pe3 commissionr for economic and monetary.tfai6.
.) He s direciing the difficult
process
of economic unio". n
b) The d tficult procest
of economic union is being dnedd by htm. n
4 Novartis shares .ose by 32 Swiss francs in Zu ch yesteday.
a) They are
going
to launch a new d.ug called Starlix later rhis year
I
b) A new drug called Starlix is going to be launched by them ater thts year
fl
5 Starlix is a
powe.ful
new drug for tating diaberes.
a) Novartis are going to launch it later thisyear.
!
b) lt s
9oin9
to be launched by Novanis laterthis year
n
Exer ci se2nFN#
lblbdioq
the correct words.
1 | had my cat be rcpaied /
epa[ed
yesleday.
2 Profits are expected growlto grory
by 1 0% in the next quarter
3 | was bornlbarn ) a lil].le town
just
outside Dijon.
4 We're getting the machines c/earedlb be c/eared tomorrow
5 The Boad is thought to be denanded/haw denanded hi! resignation.
5 We have the components assenblinglassenbled inJawan.
7 Where exactly hreyou bonldid you bonl
8 She is supposed to been lookinglto be looking lot a rcw
tob.
Exercise 3
g
Compete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning io the first sentence.
1 Davld Gill frcm Marketing lent me this book.
......... . .....-.-1..r.41.-.1-e..^1..................... this book by David Gi f.om Markering.
2 This sample was qiven
to me at the Trade Fair
................_..... this sampte ar the Trad Fa r.
3 They promised
us delivery wiihin two weeks of our order.
we . . -. . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. _. . . . . . . _. . . . . . . wi t hi n t wo wk of our order
4 A
'Fxtile
f rm nea' Milan m.de ih6 fabri( for u5
._.................... for us by a textite firm near Mitan.
5 This order w.s sent to us thrcugh our website.
........_.._.......... rhis order through our website.
6 lvy secretary booked the flight for me.
....._......._...... tor me by my secretary
10 PASSIVE 2 49
Exerci se 4 B
+r16
Cornpet the report bv pultng the verbt in brcketr nto the present perfect active
(has
don) or
passve
(har
been done)
Bnzn
(1)
....1!4t...b-a.-e.l..t$t..fQrled....
(,*-f.*t
f,"n ao economy bded on sosi,r and coftic inro a
leatling industrial porver, and ths
(r)
...... .lgt. !14rP?^qd.... (hrpp.n) owr a rhb,cb \hor omc penod.
o' e,
e. en,
) " r ^
i ni l Jho, , t . . . . . . . . . . . . br r n" und. . onnol . J, , d f o, aLi di , - ct
nMst De' r r ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gncor ms) .
Thc covernncnr
(5) .... . . . (privrtne) nDny srtc-owned companies, aDd they
(6)
.... - - - ......
hho,/invest)
r lot ofD,oney h .dvanced intosffuctue.In an attenrpt to
decenrahe the econoDry, CaDrpims sis chosen to bc B.rzil\ lT opital,.nd car production
(7)
.... . . - .. .. (n,ovc) trlvr! fion rad,tion.l centres to st.t,\ s!.h rs Rio cnndc do sul
i n t he sout h. No one pet e, r d' t l , ! t JI t hc ol d pr obl cms ( 8)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
{ sol vc) ,
bl t BBzi l
. r i nJl , ul , r r r . r n. pL. c
'
n r he $or l d $cc
Exerci se 5 C
Read the article about Manchener Un,ted, then complete rt w th the verbs in the brackets Plt the f,6t verb
ni hepr es ent 5mpepas v e( t obedone) a. dt hes ec ondv er b nds ut . bei or moi t l r e nf nt v e( r odo, t o
be donrg. at ta have done)
Manchester United:
just
,r, rt tu$oted to have
(supposc/h!!e) belween l0 nrillior and
30 million supponers throughout rlc world.
In Norway. for exanplc, onc ir cvcry 140
peopl e ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. _. _. _. _. _. _- - -
Gay/be)
a regislercd supponer Ticker
sales lnd merchandisirg confibure ove.
hall of thc club\ revenue, wilh
lclcvision corributing a funhe. 20./,.
a
game
of footbal l ?
But scnior .rccutivcs
G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(know/look
a0 othe. wrys to geneatc
incomc ar rhe nonerr. Forexample, the
cl ub
( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(bclieve/dcvelop)
c'conrnercc iniriatives
lhrouBh a se.ics ofalliances. Cosls at the
club conrinue ro
jncrcasc.
A few yeds aeo
t he cl ub ( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kepod/spend)
t30n on a ple
to expand
the capacity ofthe stadium trom 55,000
seats ro 67,400 se{ls. Bul this
( 6) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . ( t hi nk/ be)
u
good investmenr.s ir will generllc ncarly
!7.5 million in addiriond ornover annually.
The dain cosls rr fte club de the salarics ol'
the playen. Lrsr
lelr
the tem\ captain
( ?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ur.lerstdnd/negotiate)
a lburyear controcr
worth over eight n8urcs.
Exerci se 6 B
The two emarh beow are vry s rn ar, but lh one on the rght 6 more mpersondl Compleie t by !s ng
. q b
r o .
I
e r r . . e a d t
.
I . p . o
" _ r o . 1 o J . h " p d . . r . e
Thank
you
for your order for Pcplus software
which we received this morning. Our fulfilment
team is dealing with
your
order, and we expect
ihat we wil deliver ihe
package
io you within
10 work ng days. have included our current
price
lst as an attachmeni, Please note we on,,
guarantee
ihese prices
until 31 December Thank
you for choosing soft.com.
Thank you lor youf
order for Pcplus software which
(1) . . . . . . . . l J4: . . I -el Ci Y-eC. . . . . . . . t h s morn ng. Your order
(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . by ouf f ul f l l ment t eam and we
expect t hat t he package (3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o
you
with n 10 working days. Our current
price
ist
(4) . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as an at t achment . P ease not e
t hat t hese
pr i ces ( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - unt i l
31 December. Thank
you
for choosing soft.com.
odals and related verbs 1
A Modal ve.bs: torm
I Units I1 14 dal with modalverbs. Modalverbs ar can, could, wi
,
would, nay, night, shal,
a Modalverbs are followed by th niinitive wlhout to.
a Moda verbs hdve only one form. So there is no 5 in the thifd person
s ngutar and there are no
ve.b tnses wilh lr9, ed, etc.
a
Questions
dr made by
putt
ng the mod.l in ffont of rh subject. Negatives are made by puning
not immediaiely afier the modal(often shortened to
-r'f
n spoken Eng sh afd informa wrtren
Eng sh).
Ca n L . . ?
Coutd 1 .. ? tcauld nat
(cauldn
t)
would I ...? Iwau|.j nat
(wauldn't)
Could you pass
the salt, please?
That could be difficult
t should nor
(shouldn't)
a
Moda verbs a.e auxiliaryverbr- they are usedwth other main verbs two modalverbs cannot
Modal verbs have no n{ niiive form. nstead, we use olher expressions ke b rble fo
(for
can),
have ta
(lot
nust) and be likely ta
(lor
nigh).
|'d like to be able to speak beter french.
(NOT
#d-lik+e+a+psf()
Modalverbs show the speakerS atttude or leelings aboLrr a stuaion For exampe, how
proba b e or necessary so.neth ing s. or thar ihe spea ker 6 ofiering or request ng someth ng
The lame mod. velb can be lsed in dillerenr ways and wirh difierent mean ngs.
you
on y
kfow lhe meaning ircm the stlalion. For exarnpe, could:
lcould get to wo* in 30 ninutes in ny last
jab. (ability: past
rime)
(Gquen present
time)
(uncertainty:
fulure t me)
B Abi l i ty
a To talk about ability we use ca, and car't(or carror if form.lwitinq).
We Gn getthat informatlan frcn the Net
Can you
delivet in tu\/a weeks?
-
No, we can'I
'IJ
ue rahnot ptodre in ,Mre thdt both .dpnies thc e$er( oldk Hus.lian nntion dhd is
tonin.ilq,ller ath$t rillptoduc n i'B2dd'tiid Hufatid Prn e Minbtet Viktu A iiinhis
\peth
t.stedry.
(Cennal Europe Review Nebsire)
t Car't s used for all th ngs thar we are not .ble to do.
I can't speak Gernan
For the spe.i.lcase ofth ngs that are proh bited
(noi
attowed)by rutes or aws we can aho !s
t n tott
tau
.an't/munn't smoke h th't drci
a We sometimes use be able/unable ta i,s\ead oI can Theyare common in wriring
Fo' tlt
jr!
trre nt yedn ue ate notu able to gene te gtueth iktetldlly, nat
jrst
thraugh
d.,trdirionJ. (IDterDitional
HeraldTribune website)
11 MODAIS AND RELATED VERBs I 51
c Past ability
a To talk about
qenel pan ability
(not
limited to one occasion) we use could.
I .ould speak Fr ch
quite well when I was at school.
a To talk about one specific
pan action we use wd5lwe.e able to ard nanaged to.
I was able to/managed to install the new softuare
quite
easily.
Congas nanageil to dn thbufh abott
t900 billion aJ the btdtet sfiplus in the thtee nontht al
so leddirg
ry
to thit etutioi; thirh ofuhat it diqht do in 4@
led^:
(NewYorkTimes website)
But to talk about a specific
pan
action with a verb of the sense!
(see,
fe, hear undeatand) we
I could/was able tolmanaged to undestand mast of what he said.
o In negative sentnces and
qvestions we cdn use could, waslwerc able b atl nanaged ta.
I n sorry I couldn't/watn't able to/didn't manage to cane ta the restauant last night
I .ouldn't/wasn't able toldidn't manage to undeRtand what he neant.
could
you/werc
wu
able to/Did you
manage to deal with the
prcblen?
D Wil and willingness
see unit 7 a l/i// is an auxiliary verb used to refer to the fuiule. But w7 also has modal uses that can refer to
ror rlirr lQd I rhe rLrru*
the oresent or the future.
See uni t 13
ft/ o,r rspd nn nik nq aslnDr o"5 ah.!l a M// can be lsed for instant
(omments
made at the moment of speak n9.
I think l'
9o
hone now
(a
spontaneols decision)
see unft r7
t'll
give you
a ltft to the station.
(an
offer of help)
t'tt
give yau ny full suppon /h the meting.
(a
prcmise)
I'll have the rcast lamb-
(ofdering
food)
Wil/ can also be used in questions to make a request or offer something.
W l
you hold the lift fot r.,e, please?
(a
request)
wi
tou
have sone nore caffeez
(otfering
someth n9)
a n many of these examples wherc w7 rcfers to the presnt it expresses the idea of
'w
lingness .
"Here at JM Networks, we recognize hard
nork and maybe someday we ll rel,vard it."
52 11 MODAU' AI{D REIATED I'ERBS '
11 Practice
Exercise 1
g
Unde ine the correcr words.
1 Do
tiu
can/QD]9! @ne tothe meering nextweek?
2 I can came / t can to come to the meeting next week.
3 lwon't.an't/be
able to come to the meeting next week.
4 Satry kat I didn t @uldl I couldn't come to the meeting tan week.
5 Sorry that / wasn'fable tol/ wasrt able come to the meeting last week.
6 Do you
wiIlWiI you
shcl.v mp how to log on to the netwo*?
7 What we can dolcan we do?
a I hope to canlto be able to tly directly to Dussldorf.
9 I must speak / I must to speak with Mr Rejner as soon as
possible.
10 I nanzgied
toll could speak ro Mr Reiner yesteiday.
11 The hotelwas OK, bur / naraged to couH heat atot of noise from the street.
12 I managed toll could take a boat trip on Lak Leman when I was in Ceneva.
Exerci se 2
E!!
Complete the lentences with can, <ant, could, <oudn't
gr
be able to.
t h afraid | ..........S3A:1..........
hetp you at the momenr.
2 I don't rhink t'll ........................_....... come to th meeting.
3 The negotiations broke down because we ..,.,.,.,,.,,.._.,.,..,.,,,,.,.,
agree on the p
ce.
4 | ................................ see you
were having problems,
so I didnl interrupr.
5l f yo! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . makeaf i rmordert oday, weshout d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shi pbyFri day.
5 | ind Ponuguese very difiicult. | ........-..................._...
understand it, but | ................................ speak it.
7 Sory | .................-.............. se you next week, but I might ............................_..
make the week aftr.
8 A: Will you ........_....................... go
to the training semjnar?
B: No,l ,.,,.,,,...............,.,,,,.,,
-
t'm very busy.
9 l'm sorry | ...-..........................._
come to your
tatk yesterday.
I had to sort out a
probtem.
t0 | ................................
ski rea y well when twas in my h,venties, but now t,m out of practice.
Exer ci se
3l E
Match sentences 1+ with then uses of ur.4it.
a) ; future fact
e/ d promEe
b) a belief oropinion aboutthe future
0
orderinq food
c) an innant decision
9)
a requen
d) an offer of help
h) offering something
I I think sales will pfobably
improv in the spring.
E
2 l'll give you a hand wiih your b.gs.
n
3 Will you give me a hand with these bags?
n
4 OK, l'llphone them right now.
!
5 l'll have the
panjried
fish.
n
5 l'll be there at six o'clock Oonr worry | won,t be late- D
7 n the sping we'llhavetwo new producs
ready to taunch. n
8 Willyou have anotherglass of wine?.
n
,I'I
MODAIS AI{D RELATED VERBsl
53
Exerci se 4
!!sl @
cood morning, ihe Tech Store, tlis is
Jon
speating-
(1) ..8o..!.1C....1..r.re4k'..fe... someon in customer senices, please?
Er.Yes, of cou6e, (2) ........
@
ts Comptete tne tetephone conversation using phrases from the Tin below
can
you
send can I callyou can you hear can I help you can't see
{fdr{pak*e rculd you hold could you rcpeat could you speak could
you
tell me
l'll need l'll
put
one l'll be on l'lljust
90
I'llwait l'll plt you thrcugh l'll
qet
back to you
Cust omer SNi ces, Mark speaki rg, how (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
I'm calting about your n$ Sansung D\'D plalers. (4) ......... ... .. .. . . . .. ifyou ha\
any in stock?
(s) ............................................ and see.
(6) .......................................... the line
Please?
Y6 no pmblem,
C4
.........
Heno? I
(8)
............................................ lny on the shehs. (9) ................. .. .... .. ... .. to
check th. order strtus on the compute. (10) .............-.-,-----......... back?
Certainly. My nme is Sira Hall and ny telephone number is 0582 1067.
Sorrv (l l) ............................................ up? Itt a terrible iine.
ls that better?
(12) ............................................ m. now?
Yes, that's much b.trei
(13) .....................-................ .... the numbr
Please?
ofcourse. ltl 0582 1067. (14) ........................................ .. this number aI morning.
sorry I canl tel you ifwe've got any D\Ds in srock right noq but
(15) ............................................ as soon as I have thc information.Was there anything else?
Ea ycs, (16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . me a copy of your l at cst cat al ogue?
Ofcoursc,
(1? .............-................ ........ in the
Post
to you today.Whatt your sddress?
It's 25 tudley t ne, Lowcr . . .
Exerci se 5
El l E
This exercke introduces many ol the modalverbs covered in the following units. t!4atch each sentnce 1-14
wirh a meaning al'n).
1 l shoul d do t .
2 | shouldn't do it.
3 l can do i t .
4 L can't do it.
5 | mustnl do it.
6 | don't have to do it
8 l ' l l do i t .
a) lil necessaryto do t.
b) lt3 not necessaryto do it.
c) sorry it3 impossible.
d) lt3 forbiddn-
e) | have the ability to do it.
0
l'rn ofieing to do it.
g) lt3 a
good idea.
h) tt3 a bad idea.
tr
n
. n
n
n
n
9 l ' l l do i t .
10 | might do it.
11 would
you like to do it?
12 Could you do it, please?
13 May I do ii?
14 Shal l l do i i ?
i) l'm inviting you.
j)
l'm asking
perrnission.
k) l m rcquestifg th.t
you do it.
l ) l pr omi se.
m) Perhaps lwll do it.
n) l'm making a suggeston.
n
n
!
n
!
n
54
A
odals and related verbs 2
Necessity
(obligation)
a To saythat somethrng is necess.ry we us have tc reed ta aft nun.
I have tolneed to speak ta Jane beforc she leaves.
We nust finish the neeting by eleven at the latest
O A three forms areverysimilar, particuldry in writing where they allexpress necessty
iob
galion)
In spech thre ls a 5mall d ffercnce:
Have to aTl need to the sltldtion makes sorneth ng necessary
Yau have to pay
the invoice by the en.l of the nanth
(th.ts
the company tule)
MuJt
-
ihe speake. peEondlly feels somthing ir rn portant
You must stap watking so hard
(
mte nq you)
'We
nBt
p.dll
d lp eoiofl)' i\ l,ft o,. tlitt.rtio" .f |ift 6 d !,haL, Md it is lty tu Mcaa
@tdi rlftt it is th( \i,Uk i'ott i'ipnttort ore'sdid Prntc Mfi6r.r Orr.ir. ((lerrrxl E{rcpe
To make a question we normdlly use have lo or need to ll we use nust for a quen on we caf
sound annoyed,
pdrtcu
arly J we slresr must in spech
Uhtodunalelf; Imust/have ao/need to ^otl\
tms
eterval
Da you have to/need to wark this evening?
Munyou work this evening?
Hdve got ta a.td
'll
have ta are also Lrsed for ne.essrty. They .re rnore inforrna
You've got to/You'I have to cantact them ds saon as
passtble
B No necessity.
pe.mission, prohibition
a When somerhing s not necessary we use dor't have to and danl need ta
You don\ have to
pay
ight naw We.an give yau
crcdn
(yo!
arc free io choose)
a When someth n9 s
pemitted
we use can and be allawed ta
Yau can
park your
car here at the weekends, but nat duinq the week.
a When somethinq is prohibiied we use.an'r, be norallawed ta and nustn t. Mustn,ti\ marc
usualwhn we are telling someone whar nol to do
You le not a owed to
pa,t
ar a darbt.
tetto
\ra
You mustn\ talk about politics if they lnvite yau to dinner
(l'm
tellinq you)
a Nolice that have to and must have eimri:r meaf ngs in their aff rrnaive forrns
Gecron
A above),
but diflerenl meanings n the r neg.tive foms
(rhis
section).
I have to/must leave naw
(rt's
ne.esrary for me to le.ve)
I donr have to leave naw
(it's
not necessary | have a choi.e whether to eave)
(it's proh bited, cafnot leave)
C Necessity, no necessity, permission, prohibition
in the
past
O To t.lk about necessity in the
pdn,
we use had ro and needed ro There is no
pan
form of
I had to/needed to speak ta Enna about sonething, but Ive fargotten what t was abaut.
if To talk about no necess ty in the
pan,
we use d/lJn't have ta/didn t heed ta
Yau didn't have to/didn't need to take a taxi t could have Dicked vau uD in nv ca.
12 MODAI.S AND RELATED VERES 2 55
a To ta k .bo!t pefmiss on in the pan. we use could was a//orved to.
]n ny last
iob
I couldlwas a owed to use the phane for pesonal .alls.
a To td k aboLrt
prohibition in the
past,
we use couldn't, wasn t allawed ro.
tn my last
job
I couldn'tlwasn't a owed to use the phone fot peEonal
calls.
D Opinions and advice
a we use should, should not
\shouldn't),
oughr b and ought not te
(oughtn't
ta) Io
gi\e
an
opinion or recommendation about what s the ben thing to do.
We shouldlought to invest morc heavily in naketing
Bf ttidnirht Kenn.d), had 265 electotdl
"ates,
i6t Jaw
Jtot of dctary. Nixon wd,L't ludy ta
.ahede,tut he lturyht he shotld nftke sohe ki'd oJ notene$t b hn suryorkts i" thc balhoan
dounstdit\. Keine4, udt.hed this o Tv'why shotu lrc @tade?'K.nfledf sdid to hk aides.'I
Mrl/"'!.' (wahington l'osr website)
O When we use
)lcu
spakinq to someone else our opinion becomes advice.
You should speak ta your boss.
(its
my advice ro you)
Note that advlce is like a weak type of necessiry
(sect
on A).
You should/ought to go to the doctor
(advi.e:
t3 the best thing to do)
You must/have to go to the dodot
(sirong
adv cer it3 rea y
necessary)
a had beftet
(not)
it $ed lor st.ong opinions. f/ad is u5rJa y
contracted.
l'd better not inte upt him while he s an the phone.
Ithink you'd befter ca then straightaway.
E Past criticism
When we use the verbs in section D in the
past (+
have +
pan partc pe)we mean that we
ddnt do t he rght t hi ng and now we are maki ng a c| t csm.
We should have seen the dan9e6 a long tl|r,e aga.
We shouldn't have spent all the advettising budget on televisian spats
You ought to have mentioned that ea iet
F lreed to
a Ned to means ihe same as have ao
Gections
A/B).
You have to/need to sign this fom in tuvo places, herc and here.
y
youre goi"S to
jufltp
into the LIK nn*et akd btune a, iflpottaht pldfu, ya, nee.l to hare wibe
n'ot rctdils in n'e
16-17 !/ie
rd,e. (NewYorkTines website)
a Notice the two possible negative lorms
Yau don't need.tolneedn\ wah far me I l cone along latet
a In slricl grammar the two neqative foms have different mean ngs in the pan.
I didnl need to anive at serr.
(we
don't kfow when I arrived
-
maybe leven or ater)
I needn't have adived at seLn.
(we
know when I arr ved
-
seven
-
but it wasn't necessary)
But in everyday speech we often use dldr'r need ro for both cases.
56 12 MODAI.S ATD NEIAIED VERES 2
12 Practice
Exerci se 1
!!!! !
Match each sntence 1-12 with one of the format sentences a}-t.
1 lcan do it. tr
2 lmustn't do it. !
3 ldonl have to do it. !
4 lhave to do it. !
a) lts necessary
b) ltS not necessary
d
lts allowed.
d) ltl not allowed.
5 lcouldnl do it.
5 | didn't have to do it.
7 | had to do it.
8 l coul d do i t .
0
lt wasnl necessary
g)
lt was allowed.
!
!
!
!
9 | should have done it.
10 | shouldn't have done it.
11 | shouldn't do it.
12 l shoul d do i t .
Doing itwould be a
good
idea.
Doing it would be a bEd idea.
Doing it was a bad idea.
Not doing it was a bad idea.
t
t)
k)
tr
n
n
n
Exercise 2
!
Complete the sentences with must or have to. Both are possible
each time, bui one is more natuElirj a
spoken context.
I | -.-.........................._ remember to emait Stev and thank him for all his hetp.
2 Sorry | ................................
90
now, the meeting begins in five minutes.
3 You ,.,,.,.,,.,..,......,.,..,.,.-. your
tax lorm by 31 January
4 You.,,.,,....,.,.,....,.,,.,.,,.,..
try to be more diplomatic when you,re
speaking to Tim.
5 L............................... go
the dentist next Friday morning, so t,lt be a little laie.
6 | ally ................................ go
the dentist_ t,ve had this awfut
pain
for two davs.
Exer ci se 3I I I I
Decide whether each
pair
of sentences has the s3me meaning. Wdte I for identicalor neaf y identical, S for
similar or D for completely different. At the end fiere will be nine of t, two of S and three of D.
'I
You'd better
go
now
2 We don't have to cut the budget.
3 You should have a rest.
4 You can't smoke here.
5 We must sign the contract.
6 You must be here before 8.30.
7 You mustn't touch that key!
8 You didnl have to give
a tip.
9 We have to work harder on this_
10 | ought to leave now.
ll You shouldn't woay so much.
1 2 | must w te these letters no\ /.
l3 | couldn't use the email.
14 We donl hale to decide yet
B
You should
9o
now
We mustn't cut the budget.
Yot/ ought to have a rest.
You're not allolved to smoke here.
We should sign the contlact.
You have to be here before 8.30.
You don't have to touch ihar kejr
You didn't need to
give
a tip.
We mun wo* harder on this.
You ought noito worry so much.
l'd btter write these letters now
ldidn't ned to use the email.
We donl need to decide yet.
@, "
,I2
MODAIS At{D REI.ATED VERIS 2 57
Exer ci se4* S#
Look ai thes notes that a Pe6onnel Manager wroie to expldin comp.ny rules. Thn use the notes to
compete a briefing he
gave to some new employees on thirfir( day atwork Chooseftom have ta, dant
have to, can, tan t, should ot shouldnt.
'Um.
Exclse me. 6ood morning. Er, good morning. I ve .alled you 10 this meeting to explain to
you all some
of the basic halth and safety.ules that we have here Um, lLrsi of all. workinq hoLrrsr ts not our company
poli.y to make staft work excessive houls
-
it makes
people
unproductve and cdn endanget health Um,
manageE
(1)
...........S44J........... make any of their naii work more than an avrage oi 48 hours
per week,
although anyone
(2)
................................
volunteer to work more than these hours, but thev
(3)
................................ sign a Ietter lrcm the company to say that they want to do this. Any member of stalf
who is worried ihat they are working loo many hours
(4)
......... .... . . . . . speak to their head oi
um, a emp oyees
(5)
...............................lake a minLmum ol thr weekl
pa d holiday
per year, but yc-
( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t akeal l t hshol l dayof f i nonebl ock. st af i ( 7) . . . . . . . . . . .
gi ve t hei r head ol
department as much notice as
possible abou the I holidays, altholgh they
(8)
. .. . . . ... . sendther
holldav form ofl to
persofnel
until a few weeks before they
9o
Next , er, f i redi l k. We havea f i re di l l about once a mont h dont i gnore t . You(9). . . . . . . . . . . . .
eavet hebui dn9i mmedi at el yt hat youhear t hebel l , andof cou6eyou( 10) . . . . . . ' ' - .
bl ock
i he
I re exi t s. Fi re not ces are
post ed t hrcughoul i he bl i di ng. Emp oyees
(11)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . read i hese
notices regularly. In the case of a realli, don't panic and fo owthe fi procedures
And lastly, for you smoke6, l'm alraid that smoking is not perrn tted anywhere inside the bu ding, although
yo!
(12)
---,---.-----. smoke
jun
outside the front door.
think ihat cove6 eveMhinq. Does anyone have any
quesuons? No ... Ys
Exercise 5
F Ci
@
ZO n f uslnesman is dscibing
lis
trip to L.gos. Complete the iext w th hrd to, didnt have to couldn't, should
have ot shouldn t have Each
phrase is used twice.
'
(1
) ...tlle$Jd...h4,v.4...- rravelled on the I 0 am {lisht, but when | got to the airpod lhev to d me that the
fighl was overbooked and l(2).....-.......-............... catch a later flight Thn at the check'in dsk they
ioLd
me t hat
( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . .
t ake bot h my bagsas hand l uggage, so | ( 4) . . . . . . . - . l et oneof
them
qo in the hold, which was very atlnoying as I had my diary in t, and it deayed me by neafly an hoLtr at
baggag reclalrn al the other end. When I got on the plane lwanted to use rny laptop, bui oi cours
(5)
.........................-......- unril aftef take ofi. The fliqht attendant told m io turn it off .nd said that
(6)
........................-..-.... k.own not to use ii. To be honest
'd
just
forgoiten, and he
(7)
been so rlrde. Er, it was quite late when I finally left Lagos anport, so t was lucky
(8)
. . .. - .
9o
to any meelings that.fternoon.
And, looking back at what happned, |
(9)
. .. . .. . . . traveled with
th.t airline they have a ot of
problems with overbookinq. And my company was
paving for the fllg hr so I
( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
choos t he cheapest opt i on.
til^ letter 4b.i i !&rti{ hdrrt, Ie ve buildi^4 dw-iY fira drill
te^d lbliday {orr to perrouel iM*edi^tely
blu^teer to rcrk extrA t@Kt, +^kz 3
'.,eek,
I'oliday,
,rcka out ide buildi^.1
v^ke t+-^++ w*- 164 b^rt, t^ke all lblid^y tila to42lt\2r
tFe r ID l\tAA o{ de+artveat ^t'.t^t zxczttiw
l^o^rt,
li'!z
rctice to head o{ dept. ahout lolid^tt,.e d +ire Mli.zt
A
odals and related verbs 3
Degrees of
probability
a We can use modals and oiher phrases
ro ta k about ihe probabitiry
thdt somerhing wil hdppn
in the future. 5e table afd following sections.
l00% cedainty will, be ceftain to
95-100% ddu.tion must can't
aoyo expectalion siould, ought to, be tikety to, shoutdn t, aught not ta, be untikety to
30% 70% uncedalnty nay, night, coutd, may not, night not
ao/"
Certainty and deduction
a We use wil/ and bece,ran ao if we arc certain that lometh n9 willhappen.
The net! Jaquar will be launchell at the
paris
Motor Shaw.
a We use won'rwhen we arc ce(ain something w tnot happen.
In mtry Christiane is on haliday She won't be back untit the 14th.
a We can use
probab,
and definitely wrh wittand wan,r Nore the word order
She' p.obably
he at the neenng
she prcbably
won't be at the neeting
a We Lse musr and can'r io show rhat sornerh ing is very cearain becaus t is togicat This soiten
cal l ed' deduct i of ' .
Thete s na answer frcn het phone.
She must be in a meeting
Bath the meeting rooms are enpry. She <an't be in a neeting
Note that car't not mu'tn't, s used here.
C Expectation
a When we expect that somerhing wil happen we use shoutd, ought ta ot be ]jkety ta
They should/ouqht to anive at about 4.30.
Our
prafits
are likely to imqove next year
Litbot shocld be a t"mkt poiflt it1 Ettopein
uanotik poti.y. (Econonist
website)
a When we erpect rhat something wiit not happen we $e shautdn't, aught not to ot be untikety ta.
There shouldn't/ought not to be arry prcbten.
Mt Blai\ Usbai lrdtegy it .flihcv to he o'o
rh
ta haL tE ,tetoiaration it BitaitL's rcktiotlrhi!
,"dr F!'oF.
Gcononist
websne)
D Uncertainty
a When we are lncrrain we use na| night ot coutd.Ihe meaning is,perhapl.
We may be able to delver in tdo weeks.
I might have some norc news for yau nert week.
It.ould take a lang tine to arcnge the finance.
Thele is no impodanr difference beiween ihese modats in th s contexr.
a The negative forms are may not and night not.
fiday is not a good day for the |r,eeting. I nay/night not be in the office on that da,.
see unir 1 1 Note th.t could ,oi is not used with this meaning.
B
E
13 MODALS AND REI.ATED VERBS ! 59
Degrees of
probability in the
Pasl
a For differcnt degrees of prcbability in the
past w Lrse:moddlverb + have +
past partc pL.see
a Notice in the tabl thdt Wllelon't ha! + past participle is an assLrmption
(you
th nk something
is true although
you have no pfoofl. For cerBinty in the past we
iust
use a norrna
past tense
lik the
past
simple.
assumptlon
You'll have seen our new madel. lt's in allthe shops
deducton
Therc was no ansv'Er frcn her
phone She must have been in a neettng
Eoth the neetirg roons wPte enpq She.an't have heen tn a neettng
expectation lhey shouldlought to have aftived by now I hope they haven t got tast
uncertainty Yes, I see what you nean now I .ould have heen wang abaut that.
weTe anly Iive minutes late. The talk might not have statEd
vet
assumption
You won't have seen our new nodel lt's not in the shops yet
Cjtisttr6 corld have b..fl dn snhappy oB latt
rar afyo,
odercd
Wsents
a,lit! Mdtv . stanos
uer still waitinrlot
rilt
to dftive lo'a dJt.t th. holiddfs hd erriel
(Industr/Week webslte)
'Possibilittt'
a Be carefll with the wod
'possibility
because lt rciers to two different ideas in English:
unce(ainty and ability. studythese examples:
uNcRTArNry
(there
is a chance that something wiL happen)
It's potsihte that the share
prke v/ill rccover'
l=
lhe share
price might/(ould rcover)
A8ur
(the
mental skill or physical power to do somethrng)
ttt
possible fot ou factory ta
prcduce 8a0 caB a nonth.
(=
our lactory can
prcduce .
)
For uncertainty see rections c and D of this unit. For ability se lrn t l l
a To talk about a
pan possibility we use could + have + past pad c
p
e.
t could have booked an earlht flight, but it left at 7 30 in the manlng
This is an oppo(unity that didn't happen.
To talk about a
past impossibility we use could,1't + harc + pan particlpe
t coutdn't have booked the ea er llight
'
it was conpletely full
/.4F
"Well
we've tried everything else
-
I suppose we could try and improve
the ptoduct."
50 13 MODALS ANO REIATED VERBS 3
13 Practi ce
Exer ci se l
Hngm
Unde ine the conect words.
1 Look at those clouds. I think it can/ellfulmust
Bin.
2 That3 impossible.lt can't betmustu't belnay not be true.
3 Well donel You may belnust belmight be
\lery
pteased.
4 Next Thu6day is a possibili\y. I night bet.an,t belnust be f.ee in the afte.noon.
5 I'm not surc. l munnorbelmay not belwon t be abte to get there in time.
6 lh.t can? be / nustn't be / nay not be D aid. He s aw ay ar a conf eren(e.
7 Lisa isn't at her office. She can belmust be/mustn't be on her way herc.
8 Lisa hasn t afiived yet.
She should belcan be/.an't be herc soon.
9 Theres someone in re(eption. tr can belcoutd be/mustnlbethe engineer
10 Satry,lcantlnay notln?hrcome to your pesentation.
t,m busythat afternoon.
ll l'm not sue where Sue is. She coulct be/nust be/ca, be at tunch.
12 l'v ooked everywherc fot Sue. She could be/must belca, be at tuich.
Exer ci se2EACE
Match each sentence 1-7 wirh a similar sentence a}{).
1
-rhey?e
likely to do it.
2 They might/could
do it.
3 They're almolt certain to do ir.
4 lhey'll definitely do it.
5 They?e unlikely to do it.
5 Theyle very unlikely do it.
7 They deflnitelywon't do it.
a) rm sure thar they'll do it
b) I m neaiy sure that they'tt do it.
c) They'll probably
do it.
d) Maybe they'l do it.
e) l'm sure they won'i do it.
0
They probably
won t do it.
O
They almost certainly won'r do it.
tr
!
!
n
!
!
n
Exer ci se3HFEH
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the fi6t sentence using mun, might, can ot can.t,
1 Deliver by the end of the month?
yes,
tthink it3 possibte
to do that
Deliver bythe end ofthe month?
yes,
tthink we .............!_4t............
do that.
2 lts possible
that we will lose this client.
we .........-...................... lose this client.
:
'm
slre this sn t rhe ght road.
Th s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
be t he ri ght road
4 l'm sue you work late mon nights.
you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . _. . . . _. . . .
work t at e most ni ght s.
5 lt3 possible
that l'll see you romorrow, but Irn not sure.
1 ..-...,.,...-....-....-......,.,
see you tomorrow
6 ltb possible
for the new printerto print
20 sheets per minute.
The new printer..........-................._._.
print 20 sheerr per
minute.
7 l'm afraid ihai l'm un.ble to go to rhe Trade Fair this year
lm airaid that | ..............._...._._...._.... go
to theTrade Fair this year
I suppose you are Kate Perry How do you
do?
You ........._...._................. be Kate Perry How do you
do?
13 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS ! 61
Exerci se 4 E F
Match each sentence I 8 with ls mean ng aE)
1 Hewon' t havear r vedyet .
g
2 He' have arrived by now
3 He can't have arfrved
yet
4 He rn ght have arved by now -
5 He cou d have arrved by now
-
5 He shoul d hr ve. r r ved by now
7 He must have: r r ved by now -
8 He coul dn t have. r r ved ye1.
a) 95 100% probab ty of hie arrival
b) 80%
p. obabl t y of hi s: r r va
c) 4M0%
probab
ty of hi5 affival
d) 0%
probab
ty of his arrval
(Rin(e
the be8iMins of this year
\runemployment has fallen from
2.s million to 1.8 million, and
trt......!1...1i.ts9!y..-te....
arcp urow
1.s million by the end of the yeai
Thi6
(2)........................................
be
good news for the govennent ag
unemployment i6 a very imporlant
idsue in the country at the momenl. By the tine of the next
ele(tion unemptoyment
(3)
'.*-........-.--------. even
falt betow I miuion
-
it all depends on the wodd
I
i^
""
E x e r c i s e 5 A B C D
Cornpele the arlkle wilh the words and
phr.ses irom the hst below The graphs and deas n the txl w
dei nitely won't i5 a mon certd n to r..]*t-{ s unhky to rn
tht
will definitely
e(onony and is impo$ible to
predict with any cerlainty.
Unfo.iunately inflation b
Soing
tlP
steadily. Ii
(4).............'.-'.'.-----
reach 6% by the end of the
year However the
Sovernmenl
(s)..................,........,............
iake pani(
measurcs as inflation is sinilar to
th.t of its tEding partie6 and {6) ,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,..,..........,..,..,.,,,,
rctur to levels of the 198!s when rates of 30% o! 40"/. a
year
E x e r c i s e 6 A B D E
Ma.t n and Anne have anved at.heck-in at He.lhrow Aiporr. compeie the r dialowe wrh nust, night,
can't, must have, night have or can'r have Use ea.h word once on y
N,^rrN
()h
Do.l crni fird lrv prsport.
You'rcjoking.
vr r r r r No, r eal l l : t s not 1I r Dr - \ ' br i ct cai e.
well. ir
(1) ......Yqtt ..... be i! vour othe. bas.
Qui.k
have r look.
\BRIN I!\ nor lhere.where otr errth is it?
Wcll, I dont knorv Do rou rlrink rou
{2)
.............. .... . leli rt it home?
M. r r r N That s nnpo$i bl e I ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . done. I checked I had i t ur t h ne f of f t l ncs bef or e I
leli the housc.
OK, ciln do\rn.wlut about .he.king lour .oll pocke$?You never knov, it
( 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be r her e
^or{rN, No. it snt Thl B ridiculous.We're
soins
to miss our flight.
Look. - vou ( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be I ooki ns i n t he r i sht pl ace
Ercuse me, sir. ]s rh.t \our
pasporr there on the ground?
i Nr r N, Oh,
, ves,
so r ! s. Ah, I ( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dr oppedi t r vhenI qsl ooki ngf or t het i cket s.
odals and related verbs 4
A Dircuindirect language
a Choce of langu.ge often depends on rh sociatsruaron. D rect tanguage is rypicatof nfomal
situatlons, for exdmple conveGaiions betwen col eagues Indirecr ta ng uag s typica of lorma
situatiofs, fo. example lirst meerings whre we have ro be po
te. In gener.t:
-
prere.t fonns
(cd,,
wil4 are more d rect than pan forrr's
\cautd,
wautd)
-
sho.t lonns
(Cdnlou)are
mofe d rect than tong forms
ltwondet
if yau cauld)
I Requestg
a To make a rcquest
(ask
someone to do lometh n9) we use can, coutd, wil, woutd.We can aoo
the word possrbt to make the request more potite.
Could you (possibly)
apen the windaw, please?
Will./Would you give ne a hand with these suitcases?
Qtstio
: My ptoJ.siok ii,olres nt so.ial6iar vith iddL^tpp?rclds
!!ottc.
Cat y"
/ecotnn.rd d ltd book i
road
nodm di cR afld ctiqr.a.: (TheTines
websue)
unn 15 a we use an indirect question
to make the rcquest more
po
te.
Do you
think you .ould open the window?
I'd be gftteful
il you could apen the windaw
a We can reply by agreeing to or refusing a requesr.
Agleeingt Sure. No
prablen/Yes,
af couse. lYes, cettainly.
Retuting: Actually, it s a bit in.onvenient ight how/t'm sorry but that,s nat passible
Requests with mird
a We can make . quen wth Would you nlnd ... followed by an
,lrg
form.
Would you mind rcpeating that2
a
Questions
with nrlrd mean ls it a prcblen far you? So, to aqree ro a request we say,no,.
A: Would you
mind opening the windaw?
B: No, ot caurse nat.
To rcfuse we use a
phrase
keWell, Adually Io be,,ronest and give a reason.
A: Would you mind opening the window?
B: Actua y, I n feeling quite
cold.
c
' i \
I
&
.h@Pe' *i ' @@gbFftab*
14 MODAIs AND RELAIED VEFBS 4 63
D Permission
a To ask if we can do something we use .aD could, mav
Canlcould/May I change mY ticket?
lndgine d Natia,Mt Ilealth SeMce in uhkh patknts dle qftet.d dt the doot ith d snile dnd '
'har)
ma! I hetp yot?'Fd t6y? L n'dy not I'e s.fdt dtudy os yo, rhi,k (Guadian website)
se unit 16 a We can lse an indircct
question to ask for
permission
ts it all ight if I change mY ticket?
I wonder if I could change rry tkket?
a We can aek for
permissianwilh Do
you mind if I ? at would you mind if I 7
see unir 17 Notice the fom oi the velb that follows.
A: Do yo! mind if t smoke? A: would you nind il t tnoked?
B: No, of cause not B: Adually, l'.1 rcther
teu
didn't
o We rply like n rplies to reqlests. We often repeat the modal in the replv' but notice that
when we py to Could/... 2 w sav can not cou/d
A: Can/could I speak to yau lot a mament?
B: Yes, ot .ouEe
You
Gn
E Offers and invitations
a To offer help we use Can/Couldlshalll, Wauld yau like ne to,l'llal\d Let ne
Shall I nake a caPY fot
You?
Would
you like ne to
give
You
a lift?
I'll
give then a ing if you like.
Let me gtve yau a hand.
a To ofler things we use Wooldyou /*e or short
phrases with choices We rply by express ng a
At woutd you like tea or coffee? A: what would
you prcfer?
* t'd rathet have coffee,
please B: I don2 nind.
A: Antthing to dtink? lea ot coffee?
g
I'll have coftee,
P|ease
a To nvit somebody to do somethlng we use Would you like to . ?
would you like to cone with us to the restauftnt tonight?
a We can rep
y
to offers and invitatlons by accepting or relectrng them.
Accepring Thank
yau very nu.h. llhanks I'd apTe.iate that lThat s very kind of
you
Rejecting: That's very kind of
yau, but.../Thank| butl(an nanage
F Suggestions.
a To make a suggestion
we use Cauld, ShaI, what abaut, How about, I think welyou
should/could and let3. Notice the diffe.ent forrns:
we could/l think we should/Le* have a shon brcak now
(staterneni)
What/How about having a short break now?
(quest
on + vtu with
_ng)
sha we have a shott break naw?
(qLreston)
a We often use ihe form of a negative
question
Couldn\ welwtry don't we/lrlhy not try ta rcnegatiate this
part
of the contract?
'Dsoibirs
n1t l!t'e takes hots. tYht dot\
lot!
bq the busiflIvschoal use histary dbout us?
E ery*irg is thez.'- Nieols Hark, CEO oJ SMnh
(SundayTimes website)
a We can reply to suqqenrons by acceptLng or reFdrng ihm
Acceptinq: vet / rrlrt L4 rhould da that. lThat s a good idea /Yes, let s da that
R{e.rlng: I' n not really sure abaut that- l That sauntis like a good idea, but ..
64 14 MOOALS AND REIATED VERB' 4
14 Practi ce
Exer ci sel * mggm
Undedine the coffed words.
I l'm very busy. Would you
.r'ind
b givelgjrizg
ne a hand?
2 Would yau/Should you help me .arry these boxes, please?
3 Da
tou
likelwould
tou
like some more soup?
4 May llwould laskyou a
peGonal question?
5 Ho abourwe blkltalking to another supplier?
6 Arc you havlng problems?
Will t/Shall I help you?
7 Ale yo! having problems?
let mel/ sha// help you.
A Would llcould lbonow you. copy of ihe FT?
9 | rhink you
should/you can spend lesstime playi.g golf.
10 Ercuse me, could you lmayyou tell me which nreer this is?
11 Do you
think could /// corld open the windowT
12 Do you mind if I openlopenedthe window?
13 Would you mind lf loperlopenedthe window?
14 Wauld
tou
signlPbase to s/it, your name he?
Exercise 2
X
Match the forms l-3 with the uses aF<).
1 WoLr d you like a/some ... n
2 Would you like to ... n
3 would you like me to ... t]
a) offering help
b) otfering someth n9
c) inviting somebody to do something
Exer ci seSFHH*
Match situatons l-6 with ouestions aFo.
1 Mak n9 a request
2 Asking for pemission
3 Ofiefing help
4 Offeing something
5 hvting somebody
6 Mak ng a suggestion
E
f
n
n
n
n
a) Would you like a coftee?
b) Would you
ke rne to carry your
coffee for you?
c) Would you iike to come with us fo. a coffee7
d) Could you gei
me a cup of coffe lrorn the canteen?
e) Shall we brcak for coffee now?
f) ls it all right if I help myseif to cotree?
Now match situations 7-13 with replies gtsm). Yo! can look back at the questions
in rhe previous p.rt to
he p yoLr.
7 Aqreeing to a quest
8 Refusing a request
9 Expressing a
prelerenc
10 Accept ng an offr of help
11 Accepting a suggestion
12 Rejerting an offer of help
'13
Rejecting a suggestion
g)
Adually, I think
'd
rather have water if yoLr
dont mind.
h) Of course, no prcblem.
i) Actually, l'm really busy at the momenr.
j)
l'rn not sure that3 a good
ldea.
k) OK, let3 do th.t.
l) Thanks, l'd re.lly appreciate that.
m) Thank, but I can manage.
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
@, ,
,I4
MODAT.5 AND REIAIED VERBg 4 65
Exer ci se4f f i HHl S
ceorge is vlsiing Fernando in sao PauLo. Complete the diaogue wlth the
phrases
from th llst be ow.
+e++Fe shall we I should would you like would you lik to woLrld yor.r like m-" to do
you m nd
vyould you mrnd I do'r l mind of cour<p o'.oJae
-ot
I d dpprcicte .hd(
I s No . P l e * e . c o me n . ( l ) . . . . . . 9 - e 3 . Y 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . u k e y o r r . o i i . l r ' s g o o d , o , < " y o u l
Itt rery nice ro be here in S:o Paulo.Thanl you so m ch for yo11r invitaiion to come ud
see yoor company.It was very ki!d.
FRN^mo Not at el. Itls my pleasure. (2) ............................................ some coffee? Or mineral wter
I d prefer nineral wter. please.
FlrlN^Mo, StiI or spa.kling?
oh. ( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
ei t her woul d be f i ne. ( 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i f I
just
ruke a quick c.l
-
I didnt
8ct
. chance earlier.
r4RN.Mo, (5) Go right ahea.r.
Oh, rheret no sign.l. Never nnnd. Un, yotr heve a wonderfrl building here. It looks re.Iy
nnpressive lion rhe ourside.
FEkNANDo, It's very nev
-
we only moved in lasr year. It's designed by ouc of our most famous
rrchitccB, Ce$r Pelli.
(6) .................-.......................... show you .round l.ter?
Tlunk. (7) . .
r.EnN^NDo, Now rhen. (8) -------- --, -,----
set
down to business? (9)
teling ne . lirde rbout your intrest in our mxrket?Whrt exactly rre your long+erm
objecrives here in Brazil?
Er, perlmps (10) ............................................ begin by expl.inins i little.bout the history of
our conr pany. I have a sbo* pr esent ar i on on my hpt op. ( 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see i t ?
RNANDo, (12)
Exerci se 5Sffi [fffi
Read the fo owing mpolite dialoque between a hotel recept on n a nd a guert
Re(eptionist Guest
I Give me your nam.
--rr-
2 lt3 lessop.
3 Spel ir
t--
4 lt! !E-s-S-O-P
r Le.ve your pasipod. 6 Ol w.nr an
Farlv
rornrnq call
?
Of courre
9 lt't lrcm seven thirty until ten.
a/'>
10 Also, lmust leavea rnessag fora colleague.
11 Doyouwani apen?
r+
12 Thank you.
I Give me your nam. 2 l t 3l essop.
Now rewrte the following lines frcm ihe dialoque. The words in b.ackets will he p you.
Lin 1
(May/have/name pre*") ......14+.v...1...ku*...yegr...a4Ng,..ele4t9.?.............
Li l e 3
r co-
d/ spel l / r hdt / Te
pl eosel . . . . . . . . . . . .
Li1e 5
rwould/T
_d/your
pas>port)
Lr1e 6
/Do/rr'nl/book
me/e.rly nor^ n9)
l Fe 8
f l wonder / yo, / Lel l Te wher ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L e l0 lwould/l
_d
if l/mes5dqe/colleague) .
uest i ons 1
A Yeslno
questions
and answers
a
Questlonswth
the dnswef yes or no are formed wth an aux ary velb + sLrbject + main verb.
The auxiliary cdn be do, be haye of a modal verb llke can, will, wauld Short answers repeat the
Present simple A: Do yau speak Frencha
B:
yes,
I do./No, I don,t.
Present continuous A: Arcyau staying at the Metropole? B Yes, tam./No, I'n not.
Past simple A: Did you
.he& all the invaices2 B: Y6, I did /Na, I didnl
Past conlinuols A: Were you
living in Rome at the tlnet B: Ye| twat./Na, twasn't
Pan pe.fedr A: Had you already left when I
phoned?
B: Yes, I had./Na, I hadn't.
Present pedect
A: Have you seen my new PalnPilot? B: Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
Wlll A: Wi yau be back befote lun(h? B:
yes,
I witt /No, I won,t.
Can A: Can you spe.k F.ench?
B: Yes, I can tNa, I .an't.
Haft\ik\ duJlkrtidr bectt tishtt rN tlr
$t
etpl. tl
tkns?
Do you d..ept yalk n o ydt
l.tBA
t
olrdfi
pirh,tt
ary ttork.V.tic.t(? Cat yot
Sit.
rlt'litdr(. ort dtluitt dt th. h6t uutt
ol flni'r lh.ld$hip!? (tsusinessweek rvebsue)
. The ma n verb be comes belorc the lubject in a qlest on
ls it time for the meeting? Arc you
rcadya
B
Question
word
questions
a
Quenion
words are: what, when, whete, which, who, whose, why and haw
'|fu
kt), t.
tk'dKtuu
h th,lnrn. eill ht
ta
".^hit.
Oi( dod ,ar l).!tu ,,ith th. qBtirt'Whdt
do I na ?'drd ktr'How do I p.tsrdde lt.!
],Ntlt?
Ou l\h |ith ttu qAtnu'tt/hat do
thq,
pant?'
rrd thot
'Hotu
&n thi\ be uatu h).fu i'na .n a\Mnu
larya!?
-
t.nr D nku
(lDdusrrvweek
stbsirc)
a After the
quenion
wod we use the same sirucrure as a yeslno quenion:
auxilafy veft +
suDt ecl 4manver o
Present s rnp e When do you usually leave wo*?
Present cont nuous whi.h prcjeds
arcyau wo*ing on at the nanent?
Past simpe whose cat did you hottow?
Pasr connnuous Where werc you living at the time?
P.st perle.t How nu.h rcsearch had
you
done befare the
prcduct
taunch?
Prelent periect Why have yau decided ta cut ba.k on tnvestnent this yeat?
Can
c
Question
phrases
a We oftn Lrse what.fd '?h,.h wth a noun:
What time arc you aftiving?
What areas do we need ta cover in the neetinq?
Whdt settorr laak ptuflti\itlr dt tlti' ti'ft? I hat impliutiots u,otttj there be
if
the price oJ oit
.a.l.hua to ri.? (Busines week website)
When wi yau
be ba*?
What languaget.an yau
speak?
'15
QUESTIONsl
67
Whtlr is rnore usual with people
and organisations, and when there is a imited number of
possible
answe6:
Which .ustoner seryice rcWsentative were you
speaking to?
which couier seNice did we use last ti.r'e?
which way is it?
a we can use v"hich ot ot Mich one:
Whi.h ot the
Woposals
dtd
you
accept?
Whi.h one did you accept?
We cannot use wrafin this wdy
a We can mak phrases wilh haw: how many, haw nuch, how old, how fa, how often,
how long, how fast.
How often do you travel abroad an business?
How long will the meeting last?
Hop itnportant dft thc tttnicipdl clcctions? IIou nr.h $11the Bn;i1iot rarant gtotr ext ydt
ond h1 il,dt ote6?
(LatinT.rde websitc)
D
Question
words as the subject
O Sornetimes the question word is the rublect of the sentnce:
Who did you neet in Argentina? (j,ou is lhe subjd)
Who met yau at the ateo.r?
(who
6 lhe subjct.
),ou
s t1e object'
a When a question word is lhe subject of. queston
do not use doldoesld/d.
What happened? Who work hete?
(What
and i4lho arc the subjects)
what did yau do? Who do I pay?
(you
and / are the subjctt
a Note that auxilia es other than doldoes/dld can be used, but there is no subject
pronoun
because the question word is the lubject.
What has happened?
(NOT
Wh+;t+a-)
what wi hawen?
(NOI
v/h+.it+
,ill-...)
E Negative questions
a We !9e negaUve quesuons to disagree politely.
But dofl't you think that dfercflt etietiet have d difefttt appetiE
fat
so.ial cohaslo| al so'ial
dkryrtion? Isfl't thct a liuit i| uhat o . .att ittnods.e
ion
tte US ta Eutupa in tem! of the neu)
eord,"r?
Gconomist
websire)
a We use neg.tive questions when we expect the answer to be
'.o'.
In social Englirh this makes t
easierforthe other
person
to reply poltely.
A: Do you like Japanese food?
B: No, not really.
(rhe
answer seems very strong)
A: Don't you like iapanese food?
B: No, not really.
(the
answer seems mole polite)
I We use negative questions to show surprise.
Don't you accept Aneian Express?
6a t5
QUEST|ONS
.t
15 Practice
Exerci se I
[$!
Undedin the conect wods.
1 Spoke you/Di!!&!J_5,4"k
with Lata yenerday?
2 What did lata say/said when you spoke to her7
3 Ar Do you like Scotch whisky?
B: Yes, l like.lYes, l do-
4 Ho\\ wo*s this nachine?ldoes this nachine work?
5 Who set up l\,4icrosofttdid
set up Mkrosoft?
6 When set up Micr6oftldid Microsoft set up7
7 Who ditl telephone nelte/ephored me this morning?
8 Who
tou
Elephonedldid you
re/ephone this morning?
Exercise 2
[
b(pand the AndyouT questiontro
make futtyer/no questions.
I ve seen the news today. And you?
'HAye..le!.a...le.s^'the_.
AcIr.{ ,te,dAy?
2 | work fiom home. And you?
3 lcan lndeBrand German. And you?
4 l've a ready had lunch. And you?
5 I be back in time for lunch. And you?
6 l'm enjoying rhe conference. And you?
7 | aged with her And youT
8 l've never spoken to Pierre. And you?
Exercise
3
E
Expand the,Androu2 questions
to make full quenion
wod questions.
1 | know Jim from university. And you?
.89.w......d.e....tn
.."k^ew-'Jj}.3..... ...... ........ ...... .............. .....
Exercise 4
E
Wr te . questiof
for each ansvrer.
r ............!{.irer...d.e...y.o..g..4-e!...!e..r.c!:k?
z
3
5
6
7
I
Gt to work? At about 8.30 usually.
Donel I h.ven't done anythingl
The report? I put it over ihere.
Here? stay here because rhe pay is good.
Yesterday? lwas fee n9 .wf! .
Staying?
'rn
stayifg .t the Ritz.
Reporl to? | repon to Bob Taylor
This bag? think it! Heln3.
'r5
QUESTTONS
1 69
Exercise 5
ffS
Rearrange the words in each group from the list to make questions. Then match them to the answers below
to make a complete dialogue.
y!-bs4p,esehe.e-afe-* you did do that wh.t before ale for how you naying ong
lke whats it been how have long there you workinq arive did when yo! yo! what do do
to is f rsi this Lyon your visit staying you wher are involve travel n9
job
does much your
1 A:
Are ye$ herg .e^-...,b*tiMt;,?............... 6 A
B; I work for a urdl biotech company- B: A couple ofdils aso.
B: Yes,I'n here on a sales rrip.
B: About four yea6, I suppose.
B: I was in pharmeceulicals.
5 A :
B: No,I ve been here once benrre
B: Unnl Friday. then I go back to tle UK.
B: At the Hoiiday Inn.
@
B: Yes, guhe i lot. I orvel all over Europe,
B: It's vcry confortable acturlly rnd the
but especialy in France.
restaunnt is good.
Exer ci se6f , f i f
24 Complete the dalogue with qleston words and quenion phrases
frcm the list below
\^,baf*jFd-+ how often how far how long how many how mLrch
what
(x2)
wh ch
(x2)
whose
So, tell me about your newjou. (r) .......W..h6J...Kind...ef ...... *o.L ; ir:
JoE:
Itl, in siles,like my lastjob, bur it's a bigger company.
Really? (2) ........................................... people rvork there?
JoE
I suppose rheret about 60 people in our oftice.
Oh, yeah.And (3) ............. . . .................-..... holidly can you t ke a year?
JoEi
Twenry-four days a ye.r plus public holidays.
oh, rtDrt much bene. rh.n
)our
lar
job.
And (a) .......................................... is it frcm your home?
JoE
We[, ir's reelly nor rhar f,r and I dont hrve ro carch the irrin to work every morning, which
is gieat.
Oh.lucky you. So, (5) .......-.......-............................ does it rake you to get to work in the
'norning now?
loE
Abour 20 minures by c.r
Wow.lr soun& perfect. (6) .........................-....-..-......-... time do you start work in the morDings?
JoE
About nine. But sometimes I have ro go on sales rips tt the weeken.ls a well.
Oh? ( 7) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i dea wr t hat ?
JoE,
I dont knoq ir's
Just
somefiing yoo have to do.
And (8) ....-.......-....-..-.-............-.......- do
)ou
have to do it?
JoE:
About once a motrth I thinl.They'.e going to give me a company caJ.
Realyl (9) ............................................ model are rhey going to give you?
JoE:
A Go]f,I rbink and I cd choose dE colour
oh, and (10) ............................................ colours de there?
JoEi
well,I can choose berween black ud d*k biue.
only rwo! So, (11) ............................................ one do you prellr?
Joli
well, ddk blue sounds berrei rhan b]ack-
B
uestions 2
A
Question
tags: form
e A
quenon
tag is a short
ph.ase
at th end of a natement that turns t lnto. quenion. lt invites
the other
persof
to rep y.
a
Queston
tags ar tormed using aux iaries
(do,
be have or a moda
).
An aff mative staternent
usually has a negaive t.9, 3nd vice-ve6.
You speak French, don't you?
You don't speak French, do you?
You went ta the conference didn\ you? You didn't go
to the canference, did you?
You can meet him tononow, .ant youa You can't ,'eet hin tanonow can you?
He5 here, isnt he? He isn't hete, it he?
Question
tags: use
. Here are five
poss
b e uses ot
quenion
iags presented
n a dialogue:
A: You havent got the sales figures yet, h.ve you?
kquest
for nfom.ton)
B: They don\ have to be readytillftiday, do they?
(confirmalon)
A: You'rc not going to leave it until the last minute again, are youT
lattack)
B: Well, I haven't had any tine, have l? (defence)
A: 5a it wasn't yo! gatng hame eatly yestetday,
was it2
Ga(asm)
a lf we use a negalive nalment wilh an affirrnalve tag, we often erpect ihe answer to be no.
A: l'n going to need an interpreter
B: Af couEe. Yau don't speak Frcnch, do you?
This form car be morc po
te because it ir easier for the olher person to repy no
A: Yau dont speak frcnch, doyou?
B: No, soffy, I don't
a A negative naternent with an afiirmative tag can also be usd to .sk peop
e for things in a
Yau couldn't give ne a hand, .ould you?
Yau haven't got any change lot the pa*ing metet, have you?
Question
tags: other points
a lf the m.in velb in the ltatemnl s nave, you make a t.g with do.
You had a neetlng this noning, didn't you?
When have !s the auxiliary the tag is with haye
(as
norma):
You've
just
been.ta Austria, haven't you?
a lhe r.g with I n/l an )s aren't.
I'm a faal, arcnz l?
a The tag wth tet3 s dral/. This is a sugqeston.
Let's brcak fot @ffee naw, shall we?
C Atter an mperative we can $e will you?
at wan t you?
Have a seat, wi you?
Give me a call latet, won't you?
lt the imperative 5 a req uest we can use c., yo u? ot 6uld you?
Hold the lift fot ne, can you?
Pass ne that file, .ould you?
c
16
(luEsnols
2 7l
D Reply
questions
a we can Lrse a short
question to reply to what somone says. we do this to show interen,
surp se or uncertainty. The meaning s like Rea/r7 or /5 that rrue?
a: I went ta Head Office lan week.
Br DtdyouT
(interest)
a: I .an't install the new softhzre.
B:can'tyou?
(sumrise)
A: I think they're atwing at ten.
B:A/e they2
(uncerta
no
a The rcply question uses an aux Liary vetb like in a questjon tag, but there is no change of
dffnrnauve to negative
E Indirect
questions
a We can be morc polite or lentdtive by beginning a
qLrenion with a phtase like Do
yo, know
Do yau thinklfue|, Da you nind telling ne, Could
yau tell ne, Could I ask you, l'd like ta knaw
t was wonoennq
Do
fosJeel
tit ns! in i"tcf.st k o f.rtt oJ injcated rc.ditinr? Cat p" gi'e neYak\ prcfLle
lal
the Cl6s of'99
(ic n'inority, ion-Us,Jusdlc)? Abo, ya, Mtioftd thatloLe hds b(n
'otkilq
hd
to xqnghe lt ittctuiN po!tunt. Could yol tell m. a bit more dhoxt uhat the sthool k doin!
o, //rdr
fio{r?
(Businessweek wcbsitc)
a The word oder of an indirct
question is llke a normal siatement.
diecl: Could
you .all ne a taxi? lrd lec1-: Do
you think you could call ne a taxi?
diecl: How old arc
you? ^dned Could I ask
yau hot\/ old you ate?
o wher there is no question word or modal verb we $e if ar whether
dke.r Does Jane stillwo* herc? indned Do you know if iane still work herc7
F Prepositions in
questions
a The prepositlon comes in the same
pace
as in a statement, lollowing the ma n verb, and th s i5
ollen at the end.
Who arc
you waiting for?
What are you looking at?
Whete do yau cone tuom?
What wete they talking about in the meeting?
G what is it for and what was it like
a we use what... for? io ask about a
purpose.
The meaning is'why'.
what is this switch fat?
{=
Why s this switch hele?)
a We use wi,af ... ,1e? to ask it something is qood
or bad. Ihe mean ng s
'how'.
what was the confercnce like?
(=
How was the conieren.e?)
72 t6 QUE5T|O|{S 2
16 Practice
Exercise 1
E t
Add a qlestion
tag to each sentence.
1 Wete nearlythere. Arsa:t..we?
2 You know the Brazilian ma*et. .........-.-...... ?
3 You wnt to Brazll in March, .................. ?
4 You haven't been to Bzll. ................ l
5 He's never been to Srazil, .................. ?
6 You won' t be l at e, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
7 Harry i sn' l goi ng
t o ret i re, . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . ?
8 We had a
good
meal l ast ni ght , . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
9 I m l at e, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? Sorry
10 Let b meet agai n soon, . . . . -. . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Exercise 2
I
Make a question with a
question
tag.
1 Ask a colleague if he sent the fax. You expect the answer to be
'no'.
you
.....d!C-r\.:t..r.-?^C..tig-..t4r,,..CiC...yqf.?.............
2 ask a colleague if he sent the fax. You e)(pect the answer to be
,ys,.
YOU. . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . ?
3 Ask a stranger at the airport if his name is I/r Peters.
youte
not sure his name is Mr
peters.
YOUi n4me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . : . . . . . . . . . . ?
4 You rccognis someone. You are sure his name is Mr Pete6.
Your name. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . .
, , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , ?
5 You g-ess rrat Brotec have can(elled ther orde
Ei ot ec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
6 Yo! are very su@rised that Eiotec have
(ancelled
thek order.
Exercise 3
E
Underline the corrcct words.
'I
Couid you tell me what a/e
yout
terns of paynentlwllclnjgLpAl@gLarE?
2 Do you know whee th na*eting seminat istis the narketing seminar?
3 ld ke to know how can welr can finance this proje.t-
4 Could I ask
you
why]u
leltldid
you leareyoLJ tasriob?
s Do you
think could /// could use your fax machine?
\tu,zre
are
"an
aoi*a lo2-
2 f'or who did ger you the inlormanon ...... .
3 ln which funds do invest you
4 like what the weaiher was in Sweden
Exercise 4
[ I
Rearange the wods to make quenions.
1 io wherc .re going you
Exerci se 5
SS$
@Zs
compete ttrese aialogueswith
quenion taqs.
A
JoHN,
Hi, Martha, rve re due to meet next week (1) .......^fg$:..!P-........ ?wen,l'vejust
remembered that l'm on holiday then. Can you mk another time?
Yes, when are you free?
JoHN:
Um,leCs meet a foitnigh! on Tusday, (2) ............ . .. . .. . .. . .. .... ?
Let me look in my diary. Yes, rharl 6ne
-
a fortnight on Tuesday.
B DAN, LDn wi]l be lrrivins at the omc ar two, (3) ...................... . . . . .. .. ?
No, at thtee
Oh. right.wel, he! been herc before, so he shotld know how to find the otrLce,
( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
But th.t {tl before we moved bundirys, (5) ..-................................... ?
oh, yeah. I'll etuil him with directions to get here. then.
C srer, There desigrB need to go to Norton Snnthit ofiice in Cuildford today They ve got a
fu nachine there,
(6) ............................-.... . ?
Yes, but it's not working. I'll send the document to then by first cla$
!ost.
I t A be qui cker i f you sent i t by coui er ,
( 7) - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Oh,yes.I'll sort that out nov.
D uRIDcEr This guote for the parts is much cheaper than the other one we had,
(8)
""
',
Yes, 'ruch. It! very stnnge.They havent lbrgotten to include delivery costs,
(e).................................. ?
No. everything i' included rn t})e prre.
Real l y? I t aI l ook r oo good t o be r ue, ( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Um, yes, wel,lett give rhem a rry !nlv.y.
Exerci se 6
I
Choos th most likely reply in each situation. Put a tick
(/).
I lf go to ltaly, l'm going to have
prcblems with the language.
a) Of coLrrse. You speak ltalian, dont you? n
b) Of course. You don't speak ltalian, do you? E
2 In rhe maering you said thar our compet to's hao a onr
p
od-cl tr'.' ur
a) Whatl I sald that, didn't l? L l
b) Whatl ld dn t say rhat. did 1? n
3 haven't seen Ann for
Eqes.
lthink she3working abroad.
a) Yes, thatt right. She3 got a
tob
In 5parn, hasn'i she? n
b) Yes, thatt ight. She hasn't
got
a
iob
in spain, has she? n
4 Ihe dadline lor the
pfoject is Friday and there3 still so rnuch work to do.
a) tS not lookinq
qood. We rc going to make the deadline, aren't weZ n
b) Lt3 not looking good. we're not gong to make the deadline, are we? n
5 Do
you mind
jf
I help mysell to some more cous(ous?
a) No, of cou6e not. You like Moroccan iood, don'tyou7 D
b) No. of coLr6e not. You don t like Moroccan food, do you? n
6 We have to be at the aiQort at nine.
a) You wil be late. won tvou? n
b) vou won't be late, willvou? n
t6
QUESTTOI{S
2 73
ondi t i onal s 1
A Conditions and results
I tf we setl .,,
(always
true)
a when we want to talk aboul th ngs that are always or genera y
trLre. we use
tf/When + p-sen\, prcsent
simple or rnperaiive
a Compdre these sentences.lhe 1f...'cl.lse is the condiiion, and the other p.rt of the senrence
1 f sales ir.rease
(genrally),
we 'rake
nare prcfit.
2 /fiales tncreas
(next
quanet), we' nake norc prcfit
3 /fsals increasd
(next
qnet), we'd make norc profit
4 /f sals inffeased
(last
qu aftet), the Dire.rot should be happier
5 tf sales had indeased
llast
quarter),
t e DiTe!.tor woutd have been happtet.
it
seftence I ir about somelhing that s always true See secrion B beow
Sent ence 2 s about sor net hi ng t hat i s r easonabl y l i kl yt o happen nr hel ur ur e. Seesect onC.
sentence 3 s aboLrt rometh ing that is imagin.ry or Lr n likly n rhe future 5e sect on D.
a Senrences 4 and 5 are aboui the pasr
See unii 18.
a With a ltypes of conditionak the /fc ause can come second.
we' nake nore prcfit il sales in.rcate
We'd make nare prcht if sales in(eased.
(res!
t)
In th s type ot condiliona we arc not rcfering to one specfc event
IJ
tr.plc
,nd.rstand tJnt d1n!. k k(6sdry, thcy hare a" apt.tit(
.l't
h .
V
yo" do"'t gct tfu
I'.n
$aplc
i o r tanrydry,
),an Wdr
sgcts.
0lusincs
wcck uebsite)
a n the condirion claute ther can be a variely of
prcsent
fom!.
When you fly business class,
you get nuch more legrcon (present
simpte)
ff interest :ates arc ising, bahk loans becane more etpenjlve.
(present
continuous)
When you've finished the @u6q you get a Gnificate.
In ihe res'rlt clauee there..n be a
preseft
iirnpe
(tast
eramptes) or an tnrperative
when yau fly business class, don't dink taa nuch of the tree alcahal
a Norice that we .an use e ther tf o. ,vhen whre the meaf ng is
,every
i me,
C ff we sell ...
(likely
future)
'
r ..:. L.
"
a When we wanr io talk about future evenis rhar w I happen, or are Itkey to happen, we use:
/l+ present, tltlre or mperatrve
(cond
ron) (resut)
{
tle .o,1ptu' ne dedl
fails,
tuho k ot8 !'har l,l'ilt hap?efl at Eq,itabte Lifa? (.leleg^ph
weDnrel
a ln ihe condition clause ihere can be a variety ol
prsent
foms.
lf yau incrcase your
orde, vrE ll give yau
a bigget dis.ounr
(presenr
s mp e)
lf yau'rc meeting her at thrce, I ll
join
tau
tater at abour four
(prererr
conr n!ou,
ff I've made any mistakes, I llcone.l then tater (present pedect)
'r7
coI{DtTtoNAls 1 75
In the rcsult clause 7is common
(last
exampes). We can a so use other future forms or an
lf yau increase yaur otdet yau'rc going to get a bigger discount.
t he doesn't
gEt the
job,
he'll have done a lot af wotk fot nothing.
lf anyone fron Head affKe calls, say I'n in a meeting.
a The examples above are about tlvo actions in the future.lf ihe resu t cl.lse refers to lh
present we us a present tense.
lf anyone call, I'm in a neeting aI norning.
lf
you need ne, I'n wo*ing in the raon at the end of the cotidat
D lf we sold ...
(imaginary
future)
i hs5or t er . aeoa
' e. ond. or d1or a When we want t o t al k about f ut u r e event s t hat ar e i mag nar y u nl i kel y or m possi bl e, we use:
f+ past simple or conlinuous, vnuld/couldtnight + infinirve
(condition) (rcsuh)
'ortsoutt
s
n hc orly sohnion. If oe dd alL oJ nis st"f ouseLfts, we wo"ld hot'e to hd't dt
I.dn 1
,000
p.apl. uql]3ins hcre,' cstinnxs Atddi. (Busincs Wcek website)
a h the condition clause we can use a
past
s mpl or
past
continuous.
lf
tau
wanEd a
quantiry
discount, yau'd have to ordet at least 1,000 units
ff
tou
werc sti speaking aftet an hout, the audience would prcbably be borcd.
a Note the past form n thecondton clause, butrhe future tirne refrenc
E Unless
a Unle55 means the same as /f... not
Polith rttittdcs at dok'inatcd by tl'c bclicl tltut nless Poland
joiks
th( E,bpeah Unior, thit&s
ean o,ly
let
uo6c.
(Lc Monde DiplonDriquc lvebsuc)
Compare these sentences whrch have lhe same meaning:
lf he doesn't anive soon, he'll niss the statt af the
ptesentatian.
Unless he anives soon, he ll n'ks the staft of the
presentation.
F Other modals
see unit 13 a The modals lsed in this unit are mainly wll/ and would. We can Lrse a other moda s like can,
cou/d musr etc, wilh lheir normal meanings.
'On
va',t tbansb.
&z!
anat n
iflk
UME
76 l7 COtVDtTtONAtS.I
17 Practice
Exerci se l
HUEE
Underline the corecr wods.
1 )l
wgk/we would be tate. thev tt start/they d naft withour
us.
2 lI we will Ekeltake a raxi. we'I aftivetwe anrc soonet_
3 f we workedleloutd work to( ADC. we'ltgetlt\e d ger
a better satary
4 When inflation
wlgolgoes up. iherc wooldbel6
usually prcssure
on sataies.
5 tf we don t hurryl$/on,t hurry, we woutd belwe'tt be tare
6 lf yau
changelarc
changjng yov
mind. gire
ne/you will give ne a mg.
1 Unless yau
clkk/woutd.ti.k
on that icon, /tditntrtvlon,tprint
out.
a ff yau
ardeted I otder on rhe Nel we atways wir serdljerd an emait confimation.
9 ll I lend / wi| lend you
rhir book, when do you rerur,
/ wil,ou return iI?
l0 lf you heardlhear
anything in ihe next few days, /et me/tefting
ne knaw.
Exe.cise
2
E E
Read these sentences and decide if the events are tikety or imaginary
Compete the sntences by putting
the
verbs rn brackets into the prerent
simpre +
q4il
or the pan
simpre + vv'uld.
use contracted forms where
possrbre,
I lts not far. tf you
.........f.o.1Jp.y...... ..
(fo
ow) this road, you .......11!..Serg...... (comelto
the st:ion.
2l l | . . . . . . . . . . . WAt -. . . . . . . . . . . l be)onrheBoadot t hi s(ompany, t . . . . . . ' . . d. . . 4! . "44e. . . . . l argue)agai nst rhe
mercet
: l f you
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(hav)
any quesri ons,
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (dea
)
wi t h i hem ar t he end or my
4 l f t he col ] l l ci l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . .
(ban)
a caB f rom t he ci t y cent re, t here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (f ot
be) so
5 At I have no idea what the othr side a going
to propose
in the negotiation
tomofrow
Bi Nei t hef
do t . t f | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know),
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (t e
)
you.
6 A:
Mytrain leaves in forty minutes.
B: l t onl y t akes t en mi nut es t o rhe nai on by t axi . t f you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (t eave)now
you
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cat ch)
i t .
7 A: ls that the time? | really shoujd be going.
B: l f you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (wai t )
a momenr, t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (gi ve)you
a t i f t .
8 A: Would you like to qo to Engtish evening ctasses with .ne?
B: l ' m sorry but t can, t . t , m rea y busy. t f | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (have)
mo. t i me, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(love)
to.
Exerci se3ffi frl S
Complete
ihe sentences with the orrect pan
of possibje
forms,
a) of b).
1 lf the bank lends us the money, ...4... it in oew mdcnrnery
a) we ll invenlwere going
to invest bJ we'd invest/we
wete investing
Z When ......... a tot of orders, we atways emptoy exira staff in the factory
a) we'I gettwE got
b) we getlwe ve gat
3 lf ........ this project
again, lthink t'd do it differenrty.
a') | was statting /t started b) II stad/rve statted
4 fthe computer rashes, ......... someone from rhe IT departmenr.
a)
Wu'd.al/you
ate calinS b).a\|/tou I have to catl
@r u
17 CONDlrlONAlS l 77
Exer ci se4l EEgEl
Paula, a marketing manager of. .ar manuf.cturing company, is ta k ng to her collaque Luis, a
production
manager Compete their conve6ation with the wods from the list blow
will(x2) won'r
(x2)
would
(x2)
wo'rldnl unless
(x2)
be is isgoingtobe don't ddn't
PAULA Lu;. Arent
)ou
worned aboDt the proposed srrike?
LU,s, WeI, sure ...
ura You see, ifthe factory workes go on strile, we
1r1
..............i.!!............. t"'. ' loi ofprcducrron.If
we lose prcduction, we (2) ............................... be,ble ro $pply all our customers.
Yes. I kno\ but . . .
p
uA And iflve (3) ............................... supply our customen. they'll probably buy other makes ofcr
Ifthat happens, our nrket share (a) ............................... go down.ltl not lookitrg good.
we[, that's rjght. but ...
pruu
And whatt more,
jn
niy experience, when workers go on strike there (5) ............................... a
brd ronosphere for norths afteruatds.
huLA So, (6) .............-................. you can come to an ag.eemenr with the workerr soon, there
(7) ............................ a lot oftrouble ahead. llyou wanr my advice, (8) ......................... rry caelirl.
Look, dont vorry
hula Dont 1vorry?
Yes. Look, dre workers k.ow that the success ofthc company depends on this new modc-.
( 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hey' e sr upi d, t hey ( 10)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
so
on st r i ke.
r lLA Oh?
No\nJust imagine
-
ifit sold really wcl, lve (11) ............................... increase otrr rnarket shan
and our profiK. Ifth.t happened, we (12) ............................... need to nuke so tuany
job
cuus.
And i f we ( 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h. ve r o cur j obs, r he t ade uni ons
( 1a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be
Druch happier
p
uLA \ve[,I suppose you've got a point.
Exr ci sesHgl H
You ae talking to a iiiend about
your new
job.
Use
yor.r
thoughts to complete the sentences you say. Put the
velb n brackets lrto either the
present
simple,
pastsimpl,
mperatve, w7+ infnitive or would + infintve.
You think: People iay thaf hard work usualy rcsul5 in prcnotion ih this campany.
You say:
(1)
Thy say that if you ..!9fK..
(work)
had, you .49!.
(qe0
promotea
You think: / want to show then that |'n good
at rny
job
n that I can have norc
job
se.uitl.
You say:
(2)
| hope that if | .
(do)
my besi, they ............................
(give)
me a permanent
contract afte. a few monrhs.'
You think: /'ye bee, /ate rn the norning a few tines. lwish lcould work at the Leiria site v/hich is nearcr
You say:
(3)
l'm sometimes late for wo.k. lf | ............................
{work)
at the te r a ste, it
You thinl|j One thing wori6 l.-le. I had a healk ptoblen
a fe ,ea. ago, but irc very unlkely that it will reoccur
You say:
(4)
l wonderwhat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (happen)f myhea1t hprob1em. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (rcoccur)7
You think: Maybe /t3 not a problem. ln general they seen ta be very rcasanable abaut illness.
You say:
(s)
Acrually, if you ...........-..............
(mis,
one or hro days because of illness, they
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not
seem) t o mi nd.
You think Goodby-.. / hope t see you soon.
You say:
(6)
l f you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(f ancy)
a drl nk o. e eveni ng,
j ust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
(gi ve)me
a ri ng.
onditionals 2
A ff we sold ...
(possible
past)
a Whn we wdni to tatk about pan
events which possibty
happened, we lse /l+
pan
strnple tn
the condirion ctause, and any tense or mod:J in rhe resutt ctause
ff you
went b the neeting yesterday
you probabty
heard the news.
tf you
missed the M pragranme
tast night you
can bonow the rccording t nade.
B tf we had sold ...
(imaginary
past)
th
, ! l'pn .a .Lr ; rh d ..nd r o
j
a when we wanr ro tark about past
events that are diffrent ro whdt realy happened, we use:
/f+ pan perfecr,
would + haye +
pan pafticiote
(condition)
IJ Clr di a,d Cop hdt 'uon the ctc.tioi, they aocti! haoe prcnote.t
ie
hddc qqnetkfiL\
wnh
otho nrtion! in the sd,t vd), dr a,,/.. (yahoo
Busnress Nevs website)
TheF ,s
oflen a suggenron
ot crli.isn or regrer
lf the ecotlomic situation had been befter, we woutdn,t have lost sa nany custa',es.
a A conlracled ? in speech caf be /rad in the cond tton or w?u/d in the .er!tt.
lf t'd done an MBA, t'd have h.d note oppottunities
a
The xamples above a aboui tlvo acttons in rhe pasr.
frhe rerutt cause refers to rhe presenr
we use would + infinilive.
ff I had done an MBA, I woutd be on a highet
satary now
C Conditionals
without if
a We lse lltor somerhing that might happen in the fulur, or somerhing maginary We use
whe, tof something that we know wil happen.
lllcallyou if t get
a chanca
(t,rn
not sure if I wi phone you)
l llcal you when I affive.
(twill
definttety phone you)
We can use either tor evhen where the meaning is
,every
t me,.
If/When anyone rings ny nobile, I get
a photogaph
of the pe6an
an the scrcen.
a In intormat lpeech we sometimes use Inaqlne
or
juppostng
in ptace
of li
tmagine/Supposing you had a mi ion do ars, how woutd
Wu
invest
it?
a we can use proylded
rhat, praviding,
an conditon that as tong as and sa tong a5 for empnaes.
The meani ng i s, i l . f d ont y i f , .
As tong ar tte s.,au te.lnrotosy, b"s tant, ril bntin,e to he i deuo .t. (SlndayTines
Nebsire)
a We c.n use ln .ase to tatk about doing something ro avoid a poss
b e probtem
tarer The resutt
ctaLrse usua y.omes
first and often uses golrq
ro.
1 n gotng
ta qive you ny nobite nunbet in case you
need to canta.t me
see unit 17
a we use unle$ to meaf fnoa
1a coNDIflO ALS 2 79
D wish
o W use / w;h to exprcss regrct or dissatisfac(ion.
a For the
pesent and future, use / w,sh followd by the
past simple or cont nuous
I wish we didn't have so nany neetings.
I wish I wasn't working next v/eekend.
a For the
pasl use / w6h followed by the
pdst pertect
I wish we had advedised on teleisian-
I wish I hadn't eaten the oYsters
a i the wish is a good one, use / hop tollowed by the
present s mp or wil/
I hoPe
you
Prcsentatian
goes well
I hope the neryPr wiI be a success
a lf lhe wsh is about doing tomething that is difilcuh or imposs be, lrse / wsh /.ould
I wish I could contad him, but he hasn\
got
a nobile phone
a We .an replace / wrh with /f ont for mphas s. W stress ort in speech
lf only I hadn't eaten the oYste6.
lf onlY I .ould <ontad hin
E Modal verbs in conditionals
see u nns r r r 4 a The examples in unit 1 7 werc with tafl. But other modal vetbt ke can, could, nay, night, nust
and should are common in conditional sentences and have their norma mean ngs.
If
fot
d.al oith t]t! Mi.ldle Edtt
lou
mnst be d'dilable ta yout tttsto ett an Sdttrddvt dttd
s',,/q6
(overseas Tnde m.grzine)
IJ th! ctto veft Mdk i" thc lo,E tcnk,.ohrya,i4 f,ight 'Lau do.tat tcit tltitc to iluclte
pradtui'itf dr.l
lo,oniots,night
pu ttc btake oi then ltnttrral rcJonnt
(Le Monde
diplomarique webs'te)
Co"tpaq CEo Mnhocl Cdpell.ts QnnE cd on th. rceflt decLine aJ.\ot.a
.fnD,
'hkh
uav sa
potnlat a, the U.S. sto.h 'hd*et r.fat
"to!'tht
ara
'Ifra't
dott't har. d towd lrutinett plan'
lou
.annot s'e.eetr.'
(lnrerMrional Herald Tribune website)
a We often use
present fotms lke Mand ca, with likely futlres, and pan lorms ke would( d)
and could wnh Tagrndry
Iulur's
]f yau sign nov/, we'll/can delivet by Fiday.
(likely
future)
ff yau signed now we'd/could delver by ftiday.
(imaginary
fLrture)
a But it is a so common to find mixed tense squences becalse modals keep thek norma
meanings:
If Hrngaiai
Ianrds
r'pond to .omPetitio, bl itryto'iflr pnd$tieiry dnn b.o!flins ,lbr ennie"l
at ndthctifls, hey .otlil ha'e .t birzet ttture oJ the u1*ct. (Business Cenlnl Europe website)
with a prcsent fom
(respond)
we might expcl can However could k used here wirh is
normal meaninq of uncertainty
(can
does not exprcss uncrtainty)
F fi I were
you, -.
a w can use /t/ evere in
place of f/ war ln im.ginary futLrres, parlicular y when we give advice
wlth the
pftate lf I were you.
ff | werc you, l'd wait until tonurcl
/.
l'd be nore carctul, ff I were
You.
a0 ta coNDtnoNALs 2
18 Practice
Exercise
't
EEffi
Underline the conect words. This exercise includes revision ot imaginary futures.
1 tt yau phonetllhad
phoned
ne yesletday,
t had toldl@lLfuE_ildyou.
2 lt you
tooklwouki have ta*en more exercise, you
mtght feellhad felt better
3Ilimwauldhavelistenedlradlineredmorecarefutty,hewouldnthavenade/didntnakelhat
4l l wedf aundl vvef oundsui t abl epremi ses. ' ve?hayemoved/ wehadmovedeat i et .
5 lf people
keptlhad kept their offices morc tidy, it m/?hi pre5ertlprjentd
a better image to our visirors.
6l f l ' dknownl t woul dknowabourt hei rf i nanci al probt ems, I wout dnt dol woul dnt hayedonebusness
7lfoutsidehadbeen/wasbetterprepared,wesucceeded/coutdhavesucceededtrlthenegotiatons.
8 | weuldn tl won't wotry if I am / wete you.
Exerci se 2
!
Complete the sentenceswith the words lrom the list betow Each word is used twic.
when as long as in case unless
1 l'll speak to
you
again ....._.Jif!!9.n...... l've looked at the contEct in detait.
2 Leave your feturn flight open ....................... rhe negotiations rake an extra day.
3 We can start the
project
nextweek.......................
everyone agrees.
4 We can start the
prcject
next week ....................... anyone dilrgrees.
5 The Board wi l l be happy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ourshare pri ce
remai ns hi gh.
6 Keep your. ecei pt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you
need t o ret urn rhe goods.
7 The new stock will arrive ,,,,.,,,,,............. the Ch stmas sales are finlshed.
8 We'll probably
make a loss this year .......................
rales imprcve tf the last quanr
Exercise 3
E
Undeiine the cofiect words.
1 | wish I
ha9lL3tklllk/didn t d/,ink so many whiskies tast night.
2 Theres so little space in here. I wish t ha!/had a bigger office.
3 | don't feel weJl. I wish I could *aylwill nay in bed this mofiing.
4 | hape yau enjoyedlenjoy yourselves at the theatre tonighi.
5 l've ben waiting thirty minures for the bus. t wish I took / had taken a iaxi.
5 | mun get in touch with Sue. lf only lknolknew ner numberl
7 I'm not a good
typisi. I wish | rculd
tpetwoutd
type betlet.
A I wish )im didn't intenuptldoesr't /hterrupr 50 often in meetings.
9 | have to finish this port by tomo.ow tf onty tuvoutd havelhad
-r]o?time.
1 0 Enjoy your
holiday. I hope you havelcould ha a good time.
1 l That presentation
was a disasterl l wish l could dolevould do ii a agajnl
12 l'rn disappointed Wth this camera. Iwish Id,?n'abtylhadn
t bought t.
@,,
18 COlrlDlTlONArs 2 8l
Exer ci se4Sf f i pl
Patrck and Jurqen arc discussing a negotiaiion thatwent wrong. Complete the dialogue with words from
the list blow
1+ ds lonq as n case unless
(x2)
ll
'd
(x2)
.an would hav
'd
hdve woLr dn't h.ve
pr ! N(
Jur gen,
( 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . . . . . . you ve gor a monent , ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I have a wor d wi t h
J@GEN,
Sure.
(3) ........................... ir doesnt take too long, I've got a meeting in five minutes. ls it
about that contracr that we lost?
p,trnrcr
Yes.What went Imng? Do you think we (4) ........................... got the deal if ve
( s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ot r er ed a bef t e. p. i ce? Maybe we ( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l osr t he
. r
- N No. l doni t hi nt t he pr cbl enr uo t he pr i ce.
pArRrcK
No?Well,ws it a poblern with the delivery time? lr we
O)
............ . . . givm a
shorrer deiivery time. (8) . ................... been nore succe$ful?
JURGEN,
No, the delivery tine w.s OK.
p
aRrc( Hn1n. th;is s$ange.We realy should find out what vent wrons (9)
situation I'ke this happens in rhe lirrure.You know. (10)
........................... we learn frcn our
misrakes, wc (11) ... .. . .-....-......-.... iose morc orders. NosrJurgen, tell ne what do yot.
think could rcaly ha1, happe.ed?
JURcEN,
Well, nothing, (12) ........................... they didnt like out sales rep.
JURCEN,
Do you know who it was?
Mr'{rcR Er, n was he.
Exer ci se5SSt f f i
A supp er s thinking about a negotiation in the futurc. t\,4atch his thoughts 1-4 with his words aFd).
1 We' likeylooffer; lower price
lf we do, success i9 possible. E
2 We' likey lo offer.lower
pice
lf we do, success i9 certain. n
3 Perhaps we'll offer a lower pri.e.
tf we do, success is
possible. n
4 Perh.ps we'll offer a lowef
pice.
lf we do, success is ceriain. t--l
a) lf we offer a lower prce,
we'll gel
the contrad.
b) lf we offer a lower pr
ce,
we mrght get
the contfact.
c) lf we offered a owerprce,
we'd qet the contract
d) lf w otfered a owerprce,
we might get the contract.
The same s!pplier is ihinking .bout a ngotiation in the past. Match hjs thoughts 5-8 with his words eFh).
5 We otfered a lower
p.ice
That's why we slcceeded. n
6 We otfered a lower
price.
That's
probably
whywe succeeded. n
7 We d dn't offer a lower price.
That's why w falled. n
8 W didn't offr a lower
price.
That's probably why we failed. n
e) lf w'd offered a owr
pric,
we'd have got the contract
t
lf we'd otrered a owef price,
we might have got the contract.
g) lf we hadn't offered a lower pice,
we'd have lost the contract.
h) lf w hadn'i offered a lower
price,
we might have ost the coniract.
A
erb +
-ing
or intinitive 1
verb +
-ing
a Some verbs dre iollowed by an
-inq
form. Some of the commonesr verbs Jo ow beowl
As nrnrfd.ttte6 .oisidet aqtornating tun iinihnior dan ek, thef \hotld not late tilllt
d
tL.
{e.,itaiett
of p{enal @ntact. (Indusr,vweek websire)
A a n1dirli1.1!e6 aE .onernc,t cownterc nill postpone hryinr 6$ ,rtil dJi! r.ttJ,r,
)het
n1e a,aet 22% s.te' tdx a, atuas B erpe.ted b
JA
. (Busines
Reiew Weekly websrte)
Vd,i det Hoeue, CEO oJ Royl Altold, rp.nds 5A pet ,e t aJ hk tihc ,arellirg dd geuirg onto
th. les.lloar a! Mrh 6 posible.As h. erplans:'I a!'a|y ger a good
frl.fot
the lon as I watk
nrol,d'. (Eu.obusnress Nebsire)
sayf9 .nd think ng admit", considet*, deny*, descibe, inagine", mention,, suggest'
liking and dislikins dislike, enjoy, fanct
(not)
nind*
phraral verbs carry on, give
up, keep on, put aff
phrase
wilh car't can't beat, can\ help, cdn't rcsist, can t fa.e, can,t stand
other common verb! dvad, delay, finish, invalve, keep, mist postpane, practise,
risk
corn rnon prr rasee tt s not watth spend lwaste ttne/ money ...
Thete s no pant
ttn)
Some of lhe verbs in the list can also be followed by a noun. The5e inctLrde: admlr, dery
inagine, suggest, dislike. enjoy, fancy, keep, nind, prcctlse
The Minister admifted taking a bibe. and The Minister adnitted his nistake.
What do you fancy doing this evening? and I fancy a nice, caid beer.
The group of verbs wth can? can aho b folowed by a noun.
I can't bear avant-gatde
jaz
We Lrse mnd in queslions
and negative sentences
A Da you nind waiting a noment?
Go and come
plus
-,nq
form are ofren used for sports and outsde.ctvtes.
I often go skiing in the wintet
Do you
want to .ome shopping wth nez
Some vebs and vrb phrares have to ds a prepos tion. These n. ode taak faMard ta, abiect
to, be used to, get used ta, rcspord to. Prepostons are always followed by rhe,lrg form.
t'n looking fotward to seeing you
,ext week.
(NOT
{-!ee)
After a few nonths in the UK t got
used to dtiving on the ief.
(NOT
t-d+ive)
B Verb + to + infinitive
a Some verbs ae fo lowed by ro + nl nitive.
'PCCW
has opo4 \tdkd tl1t it aisha to becone tl| bigett braadbdnd ptaq ik A:id,' tdt'
Rnhahl Fe{'son, a tele.a aulyll nt Hon! Kang
,Ihat
hEdtlt it .annot dnoi b stand stilt.'
(AiaNeek sbsite)
'And
bt r,o*iry torether vith t
rufs
at lBirl, Kaddh d,d to on, tue'E a.t,d
r
manatin! to
iaprote rhe loal tpply kse
Jat
an o.f t\.' ilys
ldrn.
Reys, heal af Hfute
-pdekdtul\
pnnkt
ote,atio,i (clobalBusiness
Magazine $ebsire)
C verb + obiect + to + infinitive
O The fo lowing verbs are followed by an objecl + to + infinit ve.
advise', alow ask,.ause, encourage, exped, fahld, farce, help, invite, otder, pay, prcfe,
peEuade, renind*, teach*, tell', tQin, want, warnr
Rtsid dll ask th. Patu Club oJ ercditots to postpofle lte sir tq oJ biLatutl drftt lnts at t.
npaltnur of dtbr.
(Delovoj Pete.b!.s webrre/
Li dko pelsraded
Jour
banks, i".Lt.lrtg HSBC Holdtgs aid Bdtk oJChihd, to lend hnn
811 I'illion, o rcco l ii Ho!'r Ko'9. (Asialveek trcbsire)
'19
VERB +
-t\rc
OR INFI |rIVE i a3
pltsn! and decisions ain, arrange, chaasq decide*, intend,
plan', preparc
xpectations denand*, deseNe, exped*, hope', want:, t",/ish*, wauLl like
promises and reflsak fail, guarantee, affer, prcnise*, rcfuse, thrcaten
other common verbs agrce', .an I can't affotd, lean*, manage, pretend*,
seem*, tend,
ttatn, wai
a Nole that verb + to + i.finitiv is also uled in these cases:
1 To explain why we do lomething
(the
'infin
tive of
purpo5e')
l'n Glling to find out if you
stock spare
parts. (NOT
i++Ji"d-s+)
2 Aftef a quenion word
Gn
you
show ne how to get on to the lnternet on this @mputer?
3
\Nirh
used to, be gioing to, be able to, be allawed ta, have to, need to and aught ta
Make and let
a after mate and /et we use the bare intin tve wthout to.
I made then che.k everything very.atefully.
(NOT
l-fid-lhtr-+-hk)
They let us have all these frce sanples.
(NOT
ThFl-*++eve)
Verb + that clause
a The ve6s marked with an aniskr in sections A. B and C can ako be followed bv a that
ca!se. In everyday lpeech we can leav out the word lhat
I suggened speaking to Elia about n. t sugqested
(that)
we could speak ta Eliza abaut it.
D
E
We de<ided to cancel the neeting. we decided
(that)
we would .ancel the rr,ee,ng.
rhey tald us
(that)
we should wait.
"Gentlenen, l9e ca ed this meeting
lo discuss abs6nteabm.'
a4 i9 VERB +
-lrVG
OR lNFl|{lnVE'l
19 Practice
Exe.cise 1
g g
!4ledi!e
the corect words.
1 We canl afford to ml$/m,sehg this opportunity.
2 Do yo,J fancy to qolgoing for a ddnk after wo*?
3 Are you waiting to uselusrng the
phone?
4 lt's not worth to spendlsperd,i?g any more time on this.
5 We decided to c/ose dowrlc/osing down the factory in Belgium.
6 You prcmised
to deliterl derrfli?q by April, and it! now Ma',.
7 | cot\sideted to calllcalling him, but I decided it was better to write.
8 if we don't decide soon, we risk to /oiel/os,l4g the whole contract.
9 she agreed to prpparlprqpan?lg
some figures before the next meet ng.
I 0 l'rn sorry there seems to belberng a misundeBtanding here.
11 ls Mr Messier busy? OK, I don t mind to waitlwaiting for a few minutes
12 He
'el.Lsed
to signlsigning the contract until he'd spoken to his boss.
1 3 [,4ay ] suggest to
postponelpostpor,l4g
the meeting until next week?
Exercise 2
E E
Complete these sentences with the verbs frcm the list below. Choose either the
-,i,?9
tom or to + infinitive,
git
write fly feceive make recognise advertise help think speak
I They ageed ........1S..r!\4....-.. us thirty mo days to
paythe
invoice.
2 He
pret ended. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
m, but l donl t hi nk he knewwho t was.
3 There5 no point
............................. this brand on
ry
it would cost too rnuch.
4 Wete o(pecting,,,,,.........,,,.,,,,..,,,,. some more stock early next week.
5 l ' l l j oi n you
l at er I need t o f i ni sh . . . . . . . . . . ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hi s repon.
6 | l earnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Port uguese when l worked i n Brazi l .
7 I work in public
relations. Myjob involves ........................-.... contact with the media.
8 | cant hel p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . t hat somet hi ng i s goi ng
t o
go
wrcng.
9 | canl afford .......--.-.................. business class allthe time.
10 | can't
p.omise
.-......................---.. you
with this problem,
but t'll do my best.
Exercise 3
tr
Complete the following sentences with verbs from the list below. lnclude an obje( in every case.
dvi5 remind peEuade
expect help encourage force
1 l'm sorry | missed wo* yesieday. rhe doctor ...44.v.
j.tgd..-yg..19...
stay in bed.
2l t ri edt o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . comewi t hust oni ght , but hesai dhewasbusy.
3 Could you ........---.............-...-----. call Head Office later? | miqht foEet-
4 lf you employ a ecretary it will ............. ......... dealwirh allthe paperuork.
contact m. $rre time today.
6 di dn' t f eel very conf i dent , but she. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . appl yf ori hej ob.
7 The fall in demand has ...........................---.... make some of our best workers dundant.
19 VERB +
-t
tG OR ll{FlNlTlVE t E5
Exercise 4
Eg E
My computo's
(6hed.It
keeps
0)
....d9..'.1X.... (do) it.I have ro sare my dodments every
few minutes or I rtuk (2) .................. (los) all th mrk I'vejust done.
Have you got enougb dtuk space?
Yeah,I hare. I really dont know wbatt causing it (3) .................. (cnsh) so often. Look,
you'rc good at computen.vlat do you advise ne (4) .................. (do)?
wel,I don't krcw.I ha!nt been t rined (5) .................. (fix) them.You'I hew to ask an
IT recbrician (6) ..................
(come)
and have a look at it.
Han.You knova there's no point
CD
.-................ (cal) a technician
-
rhey'I be
ryes
and
L.. I really cet .fford (8) .--.----- (waio a day for someone to come, I'm ffily busy.
Why don't
)ou
phone $e helpdesk then? They'f advise you shat (e) ..................
(do)
Oh, yeah. I supporc sq
And ifyou're rEdly thac busy, heE you onsidcrd
(10) .................. (esk) Sophie ro help
you, she ha$'t got a lot ofwork at lhe momcnt.
Oh, ha$t she?Th. r ' sgr eat . I ' askhcr ( 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( r } ?c) upt hi sr cpor t . Thmk.
@
28 Complete the mini-d:alogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the rcffect form, using
-tng
or ro +
Exercise 5
I E
complete this email that circulated in a company that makes mobile
phones.
choose a verb from the ligt
below and use the coffect form,
-ing
or infinitive with fo.
if{eA,irv be
pay pretend ceive refer show take talk worry
all stetl in Production d
umlkt.bout halth rbks trcm mobll6
phonoa
AJoumalkr r.om th masa2n6 Tochnolosy RviM wants (l) ...,.i,Q..i\t4djg|!' .,,. 6om6on6 trom Prcducrion aboul h6lth
dsks ior moblle
phono
u66 rrcm radialion. lt wirl hvolv6 (2) .................,,....,,,..., to him ov6r lunch on day nei week.
HB of i er ed
( 3) . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . , , . . . . . . - anyr cl unt ee6?
In myopinion its nor wonh (4) ..-.....-............-......-, too mu.h about lhb a6lh6lat66t raarch 6hoE rhat th n3ks seem
(s)...........-............-.....
minimsl. Buton the oth6r hand its no
sod
(5)...--..........--....--....--. thre' 3 no p6blm at alr. I
would suggastsimply (7)....-.................--.....- lo lho E@nr porl trom lh Nalion.lsafBty Board.
An,e6y, hes kindly agreed (a) .--...--....--..,,,.......--.. us lh.rlicle bsfo its publishd, and hes pomised
(9).....-......-......-..........
a bslatrcod vi4. I l@k foMard to (1o).-....-......-.....-......-... your@mments on this matter asap-
A
erb +
-ing
or infinitive
2
Verb +
-ing
or infinitive:
change in meaning
a Some verbs c.. be followed by
-ing
o. ro + infinrtive and rhe nreaning of the vefb changes.
a REMTMBER AND roRcET We use renenber/farget
dotng for memores ofthe
pan(rhe
aclon
happent bfore the remembering). We use renembe./orgr fo do for act ons sorneone s/was
supposed to do
(the
rcmembering happens befor the acron).
ldefinitely remember posting
the lefter. posr
+ rememoe.
Imust rcmemher to post
the letter
.emember - oost
l'll never foryet flying into Taipei airpoft. ftying + forger
SotDl I fo.got to tun o{f the lights.
forgt -
turn otf
a REGRET We use regret dol:ag when we ar sorry abour sornething thar ha ppned
n the
pasr.
I rcgrct saying no to the
job
in Paris.
We ute rcgret ta informlto te// whef we are
9
v ng bad news
t
fegfet lo inlorm
tau
that we ate unable la
a rRy We use try doing when we do sornething and seewhat happens. We use rry ro dowhen
we make an etfort to do somerhing, blt don r necessarity succeed.
l'lltry talking to hin and ndybe he'llchange his nind.
(t,
do it and see whar happen!)
l'll tty to talk to hin' but I know hes @ry busy taday.
(l
may not b succesfut)
tast Scpt.ub.r, Bt ur tri..l to nc$oian a aldt-lnti
J
,tcry,/ of D. \.h.\ Md Dt!,ttkt,! tttdil
opmtiott. Howw, hc uds t s!.alJrr. (Businesweek
Online webritc)
a srop We u9e stop doing when we end an action. We lse
jtop
to do when we oive the reason
We stopped buying fran thar suppller
(now
w don,t buy from them)
lnoppeclto buy sonething fot ny wife.
\t
stopped n o.derro buy someihing)
a MEAN We use mean dolng when one th ing rcsutts in or invo ves another We use mean to do \o
express an lftention.
Glabalisation means being a<tive in every major natker
(=
invotvet
I meant to phone you, but I forgot. (=
tnrended)
ra
60 oN We lse
90
on dorng when we continu do n9 sonrething We use go on io do when we
move on to do something else.
They went on tading even thouqh they were nea y
barkrupr
l=
d d the ,.me thinq)
Altet leaving IBM he went on to staft his own companJ4 (=
did sonreth nS e se)
B Verbs of perception
a Ve|bs of perception lnclude: feel, heat tisten ta, norice see wakh. These ve6s can be fo oweo
by an object +
-ng
or a bare infinitive
(wthou
o) and rhe maninq of th verb chanqes.
a f wesee or hear onl y par t of t he
act i on, or i t cont i nue! , we uset he
- h9f or m.
f weseeof hear
the whole action from beqinning to e.d, we use the bare infinttve withoui ro. Compare:
I saw her giving
her
presentatian
I saw het give
her
presentation
(ltaw
part
ol the presentaion)
(l
saw th whole presenrarion)
I heard the machine naking a nrange naise.
(t
heard the noise and r cont nued)
I head the nachine make a sr.ange ,olse.
(lheard
th noise dnd itnoDoed)
c
20 VERA r
-rlv6
oR INFINITIVE 2 87
Verb +
-ing
or infinitive: little change in meaning
a Some vefts can be followed by
-rr9
or to + nfinitive andthere is litte chanqe in meaning.
These include: begli cora;aue, intend, stat1.
What do
yau intend doing/to do about it?
ln the re.ond qudttet, ahu the nd*et began to go doM, ue befan s. in!, drcppiry oft eqritf
position in thejtnd to otos\d 70% and holdinf the Enaintu in ath.Ihis tof,I ttdt dble to
l"ininize the inpa.t olkc dolzt'ft. (lsiaweek websue)
Tlt nsfihe/ of Cennn
jobles
@ inced to
Jd
in Febntary. (wal
Streer
Jouinal
website)
a We oo not urually hdve tlvo.tng fo'Ts logetrer.
h was na'ting to get da*.
(NOr
*a*lg-g{iig)
Tfu busitrs .onrttrity i dgdir natting to pal ,ery dote d ention to the cartutry\ ebrcni
/ledrd. (Giobal Business Magazine vebsire)
a The vlbs /ike /or,
prefet hdte can be followed by eiihr form. Io + infinitive suggests
somethlfg is a good/bad idea. Th'tngform shows your feelings.
I like to do ny tax rctutns eatl)t but I don\ like doing them.
When we use the modal would with these vetbs we must use to + infin t ve.
t'd prcfer to do it nyseff, if you don't nind.
like followed by to + infinitive
(an
mean thatwe do tomething because we think t is a good
idea, even ihough we don t enjoy it.
tlike to w te seveBldrafts befote lwite the finalrepott.
Passive forms:
-ing
or infinitive
O Unit 19 gave llsts ol verbs that are followed by either an
-ing
form or to + ni nitive. Only th
active iorms were
given.
a The
passive
iorm of
'verb
+
-inq'
i5 verb + being +
pan part
ciple.
lf the share
ptice
falls any note we sk being |.Eken ovet by a laryet conpany.
a The
passive form of
'verb
+ to + infinilive' is verb + to be +
pan pad
c p e.
I think t desefle to be given a pay nse.
"Actuallt the boss is away on vacation
-
but he likes
to rcmind evervone hers still in charee."
D
aa 20 VERE +
-rrVG
OR lNFlt{lTlVE 2
20 Practice
Exercise I
5
Underline the corrcct wods.
1 t'n sotry | lotgot
teplu
cal/r?g you,
but I was ea y busy_
2 I stopped in Pads for a few days to neet / neetng Henti.
3 We've stopped to mt/meeting so often. tt was a waste of time.
4 Lea.ning a language means to belbeing intercsted in the cutture as w .
5 | neantto nakelmaking some more photocopies,
but tdidn.t hdve time
6 Please remembef to speaklspeakrig to Josie when you see he.
7 | don't rcmember to saylsryr?g anything tike that.
a I ried to openlopening rhe window, bvt it was too high to reach.
9 l tied to open lopening rhe window, but it was still too hot in the rcom.
10 I ne\et lotget to
giwtgiving
my fi6t presentation
to the Board.
l1 Donl foEet fo /ook atl/ooklng at the audience when you
speak.
12 We regret to an ouncelanrourcing the death of ourfounder. Mr Obuchi.
13 rcEe\ to
quit/quifting
my t1/8A
(ourse.
14 The new prcduct
i5 doing rcallywell. tthink we shoutd
90
on to
je///se//tng
it for anothef six montns at
last.
15 FiEtl'l saya littleaboutthe historyof the cornpany, then I'[ goon
to descrlbe /descibing ou ne\,
range of producls.
Exercise 2
!
Match the situations a)-d) to the sentences t-4 below
a) I heard pad of your
conversation.
b) | saw yolr whole presentation.
c) l sawt he whol e t our
d) I passed
them in the coftidor
1 Sorry to intefiupt, blt I heard you
tatking about -books. n
2 I hea.d you
talk about e-books at the tnternet seminar n
3 | saw Barbara showing the v'sitors round the laclory n
4 | saw Barbara show the visitoG our new prcduction
tine. n
Exerci se 3
!f
Complete the sentences with bFing ot to be.
1 enjoy ....hgi^,... taken out for expensive meats.
2 The Mi ni st er deni ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gi ven
a bri be.
3 The lVinister refused ................. questioned
about the bribe.
4 | expecr ................. asked some tough quenions
after my prcsentation.
5 Do you mind ..........___.... picked
up at the anport by a taxi?
6 How awfull lmagine ......_.......... asked to give a presentation
on a ropi. ike thatl
@,"
20 VERB +
-rrVG
OR INFINITIVE 2 A9
Exercise 4
S
p
Complete the m n
-dialogue
with the correct form ofthe ve.b in brackets. On two occasions both forms are
rHoMAs, Hj, Crla.I've b*" -*"i"s (1) ..1."-..tP94k...
Gpeaking/to
speak) to you aI day.we're
trying (2) .............-...........
(booking/to book) a table at that new Chinese restaunnt tonisht.
Would
)ou
like to come too?
Oh, rhaDk,lA re,Iy like to, but I was intendins (3) ......................... (stating/to staro work
on my monthly sales aport tonight.
rHoM^s, Re,lly? Woul&t
)ou
preftr (4) ......................... (coming/ to come) out with us?
Just
this once?
Of cou^e I wanr (5) .........................
{soins/to so)
out wlth yon ronight, but I leally have to
get this report done. I m sor.y it tneans (6) ......................... (nrissing/to nis) dinner rvith you
gu)s tonight.
rHous, WeI, pcrhaps next time dren.
Yeah. And next time dont lbrget
O)
.........................
Givins/to sive)
tuc at narch notice as
posible beforehaDd so I can keep the evening 6ee.
rroM^s, Oh. the trouble with you, Carla, is that you never srop (8) ......................... (wo.kibg/to work)
You should remembcr (9) ......................... (havins/to have) sone fun sometnnes.
cr ma, Look, Thor nas, you knov l d r cr l y l ove ( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( j oi ni ng/ t o. j oi n) you, but l J$t
rHoM^s, Ivell, ifyou
so
on
(11)......................... (working/to work)like y do 2t the momcnt, you'll
srart (12) .........................
(gertins/to gc, rc.Iy stressed, rnd then you'll regret
( 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( nr nsi ng out / t o mns ou0 on your soci al l i f e. I t happened t o i Gi end of
mine
-
in the end he wenr on (1a) .........................
(having/to h!ve) a .ervous bE,,kdown
Oh, come on. Stop
(15) .........................
(being/to
bc) so drrnutic. I don't enjoy
( 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( r ki ng/ r o t xke) wor k home, i t ! j usr t hr t I l i ke ( 17)
(finishins/to finnh) 'ny rcporis on ome.
Exrcise 5
ifr
iWN9,
complete this Letter by
putting the vrbs in bfackets lnto the coiiect form,
-mg
or to + nfinitive.
I am wnring ro complain about the p@r senice rhar I received when I wa! in
your
s|oe ld( week. Rec..dy you decided
(1)
....t9..fe.$.o.Y9..
Gcnove)
lisening i&ilnier i. your soEs, and your sales sr!fr encouaged cuslonds
(2)
.........................
(hke)
hone rheir choice of CDs wiihoui (3) ...............,.,..-....
(hce) rhen nst. You invitd us
(4)
...........-..,,,,.,,,,.
(Etum)
an, CDs thar we
did n6t like. a. lone s ve kepi rhe eeipt s pmf or
pmhe. ln ny opinion rhis wts m excelle policy as n allowed .Dsione6
(5),..,.........,..,........ (risk) (6)......-.................. (buy)
things thar wec a liide ditrerem.
A consquene of your
lolicy
is thi cn$omen will buy n@ CDs. Md this nem (7) .........................
Gerun)
noE that they don r
like. In iact l6t week I broughl b&* eight CDs, nom lhe fouie. I had bought on ihe
previons vbn Your salesne retusd
(8)
................. .......
Gccept)
such a la4e nmbet sd accused ne of(9)..,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,.,..,..
(ure)
the CDs bone
jus
(10) ....................-.... (copy) rhm.I stunsly objecred ro (ll) .........................
(b)
teatd lre this a I had enenbeed
( l2) ..,.......,..............
(lriog)
the Mcip6 wiih ne ed my dio6 PeE wirhin the Ems of your
Eudmlee.
I canl help
(13)
.,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,,.,..,.,
(thi.L) rhai
tou
*ill lose a lot oi bnsi.ess il you $ttr go on (14) ......................... (behave) in this
way, andI advi seyou( 15) . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ( di n) your st 3f r ( 16) . . . .
. . . . .
( deal ) wi t h cn$ones h a noE poxt e mmner
A Repoied speech
a We often rll peopl what other people
have said. This is ca ed rcponed or indircct speech We
very rarcly tryto rcportthe exacr words rhat someone says. usually we give
the
gneral
meaning with a slmmary
'Laak
l've been phoning
all day and he's atwap
jn
a neeting. Can you
te hin that I'tt give
hirr'
a cal sanetine nextvr'eek, p/ease?' (actLra
words)
) Sandta phoned.
She said she'd call yau
next week
ltepon)
'Fran
v'lhat lcan see, the advellising campaign is a grear
srccess.,
(actualwords)
) He said the canpaign wat a succel'.
(report)
a Note the chang of tense in rhe above examptsr r1,// to would and i5 to was.
It |5 not always necessary to change tefses. tf the sratement is n true we can keeo the sarne
He satd the campaign was a grear
iuccejs.
(the
carnpa gn is finished)
He said the canpaign is/was a grear iuccess.
(the
campa gn i5 ni happening)
see secUons 8 and C beow for more detaits.
In wiiing we can .epeat the exacr words using lpeech marks
(,
...
).
'l
have no futther connent to nake at this stage,' said the canpany press
affjcer when he
spake to out rcporter yestetday.
This unit uses 5ald as lhe reporring veA. See untt 22 for other feporting ve.bs.
Tense changes
a When the verb tense changes it
'moves
back, in tim
B
'l'mwotking
for lgM'
'l've
worked fot tBM
'I
had wo*ed fot l?M
Report
(lndirect
lpeech)
She said she wo*ed far tBM.
She saii she was wotklng fot tRM.
She said she had wo*ed for tBM.
She said she had wo*ed fot 18M.
OR She said she wotked fot tBM.
She said she had wo*ed for tBM.
'I've
been wo*ing fot IBM'
She said she had been wo*ing for tBM.
a
a
'l'm
going
to wotk fot lEM. She said she was going
to wotk for tBM.
'1
can/wi /nay work for lEM. She said she coutd./woutd/ni9ht
wo* for tBM.
Khwi, a Vicnta-based teleans .onpaty, sdid oi Ftiday ir uas enteing tha Czth tufthet by
aferins {hupet vone ierui.{ through ttu l\tet,et. (c,echioday
website)
Ed ier h thc oe.k, d ldbot u4io4 ttpott soid that 751 dedths had ousnd
'an
tha
job'
in rta\
durins tl'e
f,tt
six toflllj of thn ycar, aptotu 521
Jot
the sltue p{iad Lst yat. (Intermiion,l
Her,ld Tribune website)
The Shodhq ALh'inht Industry Co. \d d l6t ueek t uoatd issre 1 60 tui ioa shates
.fot
tilti.ar
ok rhe Shot'slzi StMk E .hdnge. (ShanBhei
Daily wED'rc1
There is no change fof musC mi1ht, could, shoutd, would.
Note that ifthe.ctualwods werc in the pasi
simple
(worked),
ihe repo( can change or nay
Note that there is no.hinqe for rhe past pedect (had
worked).
a
21 REPOR|ED SPEEOI 1 91
C No tense change
a We do not need to changetense if the inform.tion is st Ltrue.
'The
sales team are doing very well at the moment.
He says/said the team arc doing very wel
O We do not need to change tense if we repon something which is. ways true
'Therc
is atuvays a
peiod of uncstaintl afu a meryet'
He says/said there is alwats a
Wiod
of uncertainV after a neryet
D People,
places,
times and things
a In rcpofted spch references to
people, places,
tims and thlngs otten change, because the
point
of view chanqes.
ntseevou herc tomonow satd Sue l @,ead
you
rcpad abaut this
ptqe.r het.id
\
---.'--=.
--r= --\
)---\ l\
stre 5ard she? se rre ahere tne next day He satd he d reao my rcpoft about fie
prclecl
a The examples in ihe
previotis paragraph show some of these typical changes:
) n v
) thete, at the office
) the4 at tha ime
) that day, on Monday
) the day befote, the
prcviaus day
) the next day, the following day, on Monday
this aftenoon ) that aftemoon
) the week belore the
ptevious week
) the week aftet the follawing vr'eek
a few days ago a a few days befare, a tew days ea iel
Th ngs: this
prolect ) the
prctect
'Rln.flbd
ubd I t.id I uB goirg ,o be bon6t
tuitbyqJ8 Thattut d bi&frt ti."
92 2I NEPORIED sPEECH 1
21 Practice
Exercise 1
R
Write the actualwords that each peEon
says. Use coritractions whele possibe
I Anna said that she had akeady finished.
(af
nas actudl words) ..J.:v.e,..alr:ea.dy..fi rsi.:lred
2 She said he would be back after lunch.
3 He said she was goirg
to contact rhe printe6.
4 Paul said that he wanted to make a phone
call.
(His
actual wods)
'
5 she said she was meeting the bank managerat eleven.
6 Pieffe sad he had found
(Pieffes
actual words)
'
.
olt about the
prcblem
a long time ago.
7 David sald he had to be back in the offi(e by three rhirty.
(Davldl
actual words)
'
8 Jan said she would let me know
Exercige 2
g
Look at the actual words spoken.
llhdedlle
the correct words in the reportd version.
1
(HelenS
wods)
'l
won't do it until tomorrow.'
Helen sald //Iie wouldn't do it until the previoustfollo$/ino
day.
2
(PeterS
words)
'lt3
very busy in herc. t'll call you tater.'
Peter said it was very busy herelrhele, and he'd c.tlme/him tater
3
(The
sales managet wordt'We received your order lan week.,
He said they dlwe'd rc<ei\ed ourlthei order the week afferlbefore.
4
(l\,4e
Bowen3 words) t'm sorry about the detay, flt deal with th s now,
She said 5he// was sorry about the delay, and shed deat wirh it rbht then / latel
Exercise 3
E ;
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Use contractions whe.e polsibte.
1
'l
won't p(,t it in the s?les because it3 sellinq very weii, she said.
she said .thE..ralald^:.1..ei,ri...it..i^..ille..r.^le{..bes4,{r.E...it
.w4:..r.Ellili4...,ve!-.y..r.e[,.........
2
'l've
read the rcpod and I don t undeEtand section 4,, he said.
3
'When
I finish my presentation, l'm going to have a drink,, he said.
He sai d t hat when . --. . -. . . . . . .
4
'l'm
pparing the figures but I won't be long,' she said.
5
'l
like playing
tennit but I don't do it very often,' she said.
5he $i d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
'l'm
going
to visit our Polish subsidiary but t m not sure when., she said
She said
2I REPORTED SPEECH 1 9'
Exercise 4 B C
Read the words spoken in a confercnce
prsentatron
about the rcle of lhe Chief Executile Ofiicer.
Jatkwebh,
one oJ the nostJa'hous CEos oJa tine, was head oJ ceneral Ele nfot twenE
fea$.
But he was an exreltion. InJad, iooahnds o.f all najor eonpanies uorldwide have
rc!|arcd theb CEO ow the latt
frv
years. What's lhe rcaton? The rcaton k that et?ectations
of Cno pufornawe areJar too high. Boads ofconpafties laok at the, CEo as a kind oJ
*pethao *ho ran nlve all ke conpany\ probkms.This prceess stdted ifl the 1980s, ard the
prolotve uAs Lse la.oca, "the nan who saved Chrysler Corp".Then in the 1990s, w had
CEOs
fron
the tednology sertor, like MictosoJt\ Bi Cates, or Cisto\
John
Chanbers, uho
nanaged to produce cottantly lising share pftes. But the lituation is uery dffercnt now dnA
ecoflonit growth is slopihg down.'
Now look dt ways to report the words to a co eague By each rentence wrte P/Ic
(if
the sentence 5
Pos5 be because oi lenre Change rules). P/sT
(if
the senlen. s Possbe because it is 5t ]ru)or
(ii the
sentence s Incorrect).
The speaker sa d that
I lack Wech was cEo of ceneral Eectic lor twentyyears .P ITC..
2 Jack Wech had been CEO ol GeneralEeclric for twenty
years ..
3 Boards ol companies ook ai lhen CEOs as superheroes
4 Boards ol companiee ooked at the r CEOs as superheroes
5 Boards of companier had ooked at the r CEO5 as superheroes
6 Lee laccoca narted il a in the 1980s.
/ Lee laccoc. l'do ndrleo rl a In IhF 1980-
8
FF
l.((o.a l^.d bee. srdrled . in IhF 1980'
9 The st uat on l s di t f er ent now . . . . . .
10 The s tlation was ditferent .ow
Exerci se 5 B D
On Frday morninq
you had. meeting with someone lrcm yoLrr advens nq agency at hB ofices The wods
he spoke.re on rhe left The next week you tel a collague aboul ih d scussion Undenlne the corrct
The advedisino oersonl words:
'Did
you get my email lrent yesterday about lhis
campaiqn we ve been working on? L hope so l'm
sorry io ask you to come here .t such short nolrce,
but i t ' s
qui t e
l r geni . The st l al on i s t hi s: we use an
outsde pr nr n9 company, and a few days aqo the
workers there went on strlke. I m having a meeiing
wth a union representative th s afternoon, but
rhouqht shou d talk to
you tirsl.
What vou say to vour colleag!e:
'He
raid he
(1)
hopeslboped l'd got
(2)
hlsltry -ama
that
(3)
he'd rendlhe'd Jen t
14)
yesterday /the day
berroreaboui(5) fhelthls.dvertsing campaign
\6)
they've/we've beer wotk ng on. And he
apologised for asking
(7)melyou
to go
(8)
herelrhere ai such short notice
-
he sard t
(9)
/J/r17as urgent. Well, apparently a lew days
(10)
aqolbefore the pr nlers they use
(11)
have
sonelhad
gane or \rnke, and he
(12)
lslwas
meet ng thern
(13)
ahli/rhai afternoon. He sa d lre
thoLrght he sho! d t.lk io
(14)
melyou abolt it i rs'
'
A Say or tell
a We saysomething and we te//somebody.
Sinon said he was .onfident abaut the su(ess of the Beta prcject.
Sinan told me the projen was going
well.
l, We never us to between te// dnd the object
He told me what happened in the neeting.
(NOT
rtd-r6-rae)
We c. n u5e ao alter 5ay, especially when the actud words are not epoi(ed.
What dtd he tay to you?
lthink the boss wanted to say something to Susan
other reporting verbs
. There a mdnyverbs to repon what people
say. Each verb h.5 one or more possibe patterns
B
Common repod ng verbs include:
Verb +'lng form
(unit
19)
Verb + to infinitiv
(unit
l9)
Verb + object + rc infinitve
(Lrn
t 19)
ddnit, deny, mentian, prapose, suggest
aqtee, ask, denand, de.ide, offet,
prcmlse,
rcfuse,
actuise, ask, canvin.e, encou?ge, invite, ordea
Petsuade,
rcnind, tell, warn
adnn, agree, annauncel ahswer' claim' complain'
canflrn, deny, explain, nention, pronise, prcpase,
ddvise, assurc, convince, infarn, natify, petsuade,
Prcnise,
rcassure, rcnind, tell
Verb + object + rharcause
They denied doing anything wong
I suggested changing au expotT agency
She
prcmised
to call me tomoffow
fhey rclused to lowet then
price.
He advised us to wait untll ne\1 yeal
They inviEd me to come far lunch.
They agreed
(that)
they'd wait.
She prcmised (that)
she'd call ne tonanow.
1 rcninded then
(that)
they had to pay a 25a/o deposit.
I told him
(that)
I couldn't nake the meeting next week.
O We use the same tense change r! es as in unit 21.
Cre.k t.l.ott
fidltt
O'l'E rbi the yiratbatio, toitta vith RohTabtun. OTE pomised thal
70
!(
tut of np ftlepho,t sy\te uotld be dUitdL ii tll..
)dd^.
(Buch,rsi tslsinesweek
a We can .ko rcport what people
rhink or know. Verbs inctuder krow nodce, think, reatise, ek
5o y, I didn't rcalise
you were busy. I thought you
had finished.
22 REPORIED SPEECH 2 95
C tt +
passive
of a reporting verb
a We use /t + passive of a reporting verb + ihat to repot what peopl
n
qeneral fee or believe.
This s a formal use, fo. exampl ln a newspaper story a scintific rcport or a witten summary
of a meetinq
It w{t affiowced at the atferc ce that Aryentifld w6 lasinr Pesos
$,0A0
flillian per onian an
gtuin plies .ottpdfttr with the ovetuge ik the L^t tet yus.It uas pistetl out that ihkrkational
ptk6 hotl &t inptulc.l in two yeoR, but this eability hatl allouad dn inctedte in prcdnetiah.
flarinTnde website)
Verbs that are often used in this way are:
be agteed, be announced, be believed, be dained, be canfirned, be cansideted, be decided,
be estinated, be ererted, be feared, be lela be found, be
pointed
out, be
praposed,
be
rcponed be tumourcd, be said, be thown. be sugge5ted be thauqnt
D Reporting
questions
a The wod order in eported
questions is llke a nomal statement
(this
is the same ru e as for
ind rect
questions
in unit 16). Tense changs follow those glven n unit 21
'Wherc
is it?' ) He asked me where ia war.
(NOr
v/hr-r..+)
I Whe. we pod quenion wod
questions (whe4
evhaa v/hy, where, haw, e\c) we uselhe
q!enlon
wofd.
'When
will the goods ative?' ) They asked ne when the goods would aftive
'Why
have you sales
gone
dowh?' ) I was ask-ad why out sales had gone down.
'A
year d{0, I wd! atkcd hoa thit tro efsl nceer bctuen Daihtler and Chryslet uo"ld uotk,
ord I toid I wds &'nitiirfof the nturyeltonal prcblehBThey aete boufld ta haryen, as aw
cxpcnenccs uiith Seat had sltotln.'- CEO oIvolb|aSen (Der Spiegel website)
a When we repon yeslno qres\ions
lDo
you, Did you, Are yau, elc) we ute if ot whether
'Do
you speak Ftench?' ) She asked ne if I spoke Ftench
'4rc
yo! going to
W
in cash?' ) He asked me whether I was going
ta
pay in cash.
a Notrce in the examples that reported questions
have no
queston
mark in writing.
E Reporting commands and requests
a Commands .re reDoded wiih rel/ and the infinitive.
'Take
us to the airyoft. > she told the drivet to take us to the airpaft.
'Don
t wotry l ll dealwith it. > She told me not to wotry.
a Reolests are .eooded with ask and the infinitive.
'Wauld
you nind waiting fot a moment?' He asked ne to wait
'Please
don't wait far '],e, I'll .ome along latet' He asked us not to wait.
95 22 REPORTED SPEECH 2
22 Practice
Exercise I
G
Underlin ihe correct words.
1 Sal y rold /
bltLqe
Ihat she had lost the catalogue
2 This is confidential,
please
don't saylte// anythinq about t.
3 This is confidential, please don'i saylte// anyone aboui t.
4 Chris saidlsaid me he mun leave earljr
5 | saldltold them about the meal, and thy iaidlto/d thy would come.
6',You see,', told/saldsteve,'l always toldlsaid you'd get a promorion'
T You see,' told/sald steve,
'l
alwaJ6 io/d/sald yo! you d gei a prornot
on
,
I Look, l told ta / said to her,'why don t you te///say m whar you medn?
Exercise 2
g
Match the actlalwords in sentences l-12 with the rcported natments aFt)
1
'Wel
donel You've done itl
2
'Who
me? No. I never d d it.'
3
'l
m really sorry | didn't do it
-
I
just
forcot.'
4
'lf
lwere you, L'd do it.'
5
'Would
you like to do it?'
6
'Don't
forget to do it!'
7
'Oh,
| lee that you've
done it.'
8
'Oh,
by lhe way, l've done it.'
9
'Ohl
I thought you hadnl done itl'
10
'l
realy wouldnl do it. lt could be a disaster'
11
'l'll
do it, you can count on me.'
' 12' No,
I wont do i t . l t ' sout of t he
quest on. '
a) He advsed me to do it.
b) He apolog sed fof not doing it.
c) He congratu ated rne on doing it.
d) He invitd m to do it.
e) He denied doing t.
f) Ne nentioned that he'd done it.
g)
He didn't realise
'd
dore it.
h) He promired
lhal h'd do lt.
i) He noticed lhat l'd done lt.
j)
He fLrsed to do it.
k) He ren nded rne lo do t.
l) Ne warned m-. not to do t.
tr
n
l
tr
n
n
n
n
l
tr
n
n
Exercise 3
El Fffll
Rewrite each snrnce in reported speech.
1
'A
you on holiday for the whole ol A!g!n?' she asked me.
sh asked me .if-lrlhelhcr...!...r..,4{..e ..h.olid6} fer:..lhe..r.}ele..ef..Ara4r:i,
2
'Whai
do the letteG
'URf
mean?' I asked him.
I arked him
3
'H.ve
yo! preparcd
theJigures? my boss asked m.
My bot t dst ed ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
'When
is your
b dhday?' I asked Frances.a.
l . sked F a^cescd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
'Did
you femernber to back up the file?' she asked him.
S' e asr ed hr r r . . . . . . . . .
6'Why have you
turned off the airconditioning?' Elln asked rne.
tller asled ne
7
'Do
you
speak lialian?' thy asked me .t the interviw
They asked me at the inreruiew
8
'How
much did you pay foryour car? lasked Pabto.
22 REPORTED SPEECH 2 97
Exercise 4 c
t430
Re.d theedractfrom a meenng,.haired byClaudia. Then underlin the rnonapproprate report ng verbs n
the written summary below
cLADh: Oh, hi. Take a seat ... Unr, I d like to hear your vie$ on the t.lks wele havins Nith BCP
$o!t the possible merger. Do you think we should go .he.d with dre discusions?
Well. Do a.tu,Iy I donl lhiDk \re should. Our comparry cultues are totrlly ditrerent. and I
can't see nrany opponmiries ro cut costs in a combined openrion. I'm sorry but I m 3gainst it.
But, Nigel, can't you see th,r wer roo smalt to stand rlone in the global economy.Theret
going to be ratron lisation in our narket and nN ls the right tinle to act.
cl.{uDr^, Un, right. How iong do you think it rvould trkc to integr:te the nvo conrpanics?
Ptubably about sL\ months, naybe oorc.
ThaCs six nonths ofcotrrplete chaos and frlling nrvestor confidcnce.lti
just
too *ky.
.LAUDTA Well,I dont thini rvc have enough irfonrnrion .t thc momcnt. Pclhaps we colnd $et !p !
task force b look into the vhole isuc h more detait?
HDur.
oauon Tony
-
$ould you bc willing to chair rt?
OK, I I ch.ir r rask forcc, but I II need reprcsenBuves fron rhe other depftnents as rvcll.
o-^u, ^, Thar sholldnt be a problent.When do you thn* you'll be .tJle to
set
fie report .lotre?
Un,iD rbout six weeks.
Six rvcekslTh.Cs ridiculous.
OK. {'e'll rry to get aI rhc ufo..ution togcdrcr in fou. $ccks.
(]a!ir^,
llighr, thiCs sellled.livc'll mect:r$in x month frcm todin srmc tnnc s.rurc p].cc.
1 t was estimatedlannounced that il would take aboui six months to ntegrate the two cornpanies in tlre
event oi a mercer
2 twas rumouedlsuggested that we could set up a task force to
produce
a report on the imp cations of
the merger
3 l\ was prcpasedlclained lhat the task fo(e would be chaned by Tony, wth represntatves irom other
departments.
4l t wasshawnl agt eedI hal t het askf or ceshoul dpr oducei t sr por t i nf our weeks.
5 lt was clainedlde<ided lh.tthe nexi meeiing would be on luly 28th at 9am n the rna n conference
Ex er c i s e5AF, D
Niqel(lrom Exercse 4)is ta krng to a colleague about lhe sam rneet ng ater n the wek. Undedine the
corect words in his report.
'Claudia
asked us
{l )
tbat rar'e g'vetagre our opinions about the merger ialks. |
(2)
told tlemltold
ro then that I thought the whole thing was a bad idea, but they rcfused
(3)
to /tsten/rnenln9. Of
course Tony disagreed, as usual- He
(4)
ioldBad thai we wre too small for the global ma*et.
Then claudia asked how lo1g
15)
would itlit would take
to inteqate the two companjes, and Tony
claimed it would
{6)
iakelto rdke six months. Claud;a suggested
(7)
sefttng uplto set up a t.sk
force to look into the whole thinq. ldedded
{8)
not sa]alnglnor fo ray an}th ng. Tony offered
19)
b chairlthat he would .ha,7 the task force. He
prcposed
that the task force
(1
0) reportlnglshould
reporf back in six week, butllll) rcninded them that/rcminded tharwe'd need the rcport much
sooner. Anylvay, we decided {12)
to rDetlmeetng again in a monrh.'
A
hrasal verbs 1
Undergtanding
phrasal verbs
a Verbs are often 1o Lowd by
particls ke back, oft througi up, etc,
(ihe
word
'pa
rt cle' rneans
adverb or
preposition).
somelimes both verb and partce havetheir nomra mean ngs Olher
t mes there is a new meanrng when the verb and
particle are
put
together Cornpare:
It taok 20 ninutes ta
90
through
passpatt cantral.
(norrna
mean n9)
Can we go through your proposalagain?
The term
'phrasalverb
is used forthe second type, wherelheverb + partlc e togetlrer hds.
special meaning. Phrasalverb5 3re common n informal Ens sh.
a Sometimes a
phrasal verb has lhe same meaninq as a one_word verb
find out
=
discover
90
ba.k
=
return
90on=connnue
The phrasa verb i, usually more informal than the one word verb
a Ol t en one
phr asal ver b can have sever al di f f r ent medn ngsand t he cor r ect one sonycear
from the situat on
1 Danlwarry rn dealing with it naw
(=
taking the ncess.ry actlon)
2 We deal nainly with Taiwanese campanies.
(=
do business with)
3 The rcpart deals with au. future strategry
(=
rs abouo
Separable
phrasal verbs
O With some
phrasaj verbs we can separate the two
paris and
put
ihe oblecl belore or after the
could you fill this fon in, please? OR Could you ti in this fom, please?
Illwint the sprcadsheet
out now oR l' pint out the spteadsheet now
i\,lrtio Mrrti, tlx Ell\ a\rycrti{t, atrtr6Jnrt(a rayr ,c ltilL o! ELI ntl!: ta k.cP d\rrrxt
l,fle\
dopn
.fallowin.t
ttu
'nxrchrk'
errs
Fid.l:at
3C l;.trttt nr trl,?. (hrterltiorxl Herild
Tribune Ncbsrre)
a When the object s a
prcnoun
(me
you, lr, etc) il mun come belore lhe
parucle
Could
you fi itin,
Please?
\NOI
t*a+)
I ll
Nint
it out now
(NOT p|+fsf'1)
a When the objec( is a ong ph rase it must come afler lhe partic e
Cauld
yao fill in the lorm that3 over therc on the desk, please?
t ll p nt out the sqeadsheet with lan month's tales fiqurcs now
a He, e 5" h r o' . o I non $par abl e phr d. al vr bs
Have
you ha.ked the data upz
(=
mad a copy on your computen
Wl
you back ne up in the rneetlng?
(=
s!ppo'1,
provde evdencefor)
They had to.ut thelr advenising budget back
(=
spend lers on)
Our lav/yeR v/ill draw a new contra.t up.
(=
ihink about and then wr te)
Can
you drcp ne off at the rtationT
(=
take me n yolr c.r and eave m)
Cauld yau li this forn in, pleaJel
(=
complete by writinq informatlon)
I n trying to
give smakinq up.
(=
stop do ng lt,
quit)
The centralBank istryinq to keep inflation down.
(=
controlit to slop t increasing)
They had to lay 1ao workeB olf lan nanth.
(=
dismiss, make redlndant)
tlooked then nunber up in vel/o'" Paerer.
(=
searched for t in a reference list)
can
tou
pick ne up at the Jtaiton2
(=
coliect me in
your
car)
t ll pint the details out for you.
(=
pr nt from a computer onio paper)
I need to ing/call the
prinrers up th;s afterroon.
(=
telephone)
(new
r.eaf ng
=
'ook
at carefu y')
B
23 PHRASAL VEFBS ' 99
we ve set up a subsidiaty in Estonrb.
(=
established)
We're tryjng to sort it out now
{=
olganise
jt,
put it tighl dea with
jt)
He3 n/essdbecause
he3 taken on too mu.h
(=
a((epted rsponsibilty for)
H6 son will take ovet the firn when he retues
(=
take contrcl)
Ihe new cEo will be taking ovet in lanuary
(=
taking responslbiliry)
can t throw this newspapet away now?
l=
ger tid of ir' dispose of it)
we tuned down then offer lt was toa low
(=
fusd. said
'no'
to)
c Inseparable
phrasal velbs
a With some
phlasal vefts w cannot separat the two
parts The object must come after the
panKre.
E lca,
Qtinones,
Hcdd oI th. Arti-Cartuption LLtit dt the OECD, kld us that the hapd
siflsapot! eill sootr tign its ani-bnbery
Nto.ol
'Covc
tue tt woald prcJet b dedl Pith
@npani\
.fton
.oMh$ thdt ale tigkatoris to thc cante rion,' sh. soid (Busine$ Tnnes
Sinsapore websitc)
t Here is a list of common insepable
ph|asal verbs:
I have ta call on a client th,s afternoon
(=
visit)
Have
you come acrcss a conpany called IMN?
(=
discovered by chance)
Can you deal with this inwice
p/ease7 (=
take th necess.ry action)
we've been dealing with Fedco fot a long tine
(=
doins businss wilh)
The repon deals with +commerce in 5E /45ia
(=
is abolt)
t <ouldn t do without ny
peEonal assrsia't
(=
tunctlon/manase witholt)
Can
tou
look alter the office while l'n out?
(=
take care ofl
l've tooked thtough my files and l can t find it
(=
examined carefLr
y)
t'n sotry to teke up so nuch of
your tine
(=
use an amolnt ot time of space)
see ako lnit 25 a Many insepaGble
phtasal veds are intransitiv. They do not have objects
fhe
phatocopiet has brcken dow, again
(=
stopped work ng)
Yau nust chetk in one hout befare depatturc'
(=
register' rcport your arrival)
can !just come in fot a manent
please?
(=
interupt the discussion)
The negotiations HI thtough at ihe /ast monent.
(=
failed)
t think we can
9a
by with a srnallet budget.
(=
manage to do thing,
Will
tou iust
holdlhang on for a noment?
\=
watr)
He had to step down after the.offuptian inquiy
(=
leave the
iob,
reslgn)
She night tum up at any nolnent
(=
arive unexpected
y)
1OO 2' PHRASAI VERBS I
23 Practice
Exercise t
B
g
Choose the best verb each time from A. B, c or D below
I Banca di Romd .e. up an online banking seMce with Telecom ttalia.
A created B
put
C set D took
2l t snot j ust myownpersonal opi ni on. Herearesomef i gurest hat . . . . . . upeveryt hngI ' vebeensayi ng.
A put
B back C support D tum
3 This is a grcai
opportunit. We canljust...... it allaway.
A remove B get
C
put
D throw
4 | might need some help. l've never ....... across a situarion like this befor.
A come B been C found D discovered
5 Their long-term strategy is in c.isis. The merger has ...... rhrough.
A gone
B fallen C collapsed D passed
6 lt3 great
having you in the team. l don't know how we...... by wtthour youl
A su.v ved B came C went D got
Exerci se 2
nIXE
Complete each sentence with a
phrasalverb
that means the same as the words n brackets. The particle
has
been gven
to help you.
I Did you........fi^d........
out... why they haven't paid
theif invoice?
(d
scover)
2 Can
you
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. on . . . a mi nut e unt i l l f i nd t he i nf ormat i on?
(wai t )
3 You need to....................-.. in... this customs declaration.
(compete
by writing)
4 Any more quesiions?
OK, l'll ....................... on ... wlth my
presenration. (contin!e)
5 You need determination to succeed. Donl ...........,.,,,,,...., up ... now
(quit)
6I nmyj ob1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi t h. . . al ot of paperwork. (t aket henecessaryaci i on, handt e)
7 l f you l i ke, 1can. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . up. . . t he parcel on
myway home.
(col l ect )
8 Can i ....................... bact ... to what you were saying a few moments ago?
(feturn)
9 Thkj ob i s
9oi n91o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
up. . . mon ot t he morni nq.
(use
an amounr of t i me)
10 lf Mike Pinker arives, could you ............--......... after... him untll | rcturn?
(take
care ofl
Exerci se 3
X!
Underline a// the
possible
word orders from the four alternatives. Somet mes two are possibte,
sometimes
th.ee are possible.
I l'm too busy to dol wirh rh,sldeal this wlthldealythjttdeat it with tigti no\,\.
2 l'm going
to /oot up ihe info,.nEtionllook the infarnation upllook up it/laak it up on the ntemet.
3l nt hecureni economi ccl i mat eweret ryi nqt okeepdawnourcons/ keepourcost sdownl keepdawn
thenlkeep them down as much as possible.
4 | couldn't do without my nobile phoneldo
my nobile phone
without/do without it/do it wjthout.
5 He
proposed
a new produd line to the Boad butthey turned down the idealtuned the idea
dawnltuned down itlturned it down-
6l ' l l cal l youbackt omorowmorni ng. We' rej ust t ryi ngrosot t out t heprobt en/ sot t t heprcbl emout / sot t
h outlsott out it
(ight
nJ.v.
2:} PHRASAI. VERBS 1
' IO1
E x e r < i s e 4 A B C
Compl et e l he mai Lr sn! ' phr asa ver bs f r om t h nbeowt hat meant hesameasr hewor ds n br . cker s
Ihree verbs need io be pllinto an
-nEr
form
back! p br e: k down cal l on check n d. aw up dr cpof f f ndour ger by
keep down ook t hr ol gh
F*+p
pr i nt
ol t r ngup sof t our t ur nup
"-,
il.i-
r",:'.-
-
*",rgr4qr.-
l
""r,"",,
F"r*;
""
=
*,
l
E
-*' *"1
"' "; "
Mr Ya ma n a k a wr b e a n v i n q r r h e a r p o n a r l 0 3 0 t o m
c a n y o u ( 1 ) . . . .
F. l s !
... r
F
.. .
(correct
by cao r.om there a.d
(2)
.. (reave) at his rroter?
Hes sl6yins at the Mariott lwon\ be abe to
(3)
.. .. ..
(a
vel there unl about 1 pm. so perhaps you
coul d st ay wi r h h m a. d make sor e t her e ar e no pr obems ( a)
. . . . . . . . . .
keg
sr er ng) er c
Y: 11: : 1. : : j : : - " " * ea, r er noon. soMi keandKar hw
haver o( 5) . ( manase) wdhout mer n
r m
q
ns b (6)
.
(organi se)
l he i l i nerary ror my l r' p to spai n next month. can you
(7)
.. .
(hi nk
about rhen wi ,ta) a ' st or a our spanrsh cusrohers by
(al
... . . . .. ... .. (exami n ns)
our cl stomer accounl s dal abase? d ke ro know exacty who need i o (9)
..
(vi st)
arso l he fl i ghr
needs l a l r e booked canyou( 10) . .
( el ephone) l hekave6se. cyandcheckf l i sht r i mesandpr ces?
w6 .e try ns to ( 1 1
)
(contror
l o stop l hem mcreasi ng) i r.ver expe.ses al the moment so
i usr
(12)
. (d
scovea
pri ces ror El rol rave er crass
The pri nter keeps (13) (sl oppi ns work ns). and di d. r have a chznce ' o (14)
( p r n r )
t h e s p r e a d s h e e l f 6 r c a . y 6 u d o i r a n d l h e n ( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . ( ma k e
a c o p y ) t h e f i t e
onro a di sk for me to use 6n my 6prop?
Exerci se 5 B C
31 Compet e t hr newspaper ar t ce bychoor ng t he cor r ect adver b f r om t hose n br acket s
T RA V E L ON T HE NE T
Lani Dillen Chiel Executjve of enrerel,
sropped (r)......d.al!^..... (ofi/dffi/oul)
yerlerdly in a dranelic nore for the
on-line lravel aeency, Revenues at e.trarel
a.e currenlly 15% dosn on the sane
period
lasl
lern
and thet\'e had io
cut
(
2
)
. . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . (ori/up/back)
thejr
advertising budgel sererel!, Earlier in rhe
tear
e-t.ayel laid
(3).....................
(olf/up/ou!l
a
quarter
of its sl!llin. bid ro
keep costs
( ;l
)
... , , ... , , .. , , ... , ,..
(off/do$n/out).
but lbese nsures seR no! enolgh to
nake the conpanl
p.ofitable,
Diller had
ben in negotialiors sith thelnternei po.tll
loHo to get exclusive righis to ad!rtise on
ihir sfter bur ihe dell fell
(5),...,,..,...-........
(ott/ttrough/outJ
at rhe l$t ni.ure, It
seens lhat tbis ners frntlli forced investors
to call for Mr Dill.r' s resignatioh, En.a!elk
linrnce ofiicef Marthd Pipr vill nor tale
(6)..................... (through/up/on)
the lask
of t.ying to sorl
(7)
,,.,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,.
(oye./up/out)
their problebs, bu1 lhe
nosi likelJ outcome is lhrt e-travel $ill be
laLen
181.....................
(ove./rp/out) br
anolher cohpr.L perhaps onlinc .iral
HiFly.cod. r
102
hrasal verbs 2
A Phrasal verbs + preposition
a Like oiher vrbs. many phrasal verbs cdn be used either alone w thout an object, or fo owd by
a
preposilion + object.
Any mare cammen6? OK, shallwe move on?
(phrasalverb
used alone)
shall we nove on to the nert item on the agentla?
(ph
rasal verb + preposition + oblect)
a Here ie a ln of common
phrasa
vrb, of this type:
Can we b ng the neeting forwad to Monday?
(=
move ir to an arlie. time)
You g:o on ahead. t ll catch up with yau later.
(=
reach ihe same p
ace as)
we need to cut bzcvdown on our spendinq
l=
rcdKe)
Let's dtop in on David while we'rc in London.
(=
m.ke a short, nformal visit)
I gct on with ny colleagues very wel
(=
have a friendly ai onship with)
Let's get on with the neeting
(=
conlinue after stopping)
I cauldn't get through to directory lnqutr
(=
contaci sorneone by telephone)
It's hard to keep up with developments in lT
(=
know about all the chd nSs n)
AK, l ll move on to ny next s/de.
(=
change io a new subjecl)
Cdn we put the meeting back to friday?
l=
mole il 1o a laler t m, de ay)
can vrp put the neeting otf until frday?
(=
nave i to a aier t rne, de ay)
Can you put ne thrcugh to Sa/et
p/easez (=
conneci sorneone by telephone)
Ithink the
phatacapier has run out of to,rer:
(=
the.e s none left)
B Three.part phrasal verbs
c A few phrasal verbs have three pads
and a the mun be used. The parts arc noi separable.
I look tot\lvard to seeing
rou
next week
Yor hnft ttuttcnd ovil, yotn obtL ptdt 't,d'
fe\.'
dnd you hava spokot ort in a char nont
Nou, t .fl ba(.x.dnir. .1..kior
-
no yo! t'!ar a tie? EttortedB nrc
!i,l!t!
u! thai rit! to
.ft
ir anh dr$ dd( i, nt. hn(i.t i'dn\trt. (Chini Diily website)
t Herc is a Bt ol common
phrasalve.bs
of ihis typel
lt s tine to face up to yout reiporslbrrt/bJ.
(=
not avo d)
lf it3 not su..essful, we can fa ba.k on plan B.
(=
lse f necessary)
Daes the rcuBe lit in with yout haliday plans? (=
be accepted w thout prob emt
l ll get back to yau tanoffow
(=
te ephone you
aqain)
l'll get on to aur supplers ight awaf
(=
coniact)
1'll try to get rcund to rcading yau rcpaft today.
(=
1 nd the time for)
tlook fotwatd to seeing you next !,veel.
(=thnkaheadwthpleasure)
I can t put up with such tude behavlour
(=
tolelate)
'Cole,
? v. d*idd to cut ba.t on
p6ple
n.nd Cole.."
24 PHRASAI. VERES 2 103
C Particle meanings
O Often the rneaning ofthe phrasalverb
is related to the rneaninq of the particle.
Sennl dpplidnt tulnties hdre onicised tE EU
for
sddiflr oxt adusing sig&ls abart its
intentiont Cd iddtes onpkin that they 6nnot arry on ikdejkitely with the casu refow needed
to qudlifi,
fot
nqnbe$hip @ithort sotue
fn
ddtefot entry.Thef t,spd sone EU gorenfle,h rtuhl
to
lut
of erlatgenent
fot J@
that it will bc unpap dt oith the wk6, ol thdt the aew eahdtltt
will 'nonpolie EU spendifs. (Econonist website)
a Studythese examples, and notethata panicl can have sever. meanlngs.
back /7 canyou ba*.
(=
telephone aqain)
t ll pay you
ba.k tononow.
(=
rcpay the money borrowed)
bhind We mustn't fall behind our compet iors.
(=
be slower than)
t n getting
behind with my lvork
(=
not do n9 as r'ruch as l should)
down lnflation has come down by 2%
(=
become ess)
t'n nlinq b cut down on fafty foods.
(=
reduce)
The factory will close down next year (=
stop operat ng)
They tumed down ou offer
(=
raid
'no'
to)
Can ltake down one or twa detalls?
(=
wile on
paper)
I noted down sone questians
to ait
rou,
(=
w te on
paper)
torward She put lotwad an intetest ner ldea
(=
suggested)
fhe n,eellng s been brcught forward.
(=
moved to an earlier time)
into I'd like to go into finan.e a,ter my M8a.
1=
start work ng n.narea)
tE s realy into windsuning.
(be
nto
=
ike a nd be inrerested in)
oll I should be able to
get
otf at about fiye
(=
leave wo*)
Gn
you
drop ne olf?
l=
Iake me in yolr car and leave m)
t'm sotry | think we werc cut oft
(=
lose ih s gnal n a
phone
call)
Iheyll .ut off ny ele<tricitf if I don't pay this bill
(=
stop supply ng)
on t leave my computet on all the time.
(=
operatinq, work ng)
tt bok cold outside l'll put ny coat on.
(=
weat)
l'n going
ta carry on working untT aboui seyer.
(=
coft nu)
Shall we nove on?
(=
.hange to the next topic)
out t'll hand out sone catalogues at the erd
(= give
to everyone)
we sharc out the prcfiE eqralt.
(=
d vlde between
people)
. I I
just
wo* out the pt?e for,,ou.
(=
calculate)
WeTe trling to sott out the prcblen now
(- put
t I ghr)
over Gn we
jun
go ovet the detaik agalr?
(=
check/slmmarile)
t n not surc. I need to think ,t over
(=
th nk about it calefully)
through Can
tou
go thtough yout ptoposal
asatnT
(=
explain)
I've lo*ed through the files, but ,t3 not there.
(=
exam ned)
up They ptt
up the
qice
{ast manrr.
(=
incrcased)
twas btought up in the counfry
(=
looked after from child to adult)
lnustwtiE up that repott.
(=
write using notes made earlied
fhe conpany was set up lasi year
(=
estab ished)
'O4 24 PHRASAL VERES 2
24 Practice
Exercise 1
!t
complete the sentences with one word from listAand one wod from list B.
A: back fur.C down in on out up up
B: on of {e to to to with with
1 l'm sorry | can't make that date- Can we bing the meting .f.r{!,"ffd.. ....i9.... this week?
2 l'm sorry | can t make that date. Can we put
th meeting ............ ............ nen week?
3l ' mst art i ngt oget abi t ove&ei ght -l ' mgoj nqt ohavet ot akemoreexerci seandcl t . -. . . . . . . . .
alcohol and fatty food.
4 We really have to make the dedsion thiswek. wele beginning to run............ ............ t me.
5 First l'lltalk a little aboutthe cufient ma*et satuation, then l'11move........................ outline the BoadS
thinking about futuE strategy.
6l t bnot j ust aquest i onof choosi ngandi dat ewi t ht hei ght expedence. Theyal sohavet of i t . . . . . . . . . . . .
,,.......... the comoanv culture.
7 Everyone in the R & D department does a lol of ading outside work hours. Th ngs are moving so fast
you
really have to keep ............ ............ the field.
8 We might have to withdraw this
product
from the market and face............ ............ the fact that it
hasn't been the success w had hoped for,
Exercise 2
I I
t!4atch the beginnings of sentences 1-5 with theirendangs al.).
E 1 l'll look into it right away and get back
2 l'm so busy dealing with the day-to-day
c ses that I never
get
round
3 switchboad? l'm trying to
getthrough
4 l'm not sure what3 happening. l'llget on
5 Yes, l'rn a lot happier now I
get
on
a) to Philip lenkins on extension
3177 but thercl no answer
b) with my colleagues much beiier.
c) to our localoffice and tryto
get a
clearer picture of lhe situation
d) io you
thls afternoon.
e) to thinking about the future.
n
n
n
n
Exercise 3
I
Study the
possible meanings of the adverb up a!<). Then decide which maning is most cosely related to
the use of up in the und ined
phrasalverbs.
a) in a high/noticeable
position
b) increase, become mofe c) compltely
1 A key
qoal for Allianz is to build up ils asset managemeni business.
2 Many technical issues have come uo in the negotiations.
3 | could
s!rm_!!
the situation by saing that we?e in big trcuble.
4 l'dliketob ng upthe question of financinq the operation in crcatia.
s I need a new Pc. l've nearly used uo allthe spa(e on my hard disk.
6 We need more capital to
speed up
our plant modemisation programme.
E
n
n
n
n
!
24 PHNASAL VERBS 2 105
Exercise 4
| l!
Complete this email sent by a finanoal adviser to his client by choosing the corect
particle from ihe list
back behind d,|,n in of off on on out through to up with with
stocG ln the us have @m
(l
) ....-dcl\tr\,,. a lild si.@ | lasl @lacted
vou.
but in gnlthe e@nomy i5 healthy and
rh Fed will
pur
{2)
..,,....,,,......- int66t rates lf
gFwih i3 too fast I lhhk ihey' ll
prcb.blv put this doclsion (3) . .. --,
lntll the third or tourth
quanr
Th @l dangr i3 with td@mmi whlch hav r.llv fallen (4) -.,, ...,, ..... lh oth6r
s6cto6. Basllly, the lel@nh $cto. h6 run our
)
....,, .... ...... 5tm. at l53t in lh short tsrm We rcohdnd lhat
you
cut
(6)...,,,...,.-......
on
your e:pGue lo lhi3 3etor and *hch to enrsv ard teiling, whlch wli nt h nl6rv
( 7) . . . , , , . . . . . . , - . . . . l hr st or your por t f ol l o, I nBl i t udoEl I n@t oBBl l kl vi of al l beckG) . . . , . . , . . .
1he8
56as r t ha
cuftnt marketrclaliliv edies (9) ....,,......--.... . l! attach<1. do@m6nl wiih sp.clfic suqgBtlons for
volr
porttorio
when
yo! v had . chan to
go (10) .....-......-.,,,. hlel m lroM. rFu 96 wih my @mmndatlotu lllgt on
(11)
.,,,,.....,,...... our b6kE and theyll wo*
(12)....,,,.......--.. ihe comnl$ron lor buvlng and slllng th slocks.
Byth way, ih.nkBfordopphg
(13).,........-....... rh. olher momlng. N@ lllllvou
gol
on (14). ..... -..
vourwork
@,,
Exer ci se 5l I l I
Comolete the telephone callwith
phrasalvedsfrom
the list below that mean the same as the words in
brackets, Some are from unit 23.
call back cut oft
get
back to
get
through breaking up
go ahead
go
over hold on look into
pc++hrecg$ rang up sort out speak up
n-EcEr|roNrsr, Good moming, Medi! Solutiont, how can I hclp you?
can
vou
(l)
..i{|1.. me ..lb.p.$h..
Gonnectl
to christine Moreau,
Plcase?
r' cE! r' oN' sr, Of couEe, hol dt hcl i ne. . . I ' mi orrycal er, I cant (2). . . . . . . .
. . . (nake cont act )
at the momenq thc line's bu!y. Sha[ I ask her to
(3) ....... . .. .. . . . you
...........................
(tcl.phone again)?
Its OK,I'll leave a m.s5.ge
R'cEpnoNsr, OK,
(4) ...........................
(wit) just
a second $,hile I look for a
pen . Right,
(s)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(cont i nue).
My name i Derck Richardion,Fomweston Securiry Ms Moreau (6) . . ........... ...
ne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ( t el ephoned) yest er day. Shewant edmt o( 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iMstigate) the cct of inst ling an alrfm system for your
Premises
I said I d
(8) ...........................
(telephone again) het todatr
I'm sorry Mr Ricbardsn, the tine is very b!d, can you (9) ............... .. .... .
(talk
louder) ple.se? HeIo? He o? I'n sorry, you'te (10) ........................ .. (having prcblemr
with the signal). Hello? . . .
So!ry about thaL I'm on I tnin ming my nobile and we wete (1 1)
(disomected) h a hlmel. Er,ys, as I sas saying,I've ruaged to (12) . .... ...... .
somthing .....-.-..-.........,....,.
(orseiF). Can
'ou
telt her thtt I'I send her a quot.tion
along vith a[ the othq deuils in the post?
Oh, risbt, er, can t
j6r (13) .---.,..,..--...... (check) tbat asein?Your name is Drek
Richddson, Gomvestotr Seruity, ud you re going to seDd some det.ils about u alarm
That3 right. Er thant you fo. your help. Goodb.
106
c
A Transitive and intransitive verbs
t Verbs in English can either be tEnsitive or ntransiriv. This nformation is shown n dictonaries
w th the ltters T or L
B
He taaL otf h6
Fdet
(take
off
o)
=
to remove an tem of clothlng)
llansitive verbs
a Transitive vrbs arc followed by dn obje.i Th oblecr can take a varery of forrns:
noun: Da you
sell stamps?
pronoun: /t3 too expenslv. I can't affard it.
ret ex ve pronoun: 1 enjayed nyself at the .o.ktait part! yesterday
afternoan.
c ause: I de.ided that it was too tisky
a A transitive verb is not comp ete without an object.
Intransitive verbs
a Intrans t ve verbs do not ldke an obiecr
Her flight has aftived. lHet flight amves at Heathrcw /Her ftight aftives befarc nine
(But
NOI f,le+{ight-+ri}er|ath{*.)
Aut sales in Twkey fell./Our salet fell last yeat. /Ou sates fett dranaticatty in the US.
(B!t
NOT esftrapint {e r-sa1e5.1i5+y+)
a lnrransitive verbs includet ache, appeat, adve come, depaft, disappea, exjst, fat,
9a,
happen,
hve, occur, tain, rcnain, ise, sleep, speak, wait, walk, wotk.
D Verbs with both transitive and intransitive torms
a Many verbs can have both a transilive and ntransiiive form
I opened the doot fhe daor opened.
We began the neeting. The neeting began.
Otten you
can eave olt the object il t is obvious because of the s tuar on or beca Lrse you have
akeady menlioned it.
t parked (ny
car) in front of
yout
offi.e.
AK, Ithink tundeRtand
(it)
now
a Verbs with borh forms nclude: accept, arswer: ark, begin, break,
(hange,
choose, ctose, caak,
decrease, drcp, eat, end, explain, finish, farget, grcw, hetp, imprcve, incrcase, knaw, tearn,
leave, neet, nau.e, openl park' phone'
read, rcnenbea see, staft stap, turn, undestand,
watch, win, wiE.
a Many verbs arc transiiive with one mean ng and intransrve wrh.nother
erbsand objects
The plane toak olt at 3
pm. (take
off
(l) =
to leave the g rou nd and start ftying)
t've rcrcvered the files from ke hard disk.
(e-6uet
fi
=
ro ger
back somerh ing thar was lon)
The economy is recovering slowly. (rccover (l) =
to return to norm.l after some troublel
25 VERBS A'{D OEJECIS IO7
E verb + two obiects
o Some verbs can have two objects, an indned object
(d person who rece ve, somthing) and a
direc! objecr
(th
thing someone
givet.
After a lat of negotiation they offercd
(P)
us
IDO)
a betbr deal.
They patd
(a)
the consultants lDo)
a lot of noney
she sends
(lo)
you
(DO)
her ben rcgad'.
Vrbs lke thls include:award, bing, buy, cause cost, email, fine, giw, hand, leave, lend, nake,
offe, owe,
past pay, post, ptonise, read, refuse, sel, send, shaw, take, tea.h, tell, wte
a Notice that in the examples above we do not use io.
NoT thy-+tu{d-.-s5+M
NOT thefpdid+-the{r5ulrg-i.l
t You can often
put the dircct obiecr frlst, and in this case you use to + indirect object. This
happens when we wanl to give special importance to th ndirect object.
Ihey affered
lDo)
a betrer deal ln
to ou conpetitots.
Ihey
paid
\DO
a lot of money
lt])
to the .onsultants who <ame herc last month
5he sends
(DO)
ht best tgatds
(tO)
to you and yow tamily.
Bdrl$ htul
(DO) n@rcy
(IO)
to tlosc bttnE set that erpLdi hau, thc
Jitul:
nilL h. tpaid
(Busittss Atukot Zo". urbsit.)
ThLs strlcture is also common when both objecls are prcnouns.
Ihey ofered
(DO)
it
(lO)
to u5.
a Some verbs must have to + ndict object. They cannot have lhe structure n the first
paragraph
she expiained
(DO)
the sttuation
(lO)
to me
(NOr
explsind-F3+he'5*
'e)
I reconnend
{AO
the fish
(lO)
to
you. (NOT
re.FrFeFdJs+he-ii5h)
He suqgsted
(DO)
arother solution
\O)
to ut.
(NoT
5s99e5ted-s5-aFe*{-5k+eA)
'11t.
!?akc t
.lot
M.tto AC didr't etttia
(tO)to t.potteB (DO)thc pla8 to sell patt
oJ the dcpannte store chain KauJhoJ.
Fn
kfin( Allrcnctu tsl,sitc)
verbs in this
group indude: admit, announce demonstrate descibe, explain, introduce,
mention,
prcpase, prcre, rccannend, repeat, tepott, say, suggest.
F Verb + two obiects using for
a w,lh sone ver b, we Lse
for
io Inlrodu.e the
-d 'ect
obied in'IF.d o' Io.
l've brcught
you a ptetent. I ve brcught a prcsent for
you.
I ve left you the rcpott I've left the rcport for you on
yout desk.
I ll rcseNe us a table. I ll rcsetve a table for six
people.
a Velbs with two objects that us for include: book, bins, build, buy, call, .hange, chatge,
choase, coak, iut, do, fetch, find, fix,
let,
keep, leavc, n'ake, odet,
prcpare, rcseve, save
roa 25 vEhls AtrtD oE Ects
Practice
Exerci se t
!!Q
Tick
(/)
the sentences that arc complete and cross
(,
the ones that arc incomplete
I You need. E
2 My head aches. n
4 lt3 finally happened.
!
s lve ally enjoyed. !
6 tsot.
n
7 What did you get?
n
8 The company is trying to cut. n
9 tam trying to wo*.
n
10 He reminded.
n
Exerci se 2
!l !
Tick
(/)the
sentences that are cofiect and crcss
(X)the
ones thar afe incorrcr.
1 We've redesigned the reception ara to look more modern.
Z
2 l'll wait the re.eption area fo. you,
E
3 l've been studyjng Accentu on my MBA couBe.
n
4 l've been working Accenture for five yea6,
!
5 What willhappen the company ifthe CEO teaves?
n
6 Who willrun the company il the CEO lea!s?
n
7 I've lived London all my tife.
n
8 l've liked London allmy life.
n
9 The airport bus leaves the hotet at eight.
n
10 The airpo( bus arives the hotel at eight.
n
11 They told us iast month that the detivery was
9ojn9
to U" tut". !
1 2 They said us last month that the detivery was going
to be tate. n
13 Last year
we had to fallour advertising budget.
n
14 Last year
we had to cut our advenising budget-
D
Exercise
3
I
Each pair
of sentences has the same vrb. Mark the sentence T if it i5 used transitivly or I if it used
intransitively. UrdrJire the object in the transitive sentences.
'I
a) Can you
see the womrn in the blue sujt over there? E
b) So
youte going
to cancel your
order I se.
A
2 a) | had to run to the
pon
office- n
b) He runs the mafteting department. n
3 a) Our family has man.ged rhis hotel for the generations.
n
b)We managed very wetiwhile our boss was on hotiday. n
4 a) she lost hefjob last month when they restructured the company.
b) Real lvadrid lost by two goals
to one.
5 a) The sales target was set at 8 million this year
but I think we,ll miss.
b) | efjoy workinq abroad, but I miss my family and f ends.
6 a) Our s.les droppd by 1 2% last year
b) ldroppd my laptop on the floor, but tdonl think irs broken.
7 a) Susan, do
you
know Dr Gos.hl trom our Munich oftice? n
b) lt3 going
to be mo.e expensive. I know.
n
8 a) You must inven if you
want your business to grow'
tr
tr
n
n
!
!
n
n
b) Farmers who grew
olives used to get
a tot of subsidies from the EU.
25 VERBS AND OBJECTS 1O9
Exercise 4
F
Under n the corect words.
1 He /ent mel/ent to me the aruc e about Turkey frorn lhe Econo.nist.
2 l'm going to suggest themlsuggest to them that we postpone the meeting.
3 Ihey pronised ne /
pronised to me a f ull rf und if I wasn't satisf ied.
4 | explained thenlexphined to drem that lwasjust following company po cy.
5 This delay is causinEr us problenslcausing problens
to us.
6 | recommend
you rhe ch icken lthe chkken to
you lt's usudlly very good n here.
7 | portd the laulf to dre te.hnicianlta the te<hnician the fault yestetday.
8 In the end lso/d tiemlso/d to them ihe more expensive model.
9 | descibed them the whoie situationlthe whole situation to them ln grcat dtail.
1A She told neltold to ne that
your
trip io seoulwas very ruccessfuL.
ll Jenn fer,.an intrcduce you Joseph LeelintaduG yau to loseph Lee?
12 1 showed the visitotslshowed ro the v,j,iors our new assembly line
Exerci se 5
#
Put the words and phrases nto the correct order to make a sentence.
1 l/to Jacki frorn ihe marketing depadmenvlent^he srticle
I
l-a^t the a.ticle t! J-^ckie {.ox the.y4.flse.it,}4
dep4lt|1.e^t.......
2 l/lackie/ ent/th article about markeling
t . . . . . . . . . .
3 l/an email/them/sent/yesterday
t . .
ema /to thek cugtomer servrces depa(menl/sent/yesterday
t .
5 l/the d splay model thatb been in the window/sold/him
6 /the dsplay model/sold/to a woman who came in this morn ng
t . . . . . . . .
7 l/my report/her/this morn ng/gave
t . .
8 l/my repot/gave/to he. secrclary/this morning
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exerci se 6
m m
Compete the sentences with either to or for
1 They emailed their reply:..to''. us this morning. l've leJt a copy ..f.gf. you on your desk.
2 Could
you give this ......... my secretary and ask her to make sorne coffee ......... our visitors?
3 l ' v
prepared
a report . . . . . . . . . t he Board meet i nq. Here, l ' l l show i t . . . . . . . . . yo! .
4 Plale wite a letter .........our supplirs n Lodz and save a copy ......... our f les.
5l f youl eaveamessage. . . . . . . . . her ont hsnot epad, l ' l l t akei t . . . . . . . . . her whent hemeet i ngnds.
6 l ' l l bri nq some sampl s. . . . . . . . t he of f i ce. . . . . . . -.
you.
7l t ' l l causedamage. . . . . . . . . i hecompanyi f wechooset hewrcngl ocat i on. . . . . . . . . ournewf act ory
8 Mary has
j un
l ef t . Hand t he documeni s. . . . . . . . . rne and l ' l l keep t hem. . . . . . . . . her
l t o
e
-ing
form
This unii cove6 uses of the
-h9
form that are not mentioned in units 1 8 and 1 9 20.
A
-irg
form as a noun
a lhe
-tog
fom can be used as a noun
(in
this case it s also called a gerund).
Ma*eting rcquircs carcful planning.
a lt can ako be Dart of a noun ohrase.
Conbining two financial groups su.cessfully is always a difficuk task.
(Businessweek
Online websiie)
nE Eality tow k thousatuk oI maik,fM |t.ct:tdg6,
kbphoie ulk dfttl Ihtemct arde$ enin! inta
a @npo^y eueryday.Int
ryHting
that inJo'',,/,tion intellige l! so that ih. e$tomet geh what
it ne..lr k a uery .ohplet t6h dddndine a rery eotryld rot,.ior. (Eurobusiness
website)
B
-ing
form as an adjective
O The
-ing
form can be used like an adjective, before a noull.
My wo*ing day star5 at nine and finishes arcund six thitty.
We are a small manufactuing company with about 50 enplayees,
a A smallgroup of adjectives can hav either an
-,n9
form or an
-ed
for r.
Adjectives ending
-ing
desc be something we are reacting to
(outside
ut.
s al'o unir36 Adjectives ending d describe our feelings
(inside
us).
The neeting was very intercning. I was inbrcsled in
tout
connents about Cisco,
^ry wo* is quite
ting at the nonent. Last night I was really tlrcd.
Other examples are: boredlbo ng, excitedlexciting, surpised/suprising.
C
-ing
form after
prepositionr
O We use the
-ingr
form after prepositions.
wal-Maft becane successful by se ing high wlunes at low
pices.
We nevet laun h a new product without doing exAnsive natket research.
lnnead ot buying telecon shares, l suqqen you
look at the biotechnology sedot
AtEr washing'the fruit, we soft it aKoding ta ize and
put
it into boxes.
Beforc s'rting work at UBS, I wo*ed at CredisuisseFiatBostan.
see unit 46 a There arc many verb + preposition combinations.
We need to inven heaily in nanufaduing.
see unit a7 O There are many adjective + pposition
combinations.
I d be very in'rcs'd in heaing yaur
suggestions.
seeunit43
O There are many noun + preposition
combinaiions.
t need sone advi.e on doing business in the Balkans.
a
26 THE '/I'G FORM lII
Be careful with the word to. For verbs folowd by ro + infinitive see unlt 19:
we'w decided to use an our:tule conpany.
And we use to + infinitive to explain why we do something
(ihs
is called'the infinltve of
We're doing this to rcduce cotts.
Bul we u5e lo |
-rngwhen
to is d
prpo5it:on:
Outdoor
pos16 arc an akernative to using expensive TV advertisements.
Some verbs have to used as a
prcposition.
Examples inclfte: look fotuvad ta, objectta, be used
to, get used b,
ptefet... to ..., respond to.
l'n looking forwad to teeiDg
you rext lveek.
(NoI
tesee)
He seems to rcspond well to wo*ing undet pressurc.
(NOT
t-,*+k)
t n not used to having su.h a shod lunch brcak.
(NOI
r+have)
D
-ing
form uied to begin a clause
a An
-ing
clause can give more information about 3 noun.
Vcryf."'fadns @ in d positioh ta betleftion the EU ua at. I'ok dt Poland, h.ft th.t! dP ht)o
nillio
fdrs
e"ryloyinf ovd 4 qrcttet oJ the popl4tiot, to ke th. ptobl.n at its uolst
(Busi'ress Cenrnl Eurcpc websne)
UK-bdsed ubtk.rt havc bcctt told tld ntdial tuetings vith ov.6ens ,olLeagus tntttt oo he
co .Iwtad thrctgh lidcoco'ferchci'8. Ohly t4l.s staf ttuwllifl! to .$entiql e stottt tt' neetirys
dlt bc attouad tojy. (Sunday Business 'nigazine)
see ako unit2e This type of'h9 clause is like a defi.ing rel.tive clause.
A bt of the small lntemet campanies opetatlng in Europe arc |kely ta be taken over
(=
which are operating in Europe)
The \r/anan talking to Robett wilkinson is the chief Finance Aflicer at Accot
(=
who is talking)
o An
-ing
clause can
give the reason ior an action in the
pasl.
I went over to hi'l', thinking he was the managea but he said he was a sales assistant.
(=
because I thought he was the managed
Tqe negarve rs formed with not
Not being used to the company culture, I faunll it had to fl in
a An
-ing
cl.use can descibe a background situation for another action.
Walking into wott< thit moming I met Celia Mo used ta work in FErlonnel.
(=
as lwas walking into work)
The negative is formed with noa
I statted the
job
not knowing what to expect.
"AI1 those in favour ofmoving the
decimal
poiDl ooe place to the ngh:"
4e-
26 Practice
Exercise 1
E 6
lvatch the beginnings of sentences l-a with their endings aI+)
I Manufactuing in the UK has been E a) manutacturing secror
2 In the uK, the service sector is now b) is now almost complerely automared.
much morc importantthan the n c) manuracturing.
3 n the uK, services are now much
morc important than n
d) in declin for many years.
e) ned a lot of invenment.
4 olf manufactudng prccett
tr
D
concntrated in ihe Katowice area.
5 We're going
to invest heavit n q) rn manulacruring overthe nextfewyea6.
6 car manufacturing in Poland is n h) a tot oi invenment.
7 Developing and
prcmoting
Polands
manufacturing base will n
8 Developing manufactuing in Poland
wi l l need n
Exercise 2
tf #
For each sentence in exercise 1 above, decide if the wod nanufadwing is a noun at an adje.live.
Noun: . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adj ct i ve: . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 3
S
Compleie the sentenceswith adjectives lomed from the velbs in the ti5t betow in their
-lng
fo.m.
t*e welcome confuse last interest wear cut shop sell met
1 lt's been a very .........ti.. !^.,......... day, I need a drink to hetp me retax.
2 There' ra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poi nt i nl rcnrof t het i cket of i i ce. t t seeyout hereat si x
3 They?e bui l di ng a new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cent re by t he mot orway ext .
4 Ner present at i on
was very. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ahhough perhapsa
t i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f orpeope
who we new io the subject.
s Th s carpet i s very had- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
and so i t wi l l be very l ong- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 The new rcception area should be ........................--...
,
not cold and formal like beforc.
7 This is ..............--.............
-edge
technology, you won't ftnd it anywhere etse n Europe.
8 l t s desi gn i s one of i t s nrongest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . poi nt s.
Exer<ise 4
&
Undenine the cor.ect words.
1 Thanks for c.lling, and | ,ook forward to met;rolmeefyou
at rhe conference.
2 Thafks fof calling, and I hope to meringlmeetyou dt the conference.
3 l'm expecting to taklnqltake the nain to work when I move lnto the new house.
4 I don't object to tathglrale the train, but I prefer
coming to work by car.
5 | can help you with your
sprcadsheet, l'm used to workinglwotk with Excet.
6 When lwas in my twentiest usedro wo*ing/work as a s?t! consuttant.
2 6 THE' / VGFORM' I 1 3
Exercise 5 t]
complte each sentene by choosing a
preposition from List A followed by an
-hgform
from liet B.
A: fter without by of before inslead of
B: layiRg usng being qong lncredslng taking over
1 .. . . .
Af-tef.........
.............1.e+Vi14........ university lworked in lT recruitment for a wh e.
2 | was aware . ................................... very nervous at the start of my psentation.
3 Vodal on gr ew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ocal opent ol s.
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on, l ' dj Lr sl l i ker o ook at t hi s gr aph i n a t t e r nor e det a .
5 f r t ' - ur genl l co, d r al . F i l l 1er e mvse' . . . . . . a, our i e
6 The Fed is hoping lo rcduce inflation ... .. .. . .. interest rates.
Exercise 6 D
cross out two unnecessary words in each tentence.
1 A ot of the I rmr {/Sih-re developing Eluetoolh are based in cambridge.
2 The woman who s replaclng Kay Wa ker used to work at Saachr.
3 The thing rhat s wo.ry n9 me most is the fluctualion n oil
prices.
4 he visilors who are con
_9
lh,s allerrcon c e d.apdne-e Trdde Deleqdto_
Exerci se 7 D
Match the beginnings of sentences 1-6 wilh the most appropiate end ng aFf).
I Speaking to Mlke,
2 So, concluding my
presentaton,
3 nsisting that he be allowed to
pay,
4 Of cou6e didn't say aryth ng,
5 ljlst took it a L for granted,
6 | resigned the next week,
a) he
gave
his credit card to the waiter
b) | ralised that ihe s tuation was hopeless.
c) l'd
just
like to sum up the ma n po nts aga n.
d) not regrett n9 my actions to. one mome.t.
e) not wilhing to offend h m.
t
not apprecialing the wofk thai was nvolved
t-
n
n
Exercise 8 D
Rewrite the underlined
part
ol each sentence u5 ng an
-,n9
cbule. Noie that nsomeexarnpesthereisa
1 |
got
io the anpo.t al ten becaus L exoected the flioht to arive on urne.
|
9or
ro t^e dirporr dl ten. .. exF-eJt'^{
tfg
fl14ht
to arrrve oa tiva
2 | didn'r undeEtand rhe language so Lfolnd it hard to get around on my own.
Ne:-t...q^Ce..a.ttA^di^4..!..fe..1*n4la*4,e............. ,
' tornd t hard to
set
around on my own.
3 I nvesr Fdf 5, 000i ndCl r naf - dbe. aus" I hopedr hl l bei naAc! .
invested f5,000 in a China f!nd,
4
4f.]_!cC5nltar expelcn
l th nk I made ioo many concelsions.
5 assumed she wouldnl mind so I asked her about her annual salary
6 | sa d yes because I didn'i know it would crcate so m.nv
plqblem5.
I sa o ye( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I t h nk I made t oo many
l asked her abol t her annua
114
A Make and do
a There are mdny common exp.essons b.sed on mdke and do There is no general
rule, although
often mdte is lsed foi a
prcduct
or rsult and do for a proces! or activ ty.
You make... an dppointment with sb. / an affangenent with sb. /sb. angry sad, etc. /
an aftenpt to da sth. / sth. bene, /Mrer
(comp.rat
ve adjecrives) / a bld for
sth. I a
(all
tc sb. / sth. clear / a canplai nt agai nst sb. | rcntacts / a de.isi on /
a differcnce ta nh / an exceptian / an effott / inquiies tan extuse / a gaad
inptession on sb. / an investnent /a lass /a ness / a nistake / naney /
a noise /a note af sth / a plan / sth.
possible
/a prafit/a p.omise
/pragress /
sb redundant / sense af sth. / a staft / a suggestion / sure /
yauseff
understaad
Youdo... the accounts / yaur best I business with sb. / the cleaning, shopping, etc /
a course in sth. / danage ta sth. / ecanoni.s at unlvesiry / everl'thing you can
ta hel p / sb. a favou | / a
job
fot sb. / nothing / avetti me / resea rch / saneth i ng
dbout I I a test on sth. / well, badly at sth / without sth. / wak fat sb.
Noler ith.
=
somethrng and Jb.
=
sornebody.
We use make to rnean
'produce'
or
'manufacture'.
P.odlcts are made /, a count.y, made by a
company and made of a material like planic,4eathet
elc.
We use do to mean
'periorm
an action' when w are rpeak ng
genera
ly.
Can ldo antlhing to help you?
What did you do at the weekend?
'Tlt
sto.k nft*d is rhdt it k.yon liuc t,ith that,'sa]t^ Ollild, CEO of Nakia Cotp,'Yorjt^t do
th! I'tst
),ou
tut on d .laily basis, ty to
let
lE tkht balai.( al tha lt and Lr\-tthi a.tiofl!
'l'ltdt\
ttu onlf attitrdc to hdr. to droid losi"r sLlp Mnrcudfiir' (lDdu"ryweek wcbsirc)
B Get
a 6et has the following basic meaninqs:
2 receive/be given
4 move/arrivesomewhefe
7 persuade sb. lo do
(h.
I got this shift fron Harrods.
I got an enail fran Frank yesterday.
It s getting
late. Shall we ttop naw?
t got tnto Sales nany years
aga. I get ta wark at nine.
5 bring nh. b a
place/fef.h
Can I get yau anyrhing fran the dinks nachine?
I'm sorry ldidn't get
that
We tried ta get them to agree, but they rcfused
8 t|avel byl..tch
(iranspod)
| got a taxi fron the airpart.
Tiny.r'nurs dte aIdlolite t
Lnto'ie
cdkat.A,tlsoon w,'11Le
ahle to yt one aJ yaw aot1.And
t! /'{irdl (Forbes-com Nebsite) (qet =
obt.in)
Ned to get @hnatal to the I' anet Nlostue? Yot'l| prcbabb haue ta dedl i,ith Andtoly
Kdrd.ttrp} (Forbes-com website)
(get =
be.ome)
Mx Bezas said A nzat lon d lot oJ n'oicy oh it\ inresr$eflts in hath lirin!,.ofl akd Pett.eon.
'The
ided wB ta
let
i"
$nk!,
and slake yan clain ta a pdticrlar na*et caor.' (WeI
SrreetJo rn.l
Eurcpe webslre)
Get
=
move)
Mdke et/e yon ptu'flfues u'o,1 get yo! itto tbtule. (Quicken.con
websne) (qet =
briig)
Is the bssiness {ot rs'lit), ttatue and eonjde* erotgh n
let
ah.t uefi won! ii the dat .otu
o6h ? I hdue 'fly dasbts. (hnh Tides websile)
(gei =
u nderstand)
27 MAKE D1O. GE HAW 115
C Have
a We use the verb have either like
'possess'
or as an act on
(=
do somethlng)
I had an interening con/ersation
yesterday.
ladtan)
seeunit2 When ha! is used like'possess'it is a state verb and so dos notform continuous tenses.
t have a
goad
job
in the Aty
(NoT
Fm+e+iFg)
t We can use have got in place of havewhen lt means'possess' Th s is very comr.on in Erltsh
English
l've got a
good
job
in the Ct',Y
He\ got an MBA from lnsead.
a Here are some examples of fiave used lik
'possess':
I have a ferrariand a
\ftv
Goll
th ngs /
people
peffonal qualities have a
good sense of hunou, have a lat of eneryy
ideas have an idea, have anlno alternative, have a/na doubt
illness / njuris have a cold, hare a heada(he, have a bad back
a Here are some examp es of iave in ts other lse at an action verb:
eat / dink / smoke have a coffee, have a
glass of wine, have a neal, have lunchldinner, have
the steak, have a cigatene
have + noun have a meeting
(=
meel), ha"e a dink
(=
dtink), have a look
(=
laok),
(innead
of verb) h.ve a wash
{=
wash), ha!a break
(=
break), have a resr
(=
rest)
other
phrases have an accident, have an appointnent, haw a chance, have a day off,
have difficulty
lin
+
-ind,
ha\e a
guess, have a holiday, have mrik
(
n
yoLrr
coflee), have time have second thaughts, have trouble
l+
'ing),
have a
word
hare a new carl
jab,
have tuva s,ne6, hrve a baby
(=
to
give birth)
have long haic have glasses
Have fun! Have a
gaod
tine! Have a nice day! Have a ga! Have a tty!
Have a rcst and
you ll feel nuch befte.
Mr lLsodlc taid Ptojln tnr\ haoe troubl nki,s aney be&tt. of i^ ttu* fttord ot uo*iir
oih t
an,rD'e
.Ituon'a5 like AIo/r./ N.rldrtr drd S,, r\,trror1,Jr.r$.
(Fjnlncial Post website)
Mr Hamat
1oa
nadr ma bugt ad yoa natu ne oy
but
lat
dibt't mab ,nr fiou!.'
116 27 MAKE DO, GE', HAW
27 Practice
Exer<ise 1
&
Complete the sntences with make or do. You may hdve to use a past simple fom.
1 I m sorry the P.esident is busy. You'll have to ......11^.k-e''...... an appoinrment.
2 The insider dealing scandal ...................-... a lot of damage to his rcputation.
3 | th nk France Telecom are going to ....................... a bid for Telecet.
4 Coul d you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . me a f avour? Coul d you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some more cof f e?
5l t hi nkweshoul duseanot heragencyt o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hect eani ng.
6 Don' t worry
j ust
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . your
best . We a| | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mi st akes.
7 OK, shal l we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a st art ?
8 The bui l ders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so much noi s t hat i t was di f f i cul t t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . any work.
9 We. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bu5i nes5i nt heUkrai nef ort heyea15bef orewe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aprcf t .
l 0 We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some t est s l ast week and t t hi nk we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . progress.
l 1 We have t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a deci si on. We can' t j ust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . not hi ng.
12 l hope we can send a t echni dan t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hej ob t hi s al t ernoon.
Exerci se 2
[
Match the uses of get in the following sentences with meanings aFh).
b).eceive/be given
e) b.ing/fetch
g) pe6u.de
h) navel by/catch
1 What time do you usually get to the office?
2 Yo! might be able to get it a little bit chaper it you go
to a targef store.
3
'm
sorry | didnt quite get
the lan
point.
Could you
erptain it again?
4 The factory is very busy. We got
a lalge order from Taiwan tan week.
5 Can I get you a
(offee
while you
are waiting?
6 This new software is so hard to use. I don't think t'lt ever get
used to ii.
7 I flewto Heathrow and then
got
a train to Reading.
8 I couldnl get her to sign the contract. She needs more time to decide.
Exerci se 3
I
Look at the form of the wod iaye in the sentences below
put
a tick
(/)
if the sentenc s possibe.
put.
cross
(r)
if t is noi possible.
1 ltb OK, I don t need any help. l'm
just
having a look.
Z
2 l'm having one brother and one sister
E
3 She's a good
team member
-
she3 having a lor of nergy.
I
4 Why not
join
us later? We'll be having a drink in the b". n
5 OK, J've decided. l'm having the neak.
n
6 You'll easily cognise Anna. SheS having short brown hair and gtases. n
Exercise 4
I
h three examples in exercise 3 the word /raue can be replaced by have got.
Write the seftence numbers
E
n
n
!
n
n
n
!
27 MAKe DO' G4 HAW 117
Exercise 5
fi
Compete the sentences wlth a wod o.
phr.se from the list below
atrnatve appo ntmnt chance conver$tion break day otf dificulty doubt
thfsh go headache ho day ook unch rF{'ng ume word
1 l'm having a ...Yg.e'1ll{. . wrth my bank managerthls afternoon
2 Di d you have a good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? You went t o Gr eece di dn' t
you?
3 Did you hav a
good ....... ...... ? You went to that Greek rcsiaurant didn't
you?
4 lf you hav d . ....................
,
could
you h . at these fiqlrrcs?
5 | didn't have any . ..... ............. to look at the repol1 yesterday. l'll do t today.
6 I m sorry we have 10 stop
yolr rcdit. We have absolr.rte
y no..
7 lts been a long meeting Lel! have a short........... .. . and then meet back here in twenty minutes
8 Good mor ni ng. I have an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi t h C. t her i ne Eoot h dt t en ot l ock.
9 Lel me see. I th nk l ll have .... ............... . lt's normally very
good in here
10 h.ve no . .............. dt all that he3 te n9 the truth. H's a very honen pe6on.
11 l had a l ot ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . under l t and ng t het echnl ca del ai l s i n hs
pr esent at on.
12 l ' vegoi abi t ol d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l t hi nk l ' Ll t ake an at pi r i n l f i t get s wo6e mi qht h. ve t o have t he
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t omof f ow
l 3 l ' d hke t o have a
qui ck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi t hyouaboul t henewpr oduct l aunch.
14 H. ve a . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! l m sLr r e you can do r t !
15 | had a very interening . ...... ............. wilh Tony over lunch yesierday.
Exerci se 6 { I
iC'rr
Co r o er | e o. o9-. w tl a
(o[eo
form of nake, do at ger
Helen, you've beer
(1) ...q-o.11$... a lot ofoveniore recendyl A.c you hopins t
( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pr oDr ot ed?
No, it!jusr rhat I havent been
(3) .................. this
job very long ind I reniiy wlDt !o
( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
sood
nnpr essi on. I n dr e l ast pl ace I wol ked t hey
( s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l ot of
people redrndan!, iocluding ne
Really, rvhy was that?
HtrLEN, well, the conpanyjusr wa\nt
(6) .................. very we]]. Bcically they (7) . . nrto
dimculties by exp"nding too quickly.They (8) .................. a bis investment tu Lxrin ADrenc:'
bui rhe\ hadnt (9) ................. their arket research properly. So dreyjLNt couldnt
( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . enough noney.
So whai di d you ( 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r hen?
We[, it wrs difrcult for, lvhne, ihhough rhe company was very good ro us rnd we
(12) .................. a 10t othelp n app\ing for nerviobs.
Well. Jt l-r(r ,5ri' 'omerhing
EcN, And rhe redhdancl package rvas qulre good and I (13) ..... ..... sone nmney on solne
shas I d sold, so I had enough money to la5t me a few montl$ while I apPlied {5r other
lobs.
So. how long was it before you goi rhis
job?
Well, abour ivo montt$.I put my CV on rhe web, and I (14) . - - - quire a few rcrlies
At the time haviag th lntedet ar hone (15) ................ . a big ditreren.e
Ye.h, it's great. isnt it.I couldnt
(16) .................. without it.I even
(17) . ny
shopping oD the lnrerDet noiv ---
ELEN, Then I (18) ................-. an interview here. and ihey (19) .............. . me aD ofer n\e next day,
Md I accepr ed i r
( hr ghq$r v
1 1 8
efative cfauses 1
A Relative dautes
c Relative clauses are shorr
phrass
beqinning wilh words like !./hc rhardnd L/hich that defne or
d"(,rbe pople dnd t'
'ro.
The'e c'e Mo tyoe
I Defin n9 relat ve clauses: we use these to dentify exact y wh ch
peBon
or thing we mean.
The .andidate who we inteNiewed on Fiday is beftet than this one
The rcLative clause s
part
of the noun phrase The information s fecessary for the sentence to
a Non-def ning reatve clausesrwe use these to add extra informaiion aboui a person or th n9
Cqdl.\, 'uhov
Idther
wcs s Grcek innigftnt vho entercd the United Stdtcs aftet Wond
Wat II, Ehn .d
),.!I.r.1d)'
n' Cr..c ot d brliltes tip. (Interution.l Her dTribunc website)
Ihe nformatiof may be nlerening, but t is not a necessary part of the sentence To show this
I n wr r ng we use commas.
Non-deiining cl.uses are more comrnon in witing. In speech, w often
I
ve the s.me
r . f or l dLon bi
l ! 9r
ui i ng l do
<hod <. nl en( e5
Conpd e
The salesman, who was very helpful, said this madel was ln 5tock.
(wrtn9)
'The
salesman was very helpful. He sad this nodel was in nack.'
Gpeech)
a Look again at lhe
previous example Remernber lhatwearet!n addinq extra inforrnaton about
a sal esman l f l her e smor et hanonesaesmanandwewant t osaywhi chonewear et al ki ng
aboul, then we use a dei ning relative caus.
'The
salesman who I spoke to on the phone yetterday
said this nodelwas in stock, but
naw you tell me that
yau
don t have any. l've cone all the way herc to buy lt'
B Relative
pronouns
a The words who, whlch, that, whan and whose can beg n . re ative cause They are ca ed
rer.nve pronounr.
a For people both who and rhat afe used, but who
The
(andidate
who they chose for the
iab
has a finan.e backgrcund.
a For thlngs or ideas both rvhkh ard that are used, blt that is nrore common, especially n speech.
The produ.ts that you ardercd werc sent taday.
The
faad
tutorldes a,ottut ptublc t. I'1. et to pa itipdt! fi the EU\ si
sle
nd*et it uill ha,e ta
to'1Jo1n ta tlt Coh""o!' Agtittlhndl Paliry, uhi.h nahes
ry
40% of a EU rcplatiots.
(Bushes Centr.al Europe lvebsife)
'Ih.
frht .fot
srtuiual oJ dai\' btsittcs eill be &ai tiy t]1. a]]dii2atians that ada! flo't sdssflllf
ta the n.!, u,orld that is developtrg. (Businesweek websire)
a The reatve pronoLrn lvhose shows that sornething belonqs to sorneone or something.
Ive invited ta the neeting everyone whose wo* is rclevant to this
Noject.
The Eurapean Union is an oryanisation whose poli.ies
change
quil
slowly
He ortus 10A pet e!'t of this a,qany,
phose
sals hir .lose to
$3
niUio,t i,t 1998.
l{\ia.Inc.
r In forma Efg ish I is
possible
to Lrse whom nsiead of who where who is the oblect of the
sentence. But n modem English most spe.ke6 only use who
Ihe .andi.late who/whom we chose fot the
jab
has an MBA in carparate finance.
2A RELATIVE O-AUSEs I ''I9
c Leaving out the relative
pronoun
in a defining relative clause
a We can leave out whq whrch, ihat
(but
not whose) in a defin ng rlative clause ii they are
followed immediately by a noun or pronoun.
The techni(ian
(wlto)
Tony spake to said the ned^/o* was warkinq fine.
The salad
(wlti.h/that)
I had far ny stanet was superb.
This is usual in spoken English.
a We must keep the relative
pronoun if it i! followed immediate y by a verb.
The techmoan who spoke to Tony said the netuw* was warking fine.
The sahd which/that cane with the fish was superb.
D Non-defining relative dauses
a We must keept he r el at i ve pr onoun i n non' def ni ng causes Wecannot l e. vei t out ( t makesno
difierence whethr it it followed by a .oun or a verb)
The tethni.bn, who my.o eagues know well, said the netwak was watking fine.
The terhnician, who spent ovet an haur here said the neniwtk was wo*ing fine.
The salad, vhi.h he'd spent hours prepanng, was superb.
The salad, which had avo.ado in it, was superb
a I hat 6 never usd nanon- def ni ngr el at vecause.
Chile, which is an inpottant na*et fot ut is having some curency
ptoblens
E Relative
pronouns and
prepositions
a Nomally we pul preposilions at the end ol the relative clause.
a) The
pe6an (who)
I
got
thete liguret frcm said they werc accurcte.
b) Unllevet is a .onpany
(that/wllich)
we know quite a lot about.
c) fhe
pe6on (who)
I spoke to was called Pam.
a Blt in
jomal
English it is posslb
e lo
pul prepositions in ftont of whom,
not who or thaf). comparc wilh the
previous
examples:
a) The
person
frcm whom I got
these fiqutes said they werc accurate.
b) unilever is a canpany about whi.h we knaw quite a lot.
c) The pe6on t6-*he I spoke was called Pam.
a We do not
put
another
pfonoun
aiter the
prepoenton.
(NOT
Unibver is a comp.ny that we know qune a lot about i+
)
wh,ch and whose
(but
(forma,
rare)
(forma,
rare)
(nconec0
"Mtst
D,sd, eal
le
t&! tww t" At. @to 6
dnrutkh ngAt
1,6
d6t?'
120 2a REIAT|VE CLAUSES I
28 Practice
Exercise 1 S
Decide whther the words in iralics a defining or non defining relat ve clauses. Write D or ND.
1 lhe man who is in receptbr has been waitinq for ten minutes. E
2 Ihe food, whkh was very r/ae, was served at the bar n
3 The projector, which has d new bulh is over therc. n
4 lheprce.lotwhknhasanewbulbisovetrhete.
!
s Ihe train which leaves at a am doesnl stop at Bath. n
5 The tralf, wnlth /eaves ataam, doesnl stop at Bdth. n
Exercise 2
q
Complete the sentencs with wha, whase ot that.
I lhe customer ...P|!g... company I visired is phoning
this atternoon.
2 The manual ................. they sent explains everylhing
3 l t s di f f cul t t o say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hi s f ax war senl by.
4 The candidates ............... CV5 | looked at this morning werc all very good.
5 | don't remember ................. I spoke 1o when |
(alled
yerterday.
6 Yo!r colleag!e, ......... ....... i met this moming, had a different opinion.
7 Toyota is a manufactufe. ..,...,,,,,,..... .eputation is excellent all over the world.
8 The convact ......... ....... you showed me before war different to this one.
9 l can' t remember. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I i nvi l ed t o t he meet i ng.
l 0 Do you know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cat heri ne works f or?
I I The cons! tarit, .............. seems very young, is speak n9 ro Manin Sommer
12 They promot ed t he manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sal es t eam was most successf ut .
Exercise 3 1g
g
Put . bracket arcund the .elative
prcnoun
it you c.. leave it oui. Put a rick at the end ii yoLr rnln keep the
1 lhe book
(thai)
you lent me aboui e-commerce is really nteresting.
2 The companywhich is our main competitor is Apollo /
3 The name which they chose for the new mode is Prima.
4 The meet ng room, which wasn't very large, became hot and nufiy
5 In the end, the sales campaign was the best that we'd ever had.
6 These are the
people
whose names appear on the database.
7 The people
who atiended the
presentation
found it very useful.
8 The supplier who we visited last week had better quality
than this one.
9 Richard Branson, who nafted with almosi nothing, is a
rypical
entrepreneur.
10 ffelaawek isthe Englishlanguage magazine that lread most often.
Yeeierday, the Federal Reser made the cut in intest
.ar.E
(a)
whlch the sa*ets had beefl erp.ctins' The
led
chai,ta\aa lD who uas back at hit dask yesteldav aftq a
shott ttip to
lapat
nade the a$ouncemdt afiet trading
2A RELATIVE CLAUSCS
'I 'I2'I
Exerci se 4 E.
Rewrite the formal sentence as everyday lnformal senten.s, beg nning ds shown
'l
These are the co eagues with whom I went to the conierence
Thes are the colleagues | . .t'.e^.t-..to- .tLe .ce^f-ere^-cc..xith...
2 This s the brakthrough forwhich we have been watrnq
- hr ,
b
r LF
b' eal l h' ougr ' we
3 That's the hotelaiwhich lstayed.
l hdl r t l e
hol e
l . . . .
4 when I ca the accountants,
Richard is the
pe6on with whorn I usLr.
v
dea
When I call the accountants, Richard it the
pe6on I
5 This is th cata ogu {rorn which we choose the sdmpls
l ' s i -
( he. ar al ogue we . . . .
6 This s the arca for which I am respons bLe
l hi , 5 t e. ' da
E x e r c i s e s B C E
Decde whether each sentence is
possible or rmpossible Wite P or '
1 This s the cuetomer we eceved the complaini from
?l
2 This is the clstorner who we receivd the complaini from
3 Th s is the customer from whom we received the compainl. I l
4 Th s is th customer frcm who we received the .omplarnt L-l
5 This s the
prcduct whrch we re dependrng on
!
6 Thie Ls the prcduct wete dependrng on.
7 This ir the
product on whom we're dependrng.
l-1
8 Th s is the
prodLrct on which wete dependrng.
L
9 t re Lo. s. rt l ann
w| l h w1o we dect are. . eo
at pLccon
10 The consultants wilh whom we deal are called A pfraCom !
l l The consu tant5 who we dealwlh are called ALphacom t ]
12 The consu t ant s we deal wi t h are cal l ed Al phacom t ]
E x e r c i s e 6 A B C D
Read this newspaper aa(icle which incLudes four rlative clauses a-d. Ihen decde whether each statement
below is True or Fa se .bo!t each relaiive clause. Wite T or F at the end
or Watl Sttet had clGed. Th rca.non
(.\
uhi.h ltill
follo@
o" the
qfteh.!
nt*ets i dif6.ult to
Pleali.t,
as
tlne dolld
-
6) @hih has bM trading at Lrounil 0.93
elms
-
has had a lot of bad news ovq the last Jew days.
aSto
1 The relative cause deniifies a
pe6on, event or thrng
z I e r el dl r ve pr o oun r dn be r epl dced wnh' l hdr '
3 You can eave olt the relative
pronoun.
: b c d
N N T I
n n n n
r n n n
lative clauses 2
A Combining sentences
s
Look at rhis example of two 5ho.t separare sentences.
t m taking a flight. lt goes via Frankfutt.
We can cornb ne the sentences !s ng a re aliv cause. Ihere are tlvo ways, but rhe meanrngs
arc the same.
a) l'n taking a fhghtthatgoes via Frcnwurt
OR
b) The fltght
(that)
t'n taking gaes via Frankfutt.
see unn r4 I Note ihat articles oi1n change when sentences are comb ned.
a) h;s, firghC like the orginalshort senrenc, because rhe ftghr is nrenlioned ior rhe i rsr r me
and thefe dre severalof lhem.
b) has t t e f l l ght because t her e sonl yone n t he speaker b mr . d
see ui r 23 * Remember thal we ollen leave out rhe retatve prcnoun
khad n spoken Eng sh n ca5es tike
th s.
I When we combine sentences we do .ot add anolher
pronoun
a) NOT Im taking a flight thal i+ goes
vra Frankfld.
b) NOT The {
9ht
th.t t'rn rakinq
..lr
goes via Franklurt
Use of what
6 We c.n ure the reatve pronoun
wnatlo mean rhe fh,rqfj) ihar.
I didn t undestand what she $/d.
(=
the ihing! that 5he sa d)
What we need is a beftet natketlng st?tegy.
(=
the th nS thar we need s)
Hrri,R a
ttu
hryt .otpratio,r .d,rdl .nr 0,r/.6 .I.r?ft$iai a\ttd 1.tu] tt) 1.$ alrtsh( ,t'^
torod{. d,tl a nat tuted rta*.tphd al idear. Corllohentiar ajias uhat tt! nadid .anryd i.s
do and
,
ir hn, what
)'or
ratl, ldtth, ad hcat. (tsrllliconrenr
website)
use of where, when and why
ll We cdn use the rclative adveds where when and why with their normat meanings to dentify
which ihing we are ralking about.
AM\a^ said ir ds dilndth to nde6td"d the rcasofl
phf
the Earcpeal Centftt Ba k had clt
/arei. (Obse('ei $bs,te)
e We can leave olt raren at why, ot use that
Do yau rcnenbet the day
(when)
t stafted wotking herc?
Do yau rcnenber the day that I narted wo*ing herc?
s We must keep where, excepr when there is a
preposton
at the end of the ctause.In this case
we leave it olt or use rhat
The hatelwherc I stayed was quite cheap.
The hatel
(that)
I stayed in was qLtite
cheap.
B
c
29 RELATIVE CLAUSES 2 i23
Relative clauses with a
participle (-,nt
df
a The reldtive clause can have a continuous verb form
(with
an
-,10q
ending) or a passive verb form
(with
an d ending).
rhe
peode
who aE ,making dE rcal de<isions ate all at Head office.
Itle ptoducs that we atta('irrg tttost lrtetst l,lre the sma Ie4 fightet nodels.
Pa$erye$ vtho arc seatd in rcws H can now boaid the aicraft.
Food wrtitl, is sold h sDema*es needs a relativeLy long shalf-life.
a In these cases we can simplify the sentence by leaving out bolh the relative prcnoun and the
fhe pffiple making lhe rcaI df,itions are al at Head otfice.
The prcducrs attrading most inffi werc he fiEleL lightet nodds.
Paitenge6 ieated m rolrA t-P oan now board the aircraft,
W sdd in supetna*ea needs a relativdy bng shelflife.
Asda, nou ow.n
U
Vr'al-Mart, is keen to i,tnease the space in its stoes d&oted to horcehold
gooaL, electicab and enteltaiwnent pftdntt. (Independent websne)
rDrvt4
ss h.ad ol our rcquiritloB allvbioD'
your
aflr al
botrus b 10 miliotr dollalB,llom whlch wc deduct 2 mlllion
lor rh cofi.e tund.'l
T24
29 RELAM CLAUSEs 2
29 Practice
Exercise 1
X
Combine each pair of sentences by including the wod gjven in brackets.
1 Last year we int.oduced a nw ljne. tts aimed at the youth market.
(that)
The new line . .......1h4t..Yr?..i1!:.cd4c..d-..!4jJ..F.4i.........
is aimed ,t the youth ma*et
2 ld ljke you
to meet a colleague. He could be a usefuJcontact for you.
(who)
l'd like you
to meet a colleague .....................
3 A candidates CV is on your desk. She deserves an interview
(whose)
The cdndl dat e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oese. ves an rmeryrew
4 A visitor is coming next wek. 5he3 frcm our
paris
office.
(who)
The vi si ror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . i s f i om our
pai s
of i <e.
5 Tom took me to a restauEnt. tt was catted'Noodte Heaven,. (that)
The . est a! . ant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . was ca[ d
, Noodt e
Heaven, .
6 | had a man3 psentation.
He war an investmenl
bafker.
(whose)
. . . . . . . . . . . . was an I nvest nert
banker
7 He is a mobile phone.
I was tetting you
about ir.
(rhat)
Here is the mobile phone...
8 Over therc is a site. They?e going
to buitd a new factory
{whe.e)
The s t e . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . i sovert here.
Exe.cise 2
n
lf the sentence is cor.ect put
a tick
(/)
at the end. lf the sentence has a word which should not be there,
w e the incoffect word at the end.
1 The woman who lasked didn't know the way.
....(....
2 The firm whose their srand was at the back had very few visito6. .tlgif
3 Tl^at was the ,orgest meetrng i ve ever been in
4 The irain which it goes
to Brussets teaves from here.
5 Th products
which sell ben they are those wiih nice packaging.
6 Th s model, which it was launched lan year,
is setting very well.
7
Everyo^e that I spor e to advised me to rry agarn
8 The companywhele Iusd to wo it was calted tntertink.
Exerci se 3
mfi m
Underline the corr'ct words. This exercise includes some revision of unit 28.
1 lhe llighl
Whilhtwho
t'n taking teaves frcm Terminat 2.
2 SheS fiom the company wlkhlevhose
products
we diltribute.
3 Eteryane who/whichwas at the meetinq wi eceive a copy of the minutes.
4 Message.Io whomlwho it may concem: ptease
do not leave dirty cofJee cups here.
5 There we|e some interesring ideas at the meting r,5 at/what I went to.
6 ti nor ihe
'.5r
trm. rhatlwhdl
rhev vF done thr(.
7 Thatlwhat I like best ahout my
job
is the contact with
peopte.
8 Has anybody seen the folder w,iarlthar I tefr on this desk?
9 The room wherelthar twork h.s very tittte naturat tight.
I0 The room wherelt arIwork in has very tittte natur.ttiqht.
29 nELATVE O-Atl'Es 2 i::
Exercise 4
:B
t
Complete the sentence! with what which ot vvho, at lck
(/)
lhe space f the sentence is akeady corfect
I Ther's a lot of noise {rom the builde6 ... {....... -o," ng n"t, ooo.
2 Mike doesnt realy know....!..Y(.1 hewants in his career
3 | was ta king to a man ................. goinq to the s.me conference as us
4 | was talking to a man ..... ... ...... is going to the same conference as us.
5 | asked her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she was t h nki ng.
6 Th s i s a new dr ug . . . . . . . . . . . was deveoped at our cambi dge l abor at or i es
7 Th s l s a new dr ug . . . . . . . . . . . . . devel oped at our c. mbr i dqe abor at o es.
8 Th s drug, . ....... was deveopd al our cambrdge aboratoriet, s fantanic
9 Ihis drug, . .... developed al our Cdrnbridqe aboratoies, is fantanic.
l0 .... ......... we need now s bettef brand recoqnition
11 The
'assets
nclude everi4hing ..... .... owned by the company.
12 l d dn' t r eal l y undr st and . . . . . . . . . he was t al ki ng aboul
Exerci se 5 A
Tn
1999 Bernad ArnaLrltb LVMH rought
Ia batte to take over Gucci,
dr whrch
",nc
.u^ b' Dsz^|co De lolc
De Sole recelved news that LVMH,
( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . had
bought
5% of lts shares. Thls was
golng
to be
t he bat t r e
{ 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D Sole
g6thered
together a team oi
peopl ( 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l t
ncluded Ame can ia\4yer Allan TLttle 6nd
Bob si nger ,
( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
There were iwo options: either negotiale
Mi t e kni ght
( 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
arived in the iorm of Francois Pnault,
( 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PPR was
very successlul in Ewope, but Pnaolt
Mnted a clrance to buid a
global
lroup.
Plnault agcd to invesl IJS$3 b on,
( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ln tum Pinauitb
group gained
psentatives on a new $rateg c
commltte, but he agrced to leave control
of the company with De sole and the
,f,35
C omplete the arricle by wr 1 n9 rclative claLrses based on the noles be ow Begin w th e ther who or whlth
The Battle for
GUCCI
w$ Amault and sell Ue busin6ss, or detend
cucci by fiiding a tiendly
'wnt
knight lo
rescue them. They decided to fight. The
models at ltle Glcci menb show in Janoary
1999 had *iite laces and teeth like
Dcul a,
( 61. - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meanwhlle Amault had accu'nulatd
sharcs
{?).......................-...-...........-......
rhe
I LVMN folght a batlle with Gucci Gu..i was rln by Domeni.o De Sole.
2 LVMH had bolqht 5% of cucci's shares. LVMH was the largen lux!ry goods cornpany n the word
3 Th s was goinq to be a baiile li wouLd decde the future of the indlstry
4 De Sole gathered together a team of
people.
He could irust them
5 Bob Singer was in the tearn. Bob Singer was ih chief f nancial officer
6 The modes looked like Dracula. This was meant to be a message for Arnault.
7 Arnault accumul.ted shares. They represented 34% of Gucci's total stock
8 A wh te kn ght arrived. Gucci had been looking lor one.
9 Fran(ois Pinault was the white knight He was the head of a nonJood rcla grolp caled PPR.
10 P nault invened US$3 billion. This was . 42% share n Gucci.
A Countable nouns
I A countable noun has a sinqular and a
pluralform.
We can lse numbers wrh it.
ountable and uncountable nouns
one bank, thtee bank one solution, two solutions
one pe'Jon,
ntuo
people
one child, three childten
ane mete, flve me'/es
B Uncountable nouns
O An uncountable noun only has one form. We cannot use numb6 with t.
Whh OPEC dttikg oil predxction a d demand ttill ortpacir! sspply, it uoutd teen oil prk?t
hd1)e howh.t to go but up
Sahoo
Blsiness Nes wrbsite)
Here arc more examples:
substances, materjals watet; dcq aia oil, colfee, noney, steel, electicitr', food
abstract idea!
activities
hlman qualities/feelings honesty patience,
sadness, hopet respect, couage
a The following nouns are uncountable in English, although they may be countable in othr
languages:
acconmodation, advice, baggage, NEvbu: business, cash, fngrsh
(language),
equiryent, funitue, health, honewo*, infomation, knowledge, luggage, nachinery
noney, pemissbn,
rubbish, scenery, traffig ttavel, weather, wotk
a A few uncountable nouns eod in
-s:
athletics, diabetes, economic' gynnanis,
neasles, news,
politi<s
a lJncountable nouns cannot be counted directly. However, we can count thm us ng phrases lik
a piece of, a bit ol an hen of a cup of, a
glass
of, a boftle of, a kilo of, a baffet of, etc.
a piece/two piees
of advice a bftlnno bits of infomatian an item/two items af netts
a botrle/two bot{es of wa@ a kilo/two kitos of i.e a banet./two banets of oil
singular or
plural?
a Countable nouns can be singular or
plural.
The new nodel is a big inyovenent.
Ihe new models arca big in ovenent.
Unrcuntable nouns are altrays sinqular.
The new equipnent k a big inproveff'ent.
a Some singular nouns can be followed by either a sinqularvelb or a
pt!ratverb.
Ihe conpany islare doing very well at the nommL
It depends whether we tbink ofthe grcup
as a whole
(sinqular
verb), or ts indivduat members
(plural
verb). Examoles are:
arny audience, boad, connittee, rcnpany, data, hmily govemment, graup, nanagement,
nedia,
press, publh
saff, team, union
lile, fun, freedon, prcgtess,
health, tine, trcuble
wotk, tavel, sleep, football, help, nusic, rcsearch
30 COUNTAALE AND UNCOUN'ABI.E NOUNS 127
o Some nouns only have a
plufalform and take a plura verb. Exampes ate:
clothes, @nten1 earnings, expenses, feelingt goolis,
kans,
poli.e renains, scissors,
suffounotngs,
(ausers.
D AIan, some, a lot of, anV many, much, few little
a We use a/an with singular countable nouns only.
This is a goad product.
(NOT
+hi5i5n+Fr5{i9 .)
With uncountdble noun, we use some in
place
of a, or simpythe noun by itself
There is informatiot lsome infomation here that is inportant.
a study th s tabe for words beforc plu.a and uncountable founs.
used with both
plulaland uncountable nouns sanela lot afl lats afl any
Used with p uralnouns only nanylfewtafew
Used with uncountable noun5 only nu.hllittleta liftle
we don't have many noneElwe only have a lew.ustome't at this time of
yeal
Therc isn t mu.h infomation/Ihere s very litde infomation about this budget nen.
a Some i! common in affirmative natemenis, and any is comrnon in ngative statements and
que5tions
l'w seen some things I like, but I don't have atry noney.
Blt we can lse some in a
question il it is an offer or request.
would yau like some/any inftnnation about out investnent tunds?
and we use any n affirmative sentences where we mean
'it
doesnl matter wh ch'.
l'm ftee all day. Call any time you like.
a Many and much arc olten lsed with the words howaid not.
Hou tnatry p.ople vill hdre I tunet dce$ in 'e eo,nig yut!? Hou mrch rcoense uill a siryle
indalD,, Iikc ttdt'cl, ca
Itun
r,. fi/er7
(Brilscontent website)
There's not many
jobs/not
muah wotk in the nanufaduing sectar at the moment
E specific and
general meanings
a Some nouns can be either
(ountable
or unco!ntabl. The countable lorm has a speclflc
meaning, and the uncountable form has a general meaning
Ihe nachine is malxng a stange noise. Noise inside factoies can be a
prablen.
Ihis is a new businest. ausiness k going vrpll atthe nonent.
There aren t many spa<a in the Gr patk. Ihete kn't mu.h spa.e in ny office.
a coiY
(a
cup of coffee)
(offee (the
subttance)
a papef
(a
.ewspaper, conference
Fper)
paper
(the
msterla
)
a g/ass
(for
drinkjnq)
grars
(the
materia
)
I28 30 COUNTAAIE AND UNCOUI{TABrI NOUNS
30 Practice
Exerci se l
l l Il
llllledicc
the correct words.
1 How nuchlllqJaatypages arethere on yourlvebsite?
2 lslAre therc narylmu.h bankswith a head office in Geneva?
3 lslAre thete naryl nuch traffic in ceneva?
4 How much / tlow nany in{omation hav we got
about this company?
5 Where lila/e the
goods
w ordrcd?
6 There isla/e some
people
waiting for you in ception.
7 We bought some new egu,pmentlegu,;Dment' last month.
8 We bought some new machiDelmachiner last month.
I Ihis is an equipnentla pif.e of eguipmert that controls the speed of rotation.
l0 This is a ,nachinela piece
ofmachine thal controls the speed of rctation.
I I He gave
me anlsome advice wh(h u/aslhr'ere really usefu,.
12 l'm afraid we havenl
9
ot nuch I nany ri.ne.
13 The news rslare on at nine. The may be arl5ome information about Davos,
14 We have some/any blue ones in stock, but we don't have somelany red ones.
1 5 You can choose somelany colour you want.
Exercise 2
I I
Complete the sentences with the wotd a, an, sdne nuch or nary,
1 That!.......4...... good
idea.
2 Well, thats ...............
pogress,
Isuppos.
3 We do some business in Poland. but not ..... .,,,,,,,,. .
4 We have a few
customer in Poland, but not . .............. ,
5l ' dl i ket omake. . . . . . . ---. . . . . . . . i nqui yabout t rai ni ngcouBesyouof f erat yourcol l ege.
6 Can l have. . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . i nf o. mat i on about t 6i ns t o Pa sT
7 l'll see you in an hour ldon't ha\, ,,,,,,,,,,,.... more emails to w te.
8 l'll se you in an hour I don't have .,,............ more work to do.
9 Do you have............... trcublewith the unions in your
factory?
10 Do you
have..............- difficulties with the unions in your factory?
1 1 I need to claim ....----.......... expenses for my t
p
last month.
12 We didn't study.........-----.... economics at university,
jun
a little.
Exercise 3
:
Look at the undedined noun in ach snten@. Write 5if it has a specific, countabte meaning, or 6 if t h.s a
gneral, uncountable meaning.
I a) Do you see this material? This is unbreakable gbsE.
q
b) Whai a beautiful wine gla$! Where did
you get it? tr
2 a) In thisjob, experien.e is more important than qualifications.
n
b) This is going
to be an
e&elieDle
l'll remember for a long time. n
3 a) Claire runs a
b!ji!er5
designing company websites.
!
b) lt! not qood
for business when interen rates are too high. tr
4 a) You should meet Mark
-
he3 had a very interesting
!lif. n
b)
lifgis
complicated sometimes.
n
30 COUI|TABTE Al{D UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 129
Exer ci se4! l ! !
How many
possibilities
are there with the
phrases
below. Put a tick
(/)if
the
phrase is possible.
^{?
uo
1 | haven't
qot
many
5 There is some
6 There is a/an
7 The!
9 lts a/an
Exercise 5
I
lvatch each phrase on the leftwith the best
phrase
on the right.
F"
f{
s
:
I
p
2 | haven't got much
3 | haven't got a/an
1 acupof
2 a
glass
of
3 a bottle of
4 a barelof
5 a sheei of
6 a slice of
E
n
tr
n
n
n
a) wjne is acceptable at a business unch, but no more,
b) coffee is a
good wey to staft the day.
d
paper
can sometimes
get
nuck in the
photocop er.
d) whisky costs less at the airyod.
e) wholemealbread
goes wellwith tomato soLrp.
D
oilcan cost Us$15-30 on the @mnodity rnarkets.
Exer ci se6l l l l l
@re
unaealne tne correct wods in this dialogue.
^NGEL{,
J.ck,
have you
sot
(1)
4/ro
momcnt for a chat?
J^cx;
of course,
eo
ahcad. Now: a good time.
^NGEL^, There (2) iJ /z'e (3) d' /rdme impon nt work thtt wc need to do ove! the next few months
It should be (4) atr /Jd6r interestingjob, and I thinl you re the best (5) petrd, / people to do x
]rck
Oh, rcaly?
.\NcEn, Yes.W.n, (6) a'la piece ofempty ldd hd come onto the rErket on ihe other side of town
J^cr . :
Uh, huh. . .
^NGEI.., And, ar yoo knova
qe
basen\ gor
A
nafy /n/., sP&e at our present site.Wel, we think it's
(8) d, /ro,rr ideal dPPortunity ro expand.
J
cK: Yeah.We don'r haE much room here.
mcra, well. rere tbirking rbout building compleiely new offces.Wed like you to do (9) a /sone
resedch on the whole ida, and t]ten wite (10) a /sdne report on whether to go ahead or
not.AE you intelEsrcd?
J^cr
WeI,I h2Ent got (11) rk /nany experience of tltis kind of rhing. I ...
ANGELA, I know' but theE raly isn'i mprc eke h@ who is suitable.
NGtu, ADd we need to tuke (12) a pbg6s lttogBs on this m quickly a posible. we'E takins on
fifteen nev people iD Malch.
Um, ri8ht, but there (13) tr / e(14) naty/dlot of
lt')
infomdtiorlinfomatians to colllect.I -
Nctu We[, with thn new rcspomibili.y we might cor-sido reviewing you salary.
t
ci well, OK, it sound! like (16) drl, inteBting chalenge- I'[ do it.
ronouns
A Indefinite
pronouns
a Wotds like ereryone, anythlng, etc, are called indefinite pronolns.Ihey
rfer ro people, rhings
of pla(es without saying exactly who. what orwhere they arc.
People: soneonelsomebody anyonelanybody everyane/everybady na one/nabody
Ihings: somethiog anything evertthing
anytine
(all
the time)
a The is no difference between the
-ore
forms and the
-bodyforms.
O lrideflnite pronouns
are followed by a singularvelb, but we reler back to them in a sentence
with theylthenltheiL
Someone i5 wailng fot you in rcceptian. I toltl them you wauldn\ be bng
well, I suppose that everyone is ready fot theit coflee brcak now?
B Someone I anyone, el<
O Words with sone- and any- follow the rules given
in lnit 30. In morc deta :
Af FI AMATI VC 5EI { TENC' S
some" is very common in affirmative senten<es:
Therc's someone waiting in rcceptbn.
Any- is also common,
particularly
when we wanr ro showthat there is no timit io ihe possbitiies:
You can fly anyyvhere you want fron here,
Detpne Anazor\ letlsdl to .onh'e|t ot the Best Bsy Epott, the oreany\ execatites hate tdid
thef ft,ndir opet to ponne\hips win' othel letaileE.
'We'll
talk uith anrone,, 'aid WolM
Je
ton,
A dzor\ chiefi"arcial onier, tw eeebr aro.
Wan
SrGer
Journal
website)
Compare wth'some':
We can bring it to your office sometime tomorow
(we
don't know yei, bur we tet you)
We can bring it to
teur
office anytine tonorrow
(theres
no imit yo! decide)
4ny- is common in sentenes wilh lf
lf there is anything you want to know
just
ask.
Ary-
js
very common in
questions:
Does anyone understand the new sofhtuare?
sorre- is common with offe6 and fequests:
Can I give you
a lift somewherc/anwvherc?
Compa dry and some . Any- emphasises that rherc is no imii to the possibitities:
ls there tomething I can do to help?
(a
nomaloffef)
ls there anything I can do to help?
(t'll
do whatever I can)
31 PRONOUNS t31
NEGATi VE SENTENCES
Not... any- is very common and means the same as ro':
Therc isn't anybody here with that nane- =
Ihere is nobody here with that nane.
Not... iome' is rare and has a difireni meaning lo not... any'. Study the examplsi
He isn't someone I feel comlodable talking ta.
(=
He isn't a
pe6on
I fel ...)
That isn't something td thought about beforc.
(=
Ihat snl a thins
'd
thought ...)
c Everyonelno one, el<
a Words with every mean all the
people,
th ngs or
places in a
group.
A big thank
tou'
to everyone. You all did a wondenul
job.
we handle eyerfthing for you, frcm design to delivery.
a fyery one
(with
two wodt has a different meaning.lt means edc/,stngle one and is used to
give emphasis. In
pronunciation, both wods hdve equdl stess.
Every one of our dients is impottant. even the smallest companies.
a Words with /lo- mean no people, thrngs or
places.
Nobody phoned while
you werc aut.
Medmthilc,Allidn. tli.d to brit? D sdna toJlthct uith HI/B, ii ohnh AllinE also hds d lary.
ltdkt. l'1itid4y, th. i.lca oe nouhq. he.dtst HVB l,odtd ke' l,ct! oppased it.
(B$inesl?eek
Online website)
Double negatlves are noi used.
Therc is nothing vr'e can do. oR Thete isn't anything we can do.
( NOT+hi 5n{ - 6t l t n, a+d. )
D Reflexive
pronouns
a The ref exive pronouns ate: nyself, youRelf, hinself, heBelf, itself, ouRelves, youselves,
themse/ves. Note that lhere is a
plural
'you'
lorm
a We use a reflexive
prcnoun
if the object ot the ve.b is th sam as the subject.
tn enjoying the trip. I'n enjoying nyseff.
Jill introduced ne to her boss. ti intrcduced he6elf to ne.
a Some verbs may be.eflexive in your language, but arc usualy not in English. Examples in.lrde:
change
l.lothes),
complain, de.ide dress, feel, hurry, n'eet, relax, rcn'e|r'bet, rcn, sit down,
stand up, wake up, wash, wandea wotry.
Note that actions thal we do to ourselves do not have a ref exive pronoun.
when Igot hane twashed and changed quickly beforc going out again.
a We can r.rse a etFxive
pronoun lor emphasis. in pronunci.tlon, we nress se/for se/ves.
I mysell ha@n't seen the new design, but I believe it s very gaod.
a f the meaning is
'without
help' or
'alone
we .an use by + reflex ve pronou n.
Are
tou
doing all the rcsearch
(by)
you6elves?
(without
help)
I wanted to travel to the caference by nyseff.
lalone)
I Compare the.rie/ves and each othet/ane anather.
Andrew and lessna enailed ea.h othe one another
(Andrew
sent an email to lessica. afd iessjca sent an email to Andrew)
Andrew and lesska emailed thenselves.
(Andrew
sent an emailto himself. and lessica sent an emailto hersef)
Not loig dro eoflpanies uer
Jollrg
ow eaeh othd tryiflg to
'dot
toht' thenselres. AdiaNet
brane Broadast.totn -.. and Sn Mmsystens spent htillions tryi\g to okvince a all that it uds
'the
doti, Aot .od,' uhdteret thot nedrc.Ah,but thase dafs a/e gore. (money.con vebsite)
132 31 PAOI|OUI{s
31 Practice
Exerci se l
l l I
Complete the sentences using the mon appropriate words from ihe lln below
anyone anything anythinq everyone everything no one nothing someone
5,Tthing something
1 rts
just
nor ght. .$..reJ.l!!:"3. is worrying me abourthis.
2 Ihe office is empV Ihere3 ...---..............-.. here except me.
3 l m sof ry | dont t hi nkt here3. . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . I can dot o hel pyou.
4
(the
lelephone line is dead) Hello? ls there ....................... thrc?
5 ....................... seems to bewrcng with the
pdnter
lts not working.
6 ThereS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o see
you.
Shal l I ask t hem t o wai t ?
7 see t hat . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . has a copy of t he agenda, so l et s begi n
8
(beforc
rnoving on to the ne( point in a meetino ls there ..... ................. eise?
9 Good, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i s
goi ng
accodi n9 t o pl an.
10 No, l've decided. ....................... you could say would make me change my rnlnd.
Exercise 2
f I
Underline the corect wods.
1 We can't blame arvonelno one but ourselves for this mess.
2 Ihees anythingl nothing in the
post foryou this morning.
3 Ihe@ lsn' t anything I hothlhg in the
pon
for you this morning.
4 Anyonelsomeohe called for you earliei but I don't know who.
5 sn'ttherc anwvha2lno!#pre to go that3 open at this time of night?
6 Can I atkyou anythinglsonething?
7 Ihete's antone/someone on the
phone
to speak to you.
8 vou car do anythinglsamefhlng
you want, it won't make any ditference.
9 sorry | don't know anlh ing I nothing abool it.
1 0 No onelsomeone knew what to do, so I used my own initiat ve.
Exercise 3
f,
Complete the sentences with a word frcm the list below, in a suitable forrn, and a rflexive pronoun.
d5k blame enjoy exprcss help hurt introduce rnake preparc
teach
1 I keep .....4tki{-\4...... .-....r,1).r.df...- what Iwould do in h s situ.tlon.
2 lr w.s a gre.r hohday We really ..........
3l . mes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spani shbyl i st eni ngt ocasset t eswhi l edrvngt owork.
4 Be caref ul ! l t t very heavyl Don' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . I
s Paul a knows a l ot of Frcnch, but she canl . . . . . . . ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very easi y.
6 Ladi es and Gent l emen,
pl ease
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o more cof i ee.
7 t ! 4ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or a shock. l ' m qoi nq t o resi gn.
8 Let me . . . --. . ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . -------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My name i s Susan Conway.
9 l r warnl yoJr l . ul r. Don l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 AnnandNi ck! Gat t oseeyou. Comei nand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at home.
31 PRO|{OUNS 133
Exerci se 4IIII
llnlledjle
the coffect or mo61 appropriate !!ods.
I No one /ikeu@ to discover hidden costs, doe5 hel!b-!!ey?
2 | feltlfek nyseff quite neNous at the start of the
presentation,
but after a few minltes I rdaxedlrelaxed
3 We'll dlivr
your pirza sornetin e, sonewherelanytime anyvvhete.
4 | rcnenberlren@nber nteff when lfiBl shrted wo*ing here. ldways used to worylw9rry nrself if
I was doing the dghtthing.
5 Thefigurcs in this spadsheet don t conespond to the ones on the invoics. We'
going
to have to
aheak everyonelewry one.
6 Everyone haslhave to meet in the lobby at nine o'dock to collecl h6llhei conference registrat on torms.
7 Rome isn't somewherel anywhere near Milan,
8 Rome isnt somewhere/anyulrere l'd like to
go for holidays in August. lts too hot for me then.
9 Your two colleagues introducd the/tte/rcs/each othe/ to me
yesterday. Fir5t I met Peter, then ater
met susan,
1 0 Your two colleagues introduced thernse/veslearh other to me yesterday, Peter told me a litt e about
what Susan does, and Susan told me a little about Petet
Exercise 5
I I
@37
complete the dialogues with the wods frcm th litt below.
anyone anything anMere everyone everything eviANhee someofe
somthing somewhere
I cant nnd my mobilc phone.I'vc lookd (1) ...-e.W.n*lml9r... I rnus have put it down
(2) .....................,but Ijust can't rcmcmbcr wherc. Oh, how annofng! It could be
(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Perh:ps (4) ..................... h"s picked it up by mislakc? (5) ....... .... .. . .. in the company ha!
the srme typc ofmobile
phone. (6) ..................... could have
pickcd it uP.
B
cuy Seles hl\ dropped by 50% in Asia ove! the lrst 12 mon&s.
ruru, Therc must be (7) ..................... we can do to increase sales.
But what? I'! tried
(8)
..................... . I cant think of (9) ..................... else wc on do.
Exercise 6
I
@38
vicky and her husband chades are staying in a hotel. complete what vicky saF by using the vrbs in
bEckets wiih or without a dflexive
pronoun.
'charles,
come on, tryto 0)
...e41ey..)ltrt-e.$..
Gnjoy)l
(2)
........Re1|94b.e..n......
(remember)you
re on
holidayl Look, why don t you
(3)
..........................----....
(help)
to anoiher d nk,
90
on . . . Goodness me,
rherc3 Daniel Wstlake over there. What on earth is he doing here in Marrakech? Er, have you tlvo
(4)
..................................
lrr,e0
before? You know,
you'd
have a lot in common wth DanieL. Why don'1
you
90
o!r there and
(5).....--.....--.................... (intrcduce)
io him? While
you
do that l'l go back io
the rcom and
(6)
.....................-.----.......
(change)
in time for dinner. I don't know Sometimes I
(7). . . . . . . . . . . . -. ---. . . . ---. . . . . . . .
{ask)whet her
you. an ever
(8)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kel ax)
when
you' re away
134
A Determiners
a A determiner is a wod used in frcnt of a noun to show which thing you mean, or to show the
quantity of something. Determine6 include: a/the my4out; this/that, all/nost/somelany,
nol none. nuchl nanyl a littlel a few, each / every, both I either / neither.
O Unils 30, 34 and 35 also deal with deteminers: some ot any? nuch ot nany?
lu1
\ 30), a al
theT
(units
34 and 35).
o we do not use a determiner if we are talking gene|ally.
see units 30 and 35.
Ourlfhote/'ome computeE are expensive.
(padicular
computeB)
eterminers
Compu|'s are a
paft
of ereryone's life.
B AIl, most, many, some, a ftw
(computeB
in
gene6l)
C A/ meaning
'evrything'
or
'the
only thing'
O We can use a//i subje.t + velb to mean
'everyrhing'
or
'the
onty ihing':
That's all I know about h
(all =
everything)
A we need is a siqnaitrc.
(all=
the onlything)
a In modern Englkh it is unusual to use a// as a single-word subject or objecr. nsread we use
ewtything.
All the prcparations
arelEvetything is going wel|
(NOT
A*+5-g;ig-,*e+.)
t want to hear all
your
newsleveryth,hg.
(NOT
t ,,n*+++-a{.)
a Befop a
pluralnoun
w ca^ use alllmostlmanylsonela few. Note the structures:
Alllmost/nanylsomela few employeas have 25 days'
paid
holiday.
Alllmostlnanylsomela lew of the employees have 25 days' paid holiday.
All the enployeet have 25 days paid holiday.
(NOT
L4sr+h--ltr4eny+h- .
)
We can use my,
Jr'our,
elc, in place of the, and we can use
pronolnsi
Alllnon I nanyl sone la few of ou employees have 25 days' paid holiday.
Alllnostlmanylsonela few of then have 25 days' paid holiday.
se. aGo lnir 30 a Beforc an uncountable noun simjlar 5tructures are
possible.
We Use muc,rr I
p)ace
ol many,
a ,h/e in place of a feq and /l for the
pronoun.
Alllmostlmudrlsomela little of the inlonnatlon in this rcpad is usefuL
All/nrstlmudt/somela little of it E useful.
a Wlth singular nouns we do not use the words above, except for a few special express ons.
aI day, all night
32 DETERMINERS I35
D No, none
a We can lse no with a singular noun, pllralnoln
or uncountabe noun.
No employee hat norc than 25 days patd holiday.
No new ideat were
put forwatd at the meeting-
Therc was no uteful inlonnation in the repod.
a We do noi use no ifthere is another negative word.In this case we use anl.
we haven't disnissed any emptoyees.
(NoT t{+a*i{-di5,.uls5ed-f,+FfbFes.)
a We do not lse no ol lnnad. w use /rone ofor none on its own .s a prcnoun
None ol the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday.
None hdve nore than 25 days pad hohda).
a To emphasise the idea of nore we can ure None at allot Not ane ot Not a:
A. Haw many people .ame?
B: None at all! / Not one! / Not a single pe6on !
Cnnny.\ Nekt Markt All Shrt it'd.t dtoppetl btlou the 1,500 htdtk
It
thefRt tihc y.ltetdnJ.
Not a sinzle !o.k itt lt top 20 sto.la lnued r
!ai,.
(Yahoo tsusiiess News wcbsitc)
E Each, every
a The mea. n9 of eaclr and e!ry is sinr ar and often either wod is possible
They a both
folowed by a singular noun.
a We ule eaci when we think of the members oi a
grcup
as indrvidla s, one by one t s rnore
usualw th srna ler groups and can mean on y two.
Make sue that each parcel has a label.
Saktt 'r ad Cloheno $ L"ou Ey hdve to hi'c theh bftnd prcfiLc. Maflarenc t ?,rsrLtdnts wilL
.lcbatc .a.h
.ftht\
statcgy, l'ut ir thc e o tune5 vill detemtife hcthu hclc eohlpati$ ar
'tucc'sJ"] in 4 hbta
slobdLize.l
,o'il.
(asiaweek
website)
a We useeverywhen wet hi nk oi al l t he mmbe6 t ogt her, and i l susua wi t ha arger number
Sales ha,"e inqeased every year fot the last flve yeats.
I belbve every wod he says
a We can use each ol blt we cannot use every of
Each of the par.els needs a label
a Each can be Lrsed atter the subject, or at the end oi . sentence.
The parcels each need a bbel.
The parcels need a label each.
F Botlt eithe,' neither
a We use bott eithr and reltherto refer to two things.
a Soth means
'the
one and the othei. Note the structures:
Both emails/both the emailslboth ot the enaik/hoth of them arc inportant.
The ennils ate both importana I ve rcad them both.
a Eithermeans'the one or the othef. Nelther rneans
'not
the one or the other'.
l,/bnday or Tuesday? Yes, either day/either of the days is fine.
Manday or Tuesday? I n sorry but neithet day/neithet of the days is convenient.
This i' a ne of a
radble
-
ohe thdt nay
Ff
ofJot both, oke, at fleithet aJ he nN onpdnies.
(Fortune websire)
136 32 DE|ERMINERS
32 Practice
Exercise t
g
Match the phrases from the Jist below with an approximat value.
Fn-t+hem monofthem a few ofthem manyofthem sonre of rhm attof them
1 0% .tgt}.c..9l..tlt-g.r
2 5- 250h. . . . . . . . . . . . ____. . . . . .
3 25- 504/ 0 ___. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .
4 50 750k
5 71950/a
6 r00%
Exer ci se2SHHEH
Under ne the correct words.
1 There were nonel4e mssages on the answering machin.
2 The key account manageG eachlevery have thek own lisr of clients.
3 Not orelNot no
qustion
has been answercd.
4 some oflsome ihe renauEnts have setuice included n the pice
5 Some oflsome renautants have setuice included in the price.
6 Sorry but I can't hear eithetlneither ol
you prcpetly.
7 Each our custoneslour cu5tome6 eact have a separate fite on the database.
8 | can't come at the weekend.l'm busy both dap/every day.
9 All oflEvery of the liles are
(orrupted
by rhe virus.
10 lcan't see rolanysolution lo the
problem,l'm
afraid.
11 The f ight and hotel are booked. AlllEvetything is otgarised.
l2 We gave
the sales reps each a nobile phonela
nobile phane
each.
13 Every option has beenlEvay optiors have been erylorcd.
14 OK,lihink rhat covers a///eve44hlng on that
poini.
shallwe move on?
Exe. ci se3HAnFF
Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from the list below
a
(x2)
any no il-n none each
(x2)
every
(x2)
both ether(x2) nether
I We sent letteG to sirly customers, but .l9i-.''o..19 rcpliedl
2 | can't go. There are only two flights, and the.e are ................. seats lelt on ....... ......... of them.
3l can' t go. Ther ear eonl ynvof l j ght s, and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of t hemhasanysear st ef t .
4 ................. I wanl
js
. bit of
peace
and
quiet
to finish wriUng this rcport.
5 l'v phoned ................. store in the Yellow Pages and they are ................. out of siock
6 We have three models, and ....... ......... one has its own special fearurcs.
7l w. snervousat t hest adof myt al k, but af t ert hat l eni oyed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f l rnLri e.
8 l gotthree lette6, buttherewere..--............. foryou, t'm afraid.
9 l gotthree
lette6, butthercweren't......---........ foryou. l'm afr.id.
10 The Trade Fair is impod,ant. We need.---............. Sue and Mike on the stand.
I I Both roads lead to the city centrc. You can iake ................. one.
12 You've been six ofthe best irainees thdt we've ever had on this cours. The ben of luck io............
ofyou in your futue cdrcers.
12 DEIERMINERS 13'
Exerci se a
l l l l !
Rewrite lhe se<ond sentence so it he a similar meaning to th fir5t sentenc and coniains the wod in
brackets- some sentences ha! lwo
possible
ans{/e6.
r We ont have a wek le{t.
(all)
.-...4I..t*c..kr.,o-..lef .t-..if-.....aweek.
2 All the
participanrs
will be sent an.agenda.
(vry)
......... will be sent an agenda.
3 Nobody at all 6ked a
que6tion.
Gingle
person)
......... asked a
question.
4 This idea wont work, and the other one also won't wolk.
(neither)
...... wiltwo*.
5 Not all the audience understood his talk.
Gome)
......... 'rnde6tand his talk.
5 Not one of my colleagues speaks Geman.
(none)
....,,,,, speak Geman,
7 we only want a wEaker dollar
(alD
.......,, a l^/akl dott6r
8 No docuftenB werc inside this
parcel. (any)
There.........--.....-------.................... inside lhis
parcel.
9 The hotek wele bolh unsuitable.
(neilher)
......... suitable.
10 The two
proposals
are intercning.
Ooth)
,.,...... inteEsting.
11 These items aren't expensive,
(none)
,........ erprsry.
absolutely none.
(alD
Exercise s
IIII
12 l'm sorry we have
l'm sorry v\ have
@
39 Complet this artide by choosing th conE<t ahernetive A, B or C bel(M.
2 A
3 A
5 A
6 A
A A
Both them
Either of them
all its
Each they ar
I Bolh ofthem
I fleither of company
I most its
I Both thy ate
B al l ol
B most ol
B the only thing
Every of them
all of them
Neither company
much its
They a both
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
bssessives and compound nouns
A Possessive adjectives and
pronouns
a My,
touL
ek, aE adjedives and come before a noun.
This was nry/yodhe hislour/their suggesrion.
l'n looking for a street, but l.an't renember ia name.
M,ne
youli,
etc, are
p.onouns
and we use them on thei. own,
This suggestion was nine/youtslhe6lhis/oun/thei6. (no'lts'
fom)
a We can add o!l/n to a posse5sive
adjective for emphasis.
W
own view is that we should
90
ahead with the
proied.
B
's
(apostrophe
s)
O We use 3 to show that something belongs to a
pe6on
or organisation, Many other languages
lse ofin these cases, We add 3 even if the name ends in s.
The CEO'S office Fotd's cars Charlesb addrcss
With
plu.al
nouns \re add lhe aponrcphe only.
The Chin.s. gounn nt's Nattonal Ardit Ofr.e held d ptes otfetcnce ih De.ekbe/ to qall
ot1 ik wo* dkd auditors' i'uettlgdt,,8 in the alntryThe audito$ aft anong the .enrftl
axthoities' ost important w.aponr in theil efo s to cleat up ftalpndie by b,linest peaple dfld
olfrd;/r (Business Beijing onliDe w.bsne)
We caf use the 3 fom without a following noun if the meaning is cear
Ihe praject was a team effoit, but the oiginal idea was HelenS.
(-
He en3 dea)
o A special use of 3 is to refs to someone3 home, a shop name or a
place
name,
I'll be at ta*'s this evening.
(Jack3
house)
I'n going
to Smithl. Do you want anything?
(the
shop called Smjth)
I nust go
to the dlemis(s/do@t'sldenri5fs.
(he place
where thy wo*)
lf there is no possession,
we do noi use an apostroph-
Epson pintes
on special offerl
(NOr
Ef5fi+rii*ef+)
There is no apostrophe in possessiv
adjrtives or
prcnouns (section
A).
(NOT
gkir5-ler)
Apostrophes can be a short fom of /s or ha5.
Es a bvdy day.
(=
ft is) ft's been a
pleasure
meeting
)u.
(=
lt hat
33 POSSESS|VES AND COMPTOUI{D NOUNS r39
c of
i We use ofto show that onething beongsto or with another th n9.
The end of the steet.
(NOT
{h4.e+t-nd)
The time of the meeting.
(NoI
th-4{n94+Re)
he h! tvto
pages of the rcport
(NOT
+rFd;.ld!r-F*- 51
a Here are some common
phss with ofand examples of nouns that fo owl
a chorte ol
(fliqhts)
a meahod of
(payment)
rhe strenglh of
(the
E! ro)
an error ol (udqement) a nunber of
llad.a'sJ
a stroke ol
(luck)
a tood ol
(compiaintr)
the pace
of
(change)
ihe success of
(the project)
a /ack of(fundt a p,e.e
of(advice) the time af
(afti\a)
the /eyel of
(commitment)
a rdrge of(colou6) d wa5k of
(time)
a Section B said that we use 3 for people. There are some exceptions to this rule. We nomally
us ofwith long
phrdses.
This is the eftrail adtlrcss of the sales rcpftsentative who .ane yestday
(NOT
Th s is fte 5a/5
-Frrmai
rj! aff
)
And w can lse a... of... + possessive form to show a conne<tion between
people.
She's a calleague of mine. OR sne's rry colleaque.
She s a frimd of Stephen's. OR 5he3 Stephen3fr'end.
a We can use ofor apostrophe for places
and organisations.
The histotic cente of Pragte OR Pragoe3 historic cente
the future of the company oR the company's future
D Compound nouns
a A compolnd noun is tlvo nouns together Cornpolnd nouns arc common in Eng sh, and are
partcLrlarly common in business afguage
't
nn ako repa thdt mdmfa.lulnq- dc'pik nt. .-. .s.hdrge fttc
-
rrcu,
16t yut l,t 1.6 ptl
cit; ddnrJa.tu.is! ptodtttitit!
ste
by 1.4pctd ta d nanlactrrisg dpotu by I1.8pct
.cnt.'
-
Chan.cuor Conlor Blowf\ hudset spee+. (The Tinres websue)
a When we use t/vo nouns together, the lilst noun s like an adjective and describes the second
It was a management decistron.
fhese rcsearch rcsults a.e very interesting.
Have you seen this sales rcport?
Ihc whale .ompany st.atew t5 wong
1]d$Iot'niis toditioial otdennr o dk/'ib'tiof
{oesss
itto e-@mnerce solxtions ledds to
sipifuart .ost redBetions. (Connecris website)
The lirst noun is usually sinqular:
retludions in .ostt cott rcductions
the law rclating to companies .ompany law
a We can use morc than two noL,ns To understand the meaning nart at the end.
an exe.utive seard company
(a
company that searches for executives)
a govemment taining cou6e
(a
course of training prcvided by the government)
a sto.k ma*et launch
(a
launch in the market for stocks)
a In certain fixed phrases we cannot use a compound noun. We have to use ol
la.k of confidence lreedon of choice the
price
of success the cost of
progrcss
a Some compound nouns are witten as one word.
database tinescale salesman netvwrk workhop bookhop
140 33 PO55E5S|VE5 At{D COMPOUT{D NOUirt
33 Practice
Exer<ise t
#
Under ine the correct wods.
1 They offef reasonable prices,
but Im not sure about
tbei!/theirs
quatily.
2 Excuse me, is this you./you6
seatT
3 Ex.6e me, is this sear you you5?
4 ls this pen youls4ours or mine?
5 We do all oulse/veilour own design and p.inting.
6 We do allthe design and
p
nting ouselveslour own.
7 The offlce at the end of the canidot it nylnine.
A My / nine afl ce is aI \he end of the coffidor
9 lt's not teally herlheA decision.
1 0 The committee had lal/t3 final meeting yenday.
Exer<i se 2
E E
Rew.ite the sentences with apostrophes wher necessary
1 Susan sho! d know that its MarF decision, nor he.s.
-<$taa.. the.$!C..!rlP. }"-..i..fat-. .itlt...M/..!:y.:r.. de. sirie^,.. ^et...krr,.......
2 Alic! lfiendr .ames Bill. Hes one of Merill tynchs top analyns.
3 Toyotas deal on its company cars is better than our:.
4 lwent to my doctors and hes compute sed all the
patients
records.
5 lts impola.r to recognige that every comoany
-as
rts own parlicutar
culiure,
.owever
...
6 My bo!!! PA reads all the customers lefiers.
7 Look at those two Mrcedes. Ones our dlrectors and the others . visito6.
Exerci se 3
U
l\,4ake two compound nouns from the nouns
I protits
cou6e lraining .ompany
2 naff forecan meetifg s.les
3 cad store crcdit department
4 lnternet sale summer access
5 fiqures price inflation range
5 survey m.rket hour rush
7 t{hnology keys car infomation
8 assistant shop failurc power
9 shopiloor working worker lunch
10 inslrance oan contEct bank
11 te.tures costs production product
12 ma*et marketing budqet ledder
in each group.
.9err4^y..pr-o.fii5-
.ir4i^i^{..S.p$n:e.
!3 PTOSSESS|VES AND COMPOUI{D NOUNS r4l
Exercise 4
ffi
Complete the sntences with
phses frcm the list blow
erior of foodof lackof levelof mthod of pace of pece of
range of stroke of *5t-f
l twent there, butthey wer closed.ltwas a complete .....f...ar.l9...o.:1..... t me.
2 The product launch is a disaster There3 a complete ........... ................. interest.
3 You shoul dn' t have t ol d t hem t hat i nf ormat i on. l t was an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j udgement .
4 O!r hotel offe6 a wide ............................. facilities for the businss travller
s We have a relatively 1ow.....-....................... unemployment in our country
just
4%.
6 heard a very i nt ereni n9. . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i nf orrnat on t he ot her day.
7 We arri ved
j ust ai t he
i qht t i me. what a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l uckl
8 The advedisement has bn very successful. Thereb a ........................ .... inquiries.
9 The re5! ts must be correct. We used a very reliable ............................. data analysi9.
10 Thi ngr arc movi ng so qui ckl y i n t hi s f i el d. The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dange i s very f an.
Exer ci se5EEI U
Rewrite the second sentence so it har a similaf meaning to the filst sentence
I l'll see you in the room we use Jor meetings in ten minltes.
t'tt see you ...i1...tk..r,^.e.9ti14...uee..x.. tn ten m nutes.
2 This pen
doesn't beong to me.
Thi 9 i sn' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 This
pen
doesn't belong to me.
Thi s
pen i sn' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 These documents beong to James.
These are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 l\,4argaret met one oi her colleagues at the conference.
Margaret met a . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t l he conl erence.
6 what is your boss called?
what . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . name?
7 You should consult an evpel in law aboul companies.
Youshou1dconsu| t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l aw.
8 This graph
shows the figu.es ior sales fo.last year
Thi s graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or l ast year.
9 Ljust sent an emailto one oi our customers
ljLst sent an endil to d
l0 l'm qoing on a course tqt6'n managers.
l ' m
90i ng
on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . ourse.
Exerci se 6
U
Cross out the onewod in ea.h grcup thal does not make a common compound noun wiih the fi6t word n
1 sales forcast/fiqlres/*ede/tarqet 6 produd manager/range/fe.tures/share
2 market forces/sector/check/sharc 7 advertising s ogan/campa
g n/ line/agency
3 price offer/list/ran9e/ise 8
production
market/ in/capaclty/target
4 brand irnage/leader/loyalty/process 9 working condiiions/trnd/ho!6/lunch
5 tax relief/benefitr/output/allowance 10 stock opt on/dcision/market/xchange
rticles 1
A Articles
a A/an is called the indefinite drticle, and we use it to inrrcdu.e new nformation.
Ifie is.alled the definite article. and we use it when the listener kiows wh ch person or th n9
we are talking about.
'No
article' is the novn by itsell without an anicte. We ure no anicb when we wanr to spe.k
generally.
a Compare:
I rcad an intercsting report /ast week.
('epon
is mentioned for the I rsr t me)
Have you
rcad the tepott | gar youT (the
listener knows wh ch rport)
Reporb are sent out fout times a
,ar
(speaking
generally)
B AIan
a We use a/a, to intrcduce new infomation. The listener does nor knowwh ch
person
or thtng
we are ialking about.
a We use a/an io refer to something for the firsr time.
We nust have a meeling next week.
I have an idea I'd like to dbcuts.
a We -se a/an to refer to one of a
Eoup
ol rhings
Gn you pass ne a papet
dip frcn that box by
yout
side?
a We use a/ar to descibe someonesjob, but not areas of business.
Fiona used to be a teactrcL but now she's in nanagenent training.
a We use a/an to describe something.
It's an inbrening idea. Cairc is a very Ug city. This is a betlr ptodua.
a We use a/an in expressions of measurement. Per can also be used.
tuvice a / per nath 3,OOO uni6 an /
per
hout We charge tt OO an /
pet haur
a A/an mean
'one',
so we cannot use a/a, with
plurals
or uncountable nouns.
Can
you give ne sone infornatior?
(NOT
inin{e#i.tiu)
CAor an?
a We use a in front of a consonant sound, and a, in frcnt of a vowet sound.
consonant sounds: a nanaget, a
job,
a univeBiry, a one-way nreet, a Eurcpean taw
an idea. an empbyer. an ho4 an MBA
O In a similar way, ihe is pronounced,S:/
before a consonant sound and /61/ before . vowe
34 ARTICLES I 14!
D The
a We use ihe for old informaton. it is cearwh ch person or thing w are talking aboul.
Six hanl$ dte nlpt\ted ih bsti,lg d stake in Ped\ Bdn.o litino.m@ dte No h Anei aa ba kt,
one i a ftajot Spdnkh nditutior, aftthu n E.uddoredk and the othu n Pturidk.me sit harc
beet iftvikd ro stu4, Irtina\ boala at'd hid
4
the end oI Mdrr- (Business Nes Americd
website)
a We often know which one because we mntioned ii before, us n9 a/an.
We nust have a meeting next week. The meeting shaukl fa.us on the auditoB' repatt.
I went to an intercsting show last week. lt was the Pais Spnng co e.tion.
a Sornetimes we know which one because it is.lear from the situation, or it s shared knowedqe
from the lives of the speaker and stener.
Where's the newspapet?
(we
know whi.h one f.om the s iuation)
The meeting willbegin at ter.
(both
th speakf and stener knowwhch meetng)
Note that in th s case we can us the to refer to someth n9 for the f rst t me.
a We use ahe when ther s on y one oi somthing. lt ls clea. which one w are talking abolt.
I ll speak ta the boss when he gets back.
a We use the with nationalties and other groups.
I really adnite the lblians far then sense of design.
The govennent is trying to do more to help the poo|
see unn 37 a we use lhewlth supenatvs.
This is the best
quality naterialwe have in stock.
E No article
a No adcle is used when we are lalking generally.
The
.lit't
i"rc oJ thc Asa'.y Mdgazine
Iednoes
an a e dtled
'Health
rnd saJery at ulatk
-
A qgtion of.o'B and benejtr:'. (Euopean Agency for Saaety .'d He.lth atwork websie)
. PTUi AL NOU I ' I S
Comparel
I sent the emails thk norn /h9.
(we
know which mails)
I usLally rcply to emails wthtn 24 houri.
(ema
s in general)
a uNcouNt Aal t NouNs
Comparel
The intomation in this rcpott
gives
us the
(we
know which informatoi and
power)
power
to tatget aut adveftising.
lnformation is power
(information
and powr n general)
The insu|ance brsinets is dotng well.
(we
know which business)
Rusiness is going well at the noment.
(bus
nss n qenera
)
The negotiating was a bt easier last time.
(we
know which negot at ng)
Negotiating with supplieg takes a lot af tine.
(negotiating
n
geieral)
a a common mistake is to use fhe with plural
nouns and lncountable nouns used n . genera
Smallconpanies often grow faner
(NOT
The+m+l-nFF15)
For ne faotball is like life.
(NOT
For me, +h{{b{Li5.lil+h .)
seeunit35 a We us rio artice for most companies, countres, states and cities,
I wak lor HBSC in Hong Kong.
Los Angeles is in Califomia.
144 !4 ART|CLES t
34 Practice
Exer<i se l
AEg
Undenine the correct words.
1 Where3 a&he fax they sent this moming? | can't find it.
2 h.ve anlthe appointment at a/ihe bank.
3 | had a/t e very qood holidaJa A/Ihe weather was maruellour.
4 l've been working so hard that I need a/the break.
5 They are a/the largest manufacturer of light bulbs in a/fheworld.
6 A/Ihe prlentation was a/tfie
gat
success.
7 Can I glve you
a/dre lift to the station?
8 l thlnk I need a/the newpairof glasses.
9 We need to reach d/the decision as soon as possibl.
l0 The must be anlttp answer to a/the
prcblem.
11 Mlke is arlfie accountant. He works on anotherlthe ofter side oftown.
l2 His ofiic s a/the biggest one in a/the building.
1: Where is a/the document that we were looking ar
just
now?
14 The PartugueselThe Potll,gLese people
aE very gaod negotiators.
Exe. <i se2HEFS
Put either a/an or a dash
(-)
to 9how no adicle.
I ....;..... money makes the world go round.
2 Sheila drives ............. French car.
: Ri t a works i n . . . . . . . . . . . . l nsuGnce agency i n . . . . . . . . . Ll sbon.
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . heal t h i s t he most i mpo(ant t hi ng i n . . . . . . . . . . . . l i f e.
5 Thi ! s . . . . . . . . . . . . good
t i rne f or . . . . . . . . . . , , sal es o1 new cars.
6 This is the number to call for ............ information.
7 I ve got . . . . , . , . . . . . col l eague who i s . . . . . . . , , . . . syst ems anal yst ,
8. . . . . . . . . . . . product knowl edgei sveryi mport ant f or. . . . . . . . . . . . sal srepresent at ve.
9 He is ............ engineer. He studied ............ engineedng at universlty.
10 We produce
. . . . . . . . . . . . f ! l l sal es pod f our t i mes . . . . . . . . . . . . year.
Exer ci se3; Fl HgH
o-t
eilhe'a/a4 ttp or ; dash
(-)
to show no article.
] lle.. .talans l.ave qrver
u5 4 lor ol ..:... buqrre5s
2 . . . . . . . . most peopl et houqht t hat i t was. . . . . . . . ver yqood pr odu. t .
3 | hf e Lo d
- k
gl ass ol . . . . . . wr ne . r . . . venr ng
4 l wi sh l coul d speak. . . . . . Engl i sh l i ke. . . . . . . . Engl i sh.
5 As soon as ........ Helen getr off ........ plane,
ask her to g ve me ........ call.
5 ........ smokinq is fot pemitted in this area.
7 Thercs ........ visitof.t ........ reception desk.
8 When | .fived at ........ airport, I had ........ drink and waited for ........ flight.
9 w. nt . . . . . . . . act i on, not . . . . . . . . wor ds.
10 . . . . . . . . pe6on
wi t h . . . . . . . . MBA usual l y get s . . . . . . . . good j ob.
11 l'll get you
........ co{Jee ftom ........ machine.
l2 Marle comes frcm ........ France.
34 ART|CLES l 145
E x e r c i s e 4 A B C D
/
40 Compl et e t hi s ar t c e wt h et her d/ a, , t he or a dash
( - ) i o
show no adi ce
HOW CLEAN
IS THEIR MONEY?
'Money
launderhg is
(1)...lh-e.... nane
silen
ro
otrc of
(2)
.............. world-s
biSgcn linacial prcblems:
movinC motrey that has bcc!
obtained illegllly into
( 3)
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or ei $ ba*
accounLs $ thar
( il
)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pcoplc do nol kno! where
il has conrc tiom, Puinrg
( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . val ue on Dr oncy
l.uderirtg is oi cou6e !e'y
dillicull, hur rhc lnremarional
Monerdry Fund csrinr.lc rlrr
i t i s hugc
-
pc l r t sSl r . i l l i on
( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
! ed.
equi val cnt
to about 47. of gros world
(?) .............. probien has
grosn hand in hand with
( 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gl obal i sat i on.
and
prriicularly with
(9) .............. lifiing of crpital
conl r ol s and
( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
delelopn'ent of(l I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
who know very linle about
each other.
( 1 3
)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
irremational paymenl sysled
i s cr uci aL t o
( 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stsbiliry of rhe wolld s
iinancial markets, but i1
aho pr ovi des ( 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
orPonunny for cnminah ro
Private bankilg is
( 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
best - known
hundering chrnnel. Clienls
of thcsc brnks are wellthy
people who wrnr thek lifairs
hr ndl cd wnh di s. r cr i on.
cspccially becruse tlrey wdnL
t o mnr i mi sc
( l 7) . . . . . . - . . . . . . .
amount of
( 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t ax
they pat. h ihcse brnks
r her e i s
(
19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cul t ur e
of don't lski don t tell .
And
( 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . br gseJr
pr obl en wi l hi n
( 21
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
private blnking is offshor!
brnks. There arc around
5,000 ofllrhoE bdnks
controlling xbout $5 ldllion in
assers, rnd sonle havc no
physical prcsence !r rnY
systcnrs. These .lloN moncy
t o be mol cd i n
( 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
seconds bctwccn balks in
ditietent prns of rhe world
E x e r c i s e s A B C D E
t l 41
Compel er hs l nt er v ewbel ween. l our . . n. . dt heCEOol Bot ec . abi ot ec hnoogy c ompany Us eer t her
a a .
t t b a t a d a
( ) o . o \ o , , '
( l u
\ ou b. gi D b! r cl l n, g ' nr ( 1) . . 4. . l t t l . r bout ( l ) t he. f . . . , t dh. r g. s r r
( : r )
. . - .
W.ll. .s vou kno\\r Ii{ !c,,r se Dldc (-r) .. ... .l..ii,o. to nble our .pcr.,t,ors ftr
( i ) . . . . .
( ) nr br r l c. .
bc. i u\ c i r \ \ t f r i nr por i . l t i br ( 6) . . . . . bi or cchnok, g] . or Di ni e\ n,
r c. r ui r
( 7)
. . . . r . Lr t r sr s i ; onr ( s) . . . . . Lr c{ ! nncr \ t , d. [ r , w. t . nr ( e) . . . . . vcr y
.orrp(trtr.lob\ nnrltr h.r. n Clitrrbridge, iDd lYc mtiv.,tt our .trdoFe\ by on-:tins
r henr ( l r l l . . . . . . . r r r r t r . t r t j r i r r t r \ r dd( l i ) . . . . . . x c c l l c . t Nl nk ms . or dl t i ons . We! c
built up (ll) ...... c\.cllcDt rer!.lrd
(e;.
doing sonrc rcry nnportDi a..rch rn
l l 3)
. . . r i el d of
( 1t ) gene t hct up\ l
Ma.\ people sr! dri.
(15) . . .. bLote.hnolog pronlscs nrorc drit it dellves. k drrt
Thrr nrar be fue D gcneril. bur
(16)
.... .. bnnechnolog! ihrr $t do i\ aher.ly
pr oducnr s
( 17) . . . . . . . . . r . sul t s. Lasr \ t . r \ c made ( 18) . . . . . . . r mn
r r of i t
f or ( 1e) . . . . . . .
liff trne. rnd
(?.)J ...... relenue is nicre$nig rapidlt A1\o, s \,e re.endv niade
(21) .
di{riburlon deal Nth (12) .. .....lfge phrnnceulical companlThe,v hrle dre nukerLng
slill\ rhar \Le lack. and
(2il ........ prrtnership 6 $orkrng Nell for both stles. Our aln
ne\i \ er n to .n!er
(1.+) .....Aneri.h nu*et, r \!tte coniiden! of(25) ......Ncces
rticles 2
Unit 34
9
ves sorne b:ec rules for aa(icles. This !n r gives additrond potnrs.
A Place names and no article
a ln general, no a.tkle s used for conlinents, coLrntres, states, ii.nds, mounra n5, akes,cles,
parks,
roads, nreets, rqlares, pal.ces,
caitle5, cathedra s, !t.tons and airyorts.
Eurape/Asia Ftdn.e/China Glifomia/Lazta Crcte/Madei.a
Mant BlanctMaunt Eveten Lake Lucerne/Lake Michigan Takya/Budapest
Centrcl Patk/Hyde Pa* Fihh Avenue/Chutch
Steet Ttafajgar SquarelTines Squarc
Buckinghan Pala.e WindsorGstle Milan Cathedrcl Grcnd Centtatstation Otly Aipad
B Place names and the
a Note that allthe folow ng lse rhe:
the Alps, the Sahanas, the Nethetlands
the Red Sea. the Middle East, the West End
(But
NOT i the
pl.ce
i! the name of a coLrntry or conr nenr trarce,
Phraset with
'of
: the Hauses of Pa iament, the South of Ftance
Po tical consiirutions the hish Republi..
the unted Ktngdon
(the
uK), the us
Rvers and can.lr: the Amazon, the Laie, the Suez Canal
Oceans and seas: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Medteffanean
Roads with nlmbelsr the M6
(nototuvay),
the 41
Ihearres.nd galleres:
the Globe
(fheatte),
the Uflizi
(Gallety)
Hote s: the Maffiot
(Hotel)
the fiffel lawe, the Taj Mahat, the White Hause
c Special uses of the
Iniernatonal nslilutions:
Adjectives to refer |o a
qroup
t he . . . of a/ l he :
Sorne time phrases:
Poinlr of the compass:
P aying rnstruments:
lob titles and off cialtitles:
The UniEd Nations, The World Bank, The tMF
The unemployed do not re.eive ehough help.
the end of an era, the staft of the prqect
n the past, at the moment, in the futurc
h0
at present),
the t960s
(decades),
tt 2tJt century
(cent!ret
in the notth/east/south/west,
ln the south"west
I play
the piano/guitar
The Matueting Dhe.tot, the
pime
Ministet,ao ...
(BLrt
NOTtite + n.rner Prme Ministet Tany Blatr said ...)
Cit),Sndpnors:a ttu tlnt
rtide.fot
the L$ne$ tua,eleL (asia-inc
naga,ine websile)
HWo Alpe-Adlia-Banh hd\ bee, hi h4, !rces'jt Crcatia a,er the past
Jaw fea6.
Arodi g
h Dt. Wolfgatg Kuhe@r th. Chaitnat oJ the Board
,
thit 'res is du to eorenrdtjng
lJ,sn1ets a.tiritie! on theAbine-Adidti. ma*et d d dtoo'nry
road
b"sinest pdnne6. (cebd
35 AitnE 2 i4t
D special uses of
'no
article'
a We use no article with:
Comoanv names:
I wotkfot A..enturc'
Yea6, month5, days:
in 2wt, in July, on Thu6day
Special times of the
year at Chdtanas/Eaner
Some
parrs of the day: at nightlmidnightlsunset
\BW
the noning, the afternaan)
[,4eans ol tansporl
(n
gene?lJ by ca Exi/trainlbus on foot (BIJT on the t'drn b nome\
Meals
(in genetal): Dinner is at 7.30.
lBUf
There w6s a dinnet at the
conference)
a Note the use of
'prepostron
+ no adide' with certain buildings, whn the
pumose oi the
buildinq is more impodantthan the place itself. Compare:
I spent lwo days in hosPital.
(the
speaker is not interested in whlch one)
lvly company supplies equipnmt for dE hospital.
(one
spec f c hosp tal)
Other words of this type which use
'pposition
and no article ari
in lto hosDttal I
pison
I bed lclasslcoun
atl towo* lschooll unive6tvlsea I hone
Note how we use'home':
be at hone,
go hone
(NOT ge+e+rie)
Genral .nd specific meanlngs
a when we use a
plurel noun or an uncountable noun on its own t has a
general meaning
when we
put
fte in front it has a spec'fic meaning.
Cars are nuch safer th6e daYs.
I don't undeswd s eaclsheats.
Paople can be diffiarlt.
Money nakes the worlcl
go
rcuncl.
fhe ca6 we make are built to last,
fhe sryeadshea'! for March and April ate here.
The
people
in rny office arc allvery fiehdy
me flsh I had fot lunch was superb.
llaee
W
got
the money I
gave yau?
fhe dodrlng buttness is very conpetitive.
Te'ir i" sirgdpoft ate abttldant and rwnably pricd, but had to
fnd
dunng nsh ho'ts' whafl it
nins a"d bealee 11pt cnd nidnirht. Th. .arlJ
Jmm
th. *irytort to the ..ntql b'tstness
ditrrlet eost arcund t12.
(asia-inc m.gzine website)
144 35 ART|C|-ES 2
35 Practice
Exerci se t
I l Il
Underline the corect wods.
I We went to
eEalrhe
P/ia and saw Leaning Tower//
e:49!j!gI9v9r.
2 CretelThe Gete isvery beautiful at this time of year.
3 My son is in hosp,ta//the hoip,ta/ and can't
go
to school/the schoot.
4 You can go frcm Heathrowlthe Heathrowby underyrcundlthe undergrcund.
5 tlelnut Kohlllhe Helnut Kohl was Oancelkrl the Charcel/or who heloed to rcunire Gernanv / the
6 We flew over Ahslthe Alps and saw Mont Ebnclthe Mont thnc.
7 h near futurclthe near furure videoconfeEnces will replace many meetings.
8 l'rn tiredl Thank
goodness
it3time to go homelto tome.
9 New Yo*llhe l.lew Yo* is in United States/the United States.
I 0 | lsually have /u/,chlthe /unch at aboot one.
ll I used to work for Deu6<he Eanklthe Deu5che Bank in City of Londonlthe City of Lohdon al staft/the
nart of my carcer
1 2 My son wants to
9o
to univeEityhhe unive6ity aftet his e'ms.
1: Do you know take Windemerclthe Lake Windeftnere? n\in Lake Disttict/the Lake Dbtict, in
nadl-westlthe nofth-r\/est of Englandlthe Engtand.
14 | bought this suit from Eond Steet/the Eond Strcet.
15 The Government should do more ro help thepoorlthe poor people.
1 6 On our trip to U(/fhe UK w tou.ed around sourh-east/the south-eait and visited Canier.bury
Cathedral / the Canterbury Gthednl.
1 7 They wouldn't
pay,
so we took them to cou.i/lhe coud,
18 John lThe lohn is at wo*lthe wotk at homentt the noment.
19 We t.avelled to /tarlthe ltaly by carlthe car.
20 DanubelThe Danube is the main rjver in Certla/ Eu,.opelthe Central EuroDe.
Exercise 2
I
In each pair
of sentences, fill in one space with the and the otherspace with a dash
(-)
to show no arlicle.
I a) ..--j.... profits are increasing acrcss every division of the company.
b) ...!.i.'e.. profits we made last year wer up in comparison to the
yar
beforc.
2 a) ........... information inyour reportwillbe very usefutto us.
b) ......----. infonation about the Kazakh market is hard tofind.
3 a) ........... visitors should sign thei name in the book at rcceprion.
b) ........... visitors from Germanywill be aniving arrcn.
4 a) This maqazine article gives ...._...... advice about which nock to buv.
b) Thank you for........... advice you gave
me lan week.
5 a) ........ bonds I have are all lonqtem investments.
b) ........... bonds are a safe investment when interen rates arefalling.
6 a) ........... French expoG to the ren of Europe are up4% this
year.
b) ........... French arc wo d leaders in the luxury goods
markei.
7 a) ..--.--.... manasement is an art, not a sience.
b) .....---... managementare blaming the unionsforthe brcakdown in neqoiiarions.
15 af,flclEs 2 t49
Exercise 3
ll I
Completethe second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 TEcey is the team leader
rracey !.t-..1.19..!.e,4d9i--. ot ttre team.
2 Your goods are on a ship at the moment.
At t he moment your goodsare. . . . . . . . . . . . --. -. . . . . . . . . . . . sea.
3 Ihe meeting has ended.
Thi 5 i s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----. . . . meet rng.
4 Briqhton is at the bottom of a map of England
B
ghton
is ............................ south oI England.
5 Do you have the Internet at
your houseT
Do you havethe Internet..............-........,,,,, home?
6 We walked tothe nation.
We went t o . , , . , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . f oot .
7 We employ 250
people
atthe moment.
We employ 250
peop|e..............--............ present.
8 Daniel is still in his office.
Dani el i s st i l l . . . . . . . . . ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . work.
Exer ci se4l l l l l l
complete the following terts with either the or e dash
(-)
to show no article. This exercise includes some
revition of unit 31.
150
A
djectives and adverbs
Adiectives and adverbs
* An.djective describes a noul].
Last yeat we had a significant indease in prolits
Last yeat prcfitt were much betle. than this year
If yat rdtl bir gdii6 ot ttu sta.k nwk.t yot ittl o tory-rdrd /ie,'. (Thesheer.com
t An adverb eays how
(qulckly),
when
\tanoffow) at where
(over.her)
someth n9 happens
G Adverbs ca. come in dfferent poritions.
'How'
ddverbs uru. y
come afrer rhe verb
We planned
evertrhing vety.arefu y
Ihe ercnony is g.owing
slowly.
Frequency adverbs
(!n
t t) come alrr be afd .uxitiar es, birt befor orher verbs.
She has nevet anlved late
she never goes thete
Olher
'when'
ddverbs can corne before or aller u,e vero.
Last year our prclits
rose ghtly
Aur profits
rcse slightly last year
It we have reveral adverbs togerher, the usuat word order s:
HOW
-
WHERE, WHEN
Our prcfits
rcse tlightly in Getmany last yeat (NOT
ta4yeer]-+m.ay)
r
As wellas describing vefbs, adverb! can a so descrbe adjectves and other adverbs.
It's rclatively expensive.
(adverb
+ adjective)
He affived extenely late.
(adverb
+ adverb)
a Adverbs.re also covered in units 1,3,5 and 7
(tme
expressions);39
(roo,
erough);40
(rime
wotds like in/an/at, far/sin.e, by/untiD: unirs 43 and 44
(tinkng
wo.ds, which nctude
'lentence
adve.bs': ,hily actually, tn generat,
clea y, anw1y): and t)ni| 49
fttends: sates grcw
steadily all last yeat).
B Form of adverbs
t Many
'how'
adverbs are formed by addinq
-t
to an adjecrive. Atew add
-y, -aly,
ot
-ity,
depending on the spelllng of the original adjective.
slov\t slawly slight Jtghtly caretul
-
.arcfull,
full fully dftnatic dranatically steady steadity
som adverbs and adjectivs have the same form. Examptesin.tude
fast, had, early, tate, hiqh,
low rbht:, wrcng, dally/ weekly / nanthly tquatterty
This is a fast nachine
(adj.)
rhis nachine
soes
very fast
(adv)
tt's a had decision.
(adt)
a
Hes wo*ing very hard at the manent. tadu.)
Note that the adverb hdrdt is nor related ro the mean n9 oJ iard.
tt\ so naky t .an hadly thlh*.
('hardly'
=
almosi noo
Note Lhdr good
(
"n
ddjeclive ano /e/, s an adverb
She s a good negotiatoL She negotiates we .
36 ADJE<TTVEs AXD ADVEF'S I51
Gradable and non-gradable adiectives
hat, warn, nild, .ool, cold
D
large /big, snall, tiny
Adjectives in th middle of the sequence are
'gradable
. We can make them stronger or weaker
w th word! ike very d bit,
quite, reasonably, relatively, xtrenely.
The weather was quite hotl.o/d
(NOr qsi*e+iliF94re"iF9.)
The nealwas very gaodlbad
(NOr
Yeqfte$etle*{C.)
Adjectives at the end of the sequence are
'non'graddb
e' or
'extreme'.
with these adjecuves we
The talk was absolutely excellentlaMul. \NOI
vry-iellna.)
Order of adiectives
a When we have mo.e than one adlect ve we ure thE order:
Opinion
Size
Other
qualities
ase
wondeiul, lovely, nice, diffi.ult, inpoftant
Iarye, snall, lang, shatt
.heap, clean,
quiet,
fast
new old, secand'hand
Shape,
pattern, colour cnculaa flat, stiped, rcd, black
origin,nationality Ften.h,)apanese,anerican,kandinavian
Mateial wooden, netal, plastic, steel
Type
(what
kind?) thitd-geneQtian
(phane),
ecananic
(palicy),
safety
(device),
investmenr
(bank),
fa.e
krean)
words n the final two calegories can be nouns used as adiedivet
Here are some examples:
a lo-page Ameri.an legal cantrad Giz,
nationality, iype)
a last new sports car
(quality,
age, rype)
an efii.ient wo dwide distribution netwotk
(opin
on, size, iype)
a.heap.ilean eneryy saurce
(qLra
ty,
quality, type)
E Adjectives ending
-ing
and
-ed
a Adieclives endinq
-i;9
dsffibe something we are reading to
(oltside
!t
Adiectives endirg
-ed
describe our leelings and reactlons
(insde
us)
The neeing was very intercning. I was lnterested in your idea about outsourcing
Atio Onli'Ic peside,'t Ke"ifl Randolph says he does not ase tute o the tuub! qf crstonus
beedute he k flot tullf intdst^d in n.ttt na*etn.a
'I
4n irturcstet in qtdliry sa*etinr"
P.itldolph !q$.
'We
hdre 100,000 alstoftett, tuhkh is ai intcftstin! unb!,bnt I an nat
,xanagins tha brci ess b^cd o' ,dr"
(blsiness review veekly rvebsite)
Other
pai6
like this .re: bored /boting, confused lconfusing, ex.ited/exciting,
&A
,"t
,n"ruuut.inallr,g.
<utpisedtsu,pnsino, nrcdt ing
Va-\
t
touhd
h ca.rrrens
qrite s!ry sing
t tuds sutpised bl
hetnnent.
W
a
a
'irc
worca than you hlnk,
It
goE
down to he ktd foor."
52 36 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERES
36 Practice
Exercise 1
* #
Complete th second sentence so it has a similar medning to the fi6t sentence.
1 Thre was a s ightfdllin profits in Ap l.
. Apnl pr o' r s. . . . . . .
f el l , l i 4[ t l Y
2 There was a dramdtic improvement in our share
p
ce last month.
La<r monl h o- shdr e pr i ( p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Therc hds been a significant drop in demand fof oil over the an few months.
Demand for oil ..... ........ over the tast few monrhs
4 Let's have a blef pause for coffee.
Let ' s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or cof f ee.
5 Ther has been a steady irnprovement in the inflation figures.
The
- f
ar on f r g. s
6 There wat a dow recovery in consumer confidence last year
Corjsumer confidenc ........ .. .... tast yeaf.
7 There has been a gradual rise in unemploymnt.
unemp| oyne. t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Thee has been considerable growth
in Korean GDP over recent ye.rs
Ove r ecent year s f or ea. l GOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 2
S *
Undedine the cofiect adjective.
I cou dn't do any mo.e work lasr night. twasjusr so
lhdltirtng.
2 I don't think the audience liked the talk. They tooked boted/baring.
3 | don't thlfk the audience liked the talk. tt war a bit borcd/boring.
4 Your new mulrimedia project
sounds really excltedlexciing
5 \or laok warnedlwotrying. ls anything the matte.?
5 Their profits lasl year
we'e exlnemely largelenotmous.
7 The r
profits
lan yea.
were absolutely /a.qelenolmous.
8 The siles figus last month wete uery badltenbte
9 Warsaw is absolutely cold/frezlng at this time ol year
Exercise 3
!fi
Compeie the senlences with one word from rhe list A and one word from st B.
A: badly completely easily extemely heavily quire
unexpectedty rve{
B: delayed designed heipful iJleqal iate riide promoted
rccoqnisabe
1 This su tcase is very ..............'.411..H4d..e............. . ttwJ tast for years and years.
2 The new prcduct is being ..............................................
you
see ihe adveris evrywhere
3 Thi s websi t e i s very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . I can, t f i nd t he i nf omaUon I ned.
4 YoLr' ve been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I real l y appreci at e i t .
5 Ourof f i cesarc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . l ookout f ort he
argef t ags. t t hef ront .
6 I ' m sorry my f l i ght has b . . . . . . . . . . . l , l l cat t youwhenl arrve.
7 Tdk ng brjbes i!.............
You'l lose yourjob
if rhey catch you.
8l ari vedat t hepesent at i on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dndmi ssedt hef i rst pan.
Exerci se 4 D
Put each group ol words nto the best order
I odj ashi oned ar ge m. ch ne cut l n!
2 wooden square heo ca(ons
3 new package an amaz n9 sottlv:re
4 per od a t f : nsl on t hr ee mont h d f f i cu t
5 clrLps computer Tawanese h qh-q!: ty
6 d str.tegy we
-panned
nvenment
7 access cheap nternet highipeed
8 a new r evo ut on. r y compul er handhel d
9 a powder washinq new wondedul
l 0 awf u
pl anc
cheap souven 19
36 ADjECTIVES AND ADVERBS 153
^ l^raa old-{arhio^ed otti^a M^chr^e
Exerci se 5 A B
Compete rhe sentences wih a word lrcm the n below At th end of each senten ce wr te rdl.
(adlect
ve)
or adv
(adverb)
to show how the word n lhe
gap s be ng used
good we lan ian hard hard hrd y ate ate *N+ht
'
! \ p e q o q
o o o - \ e o
Mo ^ T n r y
a ^ \ p L e
I o . d
0 1 0 , 6 '
2
' , nr
r or r y your goods dr e
qoi ng t o ar r ve. bo! t a week
I Thar I iqhr 1m e too Halen t you got anyth,ng eafler?
4 r . " r r '
I
, r . e
l p n Q4 r ' o i o o 1 9 . D. .
5 | wds 50 I red that co! d keep my eyes open
5 The hot e wa! , b! 1we di d. t ke l he i ood r n t he r endur ant
7 r ' s a choi ce. but t h nk Car . B t l - r bet t er cand dat e.
E had ro work very lo
gel everything f nished on i rn
. . . . 4dJ
9 rn sorry, do. t lndeEland
Yo! re talkr.gloo
I 0 A F l . . F o , . . e " e , l
r , 1 S
. - 9 o
S ^ o n g
Exerci se 6 A B
42 Read t h s r epor r about l he co. ver qen. e of mob e
phons
and ha. dhed compl t er s under ne et her t he
adlect,ve or adverb e.ch t me.
ll
seems (1)54us/rtds.jy, but some
I I
people e salking mud wilh a nobile
$on!',
a handheld .omplter like a lall! t
pager, and even a n.tebook c.nputer sidr
a
\2).artetrrionl
katndniannthl
keyboaid as
well. These digital devi.es are conlerging
\3)tupilhttidu,
but hanltacturers are
findin8 it dilfi.ult to get all the pa.h to
inreSrare (4)rropalpDpajy. contenponry
nobile phon6lml (5)8mdludr, aF Flatiely
(6)B!odla.iJ at endhg short text n6eE6,
blt don'r wort (7) gmdlu?ri as hedheld
conputers. They lack nemory, s)ncho6e
(8)
l,adlladl] sith daklop PCs, and ae not
The Net: anywhere,
anytime,
palm
of
your
hand
19)
d!.u/ditr ro w Io! $nting enails.
(l2)aafrdJiry and (rl.irapl.,trry0, but srill
sarlinEforanadd@bmkoEyorscolinE allow phone conpanies to nake a prolit.
throu8h a .ontact xir is (10)sl@rlo ry, nrhEsmnovhsver-e
(14)qri t/qd.Uyh L\is
alhough onc
you find the 1@e you ce 6U ma, ad lie nmuiactureE who suc.eed in
the pe@n (11) diatldi@try by
jnsi
torcning
Setting
oerythin8 (15)flghlryeily ae
Soing
io
the ph@e nun$er oI olN the bi8 ise in the mke (16) I'rSr,rAdJy prcEts.
tuh@ is Inieftt a(K
-
it needs to be fast,
in the
A Comparatives and superlatives
a We use the comparatve form of an.djectiv to compare two sepaEre things.
Comparclve: Model C40A is more
poweiul
than nodet C2AA.
MadelC2OO is less
poweiul
than madel C4OO
We use the superlatve form to say thar ofe rhing in a grcup has more or ess of a
quatity
thdn
Supe ative: The most poweiul
nadet that we nake is the C6AA.
The lezn powedul
modet that we make is the C200.
B Form
tl The to.m depends on the numberol syllabes in rhe word and the spe nq
Comparative
One syllabe endlng biq
vowel
-
consonant iot
cheap cheaper
nice
nicer
bigger
One syllable
Suprlative
the btggest
One/two syllables rcky iskiel
ending
-/
easy
easiel
Two or more noden mote/tess moden the most/least nadem
syllablee expensive
morc/less expensive the most/teast expensive
A
fid,.ltit"E
.o,tn t is atu oI the longst ahd most sophistieatell tld ntucnot! uilL avet sitn.
(Ent.cprcne!r
hnemrtion!l lvcbsite)
a Note that one-syllable adjeclives ending in s ngt vowet
-
sinqte consonant doubte the f nal
consonant, and lhal
-y
becornes i
big
-
bigger flat
-
flafter wet
-
wettel
easy
-
Pasie. nosy
-
hoisiet
happy
-
hoppiel
o Some two-syllable adjctives .an Io.m n eirher way. Ex.np es irclrde cteve, cannan, nanow
palfte, quiet,
sinple tied.
comman commonerlmorc common the .onnanest /the
l'i,ost
cannon
I Note thai Iong .dject ves have both nole/most .nd /ess//easr, but shorr adjecrives onty have
o Note the followino rffegular lorms:
good
better
rhe ber.
the wotst
tar fanhet/fulther
Jdpdi\
e.o"o"'), is @ah.intr. h' .l'r,e\ af reco'ery
io'n
the uo^t ttowdotuh sifte Watd Wot II
dt
leui'ts
sn'allet d t1 rnaller crcry /dl (Yahoo tsusines NeNs lvebsire)
3t coMPARll{G I 155
C Other
points
a We use t,an to link the things we arc.ornparing
This yeafs profits wll be a little hlgher than last
War's
It's a lat morc difficult than I thought at fi51.
seeunits35and37 a Beforc a superlative we use ahe or a possessive form.
This k theloutlDigicon's
nost pawerful madel
a comparative and superldtive adjectves can be used without a noun if the mean ng is clear frcm
the.ontxt.
Theh lewl of seMice is good, but ours is better
Digicam
prcduces a rarge of nodels, but this one is the most poweiul
a The present perfeci with ever is often used with sup atives
This is the mon
powEtlul machine that vtP have ever
prcclu.ed
This is one ol the best meals I have evet eaten
Tlp Btdzilid,i !ry.ri'd'/]ct .l'di, Pno d. Alt@r
ryatted
d
ltoit
oI USS167 )ht tdst
vcdr,
the
ldrgst i! has eoet Md..
(Business NNs Americas $ebsite)
D Comparing equal things
a we can compare tlvo equal thinqs wirh (/urt) a5... a5. We sav that two things are not equa
with notas .. a5. The adjectives do nol change.
The C600i is
Aust)
as
powe.lul as the C5oo.
The C40o is not as
powerlul as the C600.
'Ii?
k i" ail
tncct
irc ahout 'ryply and doi|id
io'dd,ie
nk L Pally is as sinpte as nt.
(Gulf Busines Mag.,ine wcbsitc)
h\ !iI\
zood
to bc knu oI
ro/t
totpotation
-
j6t
not as
lood
ds n $ed to
tr( (Bustrlesswcek
E Comparing actions
a whn we compare action5 we can use an auxiliary at the end oi the sentence.
fhe C6OO runs fastet than the C400. OR The C600 tur|J fastet than the C400 does
Yau",e done morc wotk than me. OR You ve done mote work than I have
156 37 COMPAR|I{G I
37 Practice
Exerci se l
Il tI
Underline
the correct words.
1 The new line should be50 ptofrtable
aslasJ|lgijabbjjrhe
otd one.
2 This handset is tlre mo5t profrbuelthe
n,orc prcfitable
we,ve ever made.
3 This veGiof of the programme
is the most recentlrecenfer.
4 fte guarantee is a
year
longer rharlrhatwith our otder modets.
5 Nothing is wo6elworst than dsring a flight bcause of traffic.
6 This printer is one of the benlbefer on the ma*et.
7 the meeting wasnt /ong as/as /ong a5 | thought.
8 Today the sha.e p ce is mo tdlwoAe than it was yesrerday.
9 l'm soary, the
journey
took /orger fianlahe /ongest we expected,
10 We'll be theE soon. lts not much larflfur|fie..
Exer ci se2l I I I
Complete the sentences with a comparative or superlative fom ofthe adjective in brackets. Include ar,,
other necessary words fike fhe, mote, less, as ot than,
l coca-cola is ...!.1-e--.hf4395J...
(big)
sofr drinks manufactlrer in the word.
2 Thi s keyboard i s qui t e
di f f i (ul t t o use. l t ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gmal l )t he one t , m used t o.
3 The conference was a ljttle disappointing. tt was ............................. (intereninO
texpected.
4 Yesterday was one of .............................
(hot)daj6
of the
year
5 | think this suggestion is ----..............-_--
(good)
the other one.
5l t l i mpossi bl et ochoosebet went heset woproduct s. Onei s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {good)t heot her
7 The flEt found of negotiations was easy. The nextwillbe............................. (d
fficu t).
8 We?e only a small company. We?e not ............................. (targe)the
market leader in our sector.
9 This year
our sales figure are .................__..____....
(bad)
tast
year.
10 This is ...................-.........
(bad)
case of corruption we,ve seen for
yea15.
Exer ci se3l l l l l
Put
ale
suitableword in each space.
1 We are bigger ....1.14!\.... GNC, but Satco are ......!!9.... biggest in the market.
2 | c;n see you either day. One day is .............__._ good
................. the other
3 Nobody knows more about elecvonics ................. Ti
4 Of couue l ' l l speak t o hi m. l t st he. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t can do af t er al l your het p.
5 solly, 5% dis.ount is my.best ofter. tt3 the ................_ | can do.
6 He is one of the.-............... diflicult customers thave ever deattwith.
7 Everyone el s had wo*ed a l ot l onger on t he proj ect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 i donl t hi nk t hat t hi s market i s -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ri sky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t was.
9 Ihe restaurants are the same. This one is ......._......... as expensive ................. that one.
10 This estaurani is better for us. tts ..___............ as expensive ................. that one.
' 7 COMPARI NG 1 I 57
Ex er c i s e4AB C D
Com
p
ete the second sentence so t has a similar meaninq to the fi6t sentence
1 D.v d s a beter technician lhan P.Lr
pa!l
s nor 1]t-..ieed, .4 t?eh^ici1'.^ 4{......... Davd.
2 Nobody at KBN s d better nvestment dnalyn than Caro.
car o s t he
. . . . . . . . at KBN
3 l haven't read.s many secl ons ot the repo.t.5 you
4 lexpected the rneeling to .n longer
p r
" e r . g d i d . -
a
- . . .
5 Olr tra n ng bLdget isnt as b
I
as
yours
' ou' d, ni ng b- do" . . . .
6 No present.ton ve given B more rmpo.tanl than th s one
7 This speaker s more nleren ng lhan the .rt one
The an speaker wds not
8 l at e e$ i h. n Geor qe di d
I d dn' t
9 No one n t he t eam hae bet t er commu n . al on sk s t ha. l ane
10 hsve rarely me1 a more nleresl n9 person
Exerci se 5 A B
?f 43
Compl el e t he nr agazne ar t i cl e abo! t nvest ment opt ons wi t h t he compar r t i ve or e! per at ! e l or ms of t he
adlect,ves in brackts
lnvestment choices: risk and reward
lr
this rFoo $e1F
gornt ro
ooh at l5e three mai. types o'
l i nr e: r nel Ls: cdc.
t
-
bdi h ar cour l sJ, bonds
( l ongr er m l oal s
that
glve
a fxed rate of rctum) and stocks
(equities). The
\ L)
. . . . . . . . . . . . *. P: t . . . . . . . . . . . .
( sai e)
i s cash, and t he f act t hat
this has less rlsk than the othefs means lhat it also has a
( 2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( l ow)
r et uf n. l i
y ou
want a
( 3) . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( good)
r et ur n
you
shou d . onsi der
bonds. These are fxed interesi investments, and are a
( 4) . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . ( at i r act i ve) opuon t han cash,
padicu
arly when interest .ates afe talling- The
( 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . ( r l sky) f or m of i nvest ment
s stocks. They offer the chance of much
( 6)
. . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( gr eat ) pr of i t s
over t he l ong t er r n,
but you might make a loss if the company does badly. The
{ 7)
. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . ( bad) case scenar i o i s t hat i he
company
goes
bankrupt and
you
lose every'thing-You can
reduce the risk by investlng in a tund rather than individual
stocks. Funds that invest in developed ecofomies are a
( 8)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .
( sensi bLe) choj ce t or mosi
peopl e,
as the markets have more liquid ty and it s
( 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .
( easy) f or t he f und manager t o buy
and sell. Blt iher are also emergng market funds that invest
in counties like China, India or Turkey. These markets are only
r o. t he ( 10) - . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . ( aggr essr ve) nvesr or s or
al l as t hey have much ( 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . .
( hi gl r )
volatillty.
So wf ar i s Li e
Ll 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Bood
solution? [4ost linancial advisors recomrnend a balance. In the
middle oi
your
career
you
can afford to have a
( 13) . - . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l ar ge) pan
oi
your nvest menr s
as slocks,
pehaps
60-0%, with some bonds lor stabillty and
casl
' or
er er gencr es. A( voJ
ger
( I 4l
, , , , , , , . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . .
(neai retkement you should consider switching most or
your
rnoney io bonds, and increasing
your
available casl_
A Large and small differences
. We can !s n9 adverbs of deg.ee
(see
unit 39) to ralk abour dffercnces.
Product Product
A B
llsino more... a,rrdn
5224 $200
Ais a bit/ a liftle bit/shghtly more expensve than B.
$ 300
$200
A is cansiderably/ nuch / a lorlfar more expensive than B
Usi ng d5. . . as
$120 $200
a is nor neart ar expensive ds B.
$
1 80 $2 00 A s, almanl nearly / not quite
as expensive as B
$400 $200 A is nrlce ai erperslL as L
$450 $200 A is more r,ia?r lwlce as expensve as B
Forig cilnr!. r'd*.x dr.I ntorc nldtilc dtu| Mfrdktdhb than @ntoditi.s ndrkets.
(Afriqn Busnre$ Dusrzine webs,te)
a We can lse ev, to emphasise the compdison.
lapd,t
it a ftutry
.fitl
..f lisribtto^, i/,oksnh^ dd othct,tid. eh?r. Ih. dislttdtia causad by rht
htnt.t corl.l b( e"en gtatet th.n ih th. US. (FT.conr vebsirc)
B Other stru(tures with comparatives
a We can say that someth i9 is increasing or decre.s ng by using iwo comparattves tinked by ano.
The peRonal pensions
natket E grcwihg
bigget and bigger
hvestoR are beconng morc and morc sophistkated,
a We can say lhat one situation depends on another by using rhe and one cornpararive fo owed
by the and another comparative.
The longer the strike goes
an, the morc diffi.ult it witt be to find a sotution.
TIr bilfet the .onpd y atu| thc latget i$ asu, the
!rcatet
hc oppota'1ty ta
ye
ttuken.tors
.If.iri.irr
@usine$week
odine website)
a These phrases
are also usful for compaing things:
exacfly/justlalnost/nea y/vinuallylmore
or less/rcught rhe same ... as ...
exactlyljust lvery/ norc/ less/ quite /a bit/a ltttte ke
conptetetytquite/slightty d Jferent Ircm
,
.omparcd toltn compatison with
Ohliae /etaik^ aith 30 d,tployts harc to ollet exaet| the 'ane tervi.e as ttuding raflpdnk\ oith
hna@l i'i bilions oI anos. (Connedis
website)
C Phrases with superlatives
I Theee phrases
are cornmon wiih superlatives.
One oi the largest rctailing graups in Latin Anei.a .
Byfar the/Easily the latgen retailing grcup in Latin Aneri.a.
The second/third/fourth /aryest retailing grcup
in Latin Anerica
The rc.essian that
fallotnd
tlp dolb oisn o.f 1994 vas one of the wotst in Me'i.dn httary
(Global
Business Mrgazine vebsite)
r8 COMPARING 2 159
Comparing adverbs
a In genelal, advrbs lo ow exac(ly the same rules as adlectives.
hard, hardeL the hatdest
early, earlieL the earliest
effi.iently, mote/less efficiently, the most/least efficiently
o The adverb, wel/ and badly arc neq:r)ar
well, bettet the best batlly, vwrse, the wa6t
a We can use the same stfircturs as adlectvs.
ln the 1T sectar
peaple ate having to wak hader and hatder to get promotian
The
qui*er we can sign the deal, the sooner vve can staft
prcductton
'nor
arfrnq ntat tlre US slotudow is dbout to end alftost as soon ds it begdn nis\ the pai,t
ardrlY
(Businesweek *bsite)
a We often need comparative and superative adverbs when the verb has the form oi a prcsent
partc pe (do,nq)
or a
past participle
(done).
Karea is one af the most rapidly developing counties in the vvo d
This
product is morc atttactively designed and mote solidly built
'lL.
D.t Dei\th. tsdrk ill be bettet placed to tr i^ sttolg .otlrante Ektia$hipt to hen.ft
JNtk
th. t?stnmni'K a d v&A bookt dik"tly happetinr 44osj Eurl.
(Busines Wcet websrte)
E Comparing nouns
sae uni! r0 a We compare nolns usrng the words beow
'''
Countabe norns
(prcducte, people, customels, bankt
morc, fewe, the most, the fewest,
(nat)
as nany ... as
we have fat morc people wo*ing fot us naw than tuo yeas ago
we don't have as many
produds
on the maket as tua yeats aqo
Uncountable
nouns
(t
me, money, Iniomation, progress)
more, less, the most, the least,
(not)
as much as
I n watking as a freelancet now and t eam considetably iess money
I dan't have nearly as mu.h time fot reading as twould like
D
One syllable:
Two sy abes ending
-)a
Two or more syllables:
ULLY !1 MkKet lltt tAne hslhKet
ftflr
tErE
hLWM Mne
-
Buf
|7
ltftKEs
1ftEA '0 MUul
150 3a COMPAR|I{G 2
38 Practice
Exer ci se l
FF$i gG
Undeiine the correct worcis.
1 The new design is considetably note lightlljg\@trhan rhe old one
2 Therc a nearly twice as many people wo*ing he aslthan last yar
3 Th sooner they decide, it's betterlthe betterlot ut all.
4 Ihees each tine nore/morc and nore invesrmefi in China everyyear.
5 We have the nearly largenlthe iecord /a4gen md*et sharc in Tlrkey.
6 Th s modelmight be bettet fot yo,r.lr's slightlylquite less expensive.
7 This is our tuterlfanen selling prcduct.
8 Evrythings getting more and note expslsivetexpeniver and expensiver.
9 lf needed, could this prodl]dion line go
nore quickly/more quicker?
l0 lt's a little more expensi!, but the
quality
is much befterlmorc befter.
1 1 Our sales this year are virtually the same aslihe equa/ ot bn yeal
1 2 This is one of fhe besf/the v!e// o4anised conferences l've ever been to.
Exercise 2
d ;
Wite a word or phrase from the list next to a similar wod or
phrase
betow
YrcNilly a bit roughly exadly much
nearl y/ . . . vi f t ! 44! ! y. . . .
a t i t t t e/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t at / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.
To e or l ess/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
)us\ l
Now complete these sentences byw ting the
pairs
ofwords/phrases ln the space,
1 Theyte siml af. They' .. ..I9,rXh1y.1-!,.PI3...?1...\e11....
p
same.
2 They' re very si mi l ar They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he same.
3 They're identical. They?e ......... the same.
4 X cost s $580 and Y cost s t 600. X i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cheaper
5 X cost s $400 and Y cosl s $600. X i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cheaper
Exercise 3
m
Rewrite each sentence using a supe.lative with a present parricipte (ddrg)
or a pasr padicipte (done).
I Few c.edit cads are accepted as widely as Visa.
visa s
probauy
........ih9...r.o..!..!..*j.d9ly...4slepJ#-........ (edit
card.
2 No market is growing as fan as China.
Chl na i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
market .
3 Few watches on the market are designed as cleve y
as the new Seiko.
The nw Sei ko h one of . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wat ches on rhe marker.
4 Fw of olf products
are sellinq as well as this.
Thi s i s one of our . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prcduct s.
5 Few f.cts about Oracle arc less known than this.
Thi s i s one of _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___
. . . . . l acB abourorace.
6 No area of business is changing anything like as |apidly as biotechnotogy.
By far ..................-... .
of business is biotchnology.
38 COMPARING 2 161
Ex er <i s e4AE: c E
A company wants to move premises and ther are sveral options. Read the deta s in the table
Possible new premises size
(square
rent per .unning .osts distance from
metres) square metre per year city centre
(km)
Dockldnds 2a5 5500 $120,000
4
(.onverted
warehouse)
City View Businest Park 300 $350 $125,000 12
Nelvtown IndustrialAre. 310 $200 $105.000 30
Now complete the sentences wilh the
phrases
from the n below
5lhtt not nea.ly by iar a lot mo.e than tlvice roLrqh y
the sdme
slighty le55 conrrderably ess a mosl as much almost as mdny
1 The three oprons are allaboul the sarne sze, but NMown 6
tl'{htly
.. arqer
2 l he r unn n9 cost s at Do( kl ands and Ci l y Vr ew ar e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 The runn ng costs at NeMown are than the olher lwo pacei
4 Ther e' 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sql ar e mel r es dt Dockands. s al Ct yVew
5 Ther es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . space at Dockl ands as at C t y Vi ew
6 The rent at Nev!,town . ...... than at ih other two
places.
7 The r ent ar Dockl andr s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he r eni at NeMown
8 Docklands is .. ih c osert to the c ty centre.
9 n terrns of access to the centre, NeMown is ..... as convenrent as C ty vew.
10 You d have i o t r ave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i ur t her t o get t o NeMown
E x e r c i s e s A B C D E
a'
44 -ao. ct the ldble en co'nol.re r'e
p'ese^tot,o
e\racl w tr ohra-es 1on t e li-t belo^
iF-6+apa+is-r'.iih hry ce as much tw ce .s m.ny a lot a little
ditlerenl limil.f by f.r contideraby more roughly lhe same
sales $ mil. % .hange Profit ! mil. % chanse
Chwon 50.000 42 5,000 150
Texaco 52,000 43 3,000 116
Exxon l/obil 210,000 29 16,000 102
'if
we look atthe igursforthe oilsecior lasl year. you
can 5e that the three largst uS companies alldid
very well
(1)
.!l..S9Yp4dtel...t'{-t.1. ttre previous year
Lets sta|t by comparing chevron and Texa.o. Then sabs were
(2)..................................
,
athouqh
chewon rnade
(3)
................-.................
profit. Looking at the
year-on-year trcnd you can see thai the
percentage change in sales was very
(a)
. ....... ..... ......... betlveen the two companies, whreasthe
change ln profits was quite
(5)
............. .. . . ln fact, Chewon3
p.ofits qrew
( 6)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - i ast er
-
150o/ o co. npar ed t o I 167o.
Now lerS look at Eson Mobil, the mafkel leader. The table shows that Exxon is
(7)
the largest company, with more than
(8)
...... . ......--........... s.les as chwon and Texaco combined,
and exacily
(9)
..................................
pmfit. ln terms of percentage
9rowth,
Exxon's figures wre
( 10) . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l ower t han i t s t wo. ompet i t o6. '
A Adverbs of degree
, Adve65 of degree show how big or lmponant something is They mdke the mean ng weaker
(small
degree) or stronger
(large
degree).
Larqe degree:
quite fairly, prev rathec rcannably, relatively
ertrenely, rea y,
very absolutely, completeiy
Mdr( Fdliet k noted a' d sl@tly t@,nn Lat ali rery Aonate ,1dtk!t ipst.r (^six it).
Dr.gazine website)
a Look at thes examples
W th adtect ves: tt was a litlle expensive / Bthe. strcnge tvery prafessionat.
Wrth adverbs: tt was done a bit tate / quik quickty
lvery prafessionaly
With verbe |rca y tlisagree.
fhey ve increased thelr affer a lit{e.
Wirh comparatives: ft s a bit/slightty/contiderabty/nuchl
a tot cheapet
B loo, enough, not enough
a Ioo means
'more
th.n it necessary or good'.
A/or enough means tess than is necessary or
good'. Enough rneans as much as 6 necessary'or 3uflicient.
The salary is too low.
Advefbs: l'n mtry it goes
too slowly
The salary isn't high enough.
In sa1y, it isn\ fast enough
There isn't enough time
Therc's too mu.h work
a Note the potitrons:
bo comes before adjecrives, adverbs and nouns; erough comes afrer
adtectves and adverbs, but before nouns
a We 6e too many/few + puralnouns.nd
roo muchl/1ft/e + uncolntabt nouns
fhete ate too many
people
intolved in the proje<t.
I think we speht too much money on the
(onsukants.
a We can eave olt the noun if the mean n9 is de.r
Just a liftle nilk, please Not too mu.h
Therc are six.hai6.ls that enough?
C Other structurer with too and enough
After too and enoug, we can l]se a phrase
wfth for.
Their delieEry tim?s are too bng lor us.
Hare we
gat
enough .hans for everyone?
Aiter too and erough we can lse a ro infnitive.
Sales arc too slaw to make nuch profit.
We dan't have enough tirr,e to do evetfihins
Srntlt pfi, n,Ja/Dtatiat te.lutoLog' is jt{l
nor n"patatlt douth o itt otut1 to geretate a rjtdinetl
r.o/.rr. (FT.con sbstre)
39 ADVERBS OF DEGREE 163
D So and st|ctl
t We use ro and ru.h for emphasis.
50 with adjectives and adverbs:
Such a with ddjec(ive + singuldr noun:
Su.h/So nary/So few with
plural
nouns:
The neeting finished so qui.kly.
tt was su.h a qui.k meeting.
You have such fiendly.olhagues.
We sold so nany policies last nanth!
Suchlso nuch/So little with uncountab e nolns: tt was su.lt good advi.e.
I have so much wotk to do.
'S$h
a big nerfd h6 htry .ohpetittue ihrylietions,' says d seniot Cirhan bdikih! etuttiE.
(Busine$rffeek onrine websire)
t Solsuch and too are different. solsuch express an opinion which can be either
postve or
negative. Ioo suggests a dfficulty. thal something cannot be done.
Therc are so nany people involved in the project (its just
my opinion)
Therc are too nany people invohed in the
prcject. (w
need to reduce the number)
solsuch can be used wilh that to express a result. Ioo cannot be used with that.
The neeting finished so
quickly
that t was hone by 5.30.
(NOT
r!ikt+ha{)
Quite,
fairly, p,ew
or rathen
a
Quite.
tairly and
ptettynean'a medium amount.
'Likt
htott brtilctstt, trt'ft
fairly
.dttiott dbort tIMt ktitht onE in thc $t .ary1c af
:la.a$,
"'ar
y bktse oI'lk Alii" srndrtor.' (busnress
revicw lveekly websirc)
a In Amercan English pretty is a common wayol saying very'.
a We can change ih meaning of gulre in British English by stress n9 the adjectve in speech. fhe
meaning changes to'very'. This is called undEtatement.
The rcstaurant v,las
WjE
good. (normal
meaning: it was OK)
The rcstaurant was qule g99g!. (unde6tatment:
it was very good)
a nather ako me;ns'a medium amount', but it often suggests that someth ig s bad, surprs ng
of unusu;|. lt is more formal.
It s rathet late to do anything royv
(lt3alinetoolar,'m.frad)
The restaurcnt was rathet good.
(l
enjoyed t, surpr s ngly)
a W th a comparative we can only use /aiher, not qu,te.
The neenng bok nther longer than I expeded.
(NOT
qsir-lngr)
r With some adjectives qutte means
'absolute
y' o.
'complete
y'. These incllde:absurd .ertara
different, hopeless, inpossible, ndicubus tighL sure, ttue, wrcng.
I'n quir certain about this.
(=
absolurly certain)
Are you surc that s qrite rtghf?
(=
completly fght)
'ntlJq
d,
*.
h4t dd y' y4 4t
P
e raL ^q4
r '64 14 'e44.ofia
4n'4t
t.4.'
164 39 ADVERBS OF DEGAEE
39 Practice
Exerci se l
XHH
Match each phrase l+ with the
phse
aFh) with the closen meaning. Be careful-some arc sim ar.
2 lt's quite slow-
3l t ' sEt her sl ow
a) lt3 comparatively slow
b) lt's slightly slow
c) lt3 fairly s ow.
d) lt! a little too slow' m afra d.
E
n
tr
!
5 l t s s o d o w
8 lts not dow enough.
e) lwant it to be even slower
f) Theres a
problem.
lwant it to be faster
9)
lt really is very
jow
h) OK. Thats as slow as it needs to be.
tr
!
u
!
Exer <i se2l l ! g
lJnderline the correct words,
1 The salary they are suggening sounds so goodlioo ooodto be truel
2 Therc were so fewlso ftde customers that lwent home ea
y.
3 We can't pullout now Thete\ too
,r,u.hltoo
nany money nvolved
4 lt was suchlso a boring meeting that I neart fell asleep.
5 The meeting was suchl5o boring that I nearly fell asleep.
6 I had to say'no'
-
the cosl was so nuch l too nuch lor the budget l was g
ven.
7 \Ne had so nuchlso nany new business that we needed extra statf.
I I had so nuchlso nany rcports to w te that I
put
the answefing machine on.
9 We have Jo fewlro rftle infomatioa that we can't make a decision,
1 0 The meeting was so shoriltoo short to cover all the
points properly.
11 Can you help me? l'm notenough Ellltallenough ta reach the iop shelf.
12 There sn't erough morey / noney enough ir,Ihe budget tor your idea.
Exer ci se3t r [ n
Complete the sentences with one of these words: too, erot"gh, sq such, much, many, little, few.
I ls your
coffee .....-t99.... hot? Would you like a little more milk?
2 | had ................. ................. trouble finding somewhe to
park
that I affived ate.
3 | had . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . probl ems f i ndi ng somewhere t o
park
t hat I arri ved at e.
4 There were ................. ........-....---. replies to the last mailing thatwe won't do anoihr.
5l had. . . . . . . . . . ---. ---. . . . --. -----. . : . . cashonmet hat l coul dn' i evenbuyasandwi ch.
6 The price of thejrshars is................. high to buy any more right now
7 Wete rnaking -................ progrss
that we should finish a wek ea
y.
8 Wete expecting a lot of
people. This room won't be large ................. .
9l coul dn' t doanywor kont het r ai n. l was. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i dt hat l f el l asl eep.
10 5he speaks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. -
qui ckl yf or
me t o undernand.
11 They pay ................. late that we won't.eceive the money untillune.
12 That s. . . . . . . . . . --. . . -- a good i dea. l t ' l l s3ve ust housands of dol l ars.
39 ADVERBS OF DEGREE 165
Exercise 4
!E
Look at the table below, then combine the sentences, using either so..- that... or such ... that... .
1 a) Ther w.s a big drop in their share pice. + Investo6 bcame vry nervous.
b) The drop in therr share
price was very big.
2 a) The advertising campaiqn was very slccessful. + Sales incrcased by 25% per month
b) The advertising campaign was a success.
3 a) Our oder
processing system works very well. + Most goods are dispatched wirhin 48 hours
b\ we
'
dve d very good order
procesing ryilem.
4 a) That company has very large bank debts. + Iheres a isk twll have io cos down.
b) Ihat compdnys bank debts arc very large.
5 a) The Internet conne.tion is very fd5t. + Web pages appeaf almost instanly
b) There is a very fast Intemet connecton.
1 a) rhere was t$s..h..4..F14..C1-.9r..il...lherf..tkle..rIisg..lh4.i. investors becam very neruous.
b) The drop in theirlhare
price was .................tq hi4...tl*t................. investo6 became very nervous.
2 a) The advedi si ng campai gn was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sal es i f creased by 2s%
per rnonl h
b) The advertising campaig
................ sals ncreased by 25%
per monih.
3 a) Ou. oder process ng synem works ...... .. .......... most goods are
dkpatched w thin 48 ho'r6.
b) we have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . most
goods arc di spat chd wt hi n 48 houB.
4 a) That company has .... ........... there! a risk it w have to close down
b) That companys bank debt s are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t heres a ri sk i w have
to close down.
5 a) The l nl emet connect i on
i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web
pages
appear al rnost i nst ant l y
b) There i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . web pages appeaf aLmon i nst ant l y.
Exercise 5
m m
Cornplete the second sentence so il has a similar meaninq to the fi6t sentence and conta ns the word in
brackets.
1 | d dnl buy that laptop because the screen was too small.
(eiough)
lddllbt,ylhal aplop oecdue
th4 4raan v'^'^'t'' lar4e e^ough
2 The prcblem was so difficult lhat I rcferred it to my Lne m.naqer.
Gud)
I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hat I ef er r ed i t t o r ny l i ne manager .
3 There weren't enolgh copies of ihe agenda.
(lew)
Ther e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of t he49enda.
4 Thel not enough space on this spreadsheel fo. all the results.
(little)
Ther cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h s spr eadsheei f or al l t he r esul t s.
5 i was such a good presentation thatthey gave us the contraci immediately.
Go)
The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . i h. t t heygav! st hecont r act i mmedat ey
6 | so d too few units lan month to get a bonus.
(enough)
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ast mont h t o
get a bonus.
7 l've got su.h a busy schedule that I can't met you uniil ne( T!e!day.
($)
My sched! e. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hat l can' t meet you unt i l next Tuesday
8 We've sent out lots of brcchurcs and we' need to print some morc.
(many)
We' ve sent out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . we' l l ned t o
pi nt
sor ne mor e.
9 I haven't got enough tlme to
prepare forthe meting.
(too)
' ' v egot - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t opr par c f or t hemeet i nq
A tn.
ime adverbs
on, at, no
preposition
the noning /.tune I the sunnet / the thnd
quadet
/ 1998 /the sixties /
the twentteth century
oti Fri.laylfriiay noning/the 2nd of Aprlllthe seend/Chtistnas Day
.t thrce fifteenlthe weekend/the end af the week, nonth, ei../night/
Eastea Christnas, e\c. / breakfast, lun.h, dinnel
no preposilion
this morninglyestetday afternoon/last night/the day befote yestetdayta few
days ago/ last week/ tamanow narning / the day after tanarrow / next week
The wod nbht has some special iorms:
t vvake up three times in the nighr
(=
during rhe n ghl)
tt happened on ftiday night l= one panrcular nrShl)
The hatel is quite noisy at night
(=
in genera when it is n
Sht)
t We can use /, fo. the t me t takes to complele somelhing
This
productian
line can
uoduce
8A vehi.les in a day.
We can a so use in to ta k about
'time
fiom now'
The new afflces will be rcady in two montht/in two months' tine.
B On time oJ in time?
t O/r time.neans at the right iime' /n tlm meafs
'with
enough time'
fhe plane taak off exa.tly on lirne.
(notlaleandnoteary)
We affived at the aipad in time to have a meal.
(early
enolgh to do somerh ng)
ttsnnr.q prt lt at dkpakh.tl on ti'ne it tu siut)lat task
J;tr\
a y L,.ttis*t anpa y
(ConDcctr \Lcbsltc)
C Foh since, during, aEo
see aho unn 5 a We lse lor and slnce with the
present pe.fect
to talk about sonrething conrinuinq up to ihe
present we use for to
ra L aboui the
period
of I me and shce to say when t staded.
t've lived here tor six nonths.
(per
od of lime)
tve lived herc sin.e tanuary.
Foint
in time when t narted)
We can a so use for with other tenses, a nd sornet rnes we c.n leave I o!t.
I m staying in the UK fot a year
The training peiod laned
(for)
six months.
t We.an ule dur;49 to talk about perods
of time. Ourlng aneweB the question'When?'For
answeB the question
'How
long,
I didn t feel neNous dunng rry prere,tation. (when?)
She talked for about thifty minutes.
(how
long?)
t Ago rneans'beforc the present'.lt is used with the pan sjmpe.
tcane hete six nonths ago.
(NOT
5in+*-rF{ha)
t To refer to . time before another t me we use beforc
(that)
at pteviausly.
I came here six manths aqa. Before that/Previously, I lived in Rone
40 TIME ADVERBS 167
D During oJ while?
. Duni?g is a preposition and comes before a noun ph
'ase
White is a nkinq word and cones
before a cause
Gubject
+ verb).
t naved into the na*eting area duing my time at Bacardi.
I naved inta the na*eting arca while I was wotking at Ba.ardi.
E By or unfin
a Symeans'on or beiore'. Untilmeans'up to'.
t need your repott by Friday.
(on
or befor Friday
-
perh.ps Thu6day)
She'll be away until kiday.
(allthe
time up to F day)
If hihg' haatrt clnnted dnft'dtiuly bf 2006, then Cenhal Euape . udte
laadbye
ta a ldrye
pdrt o.f its drti-food b6i'tc$. (Business
Cenrml Iurcpe website)
When we lse by we look back. When we use unnT we ook forwdrd.
By ten I had deaft with all ny e...'ails.
lwaited until ten and then lleft.
F fhen, afterwardt after, Iater
a Then and afterwatds arc \,ery simial lhen s used like
,next,
n a sequence Afterwards s used
like al a late. iime' or
'after
something eke has happened, and can come al the end of a
FiEt we discussed last nonths' sales, and then the advettising canpaign.
We discussed the problem,
and aftetwatds evertthing was OK
It was a long neeting and we went fot a dink afretwads.
Cooglc w6 gouirr vcry, ucry
Iast
at lrc tin'e. W. rcalizetl .w rceded a lot oJ dkk spda, an.l la tul
wrt ott drd botght I 20 hatd diat $iry all oI ow oedit &d' rnd aw
Tic
ds' oedit .aftl!. Ptcuy
tao" aJt.tuadr, M
rot
soue pnrdrc i vestntutts thtotqh Stdilod Uti,cttity. (tsusiness Wek
a After s uslally folowed by an object.
After the meeting I need to speak to you.
We discussed the
problen,
and after that everythidg was OK.
a tater means
'after
some time'.
Satah Janes isn't here at the nonent. Can you cone back laAr?
G Calendar references
I ln the UK people
say the tenth of )une at June the renih and wite Day/Month /year 1A/6/03.
a ln the USA peoplE say June ren and write Month/Day/\ear 6/1A/A3
16A 4(' TIME ADVERBS
40 Practice
Exerci se 1ff
1 . . . . . i 1 . . . . + par i ! of ddy
( t he
evenj ng)
9 . . . . . . . . . . . + yedr s ( 199s)
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + l onger r el i si ous hol i days
( Eaned
r c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +daysl Mandah
3 ...... . ... + me.l times
(dlnner) j j
. ....... + ddrs
(5
May)
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +speci . l days\ mybi nhday)
t 2 . . . . + r nonr hs
C4ug! 5t )
s ................. + ong
periods
fthe
finereerrh cenrud
B ................ the weekend
6 ........... .... + clock times
(four
fi,lay) 14 ...... ... the noment
7 ....... + day + pad
ol day
lMonday
norning)
j5
....... . ..... that day
8 . . . . . . . . + seasons
( d, e
wi nl er )
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . t heendof t heyeal
Exercise 2
m
It is now Wednsday aflernoon. Put rhese phrases
into order. wiih 1 ds rh rnon distanr tf ihe past,
and
l4 as th mon distant in rhe fururc.
1. 4. . . 2 . . . . 3. . . 4. . . . . . 5. . . . . . 6. . . . . . NOW 7 . . . . . 8 . . . . . 9 . . . . . . 10. . . . 11 . . . . . . 12 . . . 13 . . . . . . t 4
a/ a rew oays ago
h) nexi week
b) tonight
i) rh s even n9
c) in a fewweeks'time
D
this morn n9
d) in a forlnight
k) the day belore yenerday
e/ n an houf
l) tomorrow eveniig
t) tast night
m) yesterday
morniig
g) tast week
n) the day after tomorrow
Exer ci se3t sHr yqEFS
Underline the coffect words.
I Sorry | was or.rt of the offi.e
tLi:Bltjtg/in this norning.
2
'll
glve yo!
a callrexi h7eklat next week.
3 8ye.l'llsee you
the day aftet tamonowlthe next day.
4 W have a secuity guard io look after the pmises
at the nbh at night
5 lt3 very imporiant to .rrive at meerings o, tiDelrr r/r)re in rhis couniry
6 I yor
ani\e an tinetih tirr,ewe can latk a tittte beforc rhe meet ng staa(s.
7 Thejoint venlure has been operating successfutty fo r/duing
\hrce yearc.
8 We had one or tlvo
problems
forlduting rhe sunmer. bul thtnqs are OK now
9 I started working here stnte twn yea5tt
yo
year5
ago.
l0 The market crashed. Lu.kiiy thad sold my shares a few months agolbelore.
11 During/While
Ihe meering I made a lot of notes.
12 During / While she was talking I made a lot of nores.
13 lt happened during/while dot com shaEs wer booming in 2000.
14 t happened during I Mile the dor-.om boom of 2000.
1s We hav to finish this prcjcr
bylurtl the end of rh month.
16 l l avet owoAl al e rt t bF here unrl / byei ghr t -5
evF^ 19
17 We rcviewed the training plans,
and a/?erlrhe, tatked abour the cost.
1 8 We had lunch, and afterwardrla/rer I showed them round the factory
19 Afte\/ardslAfter
lun h I showed them round th facrory
20 | cant talk now. I ll c.li you laErlafteMardstoday.
/TI'
TIME ADVERBS 169
Exercise 4
S
Make
questons r.rsing Horv /org and the
present perfect. Make answef using for or sirce
I O
(How
lonq/yoL/work'e'e),
Hob lo^{ Mw yor'
}]CfKeg
l'gl-4 L
A:
(abour
si x mont hs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-"r. 4! e!
t
t rx. . . ' . r" t k, . . . . . . . .
2
Q:
(How
lonq/you/have a rubsidiary in Portuqal?) ...
A
0998)
. . . . . . . . . .
3
Q:
(How
l ong/ Pet er Mi ddel hof f / be cEO?) . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
r l LF
sl . 4 of as_ yea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Q:
(How
ong/your company/hdve the same Logo?) ....... ...
a r t went y
vedr 5)
. . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Q:
(How
ong/youlown
your Ielekom shares?)
A
/privati,ation)
6
Q:
( How
l ong/ you / know Al ex scot t ?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A : { a o T t r e r
7
Q:
( How
l ong/ you/ l l ve i n t hi s t own?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. ( l was
bo' n) . . . .
Exer ci se5kQf E
Vdr
45 complete rhe d alogue w,th one ot these wods.loL since dunlg, while, aga, befote, aftet, afteNvards.
rNiErivrE\rnl wcll, perhaps you could bcgin by telling us a lide bn about your career hntory? And
0)
...6-f.-19ry6.':C1..
*e'[ tnovc on ro your cu.renr
job.
ALEss^NDRo Yes, ofcourse.Well,l g..tdurted froln Bocconi Univcfsity in Milan five years
( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I wr s at Bocconi ( 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about si x ye. ! s, i nd
(a) ........................... rhat period I worked brieny as an analyst in nly unclet cons!ltlncy
firh.
rNrr'rv,rwE,!, Uh, huh.ADd did you tuanage ro 6nd.job e.sily (s) ........................... yo! lcft univcrsiry?
^L$s^NDRo WeI , evenr ual l y I w" s of r er ed, j ob i n an l t al i an bank, but ( 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hat I had
been looking for wo'k
O
....-.......-....-....-.... qone a long tirne. It wasnt easy findingjobs
in lt3ly 3t rhar rime. you know, but luckily ihe si arion has got much better
( 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hen.
rNrERvrEvER Yes.like here. So how loDg did you work at the bank?
rr-*sam,xo, well,I worked there (9) ........................... about rwo ye,s.
rNrERvrEmr Two
)irs
... and why did you lelve?
{Es^Mrc, I enjoyed my rine $ere e lot.And (10) . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . I was there I learnr a lot of
rechniqus for financial an:lysis,,nd imporrDt ski s like te.mwork.
)ou
know But I
wanted dre c}"nce to do somedmg not chalenging in an international enEomenr. ...
rNrERvrEVER, Uh. hDh-
k had been my drcanr to wo* in an international company (11) ............. . .... - .
leaving s.hool.
nnrvrwrn, Wel. you've applied ro the risht place. So what did you do ihen?
icsmrc, well,I decided to tele a risk and rnore to London.That srr abour nvo ye$
( 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rwRuEMR, Did you have a
job
to go to h London?
^LEssANDRo, No. (13) ....-...................... I leli lr.ly I sent my CV ro a lot ofdifferenr lsencies, but I
thought that rr mdd be eatier to find ajob (1a) ..-....-....-.............. I ws actually tiving
in LoDdon- Hah. I only realised
(15)
...................-......- how much competition there wasl
rMERqEvR, Well, yes.
r6s.Nrc, Anyaq. eventualy,
(16) ........................... some monthr. I found aJob at a bank iD the
Ciry That's where I'm vorkins now
170
A Linking words
a We use some llnking words tojoin pd.$
of sentences. They giv
d strucrure to rhe sentence.
Exampesi ncl l dear d, but , be. aui e50. Uni t s4t and42deat wt hr hski ndof
nki ng wor d.
a We ule other linking wods and ph..ses
to make a tink across sentencee and pardgraphs.
They
9
ve a srructur ro our whole argumeft. Exampes inctlde Firstty, tn genetat,
Actua y, tn other
words. Units 43 and 44 ded/ with rhis k nd of tinking word or phrase.
B Addition: and. both. too, also. etc
a W use and to
join
words or part!
ol senrences. To mphas se the iacr rhar ihere arc two th nqs
w can ur e Dot h. . . and. . . .
I need to cal Andy and find out vr'hen he's frce to have a rr,eeting.
t need ta call hoth Andy and Helen
a We use tao, aswel, as v"ell.r and d/5o ro add dnother facr or say thar sornething happens ar
the lame trme. Note the positions.
I need to call Andy, Kate and Helen too/as wett.
I need to call Andy and Kate at well as Helen.
I need to cal Andy, Kate and also Helen.
C Cont.ast: but, yet
and although
a We use but and a/though to make a contrast. A/rho{/gh is typicat of morc carelu or foma
speecn o. wfilng.
ln theory it seens like a
good
idea, but I don t think t,I watk in ptactice.
h theary it seens like a gaod idea, although tdon,t think it willwotk in practice.
a Tre clause wrth a/though can cone ar tre beg,r.
.9.
Although it seens like a good idea, I dan t think it wil wark in p?ctice.
Althocah tl'c hihi ry iasisted thc kJant lDrld still
la
ahead, it k r"ctedr what shap. th.f tri
rafte. (FT.con webiire)
a We can em phasile but a ^d althaugh w lh stitt and anryay.
I wasn t feeling very wel, but l.still went ta wo*.
1 wasn't feeling very wel, but I went ta wotk anway
I still went to wa*, although I wasn't feeting very we .
Although I wasn't feeling very well, I went ta wo* anway.
a We can use
/et
in place
of'but'in wdting.
D
Contrast: though and even though
a We.an lse thoug, in informalspeech and witinq tike airhough
Though h seens {ike a good ldea, ldan t think it wo* in practice.
Thoreh he outned d 10 peftnt udkq hk pntqs outvoted hin and unseated hin
t'on
the boa .
(tuia.Inc. {ebsire)
With thougi w oiien use rwo separate sentences .nd put
fhough ar rhe end.
It seens like a good klea. I dan't think h tt work in practice,
though.
a We can use eye,r thoug, like a/though ro give
a nrcnqr contrast.
Even though I wasn1 feeling very well, I still went to wotk.
41 L|NK|NG WORDS t 171
E Contrast: vvheras
I We can use wl,erear in formal speech .nd wit n9 to comp.rc two fdcls and emphdsise the
dilference between them. The clause with wfiereas can come at the beqinn ng or end
tndonesia has a lot of natu6l resources, whercas Singapare has none.
Whereas lndonesia has a lot of natutal resources, Singapare has none.
F Atthough or whereas?
t A/though in a sentence slggests surprise. But the clause with a/though does not always conta I
the sr rp sing information
-
usually it is the clause that comes second that seerns su rpr sing.
We had a rcasonable year in Asia, although sales fell a litfle in tapan
Although sales fel a liftle in )apan, we had a rcasonable year in the rcst of Asia.
Whereas simply compares two factr. lt makes a strong contran, bLrt there s ess suggenion of
We had a reasonable yeat in Asia, whereas sales in Eurcpe wete quite
disappointing
6 We can use wh,/e like althaugh at whercas.
while there are still sone issues to rcsolve, I think we should go ahead.
(l
ke although')
lnflation rose by 3o/o last yeac while house ptices went up 6ok.
I
ke
'where.s')
while sow.tuetantt wrkos ti
jtuit.ttokt
i.b
to
job,
tohryafik\ likc tBM .rtd Sllt Mi.tosNu5
I,,. tunt to han d rct. oI.dr@ist' n,
I'toril(
.onntuity. (Tlosnresswcck
Onlinc wel,sire)
G Contrast despitelin spite of
$ Desplfe and h spite ota like a/though, blt they a fo owed by a noun or noun
phrase
Although I was ill, I went to wotk.
=
ln splte ol my illness, I went to work.
Although sales in(eased,
ptofits fell.
=
Despite the indease in sales,
profits fell.
Despite lcst
tcdt\
Intdret bBiflBs sloalotn, oryontiont today Mttt ttill
'?a,!hiv:
tlk
lnqn RIk al ddottit\< .-lrttrt.s ptu$tct a t$luolo$t.r. (e-business adviso! wcbsitc)
Remember that a
gerund (verb
with
-,ng)
can act as a noun.
ln spite o DespiF feeling ill, I went to wotk.
(NOT
E5pii-1-fu1$l|.|+ieF++-,ir,rk.)
'And
as your department representative,
let mejust say that I am both proud
and honoured to be taking credit
for your accomplishments."
,Z.--\
l - t t l
t - l l t 6 l
|' i t I u,l
l ;
t l : ;
' . p a 4 . ' 1
i=W:ri
172 4't UNKtitG WORDS 1
41 Practice
Exer ci se I
gDHHH
Unde ine the correct words.
1 Althouohlqut I like this @mpany, t probably won'two* here long.
2 In spite aflAlthough rheirsharcs are sing, thenfururc is nill uncerrain.
3 Kate gave
a good prcsenrarion,
althoDhldespite having very tittle time to
prepare.
4 This year our earnings are close to $8m, !rf,7elstl// last yar they wer
jusi
$6m.
5 Whereaslln spite oflhese candidates allhave an MBA, these other ones don,t.
5 | read the book you
suggested. I didn't enjoy it, a/rhoughlthough.
7 | didn't have much timp. butlwhereas I managed ro visit the whote site.
8 Nowadays we have very few strikes, bullwhereas ten yea6
ago we had a loi.
9 We weren't su.e whether to go ahead with the laun.h, bu\we did it still/anyway.
1A Althaughltn spi@ ofrhe delay, we stillarived on tirne
11 | didn't rnanage to close th deal, a/fhorghlwherea5 | rcatly tried.
12 Aqhough lwhercas rheir share
price is falling at the moment, the company s 5ti[ a
good
ongtem
Exerci se 2
g
Rewr te each
gentence
in two ways so it has a simila. meaning to the fifst sentence each time, Use the
wo(Vs n brackets,
1 Paula visited both the lvtadrid office and the Earcetona offie
a)
{too)
.......P..ar.414..yiti19d....t.k..^.4*.drid..ef-fiss..4^d...thg-..46r.-ie''|9t\{,..pf.
fls.e-,..tec . . .
b)
(as
wel l as) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 We can handle the transport arrangements and the insurance,
3 | want the sales figures for October and NovemDer.
a)
(as
wel l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b)
(as
wdl as) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 We?e set ng up offices in Peru and Ecuador.
Exer ci se3[ ! [ l !
Complete the sentences with
9n
of these words or ph.ases:
although, anywljl but, in spite of, stitt, though,
whereas. Use each word or ohrase once onlv
1 carc didn't cosnise Marr Larner, ...*ltln-u4h.. sh had met him bforc.
2l don' t l i kekaraokebars, . --. . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l went wi t hmyl apanesecl i nrsanyway.
3l ot reredmybesi pri ce, but t hey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dj dn. t seemi nt ercsred.
4 l th nk we'll have to change oursuppliers. tts a
pity,
5 .............--........ the early problemt
the p.oject
has been a
qreat
success.
6 Spain is a mature ma*et _....................__ in Ponugatthere is nil room for growth.
7 We haven't got
allthe facts, but its worth disrussinq it........................
4t UNK|NG WORDS I 173
E x e r c i s e 4 C D E F G
Rewr te each
pa
r of sentences us ng the words given There.re two ways e:ch time.
1 I was rainifg. We got here on tlme
: , Ahh^. .
i t w^,
_^i ^i M,
we
4a+
he. z 6 +t we.
n, n. <nr a t he . ^i ^. \ ^, e 4oL her e o^ t i Me.
2 had a headache eti went io the meel ng.
ol . . . . .
,
DUr . .
3 Some and
yns
think rh.t siocks will{a rn value Othe6 dsaqree.
b\
^' hoLg'
There were d fficLr tes In the negoliations. We won the contract
a1 Do. pi , o
b\ h" n
' o. qh
. . . . .
O pricer rose elrghty ian year Thl9 year they have gone down
a) nLr q" d
or
, ar nougn. . .
I ve wr i t l en t wi ce r st havent r ecevddr epl y
b DP
Pr"
7 He d, dn t use any not es He gave. . exce e. l
pr esenbt on
d Ar hougq.
b) . . He . . . . .
,
t hough
E x e r c i s e s B C E F G
i Aa6
Compl er e r he a. t c e about For mu a One wl h. sl i t abl e wor d t r om t he n bel ow
bot h( r r ) dswe
( xl )
ar wel l as( xl ) aho( xl ) yel ( xl )
al t hoLr sh
( x4)
wher eas
( xl )
desp t e
( x2)
JofmUla
One,
rerrarx
an
Frhe
Emwth
of lomula on over th
.|. lal ten yed ha been exrr.ordin.ry.
W h 400 million peopl watchinE e.h
race it b pelhaF the world'6 nmber one
spo4
(1)
*L-t-bg}x[ f oo$an o)....................
make6 thir .laio, Iomll. One is the i.lal
ma&eiing tool for .ompani6, 6 shoM by
the la.t that sposos for
lagua!
like loi4
PAG and IISBC are vry hrppy
-
(3)
..............,..,,,,, th lact thnt
Jatld
id not
actuauy very suc.essful on the ha&
Most yeffi th sport' b dominated by
two teams, lenui dd M.Len-Mered6,
(4)
....,...,...,,....,,.. othr teams like BAR
qonda,
BMW Witliams dd Benetton
BeGult are imporrnr
(5).-------,
,
(6).......,..,..,........
FeFdi d<l M.Lrren"
Meede hav h!E. spo@Fhip deals,
Iendi's spocoF indld Malborc, liat
dd Sh.ll,
(7).-..-..-......,.......
M.Laren-
Mrced$ nav. M.rc.iles, Mobil and
Cooputet Asso.iate6. Th6e two lop
teatu ea.h haYe a bualget of over
$300
iillioo dd money .ones in fmm
direct sposoFhip and tnde support
(3)
.,,,.,,,..,,,,,,,-,- ndhddidn& TV rights
lemi have d mNal pmblen Their
bmd nde is very fdo$ dd the td
only letl @und
t000
.aF a yeai Th
ptoblem b that they !!e not dirctly
a.ociated with a na$ volune c.r
prcducer,
(10)......................
all the othei
te@3 de. In rcality Ferari tu conboUe.l by
Fiat,6!t
{fl)...........---- b.ing the nain
owner liat get! little publicity when
Fe(an witu, Many yars ago Gianni
Agnelli, the Fiat boss, watd to rdame
the cs Fiat lerdi
(12)
....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, he
tiie4 he failed, A me ..Id EEo Fetui,
a legnd in lalt stood in htu wa]. Ee died
in 1989 nd Agneli ftspecls his wish6,
but things may chdae ir the tuture,
A Reasoni because, at since
S We us becduse d5 .nd since when we
want to explain the reason for somethjng.4, and rr." a e more Lo,r.non
-
' o l d, \pperh d d
(=
to hav some lunch)
wrnrng
1n calling ta complain be.ause the goods
arc danaged
I am returning the gaods as/since they were danaged an affivaL
I As and snce can come at ihe beginning of rhe sentence. Normatty we do not begin sentences
with because, but this is possble in infom.lspeech.
As/since the gnods were danased an affiva|, tan rcturning them
Be.ause yau?e a first-time custamea I need to see
yaur
bank refercnces.
B Result so
t We use so io express a reslh. Note the relation betwen because and
jo:
l'm calling to conplain be.ause the goods
are danaged.
(teaeon)
The goods are damaged, so l'n calling ta complain
kesutt)
c Purpose; to and for
o We ute the to infrniive to exp.ess purpose,
to saywhy we do rhings
He went to the aipart to meet Mr ri
NOt
{r+-ser)
I n ca ing to talk abaut the sales @nfercnce next week.
M Zh taid /
(;awt,m.,
t'otltl ait to rttto"c Chin\ , Mtlttyt|c t i wat@ ryltdu dtrt
to tpccd tp rc.forn ol thc ldbolr ,rdrlcr. (Austr.liin
FnNrciil Rcvicw wcbsire)
a We can use il4 orde. io orso ar to in place
of to. They are more forrna.
The CEA called a
press
canferen.e in odet to explain the neryet
We can lse the negative /h onlet nat to ot so as not to We c.nnot use roi to on its own
I ll call a taxi so as not to miss ny fliqht.
INAI
gke+e+ix1-nF{-,*h5-iqy4i9h*.)
a We can ule fol followed by a noun to say why we do somthing
He
'
tent to the airpott for a meeting with l\/lt Li.
(=
to hav a m-cet ng)
Shall wE go aut lor some lun.h)
D Purpose: so t rat
. We can use ro
(that)
to express
purpose.
After
jo
fihar)
we use subjecr + verb.
I grc$ tu qrcstiott L hotu do yor dewlop
lout.ortpdry
so that it .ar euatft in ttpo,lte ta
.l&ryi'E tstoh'.t expe.tdtio'rr (e-busines
advisor websire)
a For a
preseni pufpose
we use the p.esent
simp e, wil/ or can.
t'tt send it by couiet so
(that)
it gea/ft'll get
to
yau
on tine.
t'n catling you so
(that)
| can che* you last arder
a For a
past purpose we lse the
pan
simple, would or could.
I sent it by couier yestetday
so
(that)
it gotli(d get to you
an time
I left wak early so
(that)
t could go the doctorc.
42 L|NX|NG WORDS 2 175
r f the subject of ihe fnsl pdl1
of th sentence and the subject of th
different, we can't use to. W have to use so
fthat).
l'm calling to talk about the sales rcnferen.e.
l'n caling so
(that)
we
(an
talk about the sales @nfercnce.
She caled a prcss .onfercnce to explain the neryer
She called a .onfercnce so
(that) joumalists
could ask quesrions. (d
tfereit subjecr)
Manner: at as if and like
a Wcanusea5or/ i t ebef oreacause(subl eCt +verb)t omean' i nt hwayt hdt ' . n t hi s case
rhere ls no diffence in mean n9, but ds is more formal.
He runs the rcnpany as/like his father used to.
We ll have fou people vrorkins on the stand, as/like we did last yeat
As Cektftl EMp. look
Jot stovh,
ft .o dl.d d lotton @utnies Like Lrcland, Pofttrdl, Sprrl
nnd Cr.rc.A afth.n stat.d of tJEn EU dluA
fN
poot / thar tu EU avcras?,
irst
as Centtul
Eutup. ti do. (Business Centnl Europe website)
a We can use as lfor rte before a cl.use to say how
gorneone
or sorneth ng feels, ooks, sounds
I have a bit of a tenpetature lteel as if/like lshould go hone.
It looks as iI/like weTe going to recover our costs by the end of the yeat
Fot ttro de.dd.s, I:ricdel Ncrbcr rat the gianr Ccnnan saviks! bo W$|LB ds if it t ?rc n t
f
the
lorrr'flcrt.
(Business Week vebsitc)
a We can lse as and /i*e before a noun or noun phrase. In this
(ase
a5 means
'something
is
something, and /ke means'something s sirnilar lo somelhing'
She vwtks as a financtal control/e/: Ghe
is one)
She thinks like a financlal conuol/er:
(she
th nks in a s m ar way to one)
We rc using the Estonian na*et as a test
(it
s a test)
fhe Estonian malket is like a test fot Finnish narket.
(it
s not a test. but is it s m ar to one)
W4 Ho:tia,
lauie
"ot
goitg lo da itjut
btaa,Ik t llingla" todo it Y.ri. going ta
do it brru.
t.L
b.lia. ia it
'
176 rt:|U
(It{G
WORDS 2
42 Practice
Exercise t
Eg
Compiete the se@nd sentence so it hds a similaf meaning to the fiut sentnce and conrains the word ir
1 lt was inconvenient for e!ryone, so the meeting was postpond. (as)
as tlr9 ...Yg.eJ!.Y..t"-.4t-..ilsgl-Y-e.'^i'.4.lrl..f-"J..-e.y-e.!..)!!9...!J..gr-..p...ttpet\.?!..
.
2 | sent Karen a copy of the minutes because she mjssed the meeting
(so)
Karcn missed the neeting, .
3 I had a lot of
papeMork
to do, so I finished wo* late.
(because)
I f i ni shed wo* i at e. . . . . . . . . . . .
4 l ll call you
back. I have to
go now because I hav a meeting.
Go)
l'll call you
back. I have a meeting, ....................
5 He doesn't know so l'll ask someone else.
(since)
Exercise 2
f E
L,nderline
the corect word_
1 Wele not in this business
just
b&lkl
fot to nake sho(-term prof it.
2 l'll explain in mote detail
jolfhat
our obiectives are clear
3 | wrcte the date
jn
my diary so tharlro lwouldot forget the meeting this mofning.
4 He rcsigned in ordet tol fol spend more time with his family.
5 iack came to me in otder tolfor aduice.
6 we'll agrce to
your
offer so that we canlcould ctose the deat.
7 We agreed to their offer so that we @n/could ctose the deat.
8 She rechecked the figure5 so that the auditors won,t/ylouldr,t find anv efioB when thev came.
9 l'l rccheck the figures !o that the audjtoE lron,t/hr'ouldn,t
find any errors when thev com.
1 0 t\,4any visitors come here to see/for to see our automated production
line,
Exercise 3
I X
l\,4atch the beginnings of each sentence 1-16 with an ending a) of b).
1 | went to Barcelona to
2 lwent to Barcelona for
E
E
a) the Tlade Fair
3 l'rn here for
a meting with Manuel Lopez.
a)
!l
a)
n
n
n
n
5 lthink it3 time to
6 | think it3 time for
have a short coffee brak
7 lt3 worth shoppinq around for
8 lt3 worih shopping around to
n
tr
a)
9)
a)
n
n
a better p ce.
9 | left wolk early so that I
10 l'll have io leave work early so thar I
can go the deniist.
(ould
go
to the dentist.
I1 | kept his business cad so that I
'12
l'llkeep his business cards so that I
a) would rernember his name.
b)
'llremember
his name.
n
n
1 3 l ll deal with rt personally
so thar therc !
!
a) aren't any prob
ems.
l4 | dealt Wth it llv so that the.e
42 LINKING WORDS 2 177
Exercise 4
p
f
Are thse sentences in English possible
or impossible. Write Porl
I l speak louder so that everyone can hear. tr
2 l'll spe.k louder in order to everyone
(an
heaf. n
3 sorry l'll explain my prcposal again to avoid any confusion. n
4 sorry I'llexplain my prcposal again so avoid any confusion. n
s sorry l'll explain my prcposal again so we avoid any confusion. n
6 We rnailour clients gula y notto lose contact with them. n
7 We mail our clients regulafly so as not to lose contact with them. !
8 l ll take an umbrella so l won't
get
wt. tr
9 ltake an umbrella so |wouldn't get wet tr
10 I' take an umbrclla so I don't gt wet n
Exe.cise 5
I
Complete the sentences with ai or ,l, or
put
asl/ike if both ate possib
e.
1 While lwas at university | sometimes worked ........--4t......... a waiter
2 lhe negotiations are
goang verys|ow|y,....................... I expeded.
3 Anna' s so f unnyl 5he3. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . , a comedi an.
4 We'll 9end the oder in two consignments, .....................,. we agreed in the meeting,
5 This caisis is not ............-.-........ the last one. lts wo6el
6 I'm lucky. I have a small room at home that I use ....................... my study.
7 You l ook
j ust
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . your brot her
I In a sltuation Iike this, you should do exactly ....................... it sal6 in the book.
Exer ci se6f l l f l
@
ot
Uodrrli*
,n" .o,rcc-t wo(ys in thrs dialogue.
J
cx: Oh, hi, Pamcla. Coutd you give me some advicc?
PAM!L{, Y.ah. surc.
JcK
Itt about my laptop.I usc it a lot when I'm our ofrhe ofiice,
(1)
&
/l;&e I wanted to talk to
you about sving my f'16 ... I, er, donl w"nt to lose e!"eryrhing ifrhele's a ploblen.
p.Mrr.^:
Hm. Do you b^ckrp yov cs
Q) Jor
/ to make suE your work is safe?
JAc&
Oh yes.I h.ve a sm. stonge device that plugs into the USB port
-
nt (3) drli*e a porribte
hard disk.And so ifanyonc srole my laprop it wouldn't be such a dis.lter (4) 6e.,!Jelr/ I
would sril have aI my files.
P,\MEL^, We
,
thatt OK rhen.
J^c(i
The problem i! I often keep this device h the same place as my laptop (s)rrlJo ,'d, it's
esy for me ro find.And thari wh worries me.
J
c(; WeI, yes. lt's edy for me io 6nd, (6)
ro /ro ,r.t irt east, for rhe thief too.
prM!1
, Ah, hah.It soun&
O)
a/6
iryour
geninB.litde bir pamnoid,Jack.
r
cK So, is rheE some kind ofsolurion (8)r'lto
people (9) drllik? ne ... who are worried?
eNEL^, Do you Ee
)our
laptop (10) /o /rr acces the Inrerner?
t
cK: Ofcou6e.
p
ME^, WeI, (11) e/ td @rry /so a not to roiy.bottlosng
},our
file. how about uitrg on lirc stomge?
l^cKi
Um, wlhtt tlbr?
preu,
It work (12) arldr,fa b"d dislq
03)
6,/rle pur ponable device, but irt d Interner sire-
r^cKi
Oh.
pAGu,
You cD upload files ro rhe sire whenewr yo! wt
174)
to that/lihe rhey.re therc ro
doqrload on Dother occasion. Ir .ould be with aorher compurei I use ir a[ the rime
(15) ro tnarlro keep copis ofmy mosr importat fles.
t
cx: An,I see.Tha. som& (16) a/,1. a tealy
sood
idea.Wel. th"nk a 1or. I'I do dEr.
A
eveloping an argument 1
Words meaning and. but and sa
a Units 41 and 42 gav wo.ds iike ard, butand so to
join parrs
of sentences We cdn lse onger
words and
phrases with the same mean ng to link borh across sentences and with n more
comPlex sentences
a d: ]n addition, Eesides, Morcovet, Fullhernore
brl: Howevec Neveftheless, On the othet hand
so: fherctorc, Consequently, As a result
These word! and phrases
are typicalof formal5peech
(for
ex.mpe present.tons)and
wrt ng
They Lrsually come at the start of a sentence and hdve a comma afreMdrds, but can come after
a comrna i. the middle ol d sentence.
Suppher A is cheaper, and then defivery tines are
gaod.
HoweveL supptier B has better
qualty
products and they have a gaad reputatian in the narket.
This new process prcduces less waste, and as a result it's nuch beftet for the environnent
Orr sta.ks dre ovn\ in a dou.mnftls spitul, thercJore the F.d t$t an i, ct.!t t tc: h l,nast otjt
.oilidott.Tlot, at lcdlt, is th. tl@ry nuokr nos'!^ lh Qpk. (FortJcs.com
wcbslre)
Exampfes: for example, for instance, such as
a We.an use for example ot for instance Note lhe
possibie positions
Our casts have gane up. Fot exanple, the cost af steel has nearty daubted.
Our casts have gone up. The cost of steel, for e,,mple, has nearty daubled.
. We use iuclr as in the middle of. rentence to give examples lt is the same as ttke'. Such as rs
fo owed by a noun
phrase,
not a whole clause.
Sone delays, such as strlkes at bad weathe, arc beyond ou contrct.
Some delats are beyond aur cantrcl, such as sttikes ot bad weather
Additionaf/real information: in fact, act ratly
a We use ln fact, Actually ot As a nafter of fa.t \a add a
pice
of information to whai we
jlst
sad. The lecond piece of infomation gives morc det. s.
We have
plenty
in stock. ln fa.tlAs a matbt ol fad we coutd delvet tanorrow
We a so use these wordr to emphasise what the rcalsiruarion is. Th s is surprisng o. differenr to
what people imagine.
I thaught we had some in stocla but in fact/actually we don't.
B
c
D sequence: first ol all, as wetl as this, linally
a Wecanuse Fist, Finly, Fitstofal/to beq n a serie!ofponh n a lormatargument. Forother
nlmbered po
nrs we say secord,secondly, er..
To add a poini without nlmbeinq we can s.y 45 wl/ as this, Besides this ar tn additian.
At the end we ..n say F,ndl/y.
Why choose the C2e(h Republic? Well, fiRt of a
,
it has lawet labaur cast-l than ather
neighbouing counties, and secondly, it has a nable tuffency. As wett as this, it has a tftined
warkfofte wtth gaad labaur relatiant and finally, it has a tuang tocat narket
ZII
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT I I79
a To finish one point we can .ay Overall ot Taking everything inta @nsideration .
Ornll, a tuo 67% oJ the aduh
loprktion
is eflplayed ar Laokinrfot uork, nahq be.tu\e
_fe
tdle pa i.ipation in the lalrotfotu hds
junpcd
ouet the b6t two dtudet. (Business Week
Io f nish a formal speech we.an say tn conclusbn.
ln .ondusion, l'.1
just
like to thank you
aI very much fot coning, and I laak fotuvard ta seeing
you agnin at our next meeting on 31 septenber
E Generafising: in
general,
on the whole
a Therc are many words and
phrases
we can use to talk
gene?lly:
ln genenl, On the whale
As a rule, TwicalLt All in aI, Easkaly, ovetall,
qrcadly
speaking.
Orydnkatiors tfpi.ally hd,e
fw
'Mto
et' rclatioithips: cwtonca, b,sinss p tnes, supplie\,
c'flploycas, drd shdteloldeo. (-busines adftor website)
a lf w-. want to make a balanced argument we often ute one of these
phrases
followed by a
contrasting idea with a word like bd
(see
section A .nd unit 41).
ln
genetal
the lapanese economy has not been very dynanic over rccent yeaR. However,
some technology and telecom conpanies ate grcwing very fast.
On the wltole lthink
touie
ight, although ldisagrce with yau abaut the levelof risk.
F Summarising: so, to sum up, in summary
a We can use 5q /n shod To put it sinply, To sum up and /n summary to rlrnmadse
5o, to sum up the ,iain points of my presentation
so faa vw are a truly intenatianal canpany
ofturing a full nngE of seNices to corpotate and
private
climn' in the arcas ol finance, banking
and tnsurance.
To p"t it sirtply,Jood
tto.cssos
uill losc totnpetitiftft!' d' d dirtt rc t o.f EU hu ,$hip.
(Busines
Centnl Eurcpe website)
G Either ... or ,,., inshad of except for
a We use e,ther to begin a list of
possibilities.
We do not beg n w th or. The other
possibil
t es af
intfoduced with o/.
Either we could cancel the
produd launch, or ponpane it
(NOT
e*r+dd-aFe+)
But in speech we can begin with o/to complete the othef personb idea.
A:'We could
jun
cancel the launch.'
Bt
'Ot
perhaps post@ne it.'
a We use /hnead
fo,
to mean'in the
place
of something else'. Atthe end ot a sentnce, hstead
is used without ot
Can we have the neeting on Friday insbad of Thu6day?
thusday is no good? OK, can vle have it on Fiday ins.ad?
a We use eycept, etcept for or aparf from to mean
'not
inc uding'.
I have contacled everyone except
(for)
Margarct.
180 43 DEVELOPII{G AI{ ARGUMENT'I
43 Pra<tice
Exer <i se I
I ECEE
Underline the corct words.
1 Jf resistered mail is too slow, we could use a @urier
i!@gllinnead of.
2 The fall in share
pices
hds made investoE neruous. On the others,lrelhan4 it's an ex<llent buying
opportunity if yout ppared to take a risk.
3 As a rulellherpfore I don't nomally have a big lunch, but l'llcome with you to the restaur.nt today.
4 All commodiry prices rose last week, a/ioley.ept gold.
5 We can ettherlo/ wait for a train, or
go
by taxi
6 | know Madrid very well. A6 a natterof factlon the evhole lworked there for a short t me many
yeafs
ago.
7 As a nattet of fadlon the rvhole stocks arc riskier than bonds, but stocks can g ve a btter return in
the long term.
8 lt's convenient for me to come to wolk by car On ihe othet hand I Eesides, Ihe lrain would prcbably be
9 lt! convenient for me to come to work by car On tie other handlBes,ijes, the company
payr fof the
paRrng.
1 0 Investment in areas lor erample/such ai biotechnology can be isky.
I 1 lnvestment in some areas, br exanplelsuch as biolchnology, can be risky,
12 Can we send an email except lorlinstead of a laxl
Exer ci se 2l l l l l l l
Complete each sentence with a wod or phrase from the list below.
eecllt as well as this either except inslead such as thefore
nevertheless so in generai
1 People think it3 expensive, Out .........1St14'l1y......... over the long term t isn't.
2 The restaurant is open very day .,...........,...,,,,,,,,.,....... [,4onday,
3 She3 out of t he count ry and. . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , , , , , , , . , . , . . unabl e t o at t end t he meet i ng,
4 l was
9oi n9
on Tuesday, but now l ' m
goi ng
on Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . .
5 .................................. lthink the meetin9 went very well, although we didn't manage io agree on
the
composition of the newteam.
6 Some a.eas, ............................-..... recruitment, are outsourced to other companies,
7l ' msorry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---. -. . . . . . . . . . youaccept t hi spri ce, orwecan' t dobusl ness.
8l t ' srel i abl e, saf eandeasyt ouse. . . . . . . . . . ---. . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . -, i t 3excel l ent val uef ormony.
9l t ' srel i abl e, saf eandeasi t ouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , t hemai nt enancecost scanbqui i hgh
10 ...-.....-...............----.-..., in short, its reliable, safe and easyto use.
Exerci se 3
!!!
Plt four commas in this short paragEph.
ln geneftltaking
an MBA is a good idea for an anbitious
teung
prcfessianal howewt yau
do have to nake
sone tacifices. You ,'iss out on lwo
WE
valuaue work expeience far exanple and it can be vety
'8
o"
43 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT I 181
Exerci se 4 A B C D E F G
Read t h r a ce about t r anspod
pol i cy
i n ct y cent r es. Compet et he d. t de by choosng t he cor r ect
a ternatve fiom A, B, C or D below This exercse inc ldes revision oi !n t 41.
course quire ddBerous.
(4)............
. cas
cause traffic
jds
dd
(5)............
mdr hou(
of work iime m lon.
(6)............
.
people
necd inccniives bfoE they chanee their
habils md ahemativcs ro cars arc olten not
availabl or of pmr qualily. Thc fi6r thirg is
lhar publ,c tanspon nrusr become more
eliabh and more comionable.
(7)............
.
bicycle rw should be en.ourrged.
(8)............
by hnvin,q more cycle lanes. Somc l.rge
.ilies, (S),.,.........
Ansrerdm- a alreadt
organised in rhis
q.y.
Bur tbe most ndical
measure is rord pncing. Asking notorisls to
pay
ro enrerciry cenrres is co.hlersirl, bu1
is an incre$ingly common solLrtiod. So,
( 10) . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
pe
cr n see r h i dr gi nar , ve
dd somlines unpopul.r measurcs will be
needed lo makc the citt ccnlrr a nrort
pleasant
tlace
io work rDd li!e.
2 A aewel
5 A -oirher
10 A l hnd y
B Ako
B However
I bot h
C ln lact
C And
C . s. r esl r l t
C 5 0
c act ! al l y
c nstead
D Er cept
td)ae
Wanfto
enter/the city?
dorry,
ttoa
ff hauo [o
1ay,
Tmf6c congestio. in cily centres is a big
problcm for borh busine$es and residents.
Policy makers are bein8 forced lo lhink of
soludonr based on public trtrsp.n, rcad
pricing
and rcsl.icled use of onc kind or
anorher (l)....C..... unlidited accc$ ror ca6
al all dmes. Wtal aE rhc Easors fo! lhis?
(2)
............
.
cas cau* noise and polludon in
reas where people walk. shop or
so
sights&i,re, and
(3)............
rhh rhey are oi
E x e r c i s e 5 A C D E G
CornpLele th s speech made by the eader ol a Korean irade deegarion at the end of a trip ro Wals with
the words and
phrases
frorn the [sl beow
fi|{ffill in conclueion in addilion lherefore nnead ol :r a rLr e however n fa.t
'could
lllst ray a few words? rh.nk you. well,
(1)
..{irtt
pf
+!l
'd
ke ro rhank everyone here di
GNK ior organising today3 visit. We have enjoyed meetinq all the staff, see ng yoLrr new pfoducts and
l ooki ng . ound yo! r f . ct or y
( 2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
l woLr l d l i ke 1o t hank t he l oca chamber of Commer ce
who rnade the whole tdp porrible. As you know, we see the European market as very important for our
company.
( 3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
i t i s cent r al t o ou' f ut ur e p ans.
( 4)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , r n eur e t hat
we can look forward to even closer coope.ation betv/een ouf two .ompan es in the lutue.
( 5) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1t hi nk i t ' s bet t er t o keep t he. er moni es shor t on occdsons ket hs,
(6)
..... . .....................
,
I would
just
ke to t.ke this oppoilunity to ledve you
wirh somerhing to
remembe. olrvisit, and so havegrcatpleasurc in presnting
ihis bookwih photographs of Korea to
yo. d e. l o. . ! \ Ar ' r n o_9. ( 7r . . . . . .
.
I
L
ooe t h. t we ndy
" oo
l " . ve
' he
pl ed" - e o_
wecoming some o1yo! to our country rn the fuiure. Perhaps ihe nen iirne w meet t will b n Seou
( 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . car d Jf I on. e agai n, t hankyou a ver y much'
A
eveloping an argument 2
From ny point
af view ln ny opinianlview Pesanally
Apparcntly, lt seens that
Cleatly, Of cou,i,e, Obviously
Luckily Fanunately, Happily 'adly, Unfotturately, Unhappity
To be hanestffrank, A.lually, ftankly
Fo unat
ry,ltcrc
m pknty otsA$ lnt Merko htdy.litdlly hdu. tedttlad a rcu t.ucl.:f pothndt
d d @ oh'i t'andry. (Global Busine$ Magrzine rvebsirc)
'Frath\,,
I nidn\ knou' !,lnt I ws
lon]lj
b da,' snys Pdrk abo't stdrtinr q his bdrk.,tjust
Id,t.i to ftplkak lk !cni..t of.lin$ h h. U.S. I rus hhknq pdty
rood
onq dt Meftill
Lynlt dn.] I tlto
*ht
I.o l dk. Ltft on y aM.' (Asia
Irc On Line websire)
Other wods used to make a
personal
comment rcude: adniftedty, coincidenta\y, cutiously,
incredibly, interestingl)t ianically, natuely, paradoxicatty, prcdictably
signiticantly, surptEingly,
unbelievably, understandably, unexpectedly.
It you want to qive your
ideas frorn one
particu
ar point
ot vew you
can use a phrase ke:
Technically
(speaking),
kientifically
(speaking),
fton a financiat/technical paint
of iet!, elc
B Other linking words and
phrases
e
Study ihi! list of common link ng wo.ds and phrases
used n speech.
Personal comment
a The.e are mafywords and short phrases
thar corne at th beginning of d sentence and he
p
us
to mak a
pe.sonal
comment.
Giving your own ideas
lnformation you have he.rd
Mon people know this
Giving th mon rmportant example or situation
Correcting you6elf
supporting a previous
statement
Changing the 5ublect finformal)
Changlng the subiect
(morc
tormal)
Dismisling somethlnq/Preparing to finish
Especially, ln
pafti.ulat
Abave all
8y the way, Sa, Anyway
h telation ta, As rcqatds, l"lloving an to,
Asfaras. is concerned
AnWay
C Structures to focus on important information
d W c.n lotus on importdnt informaton wth the srructue lhe + noun + 6 The second
part
of
ihe sentence is usualy d
'that'
claule or a wh- quenro. (which,
what, when, how erc)
The thing is
(that)
the whole idea is
just
too risky.
The thing is, how nud money witl all this cost?
Nouns used with this structwe in lrde: answea fa.t, point, probtem, question,
solutian, thing,
The question
is, what are we going
to da abaut it?
The trouble is (tha it
s qoing to be vert e^pentve
N We can {ocus on important infomation uring a cdlse that beg ns with whai:
What we need is a few dars to think abaut this in nore detait.
What rm going
to do is call aur warehouse and see how nany we have in stack.
What wonies me is the tine they'rc taking to nake a decisian.
44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 2 183
D At the end, in the end, at last
O The phrases
at the erd,ln the end and atlasrdo nor have the same meanifg:
Atthe end refe6 to a
point
ntime
I spoke fot 20 ninutes, but there wete a lat of
questiorE
at the end
ln the end means'after a lotoftime or'ventually
E tt untess, otherwise
a Conditionals with /f(units l7 and l8) are important ior developing an argument
I waited until ten, and in the erd I /eft.
(+ pdst
tense)
makes a comment that we are ple3sed now because a long wa t has ended
At |ast l've finished this rcportl
(+ pesent
tense e9: presnr perfct)
Beat i'dtkets dte d ndtndl
ua
of stocks, n' tu sdne tuoy tlut
fu.s
dr. a na\ndl
.farce
ih the
Iorests.
Enk thotlrh it\ ta
rh
to u'otch, tlt 'rd',et is r|hu lrcohhi.t h the dd.
0trall
Sr.eerJoumal
The linking words urless and otherwlse have the meanlng
'if
not Look at the next thre
exampes which all have the same rneaning:
lf we donl
pay
the invoke naw they ll cut back aur crcdit.
Unless we
pay
the inwice now they ll cut back ou credit.
We should pay the invoice now othetwise they ll cut back ou ctedit.
Wtdt pd ftB.ar I'c lrrdo Stuk Ex.ltut1*c lcath out to? A ti!1tp uith Iiankfiltt ptubably
ohl happc',, Mlets d ndiully dtcE typa aJ ptupoldl ca, b. p tatcllu. (accolrnrincy
rgc
Abbreviations in written English
a Note lhe following abbreviatio.s which ae common n written English:
ie
=
that is to say
(from
the Latin
'id
en')
eg
=
for example
(fiom
the Latin
'erempll
gratia')
NB
=
note
(fiom
the Latin
'nota
bene')
Miak'i-lJard
dobal
B2B
faod
cx.hdile Foodttudu .+(k !'o naft l1t 1al, of
g,uth
a Ccn al
Aktn.o\ USS3TSbnlood tarhe! h..o,i'rckd o iflah2001.OJlt.ldnou t, Foodthder hatles
to .dpturc 10D%, i. soh'c UStJ7t,r. (busine$
news anericas website)
g
b, tl)e uay dr
tw
I1o1'. ary tu"2r2 ttin
W
end nr ary,"an?? Do
td
b,tu ^nJoar @b b^ ant nnq? Will tt
r
snd tu aar nonaJr
rA4 44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUi/IE T2
44 Practice
Exercise 1trtrLqEiH
Underline the correct words.
l l like all the marketing ideas, hut in oatticularlin pafttculart
the frce sarnples.
2 Fram our
point
of iewltn our
point
of viewrharwould not be a good solLrt on.
3 h seenslApparently, rhe Board is going to appoint a new CEO.
4 lt seems that I Apparently a,haa the Board is going
to appoint a new CEO.
5
Fonunatelylwith
Sood
foftune she wasn't linen;ng.
6 A.tuallylTruly, l've nevet really trusted him.
7 Moving onlMoving on b the
question
offinance, we'llned ro r.ise about $2m.
8 We tried aBuing with them, but at the endl,in the end we
just
gave
!p.
9 Frankieb managed to get ajob at lastlin the endl
19 Unlesslotherwise we decide within the next few weeks it'll be loo ate.
I I lt'll be too late unless/otherw,se we decide within the nexr few weeks.
1 2 We must decide within the next few weeks, unless/othena,lse it'll be too laie.
13 Some countries in Elrope, ieleg Spain and keland, are
growing
stlongty.
14 ELrropeb three biggest economies, leleg Germany, France and the uK,
are all
grow
ng strong y.
Exercise 2
H E
Complete the replies to the comments below byfollowing the instructions tn brackets and using the wods
and phfases
from the list below
p.s19
anyway of couBe by the way above all appareftly
Eftef all or rather unfortunately to be frank
1
'We
should have the
prototype
rcady by lune.
(give
your
ideas) .....Pft9..^411y....
,
t think august rs more rearrstrc.
2
'The
insurance on this system doesn't look too expensive.'
(most people
knowthis).........................-.--, it needs ro be renewed every year
3
'l've
got
Wo spare tickets for the opera toniqht. Are you interested?'
(you
would like to
go
bui can't) .............................
,
l've got
a
previous
comrnltment.
4
'So
at the end of the day lthink we did quite
well.'
(change
the subjct) ....---......................
,
what did Matthew say about
paris?
5'The
jointventuE
with Optika is running into all sorts of problems.'
(be
hofen) ..-........... .............
,
w should never have entered inro
jt
in rh first ptace.
6
'l
think it might be time to set up an office in Estonia.'
(suppoftthe
previous
naiament) .............................
,
we akeady operai n Fintand.
7
'Why
didnt Robed qet
the new sales
job?'
(give
information you
have hearo.............................
,
his intervlewwas a disaner
8'Everythinq seemsverywell prepared- fhere shouldn't be any p.obems.,
(prepare
tofinish) ....................----.....
,
we can talk about it again fearerrhe time.
9
'Carmen
really deservd to
get
the new sales
job.'
{give
the mon important reason) ..--.................--......
.
bcause of her expertence.
10'l thinkwe should tarqet our next line of .lothes at a youngef market.,
I t s a good i dea,
(corect yoursel f l . . . . . .
---- . . . . i t coul dbeagoodi deai f wedon, t t oseour
existing customeE by doing so-
1I4
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 2 185
Exerci se 3 A B D uni t43
,-r
50 Under ne lhe corrcct words In th|s presentation
.bout robotics This exercise lncludes some revieion of unit 43.
\1)
First of all lAftet a
,
t'd ke to thank Kiko lshida for her kind wods of introduction, and for nviting
me here to speak to
you
thls mornrng. The title of my ta k is
'The
Age of the Robof, and
'
be talkinq
today about rcbotics, and
(2)
anywaylin
panicular rhet comrner.i. xploitauon.
(3)
Espe.ially/clea y rherc's huge interest in the subject, as can be seen by the nurnber of people in the
audlence today and this it not su rprising as we predict
that over the next decad robotics s goir'lg lo be
one of th wodd! fanen growing industries @)
To give an exampie/However, we
predidt
thal heath-care
r cbot s i n l apan al one w bea$I bi l l i onmar ket by2010. Theyl l bepr esent i nhospi t ahandnur si nq
homes, remindlnq
patients
to tak mediciner, dlivering food t|ays. ceaninq, supponing patients who
have
problems
walkinq, and doing almost every4hing ke
\s)
except fot /instea.l of peellng the qrapesl
16)
As far as rhe general public is cancerned lconcening the
?enercl
public, Sony Calporat on th nks thal
the best
place
to launch the rcbot rcvolution is home ente(a nment, becaus s ng ng and danc nq robots
don't do an!,thing elsential and t3 oK if they mak a mistake sometimes.
(7)
Erpe./ally/Furthernore,
home enlertainment is lkely to be rhe brggesl market
(8)evntua/t/at
/a5t, with som,6 househods hav nq
tlvo or thrce robots.
iust
like they have PCs today.
(9)
As a nafter of fact /fLloving on all the leading p ayers
\1q
such aslfat exanple Matsushita. NEC and Omron are fvest ng lens ot m llions ol do a6 in lhe
devlopment of
personal robats.
(11)
lneanlAs a rcsuh progress has been rapd, and scientsts now
undelstand the technology necessary fof
(omplex
actions like walking on two feet without lalling over
\12)
An the othet hand/At the er4 ii! c ear that the development of
'robo
sapiens' with someth ng that
apprcximates human intelligence will lake longer,
(13)
espe.ially/ot Ethet a otlorcet.
114)
Newftheless /ln genercl its clear ihat In terms of competition between countries Japan leads in
roboiics at the momeft,
(l5)
although/apan frcn \he Arnercans are try ng hard to catch up. And lapan
does urcently need a whole new area of
products
to sell to the world as
profit margin5 in othr areas of
consumer electronics
gets
smaller
So,
\16t
ln factlta sun up, t've tried to show you how I be eve we?e enting a new age. the age oi the
robot, and t! an aqe that3 full of business opportunitis
Exerci se 4 A B D uni t43
check the answeElo exercse 3 belore yo! do this errcse Then find words and phrases from the correcl
anrwers that are s m ar to the expressrons below
r To bes n wlrh
Fit:t+
Pt..All
2 n iact
3 As regarde
5 On t he whoe
6 Obviously
9 Nowever
10 n shor t
12 despite ll-re la.t that
l 5 especi al l y
146
repositions of
place
A rnaf with a scari around h s neck is ,n a tih He is teaning againrt the wa of the tift.
The litt is coming up from th nreet be/ow.
h a mornenl the man will walk rrrough the fr doo6 and hto the office. He will put
h s
jacket
o/r the coat srand which is b//rear the tift.
There is a man !.vaiting for the lilt. He has pressed
the button to go
dorrn
An the ather side of the lilr doo6 rs lane. She is wa k n9 at\tay frcn rhe tif\ aqass the rco'Yl,
pastthe photocopier
rowdrdr a meeting roorn.
Jack is besbelnexr to the
photocopie(
Aboye the
photocopier
s a shetf Ne s mov ng the boxes
ol
paper
off the she J orto the floor
5!e and Ma* a.e sining aftheir desks oppojire each orher The r compurers are in front of
lhem on thei. desks. Sehreen thern is a wane-paper
bin and the photocopier
s behlrd Sue.
Malk has pLrt
his coat over the back of his cha n S!e5 bag is under hr chair.
SLre is puning
a etier /nJlde .n envelope and Ma* s ta k ng someth n
9
ort of his drawer.
A At or i n?
q
We use atto ta k about the position
of somthing, or.bour the place
where someth ng
happens 4fshows a genera location.
Meet ne at my otfice. There's someone at the door
(posirion)
I ll see yau at the meeting.
3
1
8
(where
somethlnq happens)
,t,
We use /ir with ihe name of a conrainer, place
or.re. to show rhar sorneone or lornethinq
nside it.
There's plenn/
of papet in the photocopier
she's in the third rcom on the left.
Ou head office is in France/the notth/paris.
s stLrdythese ex.mples for pub
c buildings:
I'llsee yau
at the airpott.
(the
p
ace in qeneral)
I I see you in the aipan turmlnal
(insrde
rhe buitdinq)
t had a hatd day at the office.
(pefiaps
I spenl some time out ot rhe b u ding)
t be back in the affice at thre
(ifside
the buildrns)
..'t
X
45 PREPO9TPNS OF PLACE 147
B Expressions with at in and on
a Note these fixed exprcssions with at
at the frantlback at the toplbotton at the beginninglend
at tle ieaede at the stationlaipott at hanelwo*/schaol
I Note these fixed expssions with in:
in the middle in my hand in a
queue/linelraw
in the corner in the country in a book/nagaanelnewspaper
in the nkrar in the
photo/picture
in hospitallprison
ir the chat
(=
in charge ofthe meeting)
a Note ihse fixed expssions wirh on:
on the left/ right on teleision lthe radio on the
phone
/ the computer
on the scrcen on the
pagelnap
on the M6
(motorways
and .oads)
on the first floot on the
plaXornlpavenent
on the Rhine
kivea)
on the plane/busltrain
(but
in a carltaxi because you are contained n a smdller space wher
you can t stand up)
a Wt haddr esses, weusei nf or t hest r cet nameandat whenwe5ayt hest r eet nur nber aswe.
Americans use on for streets.
Out offices are in Piccadilly.
Out offlces are at 14 High Street.
I went shopping on fifth Avenue.
c Above I below over I under
a Above/bebw mean'higher/lower than'. They can be used wiihout an objeci.
The lloor above/below us E occupted by an
t^sutah.e
<ompany
Fron the mountain lcould see the lake below
a Ovet/undet mean'diec.ly above/below'. They both need an object.
We flew dght ovet Windsor Castle on ou way into Heathrcw
fhere's stll a lot of oil under the sea.
Over can also be used for movemenl. In this case it rs like'across'.
We have to
go
over/across to the othet side of the strcet.
Olcan ;l5o me.n'covering'.
They ve put
a
plastic sheet over the hole in the rcoL
a All
'oJr
wo.os <an be Lsed tor posrtrons In a management hrrarcny
Above me b the
gles
DircrTor Under me thete arc faur sabs staff.
D Opposite, next tolbeside, nearlby
a Opposire means
'exactly
on the other side of a space.
we sat owosiE each other in the neefing.
O Next ro and beside mean
'exactly
at the slde of. Sesde can be rnore forrna .
.tohn should sit nert tolbeside lrene at the neeting.
O lvear means
'close
io' 8y medns
'at
the side of .
Iherc are one ot tvto good restaurants near herc.
can we have a table by the window?
We had a haliday near the sea.
(close
to the sea
-
a few ki omtres away)
We had a haliday hy the sea.
(we
stayed on the beach most of th time)
laa 45 PREPOS|T|OI{S OF PTACE
45 Practice
Exer ci se 1g#9r y
Underline the coffect word.
1 Look in the Appendix
e/by
the end of th report.
.
2 When I got iDlo, the plane
someone was sitting in my seat.
3 What a fantnic view! The sky aborclo!r and the sea betowtunder.
4 Next wek l'll be atl,h Hungary for a few days-
5 Turn into Wenern Avenue and you'll see our offices onlat your
lft.
6 Yo! canl miss it- The staurant is exa(ly byloppogre the cinerna.
7 | often work inlat home in the evening.
8 | bought this tie irlat Madison Avenue.
9 she'll be hele in a few minutes
-
5he3
jun
arlon the
phone
at the rnoment.
l0 The power
socket is over there, bylaathe door.
I I This graph
isn t labelled prope y.
W te the unit5 bylnen to the X axis.
12 lwent to visit my son in /af hospital yesreday.
'I
3 Put a sheet abor/oyer the machine to stop it getting
duny.
14 Siena is quite
nearlby Florence.
1 5 l'll see
you
tomorrow at ten thirt!, lnlby my ofiice.
I 6 lt! a large block. Our offices are atlo, the fifteenth floor
17 I saw Simon atl/h the station while I was wahing for a train.
. 18 I must have been standing inlafthe queue
for hatf an hour
1 9 You'll see our offices
-
theyle bylneal a llrnirue storc.
(the
next btock)
20 You'llsee our offices
-
they're bylnear a furoiture store.
(the
next bulding)
Exerci se 2
[ f
Complete the sentences with in, at or on.
I I live ....il\.... Manor Road, ...4!-... number 295.
2 You shouldn't really park ............ the
pavement_
3 | had a lovely meal .......-.... the
plane.
4 l'd like to live .......--... the country when I rerire.
5 Go to the end of the road, and you'll see the bank ..... ...... the righi.
6 l'll be .rriving ............ your offices ............ Barcelona at three.
7 Li sbon i s . . . . . . . . . . . . t he mi ddl e of Pof t ugal , . . . . . . . . . . . . t he coan.
8 i meet you ............ the front of the building in ten minutes.
9 | wonder whars ........... rFlevnion
rhis evening.
10 The size ofthe text............ the screen is very small. Coutdnl it be btgqr7
I 1 | l ve . . . . . . . . . . . . a smal l vi l l age -. . . . . . . . . . . t he road t o Dover
l2 ............ ih beginning of my caer lworked in marketing.
13 lt was a verywell-run meetjnq. Erika was._.......... the chair
14 | wasn't looking ............ the mirror and I neaiy had an accident.
15 She work.. ........ Seville, ............ the Universiiy.
16 The sal esf i gures? Yes, l havet hem ri ght here. . . . . __. _. . . . . . my hand.
l7 lwalted patiently
..-.-....... the back of the queue.
18 I think I lefi my b efcase .........-.. the chair ............ the restaur.nt.
l9 l'm off sick at the rnoment, but I should be back .. ........ wofk next week.
20
-he
ldn
Fhan.e
N4 nFrer,s slill ..... prison.
45 PREPOS|T|O|TIS OF PLACE r89
Exer ci se 3
! ! ! !
Complete this emailbychoosing the correct
preposition
fiom the list below.
towads over pasr thrcugh in front of by in +- at
(x2)
on
(x2)
Hre ar the dlrectrons (1)..-...1P..-... ou.t' ".0 om*.
Tak rh A3 from oxiord and thenjoin the M4
(2)..................
London notwarsr)- com offrh M4 (3)..................
junction
12 .nd contrnue srElghl ahead. Conilnu
(4) -.....--.....--... rhe nen tuo rcundabouts,
so
(5) .....-......-..... a BP
ga96 (6)......-....-...... your
nghtand
yo! ll@m6 to 3om tEfic rrqhts- You are now
{7),......,.........-
Rsdins. Go strarghr
(3),..,...._....._... th rrafiic rrghG and
(9).._.....,......... rha nBn sr of rishrs, rum d9ht. Henry strsot is the srh road
(1o) ......-.....-..... rh lfi, Folld the oad to the nd and th offi i6 (11)
.,,...,,,...,,,...
your
lhsr6 is E rong driv6
(12) ......-.....-..... lh slde of the ofrce
-
you
@n
park lhc-
lf
you
hv6 any p@blms glve
m a ll. but lt! vry eey Ellyl
Exer ci se4I I l I
Complete this email by
putting
9!e
suitable word in each spa(e. As wellas the words in sections A, B, C and
D it is also
posgible
to use io,
lhanks for s.dins m the artwork ro. rh6 masdin advrt. I hv a r6w @mmnts about the layout (1) ..,..,,pt\,,,,.. th
page.
The photosraph (2) ..,..........._... rh6 rop r@ks
sood,
bur insr.d of being
(3)
....,....,,.....,, th6 mtddrs I thlnk lt 6hourd
bs (4) .................- th6 rfr, (5).,......-....--... ro rh6 txr- Th6n (6).-.....-.....-....
rh6 orhd @merwe courd have the @mpany
Old
you
know there' s going to b6 an arricl aboutour@mpany (7).........--.....-. th6 sam6 magazing? I hope lr willb
( A)
. . . , , , . . , , . , . . . . . . t he pass di ct l y ( 9) . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
but t hat i sn t
{ 10)
. . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . my hands.
Can you
also
give
the artwork (11) ...-.....-......-. Steve for hls @mments? He should b6 back (12) ..-......-......-. work on
190
A Verb + preposition
* Hre is a n of verbs and ihe
prepositons
norma y
used wth them:
rcnpete againsl fo.us on
split sanething into
supply saneone with
tantlate saneth i ng into
tue apptied for a new
job.
Can
you
take .arc of the affi.e while l'n autT
Drtot.ar no.k Mt ddnn(,l.d l,t
lho
. .ohtttuies nnldn\g Noj.id a d Ei.tsat thot oill
b.,ejtJron rnn\g \ahs al moL,ilc
]rhrra
thdt &h ddts t f trr,.r. (Bloombcre.con vctsite)
r1t Rr @ro,\, k
Jocrted
on knovlcdrc dkd tthh.l.g. (Thc Srrrishts lirncs Lrtcra*ive
Rc.qnlaror ror ro wl\tand rk uccd
far
hank: to neryL a d dor't tftn obje.t to tl(:. hrya.
.l.dk (Busnrcs
Wcck Ncbsitc)
Some of the verbs above can be used without preposiiion + oblect
I hape/knaw/insist. lt depends
ask soneane about/fol
boftow sanethinq lrcn
Othe6 must have a prepoeiion + object.
The pro.ess
consists of tour main sljges. lt belongs to me
I n rclying on you fot yout suppon. This vrrl lead to a lot ol ptoblens
see un t 16 4 In questions
the
prepostion
usually
goes
at the end
Who does this belang to? What daes it @nsist of? Wha arc you waiting fot?
B Verb + objed +
preposition
a Wth rome verbs lh objct comes before the
preposiiion.
Here afe some common exampes:
explain sonething to sharc sonething with
inform soneone about/of spend sanething on
conparc sanethinq widl/to invite soneone to
@ngntulate saneone on prcte.t
soneone frcm
insurc sonet h i n9 ag a i ntt
divide sonething into prcvent
soneone frcm
can they insurc us againn frc sk? We've tpent $2m on advenising this year.
,Nol,odl tr R!si. 6
tretdrcd
to irrst tto!t..t ifl ptudr.ior. (Le
Mand. DipLanatiqre
"absite)
O cle dnn nr lrry Elli'a" his ofarcd r sol io, to fuhat he e6 ds tvli tosoJt\ flanapoly:'Th.l
lntld srlit thc cootp y iato tuD drd h
[Mntu\oJt
pptidetu] Stfle Ballw mn ane Nnpaty auj
lct Bill Cat.s f,tt the othex' (Wned nngrne rvebnte)
Wirh remjnd the is a d tference in meaninq btween abourand of.
Gillian rcninded ne about the aryointnenL
(=
she told me nor to forSeo
Gillian rcninds ne of ny sister
(=
she is fe my sister)
46 VERB + PREmSITION 191
c verb + different
prepositions
,!
Some verbs can
90
with severa different preposit
ons
agree io/with/about They agreed to give us beftet terns af paynent.
abolr oiten ntrodlces rhe
at otten ehows direction
for often shows
purpose
or
fron often lhows the origin
on often shows confidence
ro often rclels to a
pe6on
OK, 1 agrce with you about the need far .utting casts.
lnust apalagise to susan for ny aMul behaiou last niqht.
Shall we ask fot the bill?
Ask the waiter about the dish af the day.
l'm goinq
ta complain to the nanaget about the serui.e in hete.
I heard about the nev\/s fron a calleague of mlne
l've never heaftl of that company they'rc nat very well-known.
llearnt a lot about nsurance frcm my lan
job
Can you help ne
-
In laaklng for meeting raan 3
This
problem
results frcn bad planninq, and h wil .esult in chaos.
1 need ta talk to yau about the new constructian
prcject
What did yau thnk ol the neeting?
What are yau
thinking about?
They've wtiften to us ta complain about our poor setvEe.
D Uses of different
prepositions
$ Some
prepositions
are used lo ntroduce partcular
k nds of inforrnaton Knowing this can he
p
you to understand some of the diiiefences in section C
Do yau know about EU rcgulatians in this arcd?
We re thinking ahout changing ou advettising slogan
1 n looking at yau
otder detaih on the sc.een right now.
I hate it when ny bass thouts at ne
t nust apologise lor being late.
Ive asked the waitet fot the bil
I haven t head frcm then fot a lang tine.
fhis prablem
results lrcm bad
planninq.
Can we agrce on a discount af 5ok7
we're depending on yau ta fin3h the
jab
by ftiday.
Coutd
yau
explain thls clause to ne, please?
l don'tthink he was listening to ne
'l
hereby empower y@,
Adbro* T, wllLln!, to
wlter ny
plntrt!.
And l.t'3 har no rcre t.lk
about hor I n.v.r deleg.te authority,
''
192
1l5
VEnO r PREPiOSI'ION
46 Practice
Exercise 1
X
Complete the sentences with a word from lin A and a word ffom lilt B.
A: apprcve depend know lead believe sufier syFpar+$se wait
B: about for from in of on to vfrh
I | ally -tyr4P4tli5-e...wi-tl. your problem, but thel not a lot I can do.
2 Positive thinking is so important. You really have to ............................. youlsef.
3 fii you out5ide
4 What you?e saying can only ............................. one possible conclusion.
5 Of cout se t he si ze of our orderwi 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he pri ce.
6 Yo! r CV i ! n. on9 i n most areas, but what do you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . market i ngT
7 lmports always ............................. the ef{ects of a nrong dollar
8 l aways havet o l ookrmad-my boss doesn' i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i nf orrna cl ot hes.
Exercise 2
E
Underline the correct word.
I I think we should ask them
&/aboutlw,th
more information.
2 Can yo!
supply us forlaboutlwith enough pa.ts for 5,000 vehicles?
3 You
'er
d me abourloflfor soreone I l.now
4 lf I foEet, remind me abourlollfor it again ai the end of the meeting.
5 The management blamedrhe union agairstlfronlfor causing the stdk.
5 l'm writing to inform
you lot / about l on ov new G
ge
ot
prcducts,
7 We might have to split the otdet fotlinlintoNvo separate shipments.
8 Can you thank L4r Mate us aboutl fotl with all his help?
9 l'd like to congratulate Particia ohlforlaboutwinning Employee of the Month.
10 This safety feature prevents the operative agairsrlfromllv/t, suffefing any injury
11 This year we'll be investing mo.e than f4m onl,lolto plant
and new machinery
12 This year we'll be spending more than 4m onl,lolto plant
afd new machinery
Exercise 3
I D
Complete these sentnes with
prepositions.
Choose from: about, at, fot, frcn, ln, to, of at with.
1l ' mwri t i nq. . . . . . t 9. . . . . . at t ourcust omers. . . 4he! | t . . of f erst hi smont honseecl edmodel s.
2 Who was Georye t al ki ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? And what exact l y was he t a k ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
3 Nave you heafd anythinq ................. Head Offi.e? They said they'd decide this week.
4 Who3 Giuseppe saponi? l've never head .---............. hlm.
5 Do you like the new design? What do you think ................. it?
6 Do you
agree . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . me . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . t hi s?
7 The imp.oved sales fiqures.esult -................ allthe investments we made an yeaf.
8 Tre rrvenrnenB we re mdftnq now should resuh .......... ...... oener sal.s
^exr
yea
9 | mun apologise .................. not contaciing you e.rlieri but l've been very busJr
l 0 l ' d l i ke i o compl ai n . . . . . . . . . . -. ---. . t he manager . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . t he f ood.
11 Make sure you l ook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he smal l pri nt bef ore you
si gn an), t hi ng.
12 Un ess theif quality improves, we'll have to look -.-............... a new supplier
46 VERB + PREPOSITIOI{ 193
Exerci se 4l $ffi gU
Complete the sentences with one word from list A and one word from list B.
A: agrced apologised apply belong comply explain heard hoping nsist listen pay
qualit
ey remind
B: about on on from with with to to to {+ lor for for for
1 Youcan. . . . . . . . . . . e411. . . . . . . . . . . . . . &t . . . t hegoodsi nt wel vemont hyi nnament s.
2 Excuse me, but does t hi s umbrel l a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you?
3 The f i rrt t hi ng s t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he cl i ent t o I nd out t hei r needs.
4 I asked my l awyer t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . t he cont ract . . . . . . . . . . . . . me
5 Evrybody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he deci si on. l t was unani mous.
6 Therc' sa new
j ob
i n R&D. l wonder i f Chri r 6 goi ngt o. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t .
7 i i l l i s a
good
t e. m member You can al ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her l n a cri si s.
8 They' ve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i he del ay and sdi d t hat t he t ems arc i n t he
post .
9 I'm certain to foeet. it nedrcr the time.
10 l t ' s been a dl sappoi nt i ng year We' re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bt t erresut ssoon.
1l Have yo! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacke rcennyT 5he hasn' t wrt t en f or ages.
12 Does t hi s produci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eut opeansaf et ynand. rds?
l 3 No, no, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . payi ng. Yo! ' re my guest .
14 lf we build the factory in that area we l ............. a regional aid
grant.
Ex e r c i s e 5 Ag e ' E
Complete the emails with the cor.ect
prepositions. The scond number in each brackei shows the number of
Iv6
jusr
ben lookins (1-2) ....-..41...... your weusite ano companns yo!r on-tin bankhs raciritr6 (2-4)
,.................
your
compot i t or s. Thr esaf 6wr hi ngs I d l i k6r o $t you ( 3- 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .
a) lt I want to boiiow mon6y (4-.4) ..........-....... you, how much will I
pay (g!3) .-................ lh6loan? | .$!m rhat your
chaper operatlng ests will rosult (6-2) ...........,....., a lower int6Est rale than a normal bank.
b) | see thal ll I open an ac@unt this monrh I
quarlt (7-3)
...,....,......... a credil cErd wilh spcial payment terms. oo
you
otr6r In6uEnca (3-a .................. ontine fraud with rhis rd ro prclect
rd-hotde6 (9,4) .................. hacke6 who mtght
I look loNard to headng (1O-4).-................ you. Thank you.
Thank you (i1-3) ..................
,oor
rent 6mail a.d I apologis6 (12-3) ..-...-........... takinq e long lo reply,
Here is the informalion you requaatd.
a) You en r6ly (132) .................. lh fact lhat our intorsl ralos ar v6ry 6mpatiliv6,lrut lcannol glve
exact fiqus 63 ll
depends (14-2)..........-.......lhe amounl you w6nt to bomw linvit6 you
{1t2)
..................chck lhe table on ourwebsit6
forthis infomalion.l n assueyou that w6 d6alwith tha pr@ss vry quickly
afrer applyhg
(16
3)................. the loan
youshoul dnt hav6r owai t mor et hanaf edat b6f or hganng( 17- " ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
us
b) Yes,6s soon as yo! tnfom !s
(1&5) ..........-..-...- any posibl fraud asecialed with yolr
rd we take re
(19-2).-.......-........everything
and retund any mon6ythatyou hav6lost.In relation to our@n cunomerac@unls, w do
everything necessry to prvenl hackE (20-4)....-............. edenng fi systm, and hav investd havily
(21
2) .................. this sra ov
I hope this ansers your qu.srions. Plse do not h*itate io @ntact us again if you lhink (22-4 -...-...-......... anylhing else.
A
djective +
preposition
Adjective + preposition
I Sor ne adj ect ves can have a pr eposl i on
af t er t hem Thepr epost i onmaybef ol owedbyanoun
We re al disappointed with the paar figures.
I n rcsponsible for a sales tean of eight people
that caves the south of the cauntty.
When followed by a verb, the
'ing
lorm mun be used.
We might be intetested in placing nore ordes in the futurc
a An adlecrive can a so be followed by a to infin t ve. lf we need to menton. person, we use for
between the adjecliv and the infin tve
It's inpoftant to follow the safen/ procedurcs
It's inpottant for us to move quckly in these negotiatians.
h\ good
Jor
childrct to ndhe thln ouat.lqi.6.Too Mrh u.Ll iM,nU lihunliyr ttdhs thnt it\
hddo.fat n' ta \ct ban.lrti.\.tdr ,rcrr. (cu..di.n rvcbsite)
B Feel i ngs
a Many erampes of adjclive + preposton
are connected wilh leelings
fed !p with
l'n rcally excibd about staninq ny new
iab.
l'n not very keen on fied faad, to be honest
Six b k at int.rested in lityillq ai 86yo 'tnke ii Por\ Bd a lati a. (Busncs Ncws
Am$ic"s wcbsnc)
. For behaviour lowafds another perron we use adjeciv + to Examplee nclude good to, krrd ro,
nice ta pahte ta, tude to.
When ny nothet was iI ffty @lleaques werc a very kind to rr,e.
I thaoght he was ftthet rude to the waitress.
l l
I n r t , l
1 * [
l
_t.
l , t
f
, . ' r
i \ i '
'N,,
med,!\ re. H@ota&wi'w pltf'ryut
47 ADJEqflVE r PREPOSITION 195
C Other adjectives
a Here are some other com.non examples of adjective + preposition.
i t f or
gu ry or
lacking in
good/bad
at
(ab
I ly)
sorry ior
(+
inq)
used to
(=
a(customed to)
My opinions arc very dilfercnt frcm you6.
Au .onpany is famous all aver the wo d fot the quality
af its engineeing.
5he was full of enthusiasn when I expbineo ou Eea.
We're used to the delays on the netrc. They happen all the tine.
D Adietive + choi.e of
preposition
a Some adjectives can be followed by diffent preposltons
wth a smattdiflerence in mean n9.
Often one preposition is used torthings.nd
another for
people.
'We
ae eocl' ftsponsibl.
Jor
a paxnutu
r.ot
ptnal arca.'- Efpatt Serui.et Advnq
Gebd
I n very angry about the delay
I n very angry with them fot causing this delay
He was annoyed about what the
jourhatist
wrote
He was annoyed with the
jaurnalist.
Ive nevet been very good at dealing with .onflict.
A new petsan
at the top wauld be good fot the
(onpany.
5he3 very good
with diffiult cunones
Are yau happy with ny suggestion?
Cangfttulations! I n very happy fot yau bath.
I'n rcsponsible lor all the transpotl and bgistics_
The Finance Ditector is directly rcsponsible to the CEA.
I n sotry about all the trouble l've caused .
I n sotry for cauting so nuch ttouble.
lfelt sotry for George when he didn't get the pronotion.
196 47 ADJECIIVE + PREPOsITIOI{
47 Practice
Exerci se l
Ett
Complete each sentence 1-10 with an ending aH)
I Are you
intersted
g
2 This model is difierent !
3 Arc you aware tr
4 They were really annoyed n
5 He3 become very keen n
6 lane is really good
n
7 I'm so tired.l'm not used E
8 are you ready !
9 lwas quite
surprised n
l o l coul d bewrcng n
a) at motivating people.
b) with usforsending the wrong goods.
c) for another d nk?
d) oithe difficulties you
arc creating?
e) about this, but I don't th nk it's going to work.
0
bythe numberof Intrnet caf6s in this town.
9)
in anyother items from the catalogue7
h) from the old one in some important ways.
i) to the time difference yet.
j)
on keeping tit rccently.
Exercise 2
! |
Complete the sentences with one wod from listA and one wod trom stB.
A: attached tired dependent
pepcler
involved sale suitable serious
Br about for from in of on to *ith
1 This fund is very ...r9e4!+t:..... ....*i11.... investors looking for long"term groMh.
2 The firewallshould make the network ..--....-.............. ................. attack by hackers.
3 Forf udherdet ai k, seet hecopyof t hecont ract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hsl et t er
4 St af t i ng sal ary i s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
previ ous
experi ence.
5 I don't think they?e ....................... ................. thE they haven't been in touch for weeks.
5 Wete ,,............,,,,,,,,, ,,,,..........,,, every stige of the
process,
from design to production.
7 | need a change. l ' m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doi ng t he same t hi ng very day.
8 Hedge f urds arc very i sky They re not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he p vat e i nvest o. .
Exercise 3
I
Unde ine
the coffect word-
1 I m
'eally
angry aboutl)ufu them for not letting us know sooner.
2 l've spoken io Robert and l'm reasonably happy wtrlfolall the a(angemenrs.
3 l'm really happy withlfor t\,laggie, she deserved to
get prcmoted.
4 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlwth all this rcnfusion with the wronq invoices.
5 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlw,th them for sending the wrong invoices.
6 I'm sotry aboutlforvthat happened yesterday.
7 )'m sotry aboutlfor a i\ing so late
-
I got delayed in trafiic.
8 I feel very sorry aboutlfor Frances. she didn't deserve to be treated like ihat.
9 Low inflation is good
atltorleyfh every sector of the economy.
10 She'd be ercellent in Human Resources, shes really good
atlforlwith people.
11 Richard, can you help us with this translation? You e
good
atlforlwithFrcn h.
1 2 lf you
ned to rcfer the decision upwadr who are you
responsible forlto?
I 3 A$ head of depatment, how many naff arc you responsible forlro?
1 4 Who is responsible forlto the Scandinavian market?
47 ADjECT|VE + PnEFOSITION 197
Exer ci se 4RRm
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first senrnce.
1 Consumers find the old models a bit boring.
consumels are a bir bored ................ry.i.t.t'r...t1e,..-"ld..l.eC''s!a..................
.
2 JLrlia ls Adrians wife.
J, a i s named . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 l'm not accultomed to drivinq on the left.
I rf nol u5ed
4 | need to get th room preparcd for the meeting.
I eed l o gel rhe' oom ready . . . . . .
5 Do you find archaeology interesting?
Are you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 What he said has made me angry
l ' n angry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Mathematics was always my best subject.
I wa< . wals ve-y
9oo0
8 The advenising campaign was a disaner You said it would be.
You wer rght . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l t was a dsaner
9 There we'e lors o, peopLe In rhe conference r..
The cor'ercnce
La
was full ..
10 I don't rcally like her idea.
l ' n rct
' ea
y very l een . . . . . . . . . .
Exer ci se5Eni g
Complete the sequenc ol erna ls with a wod from the n below
a,ir attached capable comparible covered dependent invoved lackng are opposed
prepared
right similar useful
Arc you (1) ......4W.41e....,, of the articre about customor Rtationshtp Manasemnt (cRM) in ths rare$ Business
W6k? l ' ve scannd i t and ( 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . i r l o l hi s Emai t .
Basicallt it says that in the
past
@mpanies were (3) ..-......-.............. on lheir brend nam, but in the tutur6 weI hav to
b (4)
......................., for 6ustome6 changing s!pplier mo.6 ofin.
To give
bettersruic w6ll need CRM soit .re (5) ........................ of interaling cusromr hlomaton across rn saBs
ror, call @ntre 6nd w6bsiie That infomalion also be@mes (6) ......... ............. for marktinq thtngs tike
under st andl ngbuyi ngbhavi our r r emember yousayi ngsomel hi ng( 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t ot hi si nameet i ngt ast yeai and
as you are (3)........................
in tT purchasing
decisions tlhoughtyou shoutd see lhe artict6.
Re: Cusromgr Retationship Manag6m6nt
Thanks forthe email. Yout absorutery (9)
........... ............ about th6 importan@ ofCRM, and if
you
remen,ue|
proposed
at that meeting thar w inv66r in new CRM soltwa@. Most popte
@re (1O) ._......_............... to lhe idea,
parly
becausof r h6dl f l r cul t yi nf i ndi ngsof i \ r ar ( 11) . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi l t r our or her t Tsyst ems. t sai dar t het i met hat t hey
wer eabi t ( 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . i nvi si on, bur i r ' s. or bo( 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _f or ust o$an. f [ put t og6r h6r ashor t r epor r
based on th6 idas (14) ...-...........-.....-.. in rh6 arrict and circulate it. Thanks again.
194
oun +
preposition
A Noun + preposition
a Here s a list of nouns and ihe prcpositions normally usd with them:
B Noun + preposition (from
unit 46)
a Many oi the verbs in unit 46 have relatd nount wlh the s.me
prposition.
Here are
some examoles:
abilily in
ditficulty with
a9reement w th/about
C Noun +
preposition (from
unit 47)
a Many of the adjectives in unir 47 h.ve related nouns wirh the same
preposton.
Here are
suitab ty for
D Rise, fall + oflin
a Words .efedng io inc.eases and dercares
(like
r,!e, laL etc) can be fo owed by of or rn.
Of rcfers to an amount. /, refers lo the thing thai has increased or decreased.
There has been an increase/riselreduction/fall in aaeratino Drofit of 3a/o.
48 NOUN + PREPOSITION 199
E Connection, relationship + withlbetween
a One thing has a link with another.
Ihete is a link between tyo things.
Words that can be folowed by elther prposiUon include: connectian, link, relatianship,
conttast" differen e
There is a cannection/relatianshiplcontun with what happened last year.
There is a canne<:tionl relatianshiplcont?st between bst
Wat
and this year
F Need, wish, ,equest + for
a Nouns meaning
'need'
or tequest' hdve for aftr them. Exa mples nc Lrd application fo,
demand fac need foc oder faa preference
for, rcquest for.
G Prepositional
phrases
a Here is a list of common
preposilional phrares (peposition
+ noun phrase):
at short notice, at cost
price,
at a good pncei
at a
proft/loss,
at first sight
I ve had ta call this neeting at short notice because af the urgency of the situation.
It's tliffi.ult to sell at a rcasonable prcfit when labou casts are so high.
by accident, by carlbus/taxr, by chance, by credit cad, by hand, by law, by rn stake,
by posi/cou.ier by rcium
{of
post)
We net in the street by chance. lt was quite
unexpected.
Please let us knaw you decision by rctun as fw+ker delay will result in hlghet casts.
tor a change, for lunch, for
pleasu.e.
for sale
Wauld you like to
lain
us for lunch?
We always eat pizza. Tonight let's go to a Thai rcstauant fot a .hange.
in advance. in bulk, in cash, in charge of, in connection wirh, in debt, in the end, in lavour of,
in general, in. hurry in the markel
(companiet,
in my op nion, in rtock, in fnancialtems,
in the pipe ne, in touch, in trouble, in other words, in wrt n9
We need 25o/o of the total
pice
in advance, with the balance an receipt ol the gaads.
|'n sotry vtE don't have that nodel in sto*. We re expeclng sane mare next week.
'Iruesto6
Ttst
bought uhateuel sta.kr wta avaiLdbL h lk b.lieI tl&t uorc
lositire
ew ea! in the
pipeline,'an ondlyt soid. (Shanghii D.ily ivebsite)
on the basis of. on bus ness, on foot, on hand, on hoLd, on hoiday, on the Internet, on the
other llfe, on loan, on the market
(productt,
on order, on ih phone, on p!rpose, on sa e,
on strike, on television, on tack, on a trip, on rhe whoe
I think we
(an
nave forwatd on the hasis of what we ve discussed
We don t have any in sto.k ight now but there are 20 ikms on otder
ra A.hl.itdct. at , xp.,i.ttll dpdl'ndt n
ldr
CaLd,nan. Ct,hdn ap tuna, w^ on hand
,a
da
the
j"dftidl
cngn'eeitg (Busines Week website)
The uonot'y tM on ha.h
lot
rcauery, Mr sakai:'d irt'sted. There twuld, he said, ba growth d nng
tE dtent qua ex (FT.corn websire)
out of date, out of order, out of business
Vetsian 6? Yaur softu/are is a bit out of daE isn't it? They re seling veEian 8 now.
Sorry the lift is out ol otder. You ll have ta use the nairs.
up ro oare, up Io you
I use ve\ian 8 of this sottware
-
it's the nost up to da.
I dan't nind which renaurant we go to. lt s up to
you.
2|X, 4a OUI{ + PREPatSlTlOttl
48 Practice
Exerci se I
tIIl
Complete the sentences with a
prcposition
frcm the list below.
between betwn {or tor in in cf of te to with with
1 Have you rcceivd a reply......l9---... the email you
sent
yesteday?
2 ]he demand ................. microchips is very cyclical.
3 lhe esults thi5
year
are in nrong contrast................. those of the year
before.
4 There is a strong cofiast -..............-- these results and those of the
!ar
befor,
5 What5 the matter ................. vour PC? Has it dashed?
5 Last year
there was a fall...-.....,,,,.... unemployment .................O,5o/o,
7l st hereanydi f f erence. . . , . . . , , , , . . . . . . t heset woboxes?l heybot hl ookt hesame,
I Atthe moment lcanlthink of any ro|ution................. the
problem.
9 The incrcase.................
profits
wa5 disappointing. There was a ise................. only47o.
10 l'd like to
place
an order................. forty cases of single malt whisky.
Exercise 2
f ![
Complete the sentences with a word flom lin A and a word from lin B.
A:
.advantage
focus involvement objection
payment price
suitability tFecbh
B: of of for tor in on to *ith
1 We're
9oin9
to change suppliels. we have so much ....1!'...r14h!-e-.... tilh.. rhem.
2 The....................... ........... oil has
gonedown
by$2 a baffel sinceJanuary.
3 The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . usi ngasmal l @mpanyi st hi t hey' t eu5! al l ycheapel
4 We' rewast i ngt i me, wenedt o. . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . , , , , , , , , , . t hemai ni ssue.
5 We haven't rceived ..,,,,,,,,............, ,,,,,,,,,,, the last invoice
yet.
5 Does anyone have any ..........,,,,,,,,..... .......,,,, that propos.l?
OK, it3 aqreed,
7 There are rumours ot theh ,..........,,,,,,,,..., .......,... illegalarm5 dea15.
8 l t ! avi ol ent f i l m. l ' mnot surcabout i 6. . . . . . . , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , avounoaudi ence,
Exercise 3
tr
underline the corect words,
'I
4lrn
filst siglt it looks like a
good
deal, but w need more detaik atltb a hurry
2 A: Shall w try using a different supplir byllor a change?
B: tt3 uplout to
you.
3 Arc you paying bylin ca:h ot bylin opdit cad?
4 The house next door is torlat sale. ltS ben orlir the ma*et for ages.
5 Very few Eoard members arc atl,ir favour of the merge. ,n/O, the whole, they think it will create mo
prcblems
than it sohies-
6 We need to keep,iDlon toudr with the situation as it develops.
7 Are
],ou
here onlfor business or onlfor
de6ure?
8 A: Did
you
do it bylon
purpose?
B: No, ot course no! | did it bylon m,istake.
9 Byl/n financial trms thqy're not doing well. rhefre
$
t0m inlout of debt.
I 0 A: *tick, irs Paul Brock Jrcm Tyco atlon th phone.
B: Can
you put
him atlo, hold while llook for hisfile? OK, l'veJound it- l'lltake ltat/on the other
line.
4a I||OUll + PnEPOSltlOltl 20i
Exer<ise 4
E
Study the underlined prepositional phrases. Write the entence letter aFl) containing each
phrase next to a
similar phrase l-l2 below
a) l'm sony, I think we were talking at cross oumoe' Let me make myself clear
b) Forthe time beino lthink w should wait We ran make a decision later
c) lt3 to our advantage to wo* together on this. We'rc all in the same boat.
d) lr was fantasitic news And it
(ame
compleGty out ot the blue.
e) Ther3 two new
products in the
pioline.
They'll be launched later this
year,
f) You have to be really on the ball. The shuation changes all the tim.
g) l'm speaking
qfflhC_Egad
of course, but the company is close to bankruptcy.
h) As you can 5ee its quite
complicated. Bul
i!_a_lgblhell
we mun act soon.
i) We?e
adhidEg
here. lf they take us to court we'll
prcbably
lose.
j)
l m afraid the new CEO is out of his deoth with this latest crisis.
k) Sorry, its
a!ftthe-qlr$iao.
We could never age to that.
l) h the lono run shares are a better investment than bonds.
1 about diffeEnt things without realising
2 quick-thinking
and
quick-acting
3 to say it biefly and clea
y
4 in the same unpleasant situation
5 ln a situation that is too diffcult for him
6 in a situation that might cause trouble
E 7 unexpectedty
=
8 being
planned
and
prepared
L--l 9 over a lono time Deiod
n to for a shon-penod of trme
n tt nol
possrble
n t2 unoff'crally
!
n
n
n
n
n
Exer ci se5l l l l
Complete the sequence of emaibwith the correct
prepositions,
The srond number in each bracket shows
the number of letters in th word.
Th. IntBrurBG ior rh
post
of lt manager aE happnlnq n6n ssk. nd PeEonnet have
just
s6nt m6 hrorm6ton
(1r5) Aig'al. .ll the @ndldatos, I thoughr re should
q6r
logorher to diqse the CVs and th6
quoq
ons wB are
sohs
rc
tocus on in th lntryiws.
H6b Er ny ihouqht6, (2,2)...--....--. myoprnron rh6E rsa n6d (3-3).......,,...
som6on6 wlrh a
good
knowtds6
(4-2)............
Bystem8 lnregtion, b6eus6 rh6 ddn@ly (5-a) --...-...... ourdcnr tT sy6t6m ts thata[ thB parls work
soparEtely
-!u.
wbait6, th6 bact-ffi@
p|b@slng.
blllhg, our supply chain 6tc, I hop6 re @n find s endidato who
has shown.u@56 (6-2)...---.....- deallng with alr th@
pro@ss
in rhir pEvloG
lob.
but Personner hav r@ady
wamed me thst ih.6 lack (7-2) ......,..... Earry 3ton9 ndrdates.
Arao, a lot or our lT
jnfra.lructurc
16
qult (&3) ..........-- of daie and @rl hv6 to mak6 a bis invshnt (+2) ,,,...,,,,..
nw hardwa@ sn. w6 n*d som@n6 whoS (lo-2).....-......
touch wnh whars (113) ...._....._ sate (12-2) ,,...,,,.... the
markl and n take .ponsibiliry (133) ..--.....--. th6 whol6 pumha.lng prc(:es-
What do
you
think? lf3 (14-2) -....-....-- to you
-
l'm f. for a reoting mGt momings n6x w6k.
Yes, w should have a mettng. lt will be good to disos ttE rfiin$ (1+2)
....,....... adwn@ (16-3) ...-........ a chang.
Usually th6 intNlews are (17-2) .---....---. such shon noti@ that w dont gt
a.ian@ to calty took at lh6 CVs togglher
and msk dcbions (1a-5) ..----...--. the kind of
qutions
@ c going to.sk. Next Tu*day mominq woutd be good for
202
A
f6 1 5 six
paunds
fifteen
Note thai a dec rna point is written as a dof. not a cornrna ke in some anguages.
Et r : : L
| ---
| . . .
t--'-
t---.-
t - \
l \
r_L_
O25 noughtlzero paint
tura f/ve
(NOT p+F++,*/eF{y+rfe)
nds, graphs
and figures
craphs and figures
a Herc are some comrnon types of graph:
tlhtr@ffi
Nlmbe6 can be written ar symbols
(10)
or words
(ten)
nforma wlt ns r.rse symbos for tarqe
amounts and wods for everything else
(ord
na s like second, two numbe6loqether, esrimates,
etc) See exercse 4 on pag 205
Nole the fo owing ways to tay numbers:
Large numbers:
Acomma can be used to separate rhous.nds from hundrcds Notice the use of
,and
inBrrish
Engl i sh.
6,244 six thousand t a hund.ed
(in
BrE and ArnE)
6,284 six thousand ttuo hundrcd and eighty
(in
UE, hut ArnE has no,and,here)
2m two nillion
(NOT
FdliF5)
2.5n two point five/two and a half nillion
B Trends
a Study these verbs lhat describe ditfeenl rerds
(=
rendenc es).
f-
49 TRENDS, GRAPHS AND FIGUNES 203
a Note ako: to doublq to triple, to halve.
a Note these iregularvel1) foms:
90
-
went
-
gone grow
-
gtew
-
grown
ise-rcse-risen fal-fe
-
falen
O Note these nouns:
a ise, growth, an inprcvenent, a fall, a drcp, a peak, a rccovery a half, a doubting
ManuId.tulns indbtry adeR in
Jdrsdry
rose 1|.1%ton the sone penod d
fenr
ea ier, Nnparcd
uith
faM^
of an 11.2% ti'e. (wan SrreetJoulnal website)
see rho uni 43 a Nore
_hp 'ollowinq
plepoiilions:
sales increased flon 55.4m to r5.8rn.
(nan
and linish figures)
sales increased by $0.4m.
(diffepnce
between stdft dnd finish fgures)
There was an increase in sales ot S0.4m.
(aiter
a noun or noun
phras)
There was a 3'k inctease in sales.
(bforc
the thing that is changing)
T1r slnrc of U.S. copital s|tndks de@tcd b nfonotio,l teelhololl hG norc thai tiplcd lihd
1960,frod 10% to 35%. Fields tlrh a: biotcth olog dte booni'9. (B$ine$Weck website)
C verbs and obie<ts
see ar5o unit25 a lt s important to use veds in the ight way. Study these thrce groups.
Transitive velbs are always fo owed by an obiecti
We'll Bise/lowe .ut/maintain his salary
(with
an object)
(BUTNOTH*.*lry+vilkahe4sr
aiiin.)
Intransitive verbs are never folowed by an object:
lnflation will ise/fall/grodgo up.
(without
an objd)
( BUT NOT @)
Transtive/lntr.nsitive verbs can be used with or wilholt an obiecl:
We'll inoease/de$ease/imprcve/rc<ovet ou maket share.
(with
an object)
AND Ou natket share wI increase/deqease/improvelre@ver
(wthoutan
object)
D Adverbs and adiectives
a We can use adverbs aDd adjectives to
give morc details about vefbs and nouns.
sleed
quicklylquick rapid change significantlylsgnificant atge change
grcdualy/gradual const.nt,regularchange sharylylsharp suddenchange
steadily/steady slow,stp-by-stepchange slightly/dight smach.nge
Sales
qrcw steadily. There was a sbady growth in sales.
So
Jdr,
6.25 billion USD hs poeBd itto Ronatia ow lE l6t dtude, with 16t y't\
fir"Es
shawing a slight itd^e at 1998, otdi^! to lazst Tiade Regittry datd. (BLlcharest Business
Week website)
E Linking words and
phrases
a Linking words a usefulfor descibinq tlends. They canjoln
p.rts of a sentenc or link across
sentences. see units 41
-44.
Herc a.e
just
a few exampesl
addition and, in addition
contrast b./t a/though
(+
subject + verb), in splte of(+ noun phrase), however
be.ause
(+
subject + verb), because otdue ro
(+
noun phfale)
result so, thetefore
204 49 TRENDS, GNAPHS AiID FIGUNES
49 Practice
Exercise 1
n
Wrte in words how you woold say the numbers in brackets, if British Engtsh. There is an exarnp e in
secrion A and another one belo', ro help you.
.f.eoj:..hrardred..*ad..fiftJ.tjx therr.'adr..t.'e.v.e^...hl,|^d..ced...a^d..s.iahtJ...
r
(4s6,780)
2
\ 1, 84)
3
02, 300)
4
(12, 030)
5
(12, 330)
6
fi20,300)
7
(r23, 000)
8
(12: , 330)
9
(1, 230, 000)
Exerci se 2
f !!
Llnderline
the correct wordi
1 IleE was a slightly/rtgbt se in profitslast
month.
2 We roserhcreased our profirs s/tghttlsr?ht last month.
3 Thefe was a sharp fall ,iolofour sales last quarter
4 Our sales fellbylof6% last quarter
5 we felllrecovercd ov market share last quarter.
6 Our sha price h/t/beat a lowldown la* monIh, 6ut
jt
has since recuperat_.d/recoyeled and now
stands atJin 13.18.
7 Ou shate
ptice
rcached/met a toplpeak in May, but itl fallen back sin(e then.
8 lnf lation is inc.easing s/owBlor,ry'y at the moment, /h / by aboul 1 % a
yeat.
9 lhete is a slow / slowly inc.ease in the rate of inf lation, of I by about 1
ok
a yea(
10 Operating profits
went frcm t2-S.r. to/untilf3.1n.
11 Dividends paid
to shareholdrs raisedlrose by 6%. Lan year
they fu///cut
1 2 Thk year
we ralsedlrose dividends to shareholdels. Last year we lel//cut them.
Exerci se 3
!
Complete the sentences with a word or phEse from the list below Look cafuily at the punctuatiof
to see
I the words
join
parts
of sentences or link affoss sentences.
because because of so although in spite of ln-dditisu however iherfor
I sa es are up sx. ....1t!...4C.Ci!i9t..
,
market sharc is up 2%.
2 5. l es are up 5%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
ma*et share i s down 2%.
3 5al es are ! p 5%, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - market share i s down 2%.
4 Sales are up 50,6. ........---.................. a drop in ma*et sharc of 2076.
5 Sales are up 5%. ............--..---..........
,
we should get
a bonus at rhe end of ihe yar
6 sals are up 5%, ..................... .. well all get
a bonus at rh end of th-. yar
7 Sa es .fe up 5% ......................--..... the new advertising camp.ign.
8 Sales .re up 5% ........................---.. the new advertising .ampaiqn has sradd.
49 TRENDS, GRAPHS AND FIGURES ZO5
Exercise 4
E
Match ihe rules for formal writing 15 with the examples aFO.
1 Use syrnbo s for dates and la.ge amounls
2 Use words for ordinals
(fi61,
Jecond)
3 Use words for two numbe6together
4 Use wods at the beginning oi. sntence
5 Use words for estimates
6 Use words for numbe6 below ten
a) We ll need twenty fourpeEon teams.
b) Twelve
people
took
part in the meet ng.
c) $100 wi l l be
pad
on 28 AuSUst .
d) Therc are thre main recommendations.
e)We have abouttwo hundred employees.
fl
This ir ouf th rd annual rcport.
; t
n
n
n
n
!
Exerci se 5
g
Wrte the
phrases from the i5t below on the appropriat lines 1-6.
considerably more than 50% arcund 50% a little ovet 500,6 exactly 50olo a most 50%
a ittl lnder 50% much less than 50% about 50% prccisely 50olo slightly rnore than 50%
404/d L......
4AVd 2a . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /
48- 521o 3a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
5oo/ o 4a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
52l o 5a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
6ao/ o 6 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exer ci se6I I I I I
Complete the conveBation between a financial consultant,
Andrew Cutting
(AC),
and a sales director, Chris Wood
(CWJ,
by unddinin! the correct words.
^c, Right. Bfore we decide on the condicions for rhe
loan, we need to havc a caretul look at your business.
I ve got rhe saler
(1)
lratqt
/gaphic tot l2sr ye2r ttg}jr
here. UD. can you
jusr
go through the figlres for me?
cw, of couFe. Ar you can see, sals at the stafi of the ye:r
wer. gtire (2)
fat
/ le'el,
(3) so / althoryh r\at\ nor
srtptis;ng(4) beerce /d/e to we alwys have a quiet pedod after ChrisrMs.
^c, OK, but iherc Mnt 6nch of ^ (5) ttuwr / ttu ery over the spring period, was there? From your
gnph I see rhat ar rhe (6) pe,l/r&,' in
June
you were onty
Q)
ketu'ed /up
(8) by / with l'ro (9) hi ion / ni iors
(L0) pornds / oI potnds (11) sina / o4 t[e
J^nttary
fisure. whai
happened?
N, We[.it... itwsa dificult tmding period for us
-
our nein comperitor (12) ,r,4e,l their
Plices
(r3') sisnij&rt / sis"6antly.
\14,
HoM / In spite oIi tt\e se.ond (1s) hdf / halre of the yed things
starte.l to lmProve.
r, Um. How did that happen?
c\r, WeI. we launched a senes of new producis onto the market, and you'[ see that sales
(16) ised / nse
(17) st'dtp / sha"t over rhe aurDm.
cw, In fact the ff went (18) rolatltl a tirde (19) rrtr / over ifeen nilli'on$ the end ofthe
lar'
Nov, we wele very happy with those resDlrs.And we er"ecr the increse (20) o/tr sales to
continue this
leat
Ou sales foreca*s m looking very good.
e Um, we[. that does look pomising. ] tbinL Ne can - -.
@' ,
205
unctuation
A Capital letters
a captalletteE
(al5o
called uppeKase leners)..e lsedl
to beqin a 5entence Thank yau lar you leftet of 28 iuly.
ior names of
people
Jin, Helen, Mr Armstrang, Mts lones
for names of ofganlsatons Eurapean Camnunity, Ministty af Finance
for titlee of books, etc As lin Tucker said in
'Managing
Change', ...
for n.mes of places
Pais, FBn.e, Europe
for calendar info.m.ton Monday, March, New Yearc Day
a I nbookandf r mt r t es, r nr al wo. dt ke and, a/ t h and pr cposi t i ons
do nor usual l y hav
capitals, unless they are at the beginning
His latest filn is
(alled
ln the Heat of the Night .
a Some wods can be written with capitak, or n lower care. These are:
compdss
po nls
B Ful l stop
(.)
the Ntnettes, the ninetles
She is a gnatl sales dnecbr
(general
use), sa/i Dlrecrcr (ob t t e)
the east of Scot/and
(description),
the far Easr
(pac
ndme)
a Full nops are used at the end of sentences
a Fullnops are sometimes used in abbrevatons to show that letters n . word are miss ng. ln
modern British English they are not used so often.
prcr. E
Tayt ot Mp
eg
t e et <
C Comma
(,)
. A comrna in wiling represenls a brief
pause
in speech. Whn a sentence has severa clauses,
commas are placed bebreen 1hem io make the sentence e.ser to read
We da a lot af business wlh Asla, and its an npanant matket far us.
We da a lot af buslness with Asia, which is an inpanant narket far us.
But we lse a tull nop, noi a comma, to separate complete sentences.
We do a lat of business with Asia. lt s an inpaftant narket far us.
(NOr@. )
a A comma is used in lists, excepi for the lan nvo tems where we use and.
Thls product is safe, hygienic, practical
and.heap
We can lse a comma before ard il the last two tems in rhe list are long.
This product
E safe, easy to naintain, and kind to the envirannent.
a Link nq words at ihe beqlnninq of a senrence arc fo owed by . comma.
ln fact, the Poftuguese maket is gtowinq fan.
Linking wods n the middle of a sentence hdve commas beJore and afrr
The Pattuguese narket, on the other hand, is qrowing fast.
seeunn23 a Commasare used with non deflning rel.tive clauses.
This ptodu.L which is the tap of our range, retails at t250
a A comma can ntrodrce direct quotes
A Llay.ls agent said,'fhis will nean sone very larye claims.'
50 PUNCTUATION 207
a When writing direct speech we use a comma before the actua words spoken. In reportd
speech commas are not Lrsed. Compare:
Your sales direcbr said, Yes, that might be
possible.'
Your sales dire.tot sakl it night be
possible.
I Siudy whe we put a comma with large numbe6:
260 1,569 18,500 127,000 4,65A,000
Note that in sorne other languages a dot is used her. A dot in English represents a dec mal
point.
D Semi.colon
C)
a We can
join
two sente.ces wLth related m$nings using a semi-(olon.
We need betbr technology; beftet te.hnology costs noney.
a A semi-colon is also used to sepaGte long tems in a n. Notice the use of commas and
semicolons in this examPlel
lnstlutional investo' include ^lonura, the lapanese secuities house; GEC of the us; and
Aatterhouse, the UK investnent bank.
E colon
(:)
a A colon intrcduces items in a list.
The input sele<tor has four
positions:
CD DVD, tuner and auxiliary
a A colon can introduc an explanation oi the
previous part oi the sentence.
China is booming: output is up,
profis
are up, confidence is high.
a A colon i9 also usd to introdlce exampLes.
weJe enteing a lot of new rarke6, egl the Balt, states.
F speech marks
('
')
("
")
a speech marks
(also
called quotation markt ar used when we write the aciual words that
someone says. Punctuaiion goes inside. Thy can be single or double
"rhis shate issue will supply the capital we need,' satd Alan Jones of MSD.
Alan Jones oI MSD said,
'fhis
shate issue will supply the capltalwe need.'
a Titles of book, ports, films, etc, are sometimes
put nside s ng e speech marks, a id we put
pun.tuation outside in this case.
1 strcngly rcconmend Jin Iucker's new book Managing Change'.
Book iilles, etc. can also be put in ita ics ratherthan speech marks.
G
Question
mark
(?)
and eiclamation mark
(l)
a
Quenion
mark only occur after the question.
He asked, what are the nost inportant issues facing aur company?'
a Exclamation marks are used in inform.l writing, bui are not considercd appropri.te in fomal
witing. They show surpise,
pleasure,
etc.
Guess what's happened! I ve
just got
engagedf
2OA 50 PI'NCTUATIOiI
50 Practice
Exercise I
!
Rewrite each sentence,
putting in any necessary capital lette6.
1 we?e meeting prcfessor
thomas on tuesday e\,ning at eiqht.
....Were..x+1r.lx .F.-e.f.e.r..;.er ..fb.*..p-+..IwCry...cyet\rA4..4J..sit!1:...........................
2 last february i met mary caryenter for the fi6t time.
3 tim works in the nofth of france, about 50 kilometres from pais.
4 my favourite hitchcock film is
'stranqeE
on a train .
5 carol works a5 an office manager in a marketing
(onsultancy.
6 i've
just
rcceived the rcport
published
last may by the wo d tde organization.
7 on ch stma9 day we ll
90
to my parents' house near brightof in russex,
8 thinkjean is gojnq to be interviewing the deputy finance minister next week.
Exer ci se2I l I l l l
Tick
(/)
the one 5entence in ea(h
group
aFc)which is punctuated
correctly.
1 a)
'What3
the best way to contrcl our costs, she asked?'
b)
'Whatb
the best way to control our costs?' she asked.
c)
'Whatl
the best way to control our costs,' she asked?
2 a) We all agreed, that protectionism, was not the answer
b) We all agrced that protectionism, was not the answer
c) we all aged that protectionism
was not the answer
3 a) Helen who is a very experienced in\,stment analy5t, agreed.
b) Helen, who i5 a very experienced in\,stment analyst, agrced,
c) Helen, who is a very experienced invertment analysl aged.
4 a) He told me not to wait and said,
'l'llsee
you
later.'
b) He told me, not to wait and said'l'llseyou later.'
c) He told me not to wait and said l'll see
you
later.
5 a) The p.oblem
is simple, thes too little investment, and too much waste.
b) The problem
is simple; there3 too little inve$mentj and roo much wane.
c) The prcblem
is simple: thereS too little invesiment and too much wane.
6 a) The fiqures are: inflation 4%, unemploymeni 5.4% and interest rales 80/6.
b) The figures are: inflation, 4%, unemploymenl 5.4%, interest Ets, 8%.
c) The figures are inflation 4%, unemployment 5.4%, and interen rates 8%.
7 a) Ann explained that nobody had made a decision
yet.
b) Ann explained, that nobody had made a decision
yet.
c) Ann explained that, nobody had made a decision
yet.
8 a) Sales hn year were
$4s00000
while pofits
were
jun
9620000.
b) Sales last year were
$4,500000,
while profits
v/re
just
$620,000.
c) Sales last year were
$4,s00,000,
while protits
werc
just
$620,000.
n
fv
L
n
!
n
tr
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
50 PUNCTUATION 209
Exer ci se3! E* H#A
Rewf te each g.oup of words so that it contains the
punctuation listed in br.ckets.
1 Fi6t of.ll is there a demand in the ma*et asked sue
\one
fuI nap, ane rcnna, one
quenian nark,
1
Fi!:t.t..91..A,11,
i.1...r.19.. A.. 1.1W,!d
i^ the M4rke t ?' Arked <ue-.
2 l'm sorry Kim he said the
goods would arive on time but they didn't
lone
fu stop, two connas)
3 lack said that we should tear up the
plant foEet aboui it and start again
\one
fuI nap, tuva connas)
5 On the other hand we could use a different firm couldn't we said Fneois
(one
full stap, two canna'
one ouestion mark, soeech ma(s)
6 Hel o Alan said Tina how was the meeting yeneday
\ane
lull stop, thtee conna, one questbn na*,
tu\/a
paiB
of speeah nark' one capital bttel
T lf l were
vo!
l'd ask for some help or
perhaps look at the man LJa aga n
(one
fullstop, wo connas)
8 Oilsharcs did welllast week Standad Oilwas up 2% Exxon was up I 8ol" and th Ango-Dutch
group
Shell
gained 2.3%
\one
tullstop, t/to connas, one cobn)
4 When saw my boss I went up to him and eid Can I hdve Frid.y ofi p ease
lone
questian nark, three
canna, speech marks)
Exer ci se4XSEE
Rewr te this email, adding any necessary capitalletters and
punctuation. The exercise also nc uds using
aoos$oohes for contracted verb lorms
(/'ve,
/ rt, etc).
It was grear to har fbm you and hanks lor th6
photo ot everyone on the MBAcouE6 il brinqs back happy m6mories
and im suro youl agr6 rhat we were lucky te have such intersting pepts h ouryear
im glad lh.tyou wr6.u@esstulin
your sarch fora
job in plblic larions iv6.ot been so lucky so far im afraid i
applied forajob atthe beginning ol lh6 month in theinan6 dapanmnt of a large swiss owned
pharmaeutical
company id ba very well qlalified for lhs
iob
but i slill havsnt haard an,' thing if i dont get an answer soon illlry wriling
ag.in actually ifidonr ho.ranythlng iwont be too dleppointd baus6 it s6ms their@mpany isnl doing loo wellat
th6 momgnr and idonr rhink thered b6 many opportunlllestor
pomolion
ivs t16n m66ning to 6mailyou fo. ages aboutsomelhinq else do you by any chan@ have alison andjimR,ddress
im
planning on vbiting lh6ir cily in the autumn and id like to llin and s* thom wiat about you do you hav6.nv
plans lo
6me hr it would b wonderful to se6
you again a.d
you knd you.6 wt@m.lo stay whenever
you want
wll lhats all for now im going away iomow aor a iew days to visn my parents and ive got to
pack
and
get readv
rhanks again forthe phob and n was 5o ni@ to hear rbm you again
210
Test 1 Verb tenses:
present (units
1-2)
Exercise 1
Cornp eie the sentences by putting each vlb into the presentsimple or prcsent
cont nuous. use
.ontractjons
(/
m inne.d of I an, da't innead of do not, etc) where possible.
1 A: what .........C..9..)Pi.a..C9..........
(you
do)?
B:
'm
an engineet
2 A: what .....^f.e...)P!a...d9.i1!......
(you
do)?
B: l'm looking for a file.
3 can you hel p me? | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not
underst and) spani sh.
4 Can I call
you back? ! .... ....- -
(talk)
with a client.
5 Thi s pDduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not
sel l ) as wel l as we hoped.
6 l ' l get i n t ouch wi t h you as soon as | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(know)
t he resul t s.
7 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(st ay)
at t he t vl ari ot t Hot el . t l l be t here unt i l Fr day.
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . .
(you
of i er) any speci al deal s over t he summerT
9 o!r company ................... ........
(make) parts forthe automobile indlstry
10 When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(you
usual l y ari ve) at wo i n t he momi ng?
11 Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(come)
t o wol k wi t h us on t he NBC prcj ect f or a f ew weeks.
12 Jack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(come)
f . om Leeds i n t he nort h of Engl and.
Exercise 2
Decide if uses aFh) are usually associated with lhe present
simple
(P9
or
present
continuous
(PO
a) facts and permanent situations
E
b) actiofs and events in prcgress now Ll
c) arrangements forthe future
=
d) verbs of thinkinq and feelinq L l
l,,4atch sentences 1
-8
below with uses aFh).
e) habts and rcutines n
0
temporary stuations n
g) fixed timetables tr
h) current trends and changes n
1
Shes talfing on another line nght now, can I ask her to call you bacl? E
2 We ofier a net! orking solution that is customised, rcliable and secure. Ll
3 We relea5e figures for total sales and net eamings e!ry quarter. n
4 l m arri vi ng i n Muni ch at 10. 30. n
5 The plane
arrives in Munich at 10.30. n
5 l'm working in our customer services department this month. !
7 Internei fraud and
qberc
me is increasing allove.the wo d. n
8 OK,lunderstand whatthe
problem is now- n
Exercise 3
Put the time expressions ftom the list below into two categories: those usually used wth the
present simple,
and those usually used with the pFsent continuous- Wfite the expression in the correct colurnn.
aiier, always, as soon as, before, curently, every day, hardly ever, never, at the moment, most of th
time, nexi time, normally, now, nowada)'s, occasionally, often, |a|ely, sometimes, these days, twice a
year, until, usually, when
Present simple
^++.er
Present continlous
TEST ' VERB TENSES 21
Exercise 4
Put the words into ihe correct order The firn word is given ea.h tim.
1 | at dboui one o clock have usually lunch. I
2 Lunch
just
a sandwich often is. Lunch
3 lfiom time to time visit in Pads Head Office. I
4 ever hardly am late in ihe moming. I
5 ever hadly take the train to work. I
6 |
prcparc
once a month a sales report. I
7 | mits a Eoard meeting never I
8 | am ate for a Board meeting never. I
Exercise 5
Some of the following sentences are ight and some are wrcng. Put a ri<k
(/)
next to the rght ones, and
co.rect the wrong ones.
1 I'm supplying you with everything on your last order.
2 fr+g{eing with you
completely.
3 Ou. chocolates are containing only the finen ifgedienrs.
4 Our chocolates ar winning prizes alloverthe wortd.
5 We'e sett ng up subsidiaries in Peru and Bolivia.
6 We're owning subsidiaries in Peru and Bolivia.
7
'm
th nking they will make a decition thisweek.
8 I'm thinking about what they will decide this week.
9 At first sight. itS seeming to be a sensible suggestion.
l0 At iirst sighr, hel making a sensible suggestion
l1 We'rc hav ng a lol o'trouble with our suppliers
12 In these circumstances we' having no alternative.
.
| ^{e?......
Exerci se 6
Compete the sentences by putting each verb into a form of lhe
present
simpe or present
continuous. In
each sentence the verbs may be in the same or differenr renses.
I Every i i me i nf l at i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(qo
up), peopl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (demand)hi gher
wages.
2 I nf l ai i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(f al l ) qui t e qui ckl y,
whi ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (mean)rhat
i h
government
can keep rnterest rates low
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i you/ wai t )f orVi ct ori achambers?t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not ^hnk)she'
bet ong.
4 What exact l y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(our
cust ome6/ wanr)? Nobody arcund her
s carl o doesn' t have much-experi ence of t hi s si t uat i on. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(hope)
he
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(know)
whal he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (do).
6 Whai exacrl y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .
(you/ mean)?
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(nor/ underst and).
7 What exact y. . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/ say)?. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/ want )t orenegot i at erhe
8 ........................... .....
(your
chicken/tane) oK? The food here is usually very qood, but of.oulse it atl
.. _-.
(depend)
on which particularchef
.. . ....
(work)
in the ktchen on
Test 2 Verb tenses:
past (units
3-4)
Exercise I
Wfite the
past
simple form of these irregular verbs-
7 eat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 14 l end
' I
become. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 f al l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 begi n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 f i nd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 pay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 break. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 f oryet . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . 17 send . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 bri ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 grow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . - 18 shui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 buy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . 12 keep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 spend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 choose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . 13 l ead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 undeEt and. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 2
Underline the cofiect words.
1 When I gatlwas gettiag home, I heard l was heaing your phone message.
2 When I was at Norcom I used to dainlwas claining all my travel expenses.
3 When the complter crashedlwas crashing I pinted
outlwas
printing
oul last month's f gurcs.
4 while the
plane
fook offl was taking off, I statted lwas sia,'ting to feel unwell.
5 We wanted lwere wanting a reliable firm, 50 we chose / were choosing Phillips.
6 We used to havelwere havlng an office in Latvia and Lithuania, but ihen we combined/werc combihirg
all our Balti( operations at our Estonia office.
7 When I afiivedlwas ahving at the office Jan waitedlwas waiting fat tr],e.
8 The door was open so I knockedlwas kno<king and canelwas coming in.
9 Ihey arguedlwerc aeuing about the merger when he suddenly /osflwas /oslng his temper
10 When lwaslused to be in London last summer lylsttedlwas visiting a difte?ntn lseum every day
Exercise 3
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the fiBi sentence and contains the word in
brackets. This exercise
practises
the
past perfect
and used to.
1 Michael made some notes and started witing.
(had)
After ...........111i!kql..ll*d...&*ds.......... some notes, he started writinq.
2 This Internet connection is slower than belo.
(didn't)
This Internet connection .... ........... to be so dow
3 | was sure the di5k was in this boxl
(forgonen)
I was sure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he di skl
4 In the past, the factory ptoduced 4,000 units every month.
(used)
The f act ory . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . --------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---. . ---. . . . . . . . 4, 000 uni t s every mont h.
5 | thought the article seemed lamiliar
(had)
I t hought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he art i cl e bef ore.
6 Franz left before my arival.
(akeady)
By the rime I arrived, Franz .
7 when I was younger I went skiing a lot.
(used)
1. . . . . -----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . al ot whenl wasyounger
8 The meeting finished late so we went straight back to ihe hoiel.
(had)
Wewent st l ai ght backt ot hehot el becaul e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. l at .
TEST 2 VERE TENSES 213
Exerci se 4
Comp ete edch sentence with a suilable lime expression frcm th l5t below
at on in whn while/when
1 The computer crashed ...v.!hilC1.Yr\e^.. I was loading up the new software.
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . di d you f i 6t not i ce t h f aul t ?
3 We sent you the lnvoi.e .................. ....... the end of last month.
4 c entral Europe was changing very Iapidly .................... the nineties.
5 we lent th goods ........................ the fifteenth. Haven't you rccelved them
yet?
6 ........ .................... they raised interest rates ihe euro rccovercd aga nst the dolldr.
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she was checki ng t he i nvoi ces, she noi i ced a sma mi st ake.
8 The t l vo compani es mel ged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998
9 we mel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ei qht f or a busi ness br eakf ast .
10 What wer e yo! doi . g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I cal l ed you
t hi s mor n n9?
1l We changed our adveni si ng campai gn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he beg nni ng of t he year .
l 2 l ' l l chck my f i l es and cal l you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he mor ni ng
Exercise 5
Compete the sentences by putting one verb in the pan
simple and one in th pasi perfect.
1 when t he f i l m srart ed | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rca1i 1e4. . . . . . . . . . .
(real i ! e)
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hAd. . r. el ! \ . . . . . . . . . . .
Gee)
t
2 By t he t i rne | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(geo
t o t he phone i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gi op)
nn9rng.
3 How. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( you/ f ndout ) t hat you. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( go0t hej ob?
4 Bef ore | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (oi n) ABN L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(work)
as an
Investment ana yst.
5 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(send)
her an emai l j un t o see how t h ngs were
goi ng. Meanwh e, my
boss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(akeady/ spoke)
t o her boss.
5 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(al ways/ suspect )
t hat t he coni ract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not/be)
legal.
Exercise 6
Complete the sentnces by
putting the verb in brackets into either the
pan perfect or past prfeci continuous.
1 By an christmas L....... ...h4.d-..deSjded.........
(dcide)
t was time to change rnyjob.
2 | .....ha.d..be.a^..Jh.1Bi13.... {think)
aboutdansing myjob forsometime before fin.lly decided.
: | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(wai t )
f or over an hour by t he t me he arri ved.
4 Act ua y, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(al ready
hear) t he news bf ore she t ol d me.
5 Thel rshare p ce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . .
(ri se)
st eadi l y bf orc t he merqer was announced.
6 l coul dn' t
gi ve hj m a l i f t because 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not f i nsh)work.
7 Theyqet onverywel l , bl t t hey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (nevermeet )unt i l t hi syear
8 Myeyeswere hu' t i nq be. ause 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(l ook)at t he
screen a day.
9 Af t ef I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(see)
t he new desi gn I real i sed i t was go ng t o be a great success
10 They closed down the factory because it ................ . .....
(lose)
money tor yeau.
Test 3 Verb tenses:
past
and
present (units
5-6)
Exercise 1
Underlife the coffect or most appropriate answe6.
1 t'n waitingll've been wailrc herefor ages.
2 The markets ha! hadlhad a sharp fall last week.
3 The markets ha hadlhad a sharp fall this week.
4 Wait a moment, /'ve /efal/ /eft the innruction manual in the othr room.
5 /'ve /eftl/ /eft the instruction manual nen to the PC when I was using it earllel
6 How long are you vwkitg/have
W
been working he'?
7 Hurry upl Howlongare
you goinglhave
tou
beal going
to be?
8 We can't supply the
goods because they haven t
pa id ldidn\
pay
\he depos l.
9 We couldn't supply the
goods because they ha!n'tpaidldidn't pay
lhe deposil.
10 l'm waiting for Sue. When have you last seen/did
you
bn see het?
11 l'm waiting fo. Sue. Have you seen her?lDid
W
see het?
Exercise 2
Crogs out the mistake in each entence and write the correction at the end,
1shei 5sendi ngemai l sal l vveekbut hasn' t pl acedanod"ry"t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14t . . . b1q1.
2 We have stafted this cou6e the weels ago.
3 A:
'What
have you been doing all morning?'
B:
'l've
been w tten lettels.'
4 When have you arrived in this city?
5 You have ever been to India?
6 Paula has been organised a press conference.
7 sales have been riging since three months.
8 I live in this city since lwas born.
9 I wait here a long time. where haveyou been?
10 L didnt
giva
a
presentation
before, so l m a bit nervous,
1l L'm wating fof their ply to our letter for three weeks.
12 How long do you work in this company?
Exercise 3
Completethe sentences with a suitable time expression from the list below
yet for iFe often ever never alrcady sofar
jun
always
'I 've
lived in my city-centre flat ---t!.^Sg... 1998.llove it there.
2 Thanks forthe
present! l've...........--... wanted a gold Rolex!
3 l don' t t hi nk l shoul d dri nkany more. t ve --. -. . . . . . . . . . . . hadf ourwhi ski es.
4 Have you ................ been self-employed?
5 I ve ................ head that we've won the contEctl Congratulations everybodyl
6 Huffy upl Haven't you finished ................ ?
7 Nina has worked in this company ................ over fiv years now
8 l've -............... been white-waler Efting before. lts an interesting experiencel
9l ' ve. -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . passedt hi sbui l di ng, but t hi si st hef i 6t t i mel ' vebeeni nsi de.
l0 We've been very busy on the stand this moming. ................ we've
givn
away over 200 brochr.res.
TEST 3 VEiE TENSES 2T5
Exercise 4
complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to th firsl sentence. You may need a new verb,
or a t me expresslon like those in exrcis 3. Use contractions where possible.
1 lan doesn't work at this company now
Ja"e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h4r, . . ! 9. t 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hi s company.
2 This s the first time l've been to ihe United stais.
| . . . . . . . . . . . . --. ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . t o t he Uni t ed St at es bef ore.
3 Thai3 sttangel My wallet
jsn't
here!
That 3 nrangel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . di sappeared.
4 | saw a friend of
you6 a few moments ago.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a rr eno or yours.
5 l ' m st i l l wrUngt hi s report .
l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h| srepori yet .
6 We started working here thrce yeaE ago.
We v ben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hree
years.
7 ls this yourfilst visit 10 Latin america?
Have you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bet or?
8 lt3 a long time since I spoke to Giorglo.
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l o Gi oEi o f or a l ong t i m
9 ls Anna still out of the office?
Has . . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . back yet ?
10 l'm sorry but Rachel Dawlon isn't here.
l ' m sory but Rachel Daw5on has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . out .
11 | last saw David in 1996.
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . si nce1996,
12 | ctsme to live hrc three months ago.
l ' ve been . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . t hre mont hs.
13 How nupid of mel My laptop is still in the car
How st upi d oi mel | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my l apt op i n t he car.
14 l'm still reading this report.
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rcadi ng l hi s report yet .
15 Paul left the bllding a moment ago.
Paul has. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l he bui l di ng.
16 Have you bn to Scandinavia at any time?
Have you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o Scandi nav a?
17 l've had English lssons in my company since Janlary
l ' ve been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ergl sh si nce January
I 8 lt3 ages since we lan had an order from CWP.
We. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anordrf romCWPl orages.
19 This is the first time l've eaten snails.
l ' ve. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snai l s bef ore.
20 | narted playing tennis about six monihs ago.
l ' ve been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about si x mont hs.
2l I don't femember Helen\
phone number
l ' ve. . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hel enS phone
number.
22 she h.s a different opinion now
5he. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her m nd.
23 The last tim ls.w M.rgarct was Monday.
I haven' 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monday.
216
Test 4 Verb tenses: future
(units
7-8)
Exercise 1
llnderline the cofiect answers.
1 W aiI Iat me.
ALbel
l'l have been rady in a moment.
2 We'd better wait he until the rain itopilnil/ siop.
3 That looks very heavy. Wil/ //5ha// / help you?
4 We finish the cou6e tomor@w so we're
g)ing
out/we go out fot a dink.
5 l've
just
head the weathet lo.ecatr, and i6/it's going
to be sunny tomorrow
6 A: Do you want me to phone them?
B: No, it3 all .ight, iT doli m dol149 it.'
7 Please don't leave until I cone back/wil .one back.
8 Julie won't be here next
'week.
$e'll wo*lshe'll be ,rorking at our other office.
9 The flight attendant i5 calling us. I think we wll//v! re
9oin9
io boad the plane.
10 fhey'I proba ylhey
obabt wiil cut back the traaning budget nextyear
Exercise 2
Cross out the mistake in each sentenre and write the correction at the end.
1 tg+fhr lenn6 on Sarurday. Would you hke 1o come?
l'i...lgtY.. t"...pl+y...
a) l ut ure f acs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! *i ! ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
or f ), ed f Jt ure arrangement s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c) nstant decisions ...........
d) f Jr ur e pl dns
dnd i nl enl i ons . . . . . . . . . . .
e) pd
ctionswith
present
evidence .............
0
generalopinions
about thi futu.e
q) looking back from the future
h) activiiies in prcgrcss in the futurc
Match sentences 1-8 below with uses aFh).
'I
wete going to launch the new model at the Bologna show d
2 sorry about this confusion. l ll took into it ightawayand I'llcallyou back. n
3 l'm meetinq my bank manaqer on Thulsday. We're having lunch toqether L l
4 |ihinkwe llprobably make a smalllossthis year.
Ll
5 Next year will be the renth anniveEary of our companv.
!!
6 During rry pFs.ntarion lllbe describing th. key benefitsofour rewseace. Ll
/ Judgrng by
rhese
ngutes, we're gorng ro makF a smdll loss rhis year n
8
.
lt3 not a difficuhjob. We'll have finished by lunchtim".
tr
2 The visitors from iapan will here at 9.30.
3 Justine will probably
to
get
the sales
job.
4 Sue is going
lend me her copy of the repon.
5 Bye for now I see
you
later this evening.
6 sorry l ' m not see you t omol l ow I have t o
go
t o London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . , , , , , , ,
7 What you going to discuss at the next meeting?
8 The flight prcbablywillbe delayed.
Exercise 3
Decide lf uses aFh) are usually associated with evl4
e|o,l?g
to, ihe present continLrous
(/m
dolngr), the flrture
coniinuous
(/7
be dolhd or the future perfect (/?
l)ave done).
TESI4 VERB TENsEs 217
Exercise 4
Complete the scond sentence so it has a similar meaning ro the first sentence. Th answers inctude these
totms: will, wan't, shall,
prcsent
simple, present
continuous and futu contnuous.
1 | promise
to
phone you
when lget back.
when r
set
back, .........|.i!1..p19t:-e........
you.
2 Wo! d
you like me to close the window?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I cl ose t he wi ndow?
3 After the conference we can trar,l back together.
When the ..........-....................... we can travel back togethe.
4 They fuse to lower their
pdce.
They. . . . . . . . -. . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ower t hei r pri ce.
5 What
job
will you have aftr the company reorganisarion?
What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . doi ngaf t ef t hecompanyreoEani sat i on?
6 l'll wait here until it nops raining-
When i t st ops raj ni n9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l eave.
7 How about having a drink after wo ?
. . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. -. . . we have a d nk af t er work?
8 Ale you free tomorrow evening?
A. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , anyt hi nq t omorrow eveni ng?
Exercise 5
Rewrite each sentence wiih will, shall ot goir,g
to, $ing the velb unde ined.
I Sarah doesn't plan to get involved in any researd yet.
..J*f*h..i:nl!-..1q!.Y..1e...4-. invotved in any research yet.
2 How about h.vino a
game
of tennis at the weekend?
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . , a
game
of t enni s at t he weekend?
3 l've decided to
!llJ!!
Arabic in Caa.o.
. Arabic in Cato.
4 | prcmise
to
be
back beforc midday.
.. before midday.
5 | have an appointment to
see
the doctor, so lcan't come.
. the doctor, so I can't come.
6 | promise
not to
i9I9g!.
7 l plan to
dq
my MBA in F6nce.
my MBA in Fran...
8 Would you like me to
beb
you
with those bags?
with those bags?
9 lt! possible for us to
qooe
back later if you like
. back later if you like.
10 intend to
lsk
my boss about opportunities for promotion.
- my boss about opportunities for promotion.
1l I want to
hale
the salmon
Lhe salmon, pl.asF.
12 l've decided to
haye
the salmon.
. . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he sal mon.
2ia
Test 5 Passives
(units
F10)
Exerrise 1
Cross out the mi5take in each sentence and write the conection at the end.
1 Nils hiE+a#r a new
Fb
in Brazil.
2 Your parcelwas
been posted
'sterday,
3 A new
jndustdal
site i5 be developed out5ide the town.
4 All the food at the receotion was ate.
5 Gold is nill produce
in large
quantities
in South Africa.
6 Nothing will being decided before next wek.
7 The
prerentation
is
giving
at the Hotel Intercootinentat.
8 l've
just
heard that Cada i5 been
promoted
to Ma*eting Dirctor
9 The introduction to the report was w ting by the CEO.
1 0 lMany customeE are losing through
poor
after-sale5 srvice.
Exercise 2
Rew te each sentence with a
fEssive
ve6, without mentioning who did the action.
1 The authorities have closed the casino.
.........119...sn'j*"-..f
sr-..*-4.^..ietd.|.......
2 Someone broke into our hous last !\,eek.
3 People all over lhe world speak English.
4 The local authodties have finally opened the new motolwata
5 Someone left this umbrella in receotion.
5 The city council will ban all raffic from the cjty centre.
7 Fi6t w mb( the two liquidt thn w lea\ them lor 24 hours.
8 The organiseE a
postsoning
the meeting.
Exercise 3
Complete th6 second sentencaso it has a similar meaning to the firn senience and contains the wod in
1 They have
jun
servi(ed all our machines. (had)
w" .................h+ygjl.'l...kd_..+!1..9!f.{:..}+li!^ot,c.ui."d.
, .o..,,*"o.y","*f"*n;;;.d,J--
--
Tomorow | .,.............._-...,,,
3 They pdntd
lome business cards with the nw togo.
(had)
We -. -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . .
4 They are coming to dean the carpet tomorow.
(having)
We. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 ]hey have
jun
ref(6ed my requen for oedit
(hao
TEsr i PASSTVES 219
a4
v,
Exrci se 4
52 underllne the corct words in this articl.
,-
olemmrs acos Euope e ateady
lJtrt sraau
grleur
sta .d to norry.
wlly? Baurc low bi.th .ales combined
with loreq Iife expelarc'
(2)acdrlary
hea|t thar the conlinent wil soor have
fewer people wotkins md few{
People
payine 1ae9 As a rcsull, a whole mep
of measurcs mu$
13)
rakelbe raken ro
deal with the problens thar rhis chage
in demognphics (4) v'ill brinelvill be
At the rccenl Annual World Economic
Forun iD Dav@, Swilzerltud, a ession
called
'Refomirg
Pcnsion Systcms'
lhe few comtries wberc the popllation
will prcb^bly (10)
iacreose I be increased.
And as the population8
eel
sndler,
they e also getting oldei F om 2007
onedds d enomous pdl of Eurcpe\
Wpttati,o
(11)Nilt sta t*ill be staledro
ctir. solutions wiu hale ( 12) mrrdlr, ,.
lound
to deat vhh the problems that
tttis Nitt (13) createt h. crcat.4. Cen^inly
gove.nmenh
must
(14) .ftowd8e I be
encoltuged
prieate persion plms, and
old"fashioncd tax and social security
moA.k must (r5) took dtlbe loak.d dt i^
d completely new Pay, r
A Race Against Time
(s) took
plo.etws taken ptace.
'rne
spesker, dircctd of the
population
division
of the United Natiom, (6) ,igli/t8rt d/rar
,tgrliBrred that ihis is a global problen,
nor
jusl
a EnrcFd one. Ho{ever the tuctr
cmor
(7)
is,orclr" is,ord: tbe situation
in Eurcpe is
psticulely snous. tsk di
fte findinss of a recent Europ.a.
Conni.sion study: Iraly s
popllation
(8)
expeckt is exp..ted lo drop fron
58 rnillion to 48 milion by 2050, Spain\
\9)
\'ill
Jolt
t t il be
la
.a fton 40 nillio
ro 35 million, and Ccmlny s from
82 milion to 76 nillion. Swcdcn is one of
Exerci se 5
Compete the se.ond sentence so il has a sirn lar me.n ng to ih lrsi sentence. Do not mention who did th
1 Someone checked these figus tor me last week.
L !+d..tt'e1.e-..!jA4l.-et .S!!ejl-e-d. ...... .... ast week.
2 They grow much less coffee n Coombia these days.
-hese
d4s
3 someon de vefed this
p.ck.ge lhis morn .9.
T' s p. cr
aqe
4 The city council is redeveloping the od dockands area.
T' e oj d do. kl . -ds a, ea
5 They've pui
!p inlereet raies aqarn
nLe en .let
6 We discuss
yolr ide. in ihe meei ng tomotrov'.
You ided
7 The technician innalled some new softwarc on my PC yesteday
Yest erday | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on my Pc
8 Tokyo is my place of birrh.
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n Tokyo.
9 When is your date of birth?
When exact l y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . born?
10 Someon sioe Peters c.r hn wk.
' l oe l c ' l we" l
11 D d anyone tell Alex about lhe meeiing?
, , ; " ; " ; , ; ; " ; ; ; " " ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , i ; ;
abor t ' l hemeet nq?
220
Test
5 Modals (units
i.t-14)
Exercise l
Undedine
the coffect word/s.
1 That looks like Cartor over there, but it
qaatlmun
t be HeS in Grm.ny.
2 Marie isn t at her office, so she canlmust
be on her way here.
3 | think you ned tolha! ,e.esray ro get
some advice from your
co eagues.
4 ls your
car door damaged? Someone mun fiedlhave
rr'atto bre.k in.
5 ltb getting
very late. I rhink we d better t we w)utd pay
rhe biil and teave.
6 | night/can be able to hetp you,
but t,m not sure.
7 Yes, its a good idea, we should/musr consuk mo
(tosety
with the unions.
8 lt! absolutely necessary we sho{r/d/mujr
consllt more
ctosty with the unions.
9 LlCy .an't harclnust have had the bad news.
She tooks so happy.
10 Satry, I must tolhave to qo
now. tdon t want ro oe Er.
11 You night notldon,t need ro come ro the meeting if youte
busy.
l2 Thi! invoice
can'rlmu5fnt be right. It says f550 to repai. rhe phorocopierl
Exerci se
2
Complete each senience wirh a word or phse
fiom
the tisr below
haveto
had to dirt+arc+e
didnl have ro musl mustn,t rnlst have
might have should coutd
1we' ret ryi nganewdresscoae. we. . denl i . . | 4v. g. . t 9. . wearf omal ct ot hesonFri days.
2 You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t ouch t hat but t ont The whot e product i on
t i n wt st opl
3 l ' m not 9ure. but l t hi nk | , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
rnade
a mi st ake,
4 Bef ore
we a9ree, we' l l . . --. -. . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . .
sl uoy i he cont | act rn more det ai l .
5 Sorry I can' t st ay any l onger | rcat t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9o
now
or t , rni ss my t rai n.
6 lf you needed
the goods
u.qentlla we ........ ....... ... ....... speed up the oder
7 Sorry l ' , m l at e, but | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go
l o rne docror. s.
8 l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ben embarrassi ng f or you
t o t orget hi s name
9 l t h nk we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a(cept t hei r of f er l t 3 t he best we, l t get .
10 Luckly, L.......................
....... attend the meeiing ysterday,
so J managed to finish a nry paperwolk
Exerci se
3
Match the uses of would.)-g)
wirh the sentences i-7 betow
a) ofieflfg hetp b) ofiering thinqs c)
potite
rcquest d) tnvitations
e) repodrng
whar someone said
0
imaginary
futore with
,if,
g) pasr
refusai
I Would you
mind ca ing back t.ter?
C
2 What would you
do if thy refused ro neqoti.te?
n
3 Wou/d you like some miik in your
coffee?
I
4 Would yoLr like ro
jojn
us for dinner tomorrow evening?
n
s Theywouldnt
reduc rhe prtce
underany circumstances.
ll
5 Would yo! like me to open the window?
n
7 He said he would
cal ba.k later
n
TEST 6 MODALS 22'I
Exerci se 4
Complete the second sentence so that it has a slmibr meaning as the first sntence. Use a word or phrase
can't miqht should hdveto don'thaveto cgh{-i can't be miqht be
m'.rst be should b-"
1 lt would be a
good idea to bing in a fim of consulrants.
we ........9$|J...1-o-....... b ng in a firm of consultants.
2 lt's not necessary for you to leave a deposit.
You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l eave a deposi t
3 I m sure that isn t John. bcause hes in Pans.
That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John, because he' s i n Pa s.
4 ann is almost ceftainly with a customr
Ann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi t h a cust omer.
5 expect the meeting will be finished by ten.
The rneet i ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f i n shed by t en.
1. , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t aI e.
7 We arc not allowed to dispose of wasle in that way.
We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . di spose of wast e i n t hat way.
8 Perhaps l'll see you on Thu6day evening.
...... see
You
on Trru6day evening
9 ts the rule thatwe check all bank refercnces.
We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . check al l bank ref erences.
10 You'd better speak to her as soon as possible.
You . . . . . . . . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . speak t o her as soon as
possi b
e.
Exer<ise 5
Compete the second sentenc so that it has a similar meaning as the first sentence. Use a phrase lrom the
list below
f,h*e can't have could have should have
(x2)
mt]n have shou dn't have might not have
I Perhaps David made a mistake.
David ......x!41''t...hav.e...... made a mistake.
2
'm
sure that she worked very hard on this prolct.
She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worked very hard on t h s
prcj ect .
3 L'm sure the warranty hasn't expned akeady.
The warrant y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . expned akeady.
4 lr woLrld have been a good idea for you
to tell me.
You. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ro| d me.
5 Perhaps you didn t see the ine we launched at rhe Munich Fair
You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seen t he l i ne we l aunched at t he Muni ch Fai l
5 lwds expeciinq them to call by now
Thy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cal l ed by now
7 i was a bad ldea for us to drop our prices so rnLrch
We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dropped our p ces so mucn.
8 ll was
posslble
for us to see this
problem
coming.
we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seen rhi r orobl em Loni ng
Test 7
Questions
(units
1F15)
Exercise I
When we make questions
in spokn English, w often teaw out the auxiliary verb and the subject
pronoun.
For exampfe. innead of saying, Do you |ike it7' we say,Uke ir?,. Wdte fult questions
using the
lldediled
Have-..ye$...{i.^itk-d-.. y.el
3
I Finished yet?
We're allwaiting!
2
see
you
tomonow? Are you
bury all day?
3 You Iook relad.
!o4e
a nice time?
4 Pauls a bit difiicult.
(!eW
what I mean?
5 Hi, Tim. Coming
out for a ddnk latr?
6
Eeen
waiting long? sorry tor the delay.
7 Interening conferencq isnl it. Eniovino youlself?
8
tlea&lthe
laten? babel is taking eart retircmemr
Exercise 3
Match the beginnings of the
phr6ss
with theh endings.
I Do you
mind if 1... a) closing rhe window?
2 Would you
mind if | ... b) closed the window?
3 Would you mind..- c) .lose the window?
Somebody asks vlbuld.you mird ff I cl6ed ttrc window2
yol
want the window closed. Tick
(/)
the answers
you
could give.
4 Yes, l woul d. !
5 ruq ol coure not. E
6 Go ahead.
!
7 Please do. n
tEltt 7
QUE5IIONS
223
Exercise 4
W te short ans e6 for ead
question,
beginning as shown. Use contractions
(don
t insiead of do no0.
1 Do you like Brazil? Yes, ...........!...d..e.......... . No, ........1..-d9!\:: ....... .
2 Does Karen l i ke Srazi l ? Yes, . , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . --. -. . -. . . . . . No, , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
3 Have you
wo*ed here l ong? Yes, . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - No, , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , ,
4 Are you
comi ng wl t h us t oni gl n Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 l s Karen comi ng wi t h us t oni gl t ? Yes, -. . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . .
6 Can you come on Fri day? Yes. -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Wll
you
be here tomonow? Ye5, ............................. . No, ...-......................... .
8 Di dyou have t o
pay
a l ot ? Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, ---. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 l s t hat your
coat ? Yes, . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
No; . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , . . , . . . . . , , , , .
Exercise 5
Complete each sntence, using the vetb in brackeb where necessary,
1 A:
,...-y.g*4...h4!e..4p-t-..
(have go0
the fit, haven,t you?,
B:
'Yes,
of cou6e.'
2 A: They'llbe back by 4.00, .................................. ?'
B: ' l expect so. '
3 A:
'You
,,,,.,.,,...........,,,,,,,...,...
(eave)
no /, are
you?'
B:
'Sorry,
I really have to
9o.'
4 A:
'They've
been here before, .,,,,.,,..........,.,,,,,,.,...... ?'
8:
'Yes,
lthink so.'
5 Ai'You can md Madoleine et th station,,..........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.... ?'
8:
'Yet
of course.'
6 Ar' You. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----. . . . . . . . .
(f orget )t hesampl et
di d
you?'
Br
'No,
of cours not.'
7 Ar
'..................................
(be)
here
yesreday,
wee you?'
B:
'No,
I wasnl
I A:
'You
dont happen to know the time, .................................. ?'
B:
'59rry
| don'f
9 A:
'LetS
have a brcak now, .................................. ?'
B:
'O(
good
idea.'
10 A:'You had the same thing for lunch yEterday,
..................................?'
B: Yes.'
Exercise 5
Put the words in the conct oider to m6ke
questions.
1 take vEa do youf ....De-..ye*...+*t+e..Y.rf.+.?
2
pl eas
l can s t he menu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I excus me here anyone is sitting? ...........................
4 trom whidr country do @me
you? ...........................
5 t owhoyouwerei unnowl al ki ng?. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 \ivhat mean do you erctly by dtal? ........................
7 a littlmorespecificyoucould b7 .........................
8
'ivhat
time the next bain to Brussels is? ..........
9
youcanrel l mev, / hat t i mei st henext t rai nt oBrusst s?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l 0 t hi sbri ef caset owhodoesbel ong? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1l could I trom here a phone call make?
1 2 do think you I could make lrom here a
phone
call?
Test 8 Conditionals
(units
17-18)
Exercise 1
Under ne the correct words.
1 lf we sent the goods by sea, ihe transport costs w'i{/ueqd be much owef.
2 lf thet prcnotel pranoted the brand better, they'll gain rnarket share.
3 ll you left / had left ealier,
you might have got there on t me.
4 lf anyone from Head Office visits, they always naylwil/ stay n a five star hote .
5 lf I wele you, / d/i 7 call then Technical support number.
6 lf l hayeliad more time, l'd be ableto come up with a solutlon.
I lf it break downlwillbreak doM, ittakes ddys for the service enginer to arrive.
8l f youneededrhemoneyDryenI l y, I coul dphone/ coul dha! phoredAccount snowt ot ryandspeedup
9l f youent ert hedat ei nt hewrcngf omat , t hecornput erdoesn' r/ d/ drt recogni set hei nf ormat i on
1a ft we d beenlwe werc morc careful, we wouldn t have lost so much money.
ll lf I had bought mo sharct, I would beconelwould have be<orne rich!
'12
lf your second interview goes/ev,//
90
well,l'm sure they'llofferyou thejob.
13 ll you vwuld have backed uplba.ted up
your files mo'e of\en, yau wauldnl iskldidn't risk asing all
14 ll you hadn'tlwouldh't have a(ed so
quickly,
w dbelwe are in b
9
trouble.
1 5 | need to contact Head Office. I wish I haLlhad my mobile
phone
with me.
16 lwish ir 6/rvas F.idayl
Exercise 2
Complete each sentence, using the verb in brackets in one oi these torms: wil/ do, would da, wauld have
1l f wegot avi rusont henet work, we. . . . . . . . . . . . . rdl 1. rl d. . . l 9r9. . . . . . . . . . . . . (ose)al l ourdat a.
2 l i myt rarn i sn' t at e, 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(be)
i n Pari sai sx.
3l i your t al khadbeenshor t er , l t hi nkt hey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( a! k) mor equenons.
a
I ' yout e mewhdl youwart . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {get )
i r f o' you ar I . e a
' po' r.
5 We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(get )
morc i nqurri es i f we advri i 5ed more of t en.
6 lf we hadn't left so early, .........
(miss)
the tra n.
7 l f wo*ed abr@d, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not
see) my f arn y
so of t en.
8l i youhaven' t got anychange. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( eav) t het i p.
9 We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. .
(sort
oui ) t he
probl em much sooner l we had had i h manual .
10 l i you
were i n hi s si t uaUon, what --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(you/ do)?
Exercise 3
Complete each sentence using if ot unless.
1 Their offices are very near. We'll walk therc, ................. itb ralning.
2 We would probably get the contract ................. we dopped our
price
a little.
3 Come on! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . we hur r y we' l l mi ss t he pl ane.
4 ............ you have any
quenions, please feelfree io call.
5 Whatwould you
do...........-..... they refused to negoiiaie?
6 l don' t f eel abl et ot akea deci si on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l haveal l t hef i gur es.
TEST 8 CONDTTIONALS 225
Exer<ise 4
Complete the sentence {or each situation.
1 Emma didnl leave early, and so she missed her flight.
f fnmd
kd le{+ e^r!y
. she 4q4!dt:!...kyg...yi.ted het t ishl
2 He didn't make more copies, so we don't have enough fof everyone.
l f he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . enouqh f or evryone.
3 l fo.got to bing your map, so l went tothe wrong building.
l f | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
| . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o t he wrong bui l di nq.
4 They didn'r invest in new tchnology, so they didn't survivethe recession.
l f t hey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
t hey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he rccessi on.
5 You didnl wait, so this has happened.
l f you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hi s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 | didnt realise you we so busy when I asked you
to help me.
l f L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---.
,
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o hel p me.
7 The Government didnl collapse. so therewasnl a c sis.
l f t he Government . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
t here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a cri si s.
8 They didn't bring out their new model on time, so they losi market share.
| i t hey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , t hey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . market
Exercise 5
Choose the correct continuation for each sntence.
1 I wasnl taking notes, and now I can't rememberwhal she said.
a) | wish I took notes. b) lwish l'd taken notes
2 This is a very unusual situation.
a) | wish l'd known what to do. b) | wish I knew what to do.
3 Our offices arc in the city cent and the rent is very high.
a) | wish we were outside the centre. b) lwish we are outside the centre.
4 They gave
the
job
to an external candidate, but oow they regret it.
a) Ihey wish they hadn't done it b) lhey wish they didn't do it.
5 | can't enter the system because I don't have the
password,
;) lf only lwould have the
password- b) lf only I had the
password.
6 There are too many simila. models on the market now.
a)lf onlywe launched our veGion ea ier b) lt only we had launched our version earlier
7 l'm woded about the meetinq next Fdday. We need to reach an ;qreemeft.
a) lwish we succeed. b) | hope we succeed.
Exercise 6
complete each sentence using the verb in brackets.
I We're not the market leader, but lwish we ........ .!Ygl_e..........
(be).
2 He made a mess of all my
photocopyinq. lwish | ....-... ........
(do)
it myself.
3l pressedt hewronqkeyont hecomput erl f onl y1. . . . . . . . . . --- . . . . . .
(not
do) i t .
4 lcanl undedand anythinq Marie sa),s. l wish | ....................----.....
{speak)French.
5 You dessen look good- lwish 1.............................
(order)that
too.
6 They?e meet i ng at t he moment . l wi sh 1. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . -. .
(be)
a f l y on t hewal l .
7 This information is impodant.lwish you......-...................... (give)
itto me beforc.
8 Lookl There3 . s3le at Haffods. lf only | .............................
(have)
my Visa card with me.
E
tr
tr
!
n
n
n
Test 9 Verbs +
-ing
or infinitive
(units
19-20)
Exercise 1
U!ds[!g
the coffect words.
1 | realy canl afford
lqrailealrhg
in such an expensive restaurant.
2 Do you mind to comelcont
g
back in haff an hour?
3 Do you want to comelconing back in half an hour?
4 Kate denied b
givelgiing the office key5 to anyone else.
5 He admitted to ma*e/nd*ing a srious mistak.
6 Remind / Renember me Io call SyMa this afternoon.
7 we have been ting to enterlenter;,,9 ihe Chinese ma*et for some time.
8 | hope to belbe,]og at the next meeting, but l'm not sure if I can make it.
9 | expect to belbe,hg at the no( meeting. I think I can make it-
10 lf she isn't in the offi(e when you call, keep to lrylt4l,ing.
ll I considered every
possible option. I even imagined b resignlresigning.
1 2 I refuse to be/le!/be/leving that we can't do it. We have to try hardet
13 ladmit fo belbe,ing a little careless lan time, but lwon't do it again.
14 I cant stand
people
to lnterruptlintetrupting allthetime. lt! so rude.
15 Wherc do you fanq to
golgoing fot lunchtoday?
I 6 l've arranged lo mee|/rneetirg them at their hotel.
l7 We guarantee to der!rldeltlng the qoods by the end ot lune.
l8 lmagine to wrl4lw/hnh9 the lotteryl
1 9 The manager Ffused to seelseet
9
me.
20 | realised I had foeotten to
packlpacting
any spare batteries.
21 lf lmiss my connection, it means b aftivelativing in Bonn after mldnight.
22 | ttied to liftllifting i\, but it was too heaw
23 | etioy b
qrt
awaylgeting away to the coast at the weekend.
24 I'd love to
get
awaylgEfting away to the coan this wekend.
25 | iied to
peEuade
him, but he rcfusd b rnenl/istert g to me.
26 |
'ally
enjoyed to visitl v,i5it/ng
yout factory Thank you very m!ch.
27
'lhey
decided to otderl order,inq I
,000
units.
28 He offered io meetlmeethg me at the airport.
Exercise 2
Compleie the sentences with a verb frcm the lin bebw. Choose either the
-ing
form or fo + infin tive.
cause come compromise
get get through give raake ise unpack wat
I He admitted ..........k4fri4........ a minake on the invoice.
2 Do you fancy .................--.----..... with us fot a drink?
3 wages t end. . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . f ast ert han i nf l at i on.
4 l . an r m. n. ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when l cal l . l keep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . an e' gaged
-one.
5 Do you mi nd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. ---. . . . . . . f ora coupl e of mi nut eswhi l e l wri t e t hi s emai l ?
5 They agreed................-.-.......... us thirty more days to
pay
the invoice.
7 The transport company dpny .....---....................- the damage.
8 Their neqotiating position was vry iqid. They refused ............................. .
9l sawhi m. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . -----. . . . . . . t hpgoods, andt herewasnodamagevi si bl e.
227
Test 10 Reported speech
(units
21-22)
Exercise 1
Complete ach quenion in direct speed, ending as shown.
1 Jack asked me whether I was going
out for lunch.
..........'..Arc..g..fitl...e!+1..ftr..ltnsl?1.............
rack asked me.
2 Carol asked Ann what sh had done the day befor.
. . . . . . . . , Ann?' ai kd Carot .
3 John asked us if we often wm to Germany for meetingis.
........ ?, John esked us.
4 Kate asked me how many intervieu/s l'd done that day.
........ ?, Kate a5ked me.
5 George asked Sue if 5he was
9oin9
to change
jobs.
,,,,,,,.
,
Sue?,asked Gorge.
6 Alice asked me who I had talked to at the conterence.
........ ?' Alice asked me.
7 The technician asked me if I would be there the next day.
8 l\,4ary asked me where oul new offi(es !\F,
9 He asked me if l'd seen Sill re@ntly.
1 0 He asked me if l'd be seing Eill at the conference.
?' the technician askd me,
?' Mary asked me.
?' he asked me.
?' he asked me.
Exercise 2
Rewrite each sentence in reported spee.h, using 6 verb frcm the lin below
advised apologised for congratulated on invjted offered
Freni5ed
rcfused suggend
1
'l'll
meet you
at the airpo( sue,' said Mike.
Mike .......d:g!ait:gd...t9..X-e-e.i..5149.......
at the airport.
2
'Would
you
like to come to the product launch, .,ean?' asked Chds.
chris .................-----.-..''. .. . ._____--...
the
product
launch.
3 | wouldnt sign the contract if I were you,
Dave,' said Patsy.
Patsy ..............................:.........,.............-....,,,,,,........
the confact,
4
'How
about getting an alternati
quote?'said
Nick.
Nick ..................____.._.....................................___.....
an altmative quote.
5
'l'm
tenibly sorry for arriving so late,' said Serena.
serena. . . ---. . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
'Shall
I give you
a lift?' said Ma*.
Ma* -----, . , , , , . , , , , , , . ----------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---
me a l i f l
7'Well done, you've won the Emplo)e of the Yar award!' he said.
He ...........--.---.-..............- her -..........-.-....................-
Employ of the Year awad.
8
'No,
I can't accept any tunher delays,' said Pat.
Pat ..................--.....................--.-......................,. any further detays.
22|l
Test 11 Phrasal verbs
(units
23-24)
Exercise 1
lvatch the beginnings of sentences 1-12 with their endinqs aFl).
'I
n my
job
ldeal
2 The Govemment is trying to ut
3 Heret the application form. Can you fill
4 | deal with the rctail side of the business, and
5 | hope lohn qets better soon. we can't do
6 Thanks foryour call, and lloot
7 Fi|st l lltalk about the history of ou| company,
8 Before yoLr switch off the PC, make srre you
back
9 Some of the smaller compaaies in the market
will
prcbably
be taken
l0 We need some new office chails. l'll look
1l These days you need to do a lot of ading to
keep
12 lt's important to find a candidate who fits
after the wholesale s de.
up with deveopments in the fied.
with allthe p.perwork rclated to
without him on the negotiating team.
in with the cornpany cu lurc and
the other people in the departmnt.
oown on oureaucracy.
on io our prcduct range and markets,
over in the next few years,
foMard to meeting you on the tenth.
through the catalogue and see what
can l i nd.
in both sides and s9n it at ihe bottom
a)
b)
c)
e)
i)
n
9)
t
t
Exercise 2
Rewrite each sentence by replacing the underlined words wilh a phrasal verb from the st below
come ac.oss dealwith
go on go over l66k{eA /erd*
pick
up
put
back to
run out of sort out take up
1
Lth]!!
l'm
SerSlg_edq
th woekend very much.
I k r@k'rM +otu ^rd tP.
. trr weeleld very mu(h.
2 The machine
!l!C!
about four square metres of tloor space.
The machi ne , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , , , , , , , . . , . , about t our square met res of f l oor spa(e.
3 think we'll have to
dclEjr
the meeting until next week.
t hi nkwe' 11have. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . next week.
4 They .re not an easy company to
dorbljrnelsrdUl.
Tl ' ey . re nor an easy company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Can
you
!q!!Ed
me from the airport in vour car?
Can
you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --. . . . . . . l rom t he ai rport ?
6 sorry l'm rcally busy, I have to continue writing these reports.
Sorry l'm really busy, I have ............... these repots.
7 Therc! a small
problem. wele
just
trying to
plt
it
dqbt
now
Therc! a smal l
probl em. We?e
j ust
t ryi ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . .
8 Before we finish, l'd
just
like to summalise the main poinis again.
Before we finish, l'd
just
like -.--....:...... the main points again.
9 l've lost my pen- Let me know if you
lj!!!
it
bylhalle.
l ' ve
ron
my pen. Lei me know i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 We'll have to continue the meting tomonow. We have no morc time
lgfr.
W'll have to continue the mting tomorow. We have .
I;I
tr
tr
tr
tr
n
n
n
n
n
n
IEST 1 I PHR]|TSAL VERBS 229
Exercise
3
Complete the sentencs with a word {rcm the lin below
away back by down into off over out through up
1 Ho|d ......-o ...... a moment, that3 not exactly what I said.
2 Ciare will take ...............-- myjob when I change department next month.
3 l hate itwtren they put you
on hotd and you
cant
9e1.................
.
4 The totalbillfor four nights works .........___..... at f380.
5 The factorywillclose....__...__...... next year
They re moving prcduction
to China.
6 itt going
to be difficult to get.................
with sLrch a smattbudget.
7 Paola grew ................. in a little village outside Venice.
8 l ' l l dropyou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at t hest at i on on myway home.
9 l'll look ....... . ...... the problem
and get ................. to you
tornorow
l 0 No, I don' t have i t any more. I rhrew i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences with a phtasal verb frcm the tist betow
catch up with cut down on dpifi-a face up to
get
back to
get
on with get round to look forward to move on to run out of
1 Will we have time to ...C1-_9t...i4..9!!... Gunter white we,re in Be in?
2 lf you've
all helped yourself
to coftee, I think we should .............................
th meeiing
3 The repon says we can .............,,,,,........... a lot of waste in the factory
4 l ve t ri ed eveMhi ng and t ' ve compl et et y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . .
new i deas.
5 Sorryi t ! t aken 50 l ong t o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . answeri ng your
emai t .
6 Afe
you going
outfora drink right now? thave a fewthings to do herc in the office, but t,ll
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you l at er.
7 Please feelfree to contact me if you have any funher quenions.
| ............................. hearing from you
8l t l not goi n9t obeeary, but youhavet o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yourresponsi bt / t es.
9 Now l ' d l i ke t o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___. ____. . . . t he next st i dewhi ch
5hows oursat es by regl on.
10 I need somet i me t o l ook i nt ot hi s. Can t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you l at er?
Exercise 5
Match the beginnings of sentences 1-12 with their endings aH).
1 My panis
were quite
st ct and brought me tr
2 When are you arriving? W;uld you like me to
pjck
n
3 When are you leaving? Would you like meto drop !
4 PeterT Any comments? Would you like to come n
s Would you make sur you turn
n
6 | can't make the meeting on lhursday. Can we bring n
7 l can't make the meeting on rhursday. Can we put
n
8 Yes, it is a strange word- Have you
tried looking n
9 l hope the con of our raw materiats witt .ome
n
lO I lltry and lind her can you hold
n
1l HelJo? Are you there? | think w were cut
n
12 My do{tor sals lshoutd give
n
a) it back to Friday?
b) it forward to Wednesday?
c) up In a very traditional way.
d) ofi ihe lghts when you leave?
e) up smoking.
g) you
up?
h) off when we entered a tunnel.
i) in here?
k) it up in a dictionary?
230
fest 12 Makeldolgetlhave (unit
27)
Exercise I
llatch the uses ofgetin sentences 1J with rheir dictionary definitions aFh)
(sth. =
something, sb.
=
somebody)
I I didnl get home unril eight last night.
E
2 I'm qettifg
a dnectflightto Dussetdod.
n
3 Wete only getting a 4% pay
rise this year
n
4 My nam s Hugh, H-U G,H. Did you get
thar? tr
5 lts no good. We ll never get them to agree. n
6 l'm getting
lired. Shallwe continve tomorrow? n
7 | should get sornething for my wtfe at tre airporr. n
8 l'll get
last yeat figurcs. lust wait a moment. tr
Now match these senrences with some oithe definitions aFh) above.
9 l'm sorry | d dn t
quite get thar lan point.
10 Don't worry you'll
soon get used to it.
ll I'rn gettfg
a bit oi a headache frcm tooking at the screen iortoo tong.
I 2 ls that your new car? When did you gei it?
l3 Can lget you
a coffee while youte
wairing?
14 got
here by taxi.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentenceswith makq doot have.
you
may have to change the fom.
I What afe you ....q-ollt.... ar the weekend?
2 l ' m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se. i ous doubt s about t he whol e l hi ng.
3 OK, sha| | we. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a st art ?
4 Coul d you . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . me a f avou. ?
5 Can | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a suggest i onT Why don' t we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a met i ng t o di scuss whar t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5l t hi nkweneedt o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mor et esr sbef or ewe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . af nat deci si on.
7 Th company. . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , a l oi of money l ast year,
but l hi s yearwe, re
not . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . so wel l , We
rnight even have to .................. some peopie
redunda.t.
8 l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meeat t ymadwhenpeopt ec. n, t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hei . j obspr oper t y. t , m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . di f f i c! t y
in ........ ........ any
plans
when the situaiion is io conrueng.
9 Go onl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a got t t doesn' t mat t er i f you
. . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . a m6t ake.
10 The hel p l got f . om my empl oyer. . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . i t possi bt e
f or me 1o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an N4BA.
l 1 l ' m. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . mybest but l r cal l yGn' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sensof t heset i gur s. t , m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a
ot ol
trouble seeinq what they all efer to.
12 The menu looks really good.
l'm going to .................. French onion soup as a startef, and then the sreaK
with b6arnaise sauce. Bui tthink t'll .............._... without dessert. t,m .................. a bit of an efiort ro
lose weight.
a) obtairvbuy
e) br ng sth. to a place/felch
i) undeEtand
g) peEuade
sb. to do sth.
h) travelby/carch(transpon)
n
n
!
n
n
n
TEST
'I3
RELATIVE CLAUSES 2!'I
Test 13 Relative clauses
(units
28-29)
Exercise 1
Undeiine the corect words. In number 10 choose the most common usage.
1 The stationery whotuahql
you
o'dered has arrivd.
2 the speaket v,thichlwhose
presentation
I heard before lunch was very good.
3 Everyone evhrthlthat I met in the Milan office asked how you were.
4 lhe pe6or
ol whkhlwhoie newspaper I borrowed has disappeared.
5 the petsoti t/tholwhon is relponsible for ihis is Antonio Platini.
6 This
product, wl,lchlwhose featus are descibed in the leaflet, sells very wll.
7 lhis
Wadud,
whichlwhose 6 our best seller, is avaihble in four colours.
8 The
person
whoselahat book this is wants it back.
9 The person whoselthat lent me this book wants it back.
10 John is someone wrh whon I use to worklwho I used to work with.
Exercise 2
Decide if you can miss out the relative pronoun (who,
whtct that) It you can, put a bracket rcund it. f you
can't, unddine it.
1 There is an attachment
(that) you
can u5e to link to a Pc.
2 The attachmenl,
lhal
comes free with the
product,
is used to nk to a PC.
3 The pe6on who I told you about is standing ovff there.
4 The mea
,
which was nothing special, cost us more than f50 a head.
5 The mea that we had last night wasn't very
good.
6 The first thing that your customeE will notice is the price.
7 The information, which is strictly confideniial, comes from a very good
source.
8 | cannot
provide
the information that you wanl.
Exercise 3
Rewflte each
pair
of sentences as one sentence using the word in bracket!.
I Rani showed me a magazine article. lt was rcally interesting.
(which)
R"", ....t1P.led..x9-..4.. l.rja?!.r.e-
aJ^tiflg..*hish.
.p.a{.... realy Inreresnns.
2 Some lapanese visirors came yesteday. They gave me this gift. (who)
The Japanese vi si t ors . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , . t hi s
gi f t ,
3 This is a
gift. The Japanese visitors who came yesteday gave it to me.
(that)
I hi s i s t he
gi f t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gave me.
4 I boftowed a fiiends laptop- He wanls it b.ck.
(whose)
The f rend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . back.
5 A marketing manager wo*s in my department. SheS leaving the companytomoffow
(who)
The marketing manager.... ... is leaving the
company tomorrow-
6 We went to a presentation yeneday- lt was very intereninq.
(that)
The present at i on . . . . . . . . . . ----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very i nt ercnl ng.
7 | met a woman. Her sister work for A8N.
(whose)
I met . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ABN.
8 A rnan is waiting in reception. He wants to see
you. (who)
Th man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see you.
232
Test 14 Nouns,
pronouns
and articles
(units
30-35)
Exercise 1
cross out the mistake in each line and wite the correction at the efd.
1 | spent e{se talking to Jack, and then I went home.
2 Ka 3 sister is doctor
3 It this umbrclla
your or mine?
4 They say that the wine is good for you in small amounts.
5 Wite down the .eference number all the time you sell something.
6 Can you give me an advice?
7 Ilr sorry we hdve lwo hfls but either one is in setuice.
8 | need some infomation5 about accommodation in London.
''Ye..a.tr.\.e
9 We iied io
qet
the machine working aqain but no one of us could do it.
10 walking will take too long
-
lets
90
with the taxi.
l 1 sorry I m late, ihe traffic were very busy.
12 Our marketing director is excellent, she has so much good ideas.
'13
A: How many people visited
your
stand this aftemoon?
B: No at al .
14 Have
you
ever met ihe colleague of.,ane?
15 Therc3 coffee and there! tea. You can have both.
16 Therc is too few information to make a decision,
1 7 We have two
payment
options
-
every one has difterent featurcs,
18 Nave you seen the inflation predictioos in the Ministrys reportT
19 We haven't
got
chai6 enough fot the meeting.
20 There are none spa
parts in stock at the moment.
21 The new5 are on in a few minutes.
22 You'll find all the statistics at the report3 end.
23 We' a leading player in eitherthe film and music induslries.
24 There are enough free samples lor one every
25 Alison keeps talking about that idea of hels.
26 Could you give
me an information, please?
27 Can you speak up? | can't hear nothing.
28 we looked at two sites but either of them wre too smalL.
29 At the end of my
presentation, there was none single question.
30 Please come back tomorrcw. There isn't no one to see you today.
31 Please put the manualback in it3 proper placewhen you finish.
17 He! only gor rle
job
betause he3 lhe boss son.
Exercise 2
Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun. Put the words into the coffect
column and w te a/an or some before the wod.
accommodation/flat desk/fumiture baq/luqqage work/job iravel/tip
trouble/problem chance/luck wine/litre equipment/machine dollar/money
email/corrspondence f.ctlinfomation advice/suqgestion hour/time
countable nouns
u!ca!d&le_!9tJ!5
a Oat tore ^ccoMModatio^
ETI 14 TIIOUI{S. PRONOUNS AND ARTICLES 233
Exercise 3
Complete the s.ond sentence so thar it has a similar meaning ro the first sentence and contains the word
I The box isnl empty.
(someihing)
............4ere3...*-u+!.|li19...i1..............
tre uox.
2 Let me tellyou what I think you should do.
(advice)
Ler me
9ve
you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 We travelled therc on the tin.
(by)
We ravelled rrere
4 | feelworied.
(something)
5 Every moming lwalk to the office.
(foot)
EvFr y nor ni ng I Lor e t o t he of r , ( e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Matin s a iriend oi rny boss.
(one)
val i n
5
7 Chrs advses people abouttheir rax.
(adviser)
Ch' s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 t\,lanlela knows thi5 business better than anyone.
(knowt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . benef t han Manuel a.
9 | haven't got
anything to do.
(got)
I ve . . . . . . . . . . . . do.
10 We are all tea drinkeG here.
(everybody)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . t ea.
1 I People who are unemployed need bette. training programmes.
{the)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bet t er t r ai ni ng
pr cgr ammes.
12 The prototype
needs to be changed a lot.
(redesigning)
Tl^e prctotype
needs..
13 We can't do anything.
(nothing)
Ther e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do.
'14
What did that piece of machinery cost?
(how)
. that
piece
of machinery cost?
1 5 There is little rravel in my
job. (much)
Ther e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r avel i n myj ob.
l6 Clara does
peoples
accounts lor her living.
(accountant)
Clara s
17 No one was on t me yesteday.
(late)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yest er day.
18 There was nothing I could do about it.
(couldn't)
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about i t .
1 9 Nobody at all was available to see me-
(single)
.....---..................
",/as
available to see me.
20 There isn't any ason to worry
(no)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r eason t o wor r y
2l The pod did not contain the information lwanted.
(in)
The i f f or mat i on l want d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he r epor r .
22 This copy belongs to the customer.
(copy)
T L 5 i -
23 ]here's nothing in the posr this morning.
(anything)
. . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . -. --. . . - i n t he pon i hi s morni ng.
Test 15 Adjectives and adverbs
(units
36-40)
Exercise 1
Cross out the mistake in each line and write the corFction at th end.
1 l'm rea y in+er.*ing in forcign travel. .............i*ef.91t9.4
11 Ther ei st oomuchnewequi pment t hat we' r est i l l l ear ni nghowt ouset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 lt was so a risky
project
that we decidd to cancel I
2 They'll have flnished the new shopping cente unti the end ol the
yea.
3 Pter has been working very hardly rccently.
4 l bought a blue lovely silk tie.
5 We had a grcat ume on holiday. The people were ioo f endly.
6 This magazine article is extemely excellent-
7 | thought the meeting went very good.
8 Using my PC for a long time makes my eyes teel tiring.
9 We
give
discounts never on these
plodocts.
10 Arc you interening in extending the
guantee)
13 n my opinlon their management team is not enough expienced.
14 Their company is larger as ours.
1 5 Their company is
jun
as brge than outs.
16 lt! the betrer
price I can otfer
1 7 l've been working in this company since three months.
18 The negotiation was such tense we had to call a shofi break.
19 When I will
get back, l'll give you a rinq.
20 | have to
plck
up my ticket untilthe travelagency closes.
21 You work much harder a5 | do.
22 The presentation was enolgh long, and so the aldience
got
bored,
Exercise 2
Complete each sentence with one of the following wordsi Choose from lo on, at far, sin.e, duing, ago,
after\/vatds, aftet, later.
1 Shall we all go out for a med --........o.^'......... my birthday?
2 He naded worf i nq here
' our
years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 | won r ohone
L
m now l ' l l phone hi m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 | haven't head from thm ........--............. thfee week.
5 | haven' t heard f rom t hem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ast week.
6 Thi s bar cl oses . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mi dni qht .
7 Lucki l y I arrl ved
j ust . ----. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t i met o cat ch t he t rai n.
8 Li 3 t ryt o st art t he meet i ng. . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i me.
9 My psentation willfinish at mid-day, so we
(ould
meet for lunch ....................... .
10 ...--.................. my
presentation l'll be talking about three maln areas.
11 Don't worry ...-...................
your presentation you'll be .ble to rel.x.
l 2 l ' ve been wai t i ng . . . . --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . more t h. n an hour
13 Dont wai t f or me, l have somet hi ngs t o f i ni sh here. l ' l l see you a| | . . . . . . -. . . --. . . . . . . . . . . .
14 We have the shitu in ihe factory including one that works.........--............ night.
23 The meetino wasn't velv useful.ltwas much little usefllihan last weekl.
24 Golf isn't as good foryour health than swimming.
25
'
Lwalt he.e by six, so try and be here by then.
TEsT '5 ADJECNVES AND ADVEIISS 2:'5
Exercise 3
Complete the scond sentence so that it ha5 a similar meaning to the filsi sentence and contains the word/s
in btackets.
I Your speech was really e(cellent
(spoke)
tDake .e llv kell
2 we $aned working on the
proiect in lanuary.
(wo*ing/since)
We, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
3 Retail banking isn't as profitable a5 invenment banking.
(more)
Invesvnent bankin9 ...........
4 She! a very carefulworker
(works)
She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 I haven't seen worse seruice than this.
(ever)
Thi 5 i s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---.
5 Monica left Pa s in July.
(slayed
Moni ca . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , --- . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , . . . . , , , , , , , , Jl rl y,
7 Do
you
find opera intrening?
Are, , , , , , , , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
8 The metinq had a
positive finish.
finished)
The meeting .
9 This hes been hard wo* for
you. (wo*eo
You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , . , . . . . . . . . . .
10 Frank is a
good
Miter
(writes)
Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --.
11 Kate is ill.
{well)
Kat e, . . . . . , , , , , , . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . , , , , , . .
12 could
you
not talk so fest,
please? (slowt)
Coul d
you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 lhe chines market i5 biggs than tfie Indian market.
(at
The lndian ma*et .........,,,,
14 Alan sells the same number of
products
as Richard. (us0
Al an se1| s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 5 The oiher membeE of the tam are more expriencd than Romy.
(ban)
Romy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 l'll se
you
in a few houB.
{later)
f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 7 | shrted this
job
in 1 998.
(doin9/since)
1 8 Diane is on holiday. she! bad next week-
(away
on holiday)
Di ane i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . next wek.
1 9 The tEin arived exactly when it w6 supposed to-
(time)
The rain adved ................
20 His intervention w6s too late to save the negotiations.
(time)
He didn't intervene ............
21 | \,!onl anive ther latr rhan rwo.
(get/by)
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22 We lid hard but finalv we
garc
up.
(end)
We t ned had but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 lrs twl! and l've been waiting for
you
since ten.
(two)
.
l've ben waiting for you --...-...........--.. hours
Test 15 Prepositions
(units
45-48)
Exer<ise 1
Comp ete e.ch sentence with a preposition of place. Choose frcm at in, on, ovet ta, under.
1 My brother wok ......4i--...- the airport.
2 can you
cal l me back? l ' m . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . t he mi ddl e of a meet i ng.
3 The taxi drcpped me off ................. my hotel ..... .......... the city centr.
4 We f]ew....... ........ the new sports nadium as we were landing.
5 He had a sui t case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . one hand, dnd hi s gui t ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he ot her.
6 Go down the corrldor and my oflice is ................. the right.
7 There3 a fire escape ................. the back of the building.
8 5he wasn' r f eel i ng wdl and her doci or sent hef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hosp t al .
9 We had a lovely l'ohday ............. .. lhe country.
l0 He had a
portrait
of himself hanging ................. the wall.
I I The author3 name i5 ................. the bottom of lhe
page.
12 Before the tunnel was built,
you had to drive ................. the Alps.
13 l have t i xj uni or manage6 worki n9. . . . . . . , . . , . , , , , , me,
14 l'll be working ................. home for most of tomorrow
15 Hel l o. Thi s i s Uki ke speaki ng. l ' m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa s, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i he Hot el VeEai l l es.
16 Susanna' s
j ust
r! n9. Shes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he rest aurant .
17 Susanna' sj ust run9. Shes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he bus st op.
18 I m gave me a l i f t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he st at i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hi s car
19 I met Kati .............. .. the bus yesterday.
20 Stratford is................. the river Thames.
Exercise 2
Decide which prcposilion from the list below
goes
wlth each verb.
abolt
(x2)
against for
(x3)
ffom in into of(x2) on
(x3)
to
(x2)
wth(x2)
1 | must apologise .....fpl..... beinq late.
2 l'd
just
like to add somelhing .......--........ what Jawad
just
said.
3 l s t he f act ory i nsured . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . f i re?
4 The cost ? Wel l , i t depends . . . . . . . . . . ---. . . . wh. t you' re l ooki ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 The whole package
consists .............-... the main unit
plls
all thse accessories.
6 l've divided my
presentation..---............
three main parts.
7 We need to d versit to
prevent
us................. becoming too dependent on one produd.
8 Please. let me
pay
................. this.
9 We can supply you ................. a full ranqe of sizes.
10 We specialise ................. commercial caterinq equipment.
11 Do you know anyahing ....-..--........ the Portuguese market?
12 He congratulated us ---.............. getting the contJact.
13 Llsbon reminds me a bit ..---.---........ San Francisco.
14 | agree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you
, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - t hat .
15 Does this bag belong ................- anyone here?
l6 In the net! meeting lthink we should focus............-.-.. ihe planning schedule.
TEST 16 PnEPTOS|T|ONS 237
Exerci se 3
Unddine the corec( word in these adjectiv + preposition
combinatons.
I Ar you cerra n tolabolt/fro.n that?
2 l hope rhy don't
9o
on strike. We?e dependent ollonlbythem for our 5!pp s.
3 This line is very popular forltolwith customers ooking for va ue for money.
4 Our country is lack ng ,n/oflfor enercy rcsources w have to impo( allour o .
5 Ate yor awate talbylof
jun
how seiou5 this
probem
is?
6 Are you nterested l' /forlof long-term groMh
for you.
savinqs?
7 I n rcspansible tar / to / by a tedm of eight consultanls.
8 li anylhing goes wrofg, l'm dictly responsible forlaolbyih CEO.
9 Let me Lrse a calculator l'm not very good arlforlby maths
1 0 lt would be good atlforlby your carcr if you worked abrcad for a few yars
11
'm
annayed with lfarl abour therr lack of ilexibility
12 m arrcyed with I far/ about them with / fot /abaut beinq so inflexib e
Exerci 5e 4
Compete the sentences with a noun from list A and a preposition
frorn list B.
A: advanlage advice invslment lack matter pe55rni9m
iRe
reason repy soltion
subslitute trouble
B .bout for for in sl of of on to to wth with
1 A1 the moment the Pl--isg. 9{......... oil is abour $25 a bafie.
2 Canyout e met he. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he de ay7 We' ve been wa t i ng a l ong r i me.
3 The r na n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. oposa I i s t hat i t s much cheaper
4 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pr oposa A i s t hat i t s vr y expensi ve
5 What S t he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l i l l ? she l ooks r at her upset
6 Have t hey sent a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yo! r l an mai l ?
7 Thereb a . expeince at the lop o{ the company
8 l ' m sur e we can l nd a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t hi s pr obl em,
bur t may r ake some t r ne
9 Cl ever adve. t i si f g i s no. . . . good qLr al i i y
at a r easonabe pr ce.
10 Thi t yar we' r emaki l ] g a maj or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newt echnoogy.
11 Can
you g ve me some ...... the ben way ro nven rny savlnqs?
12 Evr yones wor r i ed. Ther e! a l ot of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t he f ut ! r e ol t he economy
Exerci se 5
Compete the texl wiih ihe
prepositions
of
place
from the list below
across at(x3) down nslde near next to off on
(x3)
opposite ro
Li zl ej l earl yt ogot ohe. j obi nt ervi ew-shegot (1). . . . . . . ' ' o. . . . . rhebus, pai dherf areandwenr
(2)
..............-.. . She sat down
(3).............
. a woman. They sta.ted talking and discovered they were
both going (4)
....-............ the same stop.'l've got an intetuiew
i5)
...._.__......... a place
called Murcort
House. ' sai d Li z. ' l s i i
(6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t he bus st op?' ' Yes, i t 3 not f ar You wal k
(7)-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t he
park.
(8)
................. forbes Road, and it3
(9)
............-.--- the riqht,
(10)
................. the end,' the woman
repl i ed. ' l n f act , l l i ve
(11). . . . . . . . . . . -. . . --
t he ot hr sl de of t he rcad,
j ust (12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
so l can show you
the way.'when they affived
(13).................
thrr nop they got
{14)
......-.-........ toqether
Appendix 1 Regular verbs: all forms
Present simple
(unit
l)
Atfirmative: l/youlwe/theywork.She/he/itworks.
Question:
Do l/you/we/thy lrork? Does she/he/it work?
Negative: l/you/we/theydon,twork.Sh/he/itdoesntwork.
Present continuous
(unitl
)
Affirmative: lam helping. You/we/they are helping.she/he/it is helping.
Question:
Am t helping? Are you/lve/they helping? 15 she/he/it helpingT
Negative: l'm not helping. You/we/they aren't helping. she/he/it isnt helping.
P.st simple: rc9ul6t
(unit
3)
affrmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theysiarled.
Question:
Didl/you/she/he/itlwe/theystart?
Negatlve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidn'tstart.
Past simpl: irigular
{unit
3)
affimative: l/you /she/ he/it/we^hey went.
Qlestlon:
Did l/you /she/he/ it/we/they go?
Negatve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidntgo.
P.n continuou3
(unit
3)
Afinmauve: l/she/he/it $rar helping. You/we/they wre helping.
Qlestionr
Was l/she/he/it helping? were you/we/they hlping?
Negativer l/she/he/it wasn't helping. You/we/they w6rn1 holping.
P.3t
perfect (unit
4)
Affirmative: l/youlshe/he/itlwe/iheyhadleft.
Qlesiion:
Hadl/you/she/he/it/we/lheyleft?
Negative: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyhadn'tleft.
s5ed to
(unit
4)
Affirmaiive: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyu$dtowork.
Question:
Did l/youlshe/he/itlwe/they use to work?
Negative: l/you/she/he/it/we/they didnl use to work.
Present
p.rfct (unit
5)
Aff rmativei l/you/we/they have left. She/he/'t has left.
Queniof:
Have l/you/w/they left? Has she/he/it left?
Negative: l/you/we/they haven't left. She/he/it hasnl lft.
Presnt
prf<t
continuoui
(unit
6)
Affirmative: l/you/we/ihey have been waiting. She/he/it has been waiting.
QuesUon:
Have l/you/we/they been waiting? Har she/he/ii ben waRing?
Neqatve: l/you/we/they haven't been waiting. she/he/it hasn't been waiting.
APPENDIX 1 REGULAR VERES 2'9
wir,luniti)
Afiirmatve: l/youlshe/he/it/we/they
'll
(=
wlrj) + verb.
Question: Willl/you/she/he/it/we/they+verb?
Negat ve: l/you/she/he/it/we/thy wo n\
(=
wil not) + vetb.
gotng
to
(unir
7)
Affirmative: l m/youte/she's/he5/it's/we
rc/theyte going
to help.
Question:
Am i/Are you/ls she/ls he/15 itlArc we/Are they going ro hetp?
Negative: l'm not/You aren't/she isnl, etc going
to help.
Future perfect
(unit
8)
Affirmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywillhavefinishd.
Question:
willl/you/she/he/it/we/theyhavefinished?
Negative: l/you /she/ he/ itlwe/they won,t have finished.
Passive
{unit
9)
Adle err5]le
she helps. she i5 hlped.
She s heping. She is being helped
She he ped
She was helped.
She was heping. She was bing helpd.
she had helped. She had bn helped.
She ha5 helped. She has been helped.
She will help. She will be helpd.
She will have heped. She wlll have ben hlpd.
Reponcd spech
(!nit
2l)
Acrualwodsspoken
Eepad
'
always work there' He said
(that)
he workd the.e.
'l'm
working the.e.' He said
(thao
he wai working there.
'ltook
it. He said
(thao
he took rtlhad taken t.
'l
was read n9 it.' He said
(that)
he had been reading it.
'l
had left by then.' He said
(that)
he had left by then.
'l've
forgotten it.' He said
(that)
he had forgotten it.
"ve
been reading' He said
(that)he
had ben reading.
'l
can help.' He said
(that)
he could help.
'l
will help.' He said
(that)
he would hetp.
'l
may help.
.
He said
(that)
he might hetp.
'l
could/'rould/rnight go.' He said
(that)
he could/would/might go.
'l
rnlsvshould
9o.'
He said
(that)
he must/should go.
Infinitives
Present:
to like
Present passive:
to be liked
Past: to have liked
Past passive:
b have been Jiked
Appendix 2 |rregular verbs
verb
oegrn
bind
bleed
bnn9
build
catch
drg
do
ddnk
fall
teed
fight
fly
ioqet
get
give
9o
gnnd
hang
hud
lav
Past simple
began
bit
bled
brou9ht
built
bought
caught
deah
dug
did
fell
fed
felt
fought
{ld
forgot
sor
hung
had
had
hit
laad
Past
participle
begun
bent
binen/bh
bled
bro0ght
built
borJght
caught
dealt
dus
fed
felt
lought
ned
90t
9iven
gone
hung
hidden
hit
held
laid
led
left
APPEITDIX 2 IRiEGULAR VENES 241
Verb
light
ride
dng
rire
thoot
shut
sing
sit
sllde
speed
5peI
5pend
spill
spin
spit
split
spring
steal
sting
tell
think
Past simple
lvlightd
paid
p(.n
rang
said
sought
sotd
shot
shut
sng
rlept
slid
spelt/rpelled
5pilt/spilled
spat
split
spoilUspoiled
spran9
strn9
tau9ht
tnought
PaJt participle
lent
let
lain
lit/lighH
put
dden
run9
sought
shaken
shut
sung
slid
sph/spelld
spnI
spilt/spilled
spat
split
spoilt/spoiled
sprung
nun9
iaught
thought
Appendix 3 Spelling
Prsent simple
ln the thid pe6on singular. a
psenrsimple ve.b ends in
-r.
Blt verbs ending in o,
r
ch, sh, x add
-es.
He
goes
He misses She watches t{e wishes She relaxes
when a verb ends consonant +y. the/ changes to
-ie5.
But we do not change the
-y
after. vowe.
hutty
-
hunies .opy copies BUT rtay
-
fayr enJoy
-
enpyg
Prsent continuous
(and
adding
-ttg
generally)
We leave out ewhen we add
-tng
to a velb. Butwe keep a double ee.
decide
-
de.iding wite
-
writing BUT 5e seeing agree agreeing
when a verb ends in'te, we change le to
-y'ng.
Butydoes not change.
die
-
dying lie lying BUI huny-hu ying
Sometimeswe double a finalconsonant. This happens when a verb ends ln'consonant vowel-consonant'.
plan
-
planning stop
-
stowing BUT meet
-
meting vn*
-
wotking
Most tovo+yllable verbs are regular But if the final syllable is nressed we double ihe lan consonant.
na*et ma*eting BUI bqin
-
beginning discuss
-
discussing
Past simpl
(and
adding
-d
gnrally)
When a verb ends in consonant + y, we change y to
-ie.
tty
-
tried deny
-deniel1
hu y-huried copy
-
copied
Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a verb ends in
'consonant-vowel-consonani'.
plan
-
planned regrEt
-
regretted stop
-
stopped BUT meet
-
meeting
Nouns add s to make a
plural. 8ut after <h,
-sfi, -ss, -x
we add
-er.
natd'
-
natches wish
-
wishes glass
-
glasses
box
-
boxes
lvlosl nouns ending in o add
-s.
8ut a few have
-e5.
kibs photos pbnos snJdios BUI herces potatoes tonEtaes
When a noun ends in consonant + y, we changeyto
-/bJ.
Bul we do not.hangey aftef. vowel.
pdny
Darties sloty sloties BUI day
-
days puney
-
totheys
Adverbs
we fom many adverbs frcm an adjective + /y. On a few occasions we leave out e.
safe
-
safely strange
-
strangely BUI ttue
-
truly whole wholly
when an adjective ends in consonant +y, we.hange y
to'it.
easy easily angry
-
argrily
When an adjecUve ends in consonant + /e we dange e to
-y.
prcbable- prcbably sensiUe sensibly
When an adjective ends in
-,c
we add
-alt.
There is one exception.
autonatic
-
automatically ronantic- ronanl.ally BUI
publk publicly
APPEI{DIX 3 SPELIING 243
The suffix
-ful
has only one I When,ryis added for adverbs, a doubte / is formed.
su..essful successtuIy
There is a useful rule: i before
e
except after cwhen the sound is,tl
field believe science
Gound
is not
n:,
.ecer,r
(sound
isr:,
Exceptions to this rule a theit weigh and welght
g a n d u
The ettef g is always followed by u.
question
reguire qualitl
Silent lettE
Many words coniain letteEwhich do nor obviously folm a sound. These a sornetimes ca ed 3ibnr tenrs,.
The silent let1e6 are underlined.
bt douOt ps psychotogy psy(hiatist
nb plunbu
kumb sc s<bn.e desserd
gn
sign foreign wh
wha why
kn
Lnow knife w
gong
viE
Same soun4 differnt splling
The same sound in Engiish is often spelt using diffent tettefs. In each group betow the sound undertined s
the same.
vowels
consonants
canpany trAlble
ubbish
blq4,d relatbn
Sbarc swe contsious deticiaus
ead
nest hgne thalJgh
Cheap
funiturc waEh
eafth
fafthet
wtd
shltt pbone
ljnish
tauEh
wait geat
late wE-ight
new lqld dgwn faund
Same prcnunciatioD
dlfferent splling and meaning
These wods are called
'homophones'.
Common examptes are:
allawedlaloud couttlGught farellair findlfined knewlnew no/know
saw/sore ttivokoo waitlweight warntwDn wastetwain writelright
Words with a syllable whi.h is not prcnounced
Some words are spoken with fewer syllables than they look. This often teads io spetting prcbtems.
tibnry people
Wednesday (spoken
with 2 sy|ab es, not 3)
temperature vegetable intercnlng comfortable
(spoken
with 3 sylabtes, not 4)
l{ouns and verbs with . and s
advke prc.tice
lrouns)
advise
wctise
(\e-bs)
244
Appendix 4 Diagram of the English verb system
No's to the diagAm
The diagram is a way ofshowing the whole Enqlish tense
tstem
in a simplfied forrn Using the diagram
has
.
lt can help to study the individual tenses if you see at the same time how they are.ll rclatd
.
lt shows that thee is a pattern and logic to English verbs.
.
Some people like a visual
picture to help them to unde6tand and eam.
Read through these notes and rcfer to the diagram at the same tim:
I The first time line shows the
past simple as a completed action^ituation. the present sirnpe as
rcfring to actionvsituations that
90
allalong the time line
(facts,
habiB, etc), and the wil/ futur
as a future fact or
genel beliet.
2 The seco.d time line shows the three continuous tenses, which a have th maning oi an act on In
progress
(there
is also an associated meaning that th action has a limited dutation)
3 The third time line shovls the three
perfect tenses, which all have the mean ng of looki.g back The
past pedect looks back fiom the
past, the ptesent perfect looks back from the present, and the
future pedect looks back from the fulure.
4 The fourth time line shows the three
perfect continuous tenses, which all have the meaning of
looking back at an adion in
progress. Note thai this is a combination of the mean ngs oi the
prev ous Nvo lrnes.
5 The iith time line thows lhe two ways to use golhg to, which both have a maning of ooking
Un G ]J of the book have a much fuller explanation of all these verb tenses.
There afe some uses of Enqlish verbs that a diagram cannot show. Many of lhese other uses can be
explained by on ldear
'the
pan' in English can refe. to soc/:l dinance and distant
prcbabllitl as we asib
more obvious meaning of dkbnce intme. so.
.
Knowing that we can use the
past
to show socialdistance helps to understand why Could / ? is more
f ormal or
pol i t e
t han Can / . . . ?
.
Know ng that we can use the
past to show distant
prcbability helps to understand why we use t fol
imaginary or unlkely situations Uf
I were the Finance Ministet, rd ...).
AI?EXDTX 4 DIAGBAM OF TIIE EIIGLISH VERB sYsIEM 245
simple
Past corfinuoui
<^^.^.>
Past Simple
I s',r'rd this
job
dlr.,9-
wB
ago.
While I wE
tMtdng
at
ABC I rnoved fton Sdes
to Ma*eting.
Pagt
perfect
The herget had ahady
hepperrd vhen I
joined
Past perfect
(ontinuous
l4h'd been seling the
sane produ1forwE
before we dEnged the
I usudv te.w arouncl730.
R6ent
We'ft
producF
at
perte.t
wirl future
I'll befony next
year
lnflation w l
probably
I'll bc wo*lng at our
Future
peded
Futute continuous
<-^.^>
b
."'' {
2.'t I
2--' J
<."v">
--t I
.@
t
Sony I was going
6 a
you,
but I coarpletely torgot.
mre
r,tlrrs
job
tor
E
the end of the
Wt
sales
w l he lntoved.
Future perfe<t
<ontinuouS
contl
Perfect
uouS
was
gping
to
this retrort
aI
|ro/''ing.
lf I retire when I'm sixtt l'll
have been wo*ing herc
bt norc than tr/enty
WE.
to future
going
---\
l'n going
b ask ny boss for a pay rise.
fhafs going
b be diffrcult.
Appendix 5 British and American English
Most difierences between &itish English and American English are malteE of pronunciation, vocabulary and
spellinq. Ihese are not covered hee. In terms of
grammar,
therc are few differences in formal, written
English. But in infonnal, spoken English therc are some differnces. Thefollowing arc the most important.
,rave and ,Eve got
ln BrE ha! got is more common. In AmE ha! is mo common. But both countries use both forms.
Britilh English Ame can English
Have you gat any children? Do you have any .hildten?
rve got
two children. I have two childrcn.
I haven't qot any.hildrcn. I don't have any children.
Present perfect and p.n rimple
n BlE the
present perfect is used lorthe present result of a pasr action and life experience up to now
(unit
5).
n AmE the
past
slmple is more common, especially with
lust,
aheady, yet, ever ard never.
You tai has
just
arrived. Yaur tun
just
anived.
I've aheady spoken to her about iL I already tpoke ta het about it.
Have you finished the repoft yet? Did you
finith the rcpod yet?
Have you ever ea'n sushi? Did you
ever eat sushiT
It's never done that before. lt never did that befote.
goftE
In AmE golten k usually used ar the past participie of the verb
get.
It's got quite late. Maybe we should gio. lt's gotten quite
late. Maybe we should
go.
He's got a new
jab.
HeS gotten
a new
hb.
shal and srrorrrd tor suggGitlons
In AmE should is used in suggestions where sha// is more common in BrE.
Sha we break for lunch now? Should we break far lunch now?
Quostioh
tagj
Question
tags
(unit
16) ae much less common in AmE.
Yau can speak Ftench, <an't yott?
Vou can speak French, ight?
tI cal a tati, sha t? l'llcalla taxi, oK?
In informalAmE the
-/yending
to adverbs is often left out. Ako, in infomalAmE an adjctive is sometimes
used n
place
of an adverb.
It's working rcally slowly at the monent. lt s wotking rcal slow at the nonent
It s working rcally well at the non$t. lt s wotking rcal good
at the nonent.
ln BlE can't is used to say thai something is logically impossible
(see
unit 13). In AmE mush't is ako used.
I called but there s no anflver I caled but there s no ansvrcr
They can't be at home. fhey can't/mustn't be hane-
APPENDIX 5 BR|T|SH AND AMERICAn| ENGLISH 247
Prepositions
Note the folTowing difierences in the use of ppositions.
aritish English Amerin Engtish
What did
you do at the wpekend? What did
you
do on the weekend?
Pat is in the team now Pat is on the tean now_
16 ten ninutes past three- ft's ten ninutes past/afEr
three.
It's tuventy to three. It s twenty to/of three.
We'rc open fron Monday to.lti satufliay. We re open frcn Manday through Saturday.
I looked out of the window. I looked out the window
I stayed at home on hturday. I stayed home Satutday.
He wrote to me about his visit. tle wroE ne about his viit.
t 'iet an old colleague
yestuJay.
I net with an old colleague yesterday.
I looked roundlarcund the nuseun. I l@ked arcund the museun.
She walked aowads/roward /r,e.
She walked toward ne.
I haven't seen hin for several weell. I haven't seen him in serEtal weeks.
Go a''d ...
n AmE the word
'and'
is often left out of this nructure.
I'll
90
and speak to Mary t ll go speak to l\4ary.
Emphatic do
In BlE do can be used wilh an imperative foremphasis. Th s is ra in AmE.
Do have sone nore coffee- Have some mare coffee.
sornerrrte c end sorreprace
ln informal AmE ioreplaaq anyplace and no phce
can be used as well a9 somew/terc, anryhere ard
Let s find somewherc to eat
me
Let's find sonewherc/soneorace to eat
Note this dlfference for the word'hospital'.
My nothet is in hospital. My mother is in the hospital.
two hundred and fitly tA/o hundred flftt OR two hundrcd and fifty
On the telephone
HeIo, is that Paul? Helb, is dtis Paul?
Answer key
Unit 1 Present time I
2 don' t know 3 doyou know 4d@5n1wo{ 5 Y6, I do 5 shercdc
7' mwlnq SlheyrenolEpynq 9 shappennq 10 A.e
tou
enjotlnq
11 She! speaknq 12Y6, shei j
2 is 3 knos 4' m 5 doyou do 5wo 7 make 3don' tmake 9inrclwr
l 0i snt l l suppi er 12' F 1 3 do you ol l en . om 14har 15dos1l ak
4 a beg nning/b expedaions
5 a G app@ach n9lb market shae
6 a 5 attracting /b attention
Unit 2 Present time 2
2 a. e
you
doi ng I a. eyouwo{ i ng 4do} ! ! h* 5l . one 6l ' mcom' ng
7I m dea i ng wi l h 3l deal wi l h 9 a. e you goi nq l 0 doyougo
2l oot al 3d6ni wo 4Bnt wodi ng Sl hl n[ 6' mr hi nki ng 7Bn. yi ng
3 st ays 9 r ake l 0ar cr akng l l aG 12ar ebeLng
3 don' t beliae I 4/ 5r' 6ldon' t undeEtand 7.onl.ins 3/
2 i eed 3ooyouknN 4! r c* nq 5t hi nk 6@* Tor gani e
3' ,e expeclnq t have 10
9i
I 1 are your visiro6rbyinq 12 don' r knw
13 5 dealing 14donlwod/ d not woding
2 is movinq I i5 @king lor 4 prov
de5 I E ie5 6 s rrying io
7 G inve{igating 3 wants
Uni t 3 Past t i me 1
2 did you lee/told 3 tel/rd d 4didn' t see/qot
2 Did/h.ve 3 Did/make 4werc 5made Sddn' ttke 7Didn1/lke
3wasni 9sol d l oMEnt 11was 12di d^hi nk 13dl dnl have 14bought
2 went 3 @e
pofrot
nq/dopped 4w6@*idg s called/eid
2had 3qave 4cme 5 supplied 5 beqan Tbuilt ajoined 9t@k
10r cn 11b{ ame 12n 13sol d 14cul l 5meant 16t umed
17 changed l3made 19grs 20 bought
249
3 happnd/clld 4 was explain ng/interupred 5 were investiqalinq/rcsgned
6 Jinished/qM 7 w3s waiting/@lled 3 was cean ig/d@pped
9lound/was lookinq 10 ariEd^old
Unit 4 Past time 2
2 used to/was 3 had boughvnaned 4 ued lo hde/changed
5 eid/hadnl anired 6 had locked/was 7 uie! io be/used to wa k
3 renl back/iound/had iaken 9 saw/knew/had met
10 was l@king/turned/w/had
grcwn
2 Ms sure/had *t 3 caled^tillhadn l linshed 4 had spoken/rea sed
5 had gi@nreh
6be@me/hadaEadywo.ked 7 hadn' l Fen/put
a had ro/had run ou ol t had siopped/gotoui ot l0was/hadaFadyleil
2 @mpaigned/had ddpaigned 3did$eDanesejed 4wathad been
5 waslhad ben 6
perfomed/had perfomed Thadtaen 3@re/hadbeen
9 t@sed/had fdued r0made ll feaEd 12wanred
2 had ban ldidyouget 4lnifiad{ofhadiinished) 5@ni
6 hadnr decided 7@c 3&slooknq 9 gave l0 d alreadytaken
1r complered 12ent 13 inleryiewed 14lelr l5(hanged l5went
17 w: s Wt i nq I awasb* odn! ( or hadb<ome) l 9ddn' 1have 20had
2 u*n lo 3 ued ro/rculd 4 u*d ro
Unit 5 Prcsent and
past
1
2 @.ever s.en 3 haven r compla ned 4' ve a ady spenl 5 flave $ey Ep Ed
5 [*n1
gor
7 ha3
goie
up I 3iun efi t haF lallen 10 Na@you der laken
3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 b 3 a 9 b ! 0 a
2iun 3tu 4n*r 5 yt 6 aLways 7 since 3ryer
U hd ben 3 harlalle^ 4 have perfomed
5havecul 6tuvelaun(hed
7 haswirhdrawn 3 ha5 had t has 5pent 10 has laken
2D- bn l A- l or 4c- j un 5B- al r eady 6D yet 7B- qone
AA- r o l a r 9 C- &e r 1 0 D- n mr
Unit 6 Present and
past
2
2 have wo*ed her 3 hasiun adved 4 have made 5 | saw 6 went
Thasbn awa 9left l0has eli
2
arare/hareet
up 3 d@sn' t look/have come 4Hawyouseen/et(
5 hare
jusr
mevDo you kn@ 6 have n@r spoken^pok
7 @rt/have bn/Do you know 3 have wo*edlwant/Have you lread
2 v. bn phoninq/!qone 3 Have you sen/' w b*n @kinq toNatd
4 he you ben pndu.nq/' v invened
Z5O AF'ER TF'
2hentbeen s ve ben 4 tpfr s@ud 6 iatked 73ber
3 ve nwef done 9lmagined 10 Hav you
*r ben
r |ve often rhouqhr
(of
often th nk) 12had t3' reknM 14,rehad
l5 have bone 16' ve a readydone 17 pul la didn,t qd t9 hareyu ptn
2 began 3 have
(ashed
4 announced 5 has peakd 6 fett 7 was
3 dropped 9 relaFd 10 hde dsen I I has gained 12 hs managed
13 has oothil 14bought l5havebe.ome
Uni t 7 Fut ure t
2Wer cgoi ngi oopen 3 i t l l poba
bt y suc. eed 4t t sFt out hn
5 whar ae you gong
lo do? 6 Arcyou doinq anrrhing
2 am meet n9 3i 59oi n9bbe 4wi l be 5i sgoi ngt ohe
6 wil p@baby
repa.e 7 a@
9oln9
to t6r/aestn9 3 am gonq
9 @nt be
2 l e 3ar c9onqbba 4?e9ongbr el t l udur e
5 i s i l
goi ng
r o happn
6wIbe 7wiIprcbabydisppear
3 e qoing to ha@
(or
te having) 9, ter
10 ?e
9o
ns r o ol l er 11, t haw 12wI be 13wi t i henv
j obi nr ct @
14 rc
going
ro expand 15' lbe t6 tmea. lT U ned
l3wont be(orrenotgongb be) t9' m going
lovkit
(or,m
visiling)
20 Wl l r ou have 21' l i gi ve
2 I adve 3 w lbe 4' E Eeing 5 l
p.obabyilke
6 are.,r doing 7,thaw
I t e nayi ng 9' m90ng 101gi ve
uhi t 8 Fut ure 2
2 wl l be mdl ng 3wi l l havem@ed 4d6r l o$an 5yout eave
6 @' ve rcceEd Twillhavcpaid 3 they' e I w6 going
lo wile lOthope
r l duer oat r ve l 2t hopet won, t t 3t donl t ht nkt , l t t aB t 5shat @
2 d 3 a 4 c 5 l 5 h 7 q 3 e
2 leaw/atrr
3 wl l be eeng 4witt hav finished 5 wjl b ptainq 6 hsr
7 wr I have {aned 3 wil you have learnl 9 Wityou be using lO R
2B- expe. l 3D- wi l f al 4B- w pbbabv
5a- aboui l o 6c i sdueb
7A- wl l havebegun 3B wt t b t i qhnnq 9D k pt anni nq i o
2 @re goinq ro be 3wittbe.oteding 4, hawp@duced
5' llbedrusnq
6wil have aq@d 7 happB S come 9gets lOmeel
r r wi l have l nkhed 12wt t bf t nd^g 13hf t t 4wasgoj ngl ohe
Ljnit 9 Passive 1
2 i sseen 3 w l l not be l i ni shed ahavebeen.@d
5aEbei ng@wEd
6 cannot be sh pped
r,/ 4ltirh.ki*
5/ 6t+m
3 Tnis fine was @aled by one ol ou b6l young dsiqneu
4In etry.lhat 6nt b done
6 ThB
rear
moE itun a mi lion dollaE it beinq spenl on adren: n9. / More than a
mil ion do la6 is bing spenl on ad@nising rhis yar
7 Tnit
Fyment
may not b authoried by $e r'{.ounts Depanmenr.
2 c' epd I ndn"buled .
d?,.-. b.cl 5 Loffpr.o 6
.
ana' j"d
2 willbe needed 3 are being ordeEd 4aEbeingprinled 5 shoutd be I nished
Uni t l 0 Passi ve 2
2log@ 3wasbom 4cleaned 5 haEdemanded 5 asembted
7 @e you bo.n I lo be l@king
2lw6 qin
3 weE pomied
deliEry 4Thslabicwasfiade SWemfe5enl
3 hd been bbught 4 har ben encouraged 5hasplvat5ed
6 ha@ arb rnvgled 7 has b*n mded
(or
has dded) 3 have been 5otEd
2 i5 sid to be 3 aF knoM to be looking at 4 I bet ded lo be dse oping
5 h eported ro ha 5pnt 6 is lhoughl ro be/ s thoughl lo ha@ ben
7 is u.de6t@d lo h:E negoliated
2 6 beihg dah wirh 3wilbedetEre! a has been included
{or
i5 n(uded)
5 @n be opMed 6 are only
gu.Enteed
Uni t 11 Modal s and rel at ed verbs I
2l 6ncon 3babl et o 4l . oul dn1 5 wasnl abt et o 6wi l you
7 6n E do 3 lo be able 9 | muslspeak 10 | managd 1o 1 1 I cou d
2 b .bla ro 3 coutdnl 4 coutd 5 canlb. ab . to 6 can/can r
7 can' l/b" able lo a b abte tol6nt 9coutdn,t l0(oud
2 d 3 g 4 . 5 f 6 e 7 a a h
2 l' ll pu! you lhouqh r ca^ t help you 4 aoutd you iet me 5 t
lu{
qo
6 Could you
hold 7 r' llwail a can' t a 9 t' U need 10 Can tca tyou
ll.ouldyouspeak 12Canyouhear 13 Coutd you
repeal 14t,] beon
15 l' ll qel back to you t5canyouqnd lTt,ttputone
2 h 3 e 4 . s d 6 b 7 a a I 9 t l o m 1 1 i l 2 k 1 3 1 t 4 n
Unit 12 Modals and related verbs 2
2 d 3 b 4 a 5 h 6 l 7 e 3 g 9 1 0 k 1 l
j
t 2 i
1 nun 2 have to 3 have to 4 musr 5 haw to 5 mun
2 D 3 r 4 r 5 5 6 t 7 D a t 9 r 1 0 5 1 1 t 1 2 r 1 3 0 1 4 l
2can 3hawt o 45houd 5ca^ 66n1 Tshoud Sdont ha@t o
t hav ro 10$ouldnt rr should 12 @n
2hadt o 3. oudn' i 4hadr o 5. o! dn, l 6$o! l dhaw 7 shoul dn r have
3 d dn' t hava to 9shouldn' tha 10ddn1havelo
Uni t 13 Modal s and rel at ed verbs 3
2<anl be 3 must be 4mi ght be 5 maynot be 6on' t be 7 mun be
Sr houdb 9<oul dbe 10@n' l l l coul d be 12munbe
2 d 3 b 4 a 5 i 6 9 7 e
2 mi ght 3 cant 4 mun 5 mi ghl 6@n 7( anl Smur t
2 a 3 d 4 c 5 c 6 b 7 a 3 d
2wrldefiniiey 3miqht 4ls almost cenain ro s ru^liketto
2 hghlhave 3 6n1 have 4mighl 5 cn' t 6munhaw
Uni t 14 Modal s and rel at ed verbs 4
2 Would you 3 Would you like 4 M.y | 5lalking 6 Shalll 7 Ll me
SCoud 9youshoud 10coudr cu 11 coul d 12open 13 opened
2 1 3 h 4 a 3 . 5 e 7 h 3 i 9 q 1 0 1 l l k 1 2 m 1 3 J
2Woul dyoul i ke 3 donl mnd 4Doyoumi nd 5Oi @uenol
6 would you like me 1o 7l' d apF*iate $at ash.llwe 9 wduld you mind
l 0r shoul d r r w6ul d you i ker o 12of coue
Line 3 Could you spe I that lor me, ple&?
Une 5 Wou d you m nd ednq you pa$pod?
Une 6 Do you think you could book m an edy moming cdllT
Llne 3 lmnder il you could iell me lvhen brcaHan is?
L ie l0 Would you mind 1l left a messge lor a col eague?
L ne 1 1 Would you ike me to lend you a pen?
ANSWERKEY 25I
[ Jni t 15
Quest i ons
1
2 say 3Y5,ldo 4 d6 thii machine m* 5setupMicrosoft
6 did Mi@eft ei up 7 ilephoned me 3 did you telephone
2Doyouwo*from home? r can
you undeEland GemanT
4 Haw you akady had lunch? twil youbeba.k ntimelorlunch?
6 Are you enjoyinq th.ontercnce? 7 Did,ou aEe wilh her?
3 Haw
)ou
@r lpoken to P r?
2 hN you invnei 3are)ougoing 4didyoupal( 5ae)ouherc
2 vlhat haw you
done? I where d d
,ou
pul the rcpo.t?
4 Why do you slay hF? 5 H@ reE you tee nq yeneday?
6 wheE are you slaying? 7 Who do you rpon b?
a WnE is lhis b.q/Whoe bag is th s?
2 wr do you do? 3 H@ onq ha
F!
been @* nq rhere'
4 wrt did
you
do beloe ihar2 5 Doe5 you
iob
inrclve much l.avel n97
5l! ihi5 yo( li6t vi5it to Lron? 7 When d d
Jou
ariva?
a Hd onq aE you
sraying for? 9 Wherc a you naying? 1 0 Whals il ike?
28@t ur y 3hwduch 4h@i 4 5howl ong 6whar Twhose
a how olren 9whid 10whar ll shch
Uni t ' 15
Qust i ons
2
2 doi' r you 3 ddnlyou 4haveyou 5 hashe 6willyou 7 5 he
sdi dn' r @ 9aGn1r l oi hal l we
2 enr the iar, didnlyou 3 5n1Mr Pete6, i5 1 4 s Mf PeleE, 3n l r
5 hava @Eded then oder h*n t they 6 hanlcan.e ed then odet have t,rey
2 lhe dadtng emina. e 3@6h 4you lelt 5l(ould
2 who didrou
ger
the intomalon irom? 3 wh
(h
lunds do you in@sr in7
4 whai was rhe weatef lik in sreden 7
(of
whar was $e ealher in swin
2 shal!w 3wn1he 4shouldnl he 5 wasn' l it 6 ha@n' tthey
Twuldn' til aisn' ril t hare lhey l0 doesn' t il
Uni t 17 Condi t i onal 5 1
2 take/@,|| ani@ 3 wo*ed/we' d ger 4goetis s don' l hwy/re' be
6chanqe/qi@ me Tdick/t@nr aoderend 9lend/wi you relurn
3 hN/,|ldel 4 banned/Muldn' t be 5knew/' dtel 6lve/' ll(aLh
7 Mit/' llgi 3 had/' d lm
252 ANSWEB KEY
2r cnt 3dont 4wi t 5s 6 unt 6s 7i sgot nqt ob Bbe 9Unt 6
l 0r cnt 1r @ud t 2wout dni l 3di dnl 14wut d
2 dolwi
9w
3 mrked/wouldni be 4 @uld happen/@ored
5 ms/don l5em 6lan.y/give
Uni t 18 Condi t i onal s 2
2look/mighlle
3 had Inend/wo!dn' r have made
4 @' d found/w d have moved 5 kpt/mighr preent
5Id known/mu dn' 1 have done 7 had been/coutd ha suc(H{
2 ncase 3a5 ongas 4uns 5asl oi ! as 6i ncar e 7 whe^ Sones
2 had 3 .ou d stly 4 enioy 5 had taken 6 knew 7 coutd type
sddn' i i nr enupl t had r ohave l l our ddo 12 hadn. r boughl
2 Gn 3A5 ongas 4' d have 5' d Swout dnt h& 7 d a@ut d/ have
9 i n case 10une$ 11 12 unl e$
2 a 3 d 4 c 5 9 6 h 7 e 3 l
Unit 19 Verb +
-irg
or infinitive 1
2gol ng 310use 4 spendi ng 5t ocl osed@n 6t odet Ef 7@t t n9
3l osi ng 9l opEpae 1010be l l wai t i ng l 2t osi gn 13 pdt poni nq
2 to e(ognie 3 ldverts n9 41o kdve 5 wrti ^9 6 to rpeak 7 dak nq
3l hnki ng 9l o f y 10 t o hel p
2
peBuade
h m lo 3 rcmind me lo 4 hep you lo 5 expe.t her to
6 encouraged melo 7 iorced us io
2 losing 3 ro
(ash
4 io do 5 to lix 6 to.ome 7 cating a io wait
9i odo l 0askng l l r oi ype
2laking 3lopay 4 worrying 5robe 6 pretendinq 7 Glertng 3103hd
Unit 20 Verb +
-ing
or iniinitive 2
2i omeei 3 met i ng 4benq sl omake 6t ospeak 7saynq abopn
9openi ng l 0qvi nq 11 r ol ookat l 2 t oai nounce l 3qui nn9 t 4ef l i nq
2bel ng 310be 4i obe 5bei ng 6bet ng
2l obook 3t o{ an 4t ocome 5t oqo 6d$i ng 710gi ve 3 r cl ki ng
9t ohave l 0i ol on r r @* n9 12qnn9( or 1ogel ) 13 mi ssi ng oL, r
14 to have l 5bei ng r6Lft9 17 Ji nkhtnq
(or
rol i ni sh)
2 to take 3 hearing 4to rctuh 5torsk 6 buinq 7 duming
abac. pt 9 t aki ng l 0t ocopy r r beng 12t obi nq l 3t ht nki nq
14behaving I5 to tra n 161odea
Unit 2l Reported spee(h 1
2lle' llb back afler lun.h 3 SheS
9on9
to conta.i rhe
fi
ntE
4lwanl lo make a phone.a 5 rm meering the bank manaqerar e evn
6 l lound out aboul the prcblem a long tme ago
7 lhave 1o be back in the ollic by lh.ee th.q 3 l,tt tel you knM
2 $eelme 3 they d/our/before 45hrqht$e^
2
(lhat)
he d .ead the ' .pon and
(rha0
he d dn' i undeErand 5<tion 4
3 he linished h s presenralon he war going
ro have a d nk
4 {lhal) +e was pepadng
the iquE bui
(rhal)she
Mu dn' lbe rons
5
($a0
sh iked playing
rennis bul
(1tur)5he
d dnl do r very onen
6
(ha9
she wa5
9oin9
to visit rhe I Po $ 5ub5idiary bul
($ar)
she wasn r sm when
7P| I C 3PI SI 4P| I C 5 6pt I C 7pl l a 8t 9p/ t T t Op/ ' , t c
2hi s 3he' dsem 4$edaybet oe 5l he 6$eyve 7me 3l her c 9was
l obt oe ] l hadl one 12was l 3t hat t 4me
Ljnit 22 Reported spee(h 2
2ey 3l ei l 4i ad Sr od/ ei d 6si d^ad Tsad/ t ol d Sei dr o^el
2 e 3 b 4 a 5 d 6 k 7 i 3 i 9 g 1 0 1 1 t h 1 2 1
2 whar $e lene6
' URL
meant
3 d/whelher I had prepared
the liquE
5 illwherher he had rehembercn (or
he ,emenbefed) b b!.k up rhe ii e
6 why I had luhed off the aif.ondtoninq
7 illwhe$er I ipoke rralia^
3h@mu. h h? had pai d( or he pai d) l of hhcr
2 ruqqded Sprcpoed 4aEeed 5 decided
2l ol dl hm 3t ol i sl en 4si d 5l hdd 6l ake Tsr i ngup 3nor t osay
9lochaif l05hould @pon 11rcmlndd rhem thal 12 tomk'
unit 23 Phrasal verbs 1
2 b 3 d 4 a 5 b 6 d
2 hord
(or
hans) o. 3 rill;n 4
go (or
G[y) on 5 g)ue
up 6 dea with
7 pi.k
up 3
9o
(or.ome)
bacl 9lakeup l0tmkaier
2l@k up lhe inlomaton/lookthe nfomarion up/took ir up
3 kep dM our cosE/kep ou. .osts dowd/keep rhen doM
4 do without my mobie phone/do
wilhout 1
5 tumed dM lhe id/lurned the dea downnuhed it d@n
6 en oul the pmblem/en
$e
prcblem
od/son ir oul
2 drop off 3 ru.n !p 4 checking Ln 5 qei by 6 ed olt 7 draw up
3l@kingrhrough 9cal on t0ringup ll kep dNn 12lindour
l3 breaking down l4printoul l5backup
2 back 3 off 4 doM 5 ihouqh 6 on 7 oul 3 @r
Unit 24 Phrasal verbs 2
2 back 10 3 dowi on 4 out of 5 on to 6 in wilh 7 up wfth 3 up lo
2 up 3 of f 4behnd 5 of 5 b3. k Twi r h 3on 9on r 0i hough
11 ro 12 out 13 n r4wilh
2
get $r ough
3cl / back 4hodon 5goahsd 6ng/ up 7t @ki nl o
3get backt o 9$eakup l 0beaki ngup t t cut oi i t 2sn/ od 13qoder
Unit 25 Verbs and oblects
2 / 3 t 4 , / 9 X 6 t 7 / A r 9 / t O j i
3 / 4 t 5 X 6 , / 7 X
g , /
9 , / 1 At 1 1 / 1 2 ' l 1 3 t 1 4 /
2 a)r 2b) I / fte ma.ker nq department
5 a) 5b)J / my fam yandlriends
2 5u99estlo them 3p@miFdm 4etpainedloihem 5 cau5ing us
poblem5
6 lhe ch clen ro you 7 the Lulr ro the r4hnician 8oldthem
9 lhe who e sitlal on to$em l0tod me ll introduce you io Joeph te
2le la.kelheanide aboul ma*elinq
3 ent $em an ema yesieday
! erta^
erailro.Fei lusoFer \ea A depafrrl yrn.ddy
5 od h m $e dGplay modelthart b*n in lhe window
6 bd lhe dGplay modelto a rcmdn who.ame n rhis moming
7 gav her my rcport $G morning
3 gave my rcponb her s{@tary rh 5 morning
21ohat 31otl1o 4tollot sl.tlra 6 rolfor 7 to/for 31o/ror
Unit 26 The
-,rg
form
2 a 3 . 4 b 5 g 5 l 7 e a h
ANSWERKEY 25!
2 meeting 3 shoppinq 4 inlerening /coilus n
9
5wearnq/laning
6mr@ming 7 oninq ad nq
2 mer 3t3ke 4$kn9 5 working 6mrk
2 of beinq 3 by lakinq over 4 Beforc qo n9 5 nsread ol usinq
2 sA+ S lhir+ 4v**
3 hoping rhal the marker MUld qo up
4 trol brng an expienced ngotiaror
5 Arsuminq 3he rculdn'r fr,nd
6 nol kneinq il would cearc $ many
problems
Unit 27 make /do,/9et/have
2 did 3 make 4dohake 5 do 5do/ma[e 7 make 3 made/do
9did/mEde lOdid/made 1l make/do 12do
2 a 3 t 4 b 5 e 6 . 7 h 3 9
2holday 3lun.h 4.han.e/look Slime Saltematve Tbreak
8 appontde.l 9thetish l0doubt ll dill(uly 12 headache/day ofi
l3 @rd l4go 15 @nveElion
2get 3doi ng amake 5nade 6doi ng 79or Smade 9done l 0make
l l do 12qot 13ml de 14qor r 5made 16do 17do 13got 19made
[rnit 28 Relative clauses 1
2 N D 3 N D 4 O 5 D 6 N D
2lhal 3 wtro 4whde 5who 6who 7 whose athai 9who 10who
r
(which)
4/ 5
(hat)
6/ 7/ 3
(who)
9/ 10(rhal)
2 hav bn waitnglor rnayedal 4 usua ydea w$
5.h(lalhe empler lbm 6 am responsible for
5 P 7 t 3 P 9 L r 0 P ] ] P 1 2 P
254 ATIiWER TEY
Uni t 29 Rel at i ve
cl auses z
2 who ou d be a uslut contacr lor
tbu
3 wh6e CV is on youf
desk
4 who s.oming nexl week
6 wh6e preentaiion
I head
7 ihar lwai llnq you
about
3 wherc they re
loinq
1o bui d the new la.rory
3J 4n S t 6ey 6i r 7/ ai l
zwh6e 3who 4whom 5 rhat Srhar Twhar aihal 9 whee to$at
3/ 4who 5whal 6whi . h 7/ awhch 9/ t ol a/ hal 1l l 12whar
2 wh ch wa5 rhe iargesl luxury g@ds
@mpany in rhe rcdd
3 which would dec de ihe fulure of rhe ndunry
5 who was the chlei iinancia ofiicer
6 wh ch was mant lo be a me$age tor Ahaulr
7 which rcpresented 34% of Gucd! totatnock
3 who Guccihad ben look nq ror
9whowasthe head of a non-lood rcla tgmup
(a
ted
ppR
l0whlchwasa
42% stake in Guc.
l Jni t 30 Count abl e
and uncount abl e
nouns
2AB/ mai y 3Ghl ch 4H@much
5a 6a. e 7 equr pmni Smadi ns
9 a piece
oi equ pmenl
l0a machine 1t some/was t2 mu.h t3tr/se
2 fme 3 much 4 many 5an 6 bfie 7 many B much
gmuch
10m.ny
2a) G 2b) s 3.) s 3b) c 4a) t 4b) c
l@d: Theret bmet Therc,s
crothesr haven' t qot
hanyj
Tnere
arc omej lieyre
rcrk: I haven t got much; TheF G somej fteEk
job:
I hawnt
sol
a; rherer aj t|s a
money: I haven t got much; TheE G somej fteEk
do a" . l ha\ en l go nal y,
- Fq. ar
f 1a, 1e/ r
expenses: haven tgoi maiyrTherc
ae omqlteyte
idea: lharen' tqol
mu.hj I hawnl qoi
an; ThF is an; ts an
2 nothing 3 anr{hinq 45on6ne
5 anrvhere 6 Fmelhinq Tson@ne
3 antlhing 9 anylhing toNoone
2 enjoyed ouel6 3 taughr himsef/isrea.hing
himFtf 4hunyouEeff
5 expEi heEff 6 help
rcuetvE
7prepayouett a inroduce hyseff
9 blanyou6eJ 10 make
touetvs
2 fell/elared I anylim, anywtleE 4 @member/Mrry 5weryUre
6 havthen 7 anylnere a iomewherc 9lhemelres tOchorhe.
2 Fmewhere 3 anywhere 4 somene 5 Everylne 6 Anyone 7 smelhing
a everylhing 9 anythinq
I help youelf
4 met s inircnuce you6ett
6.hange 7 ask mFetf srctar
Uni t 32 Det ermi ners
2 a t s ol r heh 3b@of t hem 4mai yot l hem
5hosr oi l hem
z s<h 3 Not one 4 Some of 5 Some 6 enher 7 Our curomeE e..n
a bo$ dals 9Attot t0any ll Ereryrhinq t2amobiephoneeach
13 Erery odion ha5 ben 14 *erylh n9
2 ncr ' e, l her 3nei $e. 4At
5er y/ al 6each 7Mr y Bnone
gany
r0 borh 11 ei$er 12 each
2 Ew.y pani(lpanr
3Nolasingepe6on 4 Nenher idea/Neithe. oi the ideas
5 Sohe of $e audien(e didn r 6Noneotmycoteague
7Alwewa is
8weren' tanyddumenB
9Nerherhotelwas/Netherotlheholes@re
ro Sorh rhe propoek
ael8orh otthepropoek
ae
rr Noie ol rhe* rrems ae t2ioneatall
2 A
-
aach ode 3 C
-
Nelher codpany 4 A
-
a I ts 5 C
_ftey
arc bolh
6 C- er y 7 3- mo5t ot 3 c- Mr r l hi ng
Uni t 33 Possegsi ves
and compound nouns
2you 3youE 4you6 Sour M 6 ou&t ves Tmne BMy
gher
10 r
2 Ajicet l ands name! 8ill. Heg one oJ Medl LFchS top ana ysE.
I Tolot t d.al on is .ompany @6 k bener than ou6.
4 | @nt to my do<roA and he3 comp urer se! al the palienir,
recodr
5 ll! imponant io Kognie that wery ompany h.s is own panrcubf .u e,
6 My bo$s PA reads all rh cBroders bneu
7 L@k at thoe trm Mercd6. ones our dnetloG and lhe orhel3 a visitol!.
7 ndfl neun9/!t6,o@r 1 (
Fd( Lcm/d"pa.rnff soF
4 iiternar a.G/summerlle
5 inflaion ligures/pnce ranqe
6 ma*et suNey/rush hour 7 inlomaion te.hnotoqry/.ar keys
3 3hop asistanvpow. laitu 9 shopftoor rcrker/@rking tun.h
10 iNUGdc6nl,?cr/banktoad j1
pmduclteatures/p@ducron.oss
T2 ma*et l@derlmarkelinq
budgel
2 Jad< ol 3 ercr ol 4 6i9 of 5 t* of 6 pi<e
ol 7 n@ke oi B i@d ot
5 pe6on
5a 7mu. h 3an 9bme l Oa t j much
14a oi ol rs infomauo^
16an
Uni t 3l Pronouns
2 no one 3 anylhinq 4 anyone 5 Something 6 emede 7 ftrrone
sanrihing 9 *ryth nq lONothing
2frypn 3mine 4iama!dftumenis 5 colleaque ol he6 6islo(bo$3
7 an expert in company 3 shos lhe el6 figu6 9 cunomer of 0!6
2 he& 3** 4F 5 r$c{ 6shR 7li* 3R.*r 9d
Unit 34 Articles 1
2anl l he 3al The 4a 5 t henhe 5l h/ a 7a aa 9a l 0annhe
11 anlth orher 12$e^he 13rhe 14lhe Porruque
2a 3 anl 4
-l-
5 al- 6- 1 ala a la 9 arl 10 ala
2-/a 3at-h6e 4 /lhe 5 ^h/a 5- Ta^he 3 rh/anh 9-l-
10A/ anl a r r a^he r 2
2 r h e 3 - 4 - 5 a 5 a TTh e 3 9 $ e l 0 r h e l l 1 2 1 3 r l e
l 4 t h e 1 5 a n l 5 r h e l 7 r h e r 3 - r 9 a 2 0 i h e 2 r -
4 a 5 - 6 - 7 a f t e 9 a 1 0 - 1 l - 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e 1 4 - 1 5 -
1 6 1 h e r 7 - 1 8 a 1 9 f t e 2 0 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 r h a 2 4 r h e 2 5 -
Uni t 35 Art i cl es 2
2 Crcle 3 h6pira/<hool 4 Healhrcw/underg.ound
5 He mut Koh ^he Chance orlcemany
6thealpyMonr Slanc 71henediutu@ 3 home
9 NeYo*/lheUnited ttates r0lunch
11 Deu$che Sanklhe Cily of London/$e sian 12 un{eaiv
13 takewndehere^heL.keDi5tria.^he nonh-@3r/Enqland r4 Bondsr@r
151he p@f
16ftelJK^hesourh-easr/CanieduryCathedGl r?c@n
13lohn/rcrk/the frome 19lraly/cr 20 The Danube/Cen|a urcpe
2a) The 2b)
-
3a)
-
3b) Ine 4a)
,
4b) lhe 5a) rne 5b)
6a) 6b) Ihe 7a)- 7b)lhe
2at 3t heendot l he 4 nl he 5at 6r hesut ond 7al 3al
2t h 3r he 4f t e 5$e 6 7 3
gl he
10- 11 12 13
14- 15r he l 5r he r 7$e 13 19t he 20r he 21
( or r h)
22l he
23t he 24i he 25- ( or r he) 26$e 27f t e 23t he 29 30
. 3r
l ne
32 the 33 ihe 34 rhe 35 rhe 16 rhe 37 33 the 39 lhe 4!
unit 36 Adiectives and adverbs
2 mprded dramatcaly 3 has d@pped signifi@ndy 4 pauF brielt 5he
imp@ed stead ly 5 rc.overed s@ly 7 has nFn gradually
2 bored 3borng 4eKiling smded 6larqe 7 enomoG a bad
2 hed
t
pomoted r badly d6lgied 4 exiremev helplol
s eas
t
rc.osniebre 5 undpecredly delayed 7 completet illesal
3
qu
te ate
A SWER I(EY 255
2 two squaE wden Gnons
3 an am-ing ne efiwaE package
4 a difiicult $@eno^th transition peiod
5 hiqh-qualily Taiwane compder chips
6 a mllplanned inv6hent nEteqy
7 deap hiqhjpd htehet acc6
3 a r@l ul i onary ne handhl d .ompubf
9 a @ndrful ns w.shinq pordef
l 0 al vl ul chp pl anj c Fmnns
2 late
-
adv 3 a adj 4 wel ad. 5 ha'dly adv 6 good adj
7 ha.d
-
adj 3 had a& 9l an adc r0 i ast adj .
2 @nwnti on.l 3 rapi dl y 4 pbp y 5 qood
69@d 7we 3bady 9easy
l 0d@ l l dr ect t 12t y 13. hap 14qui ckl y l 5f qht 16huge
Uni t 37 Compari ng I
2 $e n6l pDlitable 3 Renl 4lhan 5 rcEe 6 best 7 as ong as 3 wo6e
2 sm.ller rhan I ls inreetng thadnor as inrresing as 4 $e honen
5 bne. ftan 6 a5
9@d
a5 7 mo ditl(ur 3 ai large as 9 wo& rhan
2 a5/a5 3 than/des 4least 5 ben 6most T rhan/had Satas 9lun/as
3 more s.<1ions ol lhe pod rhan me
4 a5long as le4e<ted/ar long 4 r' d erpecled
6 mon imponai! preni.tioh
I have eEf gin
9 $e ben communi@ton 5ki 15
l0 $e m6l inlerciting peple I have er met
2lorer 3 better 4doEattE live 5 tukiest 6
Eeater
7 wo6r
a morc ensible 9 eaier l0mosraggre$Lw ll hiqhef 12b61
Uni t 38 Compari ng 2
2a I rhe bener 4moreandmorc 5lhewondlarc.n 6 dighlly 7la*ei
a moF and more expensive 9morequickt 10 much beiter 11lhesamea5
a littk/a bn b./mu.h morcorls/buqhly
lun/eecty
2 nea.lylvntually 3
just/esart
4 a ltile/a bh 5 farlmuch
2 the fane* g@ing 3lhemosi.ftrydsqned 4bslseling
5 rhe le6r kn@n 6 the mosr rapidt.hanging
2 roughly th eme lrliqhtyls 4aLm6tasmaiy 5alm6rdmu.h
6 rcnsiderabt l6s 7 moElhan l' ri.e sbyfar 9 nor nea,ly l0a ol
256 ANSWER XEY
2oughlylheeme i consde6b/y more 4 similar 5 dilfent 6alot
Tbyf af 3t wi . ar many 9i wceasmuch 10a i f t l e
Unit 39 Adverbs of degree
2 c 3 d 4 a 5 9 6 l 7 h 3 e
250i ew 3l oohuch 4such 5e 6l oomu. h 7oml ch 3emany
9 so lillle 101@shon ll tallenough l2enouqhmoney
2 so mu.h 3 so many 4sofs 5 b linle 6t@ Tsuch 3 enough 9e
2a)50su(ce$ru that 2b)su.h a succes rhar
3a)50 @llhat 3b) su.h a
good
ode. pMes ng t,slem that
4a)such alqe bank dehs $at 4b)so raEethal
5a)io fasi thal 5b) 5uch a fan niemel connedon rhat
2 wa5 such a dnicull p6bem 3ftt@lewopies 4i@Inb5pa.
5
pr esent ai on
was $
qood
6ddn' r sel enoughuni t 5 Tksbusy
8so manybr*hurcsrhal 9 ioo nrlerme
Unit 40 Time adverbs
2 a t 3 a t 4 o n 5 n 6 a r 7 o n 3 i n 9 i n 1 0 o n 1 1 o n 1 2 i n 1 3 a t
2 a 3 k 4 m 5 f 6 i 7 e 8 i 9 b l 0 l l l n 1 2 h 1 3 d 1 4 c
2 neNt wee[ 3 $e day after tomori@ 4 at n]ght 5on time 5in time 7 tor
Sdur nq 9nl oyeauaqo l 0 bel o. e I l Duf nq r 2whl l e l 3wl i l e
14dur n9 l 5by l 6unt l Tt hen 13 af t edads 19Af t er 20l al er
2
Q:Now
long haw you had a subsdiaryin Ponuqal? Ai S n(e 1998.
3 Q: Now long has Peter Middlhoff been CEO? A Since the 5rad ol the
y?ar
4Q: fowlong has your
conpany had rhe em loqoT A For tenryysr
5
Q: fowlonq ha you
owiedyourTeekom shaB? A:slnce pdatstioi.
6
Q:
Fow long ha you
knen A ex SonT A: Fof a onq rime.
7
Q:
NM ong have
rou
lved in this !M7 A: S nce lwas bom.
2 ago 3 tor 4duing 5 afier 5 belore 7 for Ssince 9 for r0$hile
l l 5n( e 12ago 13Bel or e 14whi . 15 at l et uads 16 af t er
l j ni t 4l Li nki ng words I
2 Al though 3despte 4whi e 5 Whea 6i houqh 7bl l a{heEas
9 anyl vay 10r n5pof l l ar houqh 12ar houqh
b)
odl t
v Fd rh" Mad"d o' fi l e
"!
re d5
LpBdl "l on"o!fi
p
2a)We.an hand e l he tEnspon arangemeni s and ako the i nsuEn@.
2b) We can hand bol h the l ranspon arai gements and the i nsuranc.
3a) want i he el es l i su6 l or october and N@nber as @l l .
3b) | want the sa es I
sures
lor o.rober as @ll as N@mber
4a) we?e setting up ofiices in Peru and alo
(in)
E.uador
4b) we'E setting up ofi @s in Peru and
(in)
Ecuador t@.
2bLt 3 still 4lhough 5hspiteof 6wher5 7 anyway
2a) In tpite of my headache I slil @nt to $e meeiig /h 5p 1e of hav nq a
headache still mnt to rhe merinq.
2b) | had a hda.he, but I nil rent to lhe meelinq.
la) some anabds rhink ihar siq* wil lal in va ue, whereas olhe6 d egree
3b) Allhouqh $me analtdls lh nk thar ntrks w ll ia I in value, othe6 d 5a9@.
rta)
D6pile lhe dilfituhie in rhe negor aions, re won the contac.
4b) Enn though rhee @re diffituhi6 in ihe negol ations, we won the .ontraar.
5a)Whereasoilpl.6 rcFdlhlylanyear, thi5 ye rhey have qone down.
5b) Oil pd@s oe sllqhly al year,
ahhough thi5
ye
rhey have qone down.
6a) Ive winn tvvi.e, yel lslil haven t recdd a eply.
6b) Despne writing twic, I nill haven t receivd a rcply.
(or
Despite hav n9 wr fien
lwi(e Inillhawn l rcciEd a rcply.)
7a) Ahhouqh he didn' i u* any noles, he grye an ex.e enl presenlalon.
7b) H d dnl ue any nor6 He gave
an excellent preEnration,lhough
2al $ 3 despi l e 4al l houqh 5. swel 6Bot h Twhe. eas 3asml l as
9)d l0athough 11 despite 12Althouqh
Uni t 42 Li nki ng words 2
2 so l * her a. opyol t heml nut es.
3 b<ause Ihad a lol oi papeM lo fnhh.
s hed@5n1kn@, llark bmeoneehe.
2 b 3so that 4 n oderlo 5 tor 6 can 7 could 8@udn1 9woi1
3 a 4 b t b 6 a 7 a 3 b 9 b 1 0 a I l a l 2 b 1 3 a 1 4 b
2 t 3 P 4 t 5 P 6 r 7 P 8 P 9 r 1 0 P
2 aglike 3 like 4 as,,l ke 5 like 6 !s 7lke A atl ke
2t o 3l ke 4 becaus 5et ha! 6b 7as I 3i or 9 [ e 10t o
l 1$. snor l oMr r y r 2a5 13l i ke 14sot har r 5t o 16 i ke
uni t 43 Devel opi ng an argument 1
2hand 3Asat ul e 4 ex( epl 5 er t her 6Asamat t er of l acl TOi t hewhoe
a On ft olher hand 9 36ides 10 such as 1l lor example 12 nslead ol
2 *ept 3 therclorc 4innead 5 n qene.al 6su.has TElher
3 As @llas $is 9 Nmrihd6 10 So
In qenera!, tak nq an M&A is a
good
id tor an amb t ous young pEle$ onal,
hl]wr you do haw to make some ldifice' You mks out on lvvo yea6
valuable m|t axpe ence, for *mde and t cn be very expeis ve.
23 Fi 6t ol al l 3A- aswel as 4D- Secondl y 5C asar esul t
6A H@r er 7B I naddni on 3D- l or exampe 9A- suchas
2l naddl on 3hf a. r 4l her el oE 5r i ar ut e 6h@mr 7l n condusi on
Unit 44 Developing
an argument 2
2fiomourpontolvs 3 Appaeddy 4 trFms rhat 5 tonunaret 6&tuatt
Tl Mdnqont o Si nt heend 9al an 10Unt s l t ud6 12 ol hemi F
2Of@u6e 3 Unforlunalely 4Bytheway 5Iobeirank 6Ahsatl
7Appaen y 3 Anylvay 9 Abrye att l0or6ther
2 npancular 3Cleary 4Toqveanexampta 5 excepr ior
6Aslaraslhe geneG pub
ic is concerned 7 funhmor asrnudt
9 As a maner ol fact l0suchas 1tp6aresuh 1 2 0n rhe other hand
13 or 6t he. 14l nl ener a 15 af t hough ] 6l osunup
2Asamatteroliac1 3 r' 6 iar as ... is concehed 4To9ianebmple
5In
EeneG
6 Clea y 7 Funheno@ 3Asa rclutt 9Ontheo$erhand
l0tosumup rl excepllor 12athough 13 *ntu.Iy 14or ra$ei
ATIISWER KEY 257
Unit 47 Adjective + preposition
2 h 3 d 4 b 5 j 5 a 7 i a c 9 i l O e
2 sfelron 3 atiached to 4 dependent on 5eriousabout 5 nrctved in
2 wilh 3for 4 about 5wiln 6 about Tlor aJor 9for lOwth ll at
2 lo Addan 3 to dtung on the eir 4 lo. rhe meeing
5 inteEied in archaeoloqy 6 about whal he eid 7 at ma$enar<s
3 about lhe adwnising Ghpalgn 9oipeope l0onherid6
2 at&ned 3 dependenr 4pepared 5cpabe
3 inrcl4d 9nght l0oppGed ll compatibe
Unit 48 Noun + preposition
Unit 45 Prepositions
of
place
2on 3 above/ be@ 4i n 5on 6opp6n. 7. t
l l next l o 12i n 13over 14near 15i n 16on
20 by
2on 3on 4i n 5on 6aun Ti doi 3at 9on
13 n 14i n 19i dat 16 n 17at 13on n t 9at
2ror 3 with 4 benreen 5with 6i./oi 7 beren 8to 9in/oi lOlor
2
pnce
ol 3 advanrage ol 4 tocu5 on t
paynenr
to. 6 objection ro
7 nwlvement in I suhabilry lor
2 forlup 3in/by 4lorlon 5in/On 6in 7 an/lot Santhy 9t^/n
2 r 3 h 4 c 5 j 6 i 7 d 3 e 9 r r 0 b 1 l k 1 2 9
2 r i 3 t o f 4 0 1 5 wi t h 6 i n 7 0 1 a o u t 9 i n l o i n 1 1 t o . 1 2 i n l 3 t o r
14up 15i n 16l or 17at l 3abour
2 lowads 3 al 4 der 5
p.st
5 on 7 in a $@ugh 9.r t0 on
2 at 3 in 4on 5 nexr 6 n 7 in 3on 9 opposite t0in lt to t2at
Unit 46 Verb + preposition
2beeve n 3wairfof 4lead1o Sdependon 6kn@aboul 7 suflerIrcm
2wilh 3ol 4aboul 51or 6 abour Tinb Alor 9on t0 from in
2 lolabout 3lrom 4 ol s of 6 wilh/abour 7 fbm 3 in 9lor
10l o/ aboot l 1 ar 12l or
2belonglo 3l5tenro 4 explain/io 5 agrei wirh 5 appvlor Tetyon
3 apoiogied lor 9Remnd/about lohopnglor ll head lmm
r2compywilh 13 insisron 14 qua iry Jor
2with 3 aboul 4lmm 5for 6in Tlor 3 againn 9i6n lotrom
l l l or 12f or 13on 14on 15r o 16f of 17 f r om t B aboul 19ot
Unit 49 Trends, graphs
and figures
2 om lhou$nd, nrc hundcd and $idy
3 1$l rh@end, rhe hlndred
4 rwelt lhouend.nd lh iy
5 twt lhouend, thR hundcd and th.ty
6 me hundcd and t*nry thou5and, $re hundrcd
7 one hundrd and hnty three rhouend
3 o.e hundrcd and r*nty $ree rhouend, three hundred and lh dy
I one mill@n, tm hundred and $iny ftouend
2 imed/slbhrt 3in 4by 5EMr! 6 ht/tow/EoveEd/a1
7 mchedheak 3 slowly/by 9sN/of 10to 11Ge/lll 12 ra$d/.ut
2 HowMr 3 ahhough 4 in spite oi 5 TheEfo 6 so 7 becue or
254
ANSWER KEY
2a alm6l 50q/6 2ba lnbundef50%
3aabund 50% 3baboui 50%
4a n. y s0% 4b precisey
50%
5aa i i eder 50% sbdi qhl y nor et han 50%
6 .onr deGbly more ihan 50%
2Uat 3allhough 4be.ause 5 ecwery 6peak 7up 3by 9mitton
l 0pounds 11on 12cut r r si gni f i canl l y 14Hdewr 15h. t l 15r @
17 shar py 13l o 19ovs 20i n
Uni t 50 Punct uat i on
2 Lasl february mel Mary Caeenier lor the fi6t line.
,
abo-r 50l' lor4? I' on
odn!.
4lvlylarcur Nilchco.ktim k 91fan9e6 on a Tra n' .
5 Cao works as a^ oli .e manager n a ma*ei n9 consu tancy
6lw
jun
rcceived ihe repon published a( May by rhe wodd T6de Organzaiio^
7 On Chrshas Daywel
9o
to my parenG' houp near Bighron n5usx
3 lh nk Jean s qoinq 10 be inleto s n9 the Dputy finance Minkter ne{ wk
2 c 3 b 4 a 5 . 5 a 7 a 3 c
2l' m 5orry Km, he eid the g@ds would aiiive on time. bur $ey d dn1.
3 Jacksad ihar @ rhou d lr up thplans, togel about it and nan again
4 When lsaw my bo$,lMnl up lo hm,.nd e d, Can I ha@ Friday ofi,
pleae?
5 Oi the othe. hand, we could ue a ditiecnr tnm..oudnt we?' eid f.an@h.
6' Nello, Alan, sid Tina, How was lhe menng yened:y?'
7 lf were you, i' d ask iof bme help, or
pedaps
look ar lhe manlataqrin
3 O shafesdd well anwk Standard Oilwas up2%, Een was up La%, and
lhe An9lo-Dutch grcup
Shelgainen 2.3%
Dear Angela,
(opriona
comma)
ll was
greal
to hear tiom you,
and $ank lor the photo oi *ryone on rhe MBA
cou6e.ll brngs back happy memodes, ahd lm sure yo! l age that we wep
lucky to have such nErcstng p6ple n ouryr
I m glad rhat you
ere succesfu inyblf dloralobin publc
elaions |ve
not bsn so lu.ky $ lar l n alraid lapplen lorajob ar lhe begl^ning ol $e
fronth n lhelnan.e depanme ola alge Sws-Mned phaha.eulcal
(ompany
' d
be vry wellqua ied iorrhetob, but Inil haven' r heard anyrhinq. rf
ldonlqetan ansmrbon, llry wiliig again Acrually, illdon' t hear an,,lhinq, I
won1 be too d Fppoinled beGue 1 ehs $e I .ompany isn' t doinq to Mll at
the moment, aid ldonl think there' d be frany oppodunitiglof pomotDn.
' ve
been mning lo email you for aq6 about somelh nq ee. Do you by.ny
, Fdn!"
-"F
Alkon a-d J' r \ doa A. rT pta.n' ng
on{}lng lrtr Ltryn lhe
aur umnand| dl ket o. al nandseei hem. r vnal aboul you?Doyouhaveany
pansio
come herc? rt @uld be rcnderlulto ee you aqain, rnd you kn@
youre
rekome to sray when4er you w.nl
Well, that3 all lor now I m qoinq
away lomorow lor a lM dayr to vkll my
parcn$,
and' ve goi lo pa.k and get
reaCy. fi ank again lor rhe phoro, and it
was $ nice to hear lrcm you aqa n
Al the bel,
(optiona
.omma)
Test 1
3 don' t undeEland 4 m talk n9 5 isn' tse inq 6 know 7' m naynq
3aFyou0L r dDo yo- of f e' 9r ol ei l 0doyou. dl l dt r N"
b) Pc c) Pc
OP5 e) Ps 0Pc
a) Ps
h) Pc
2 a 3 e 4 c 5 q 6 f 7 h a d
Prenr slnple: aNvays, as soon ar, befoe, e@ry dry hard y trr nweL mosi oi
lhe lime, next lime, nom.lly, o.caionaLly, oien, Grel, smetimes, twice a year,
Penl conrinuous: at lhe momenl, nM, n adays, $6e daF
1 lusually he llnch ar abod one o crock 2 Lunch s oftn
tun
a sandwr.h.
3 I visn Pads Hd Oflice f.om I me ro ime
4 am hadt evs lat in th morninq 5 | hadt mr lake $e rran ro work.
5 I prcpare
a !15 Epon on. a month 7 | n*r miss a Boad meel n9
3lam n4r lare tor a Boadntinq.
3. onr ah 4t 5. / 6weowi 7 l hi nk 3/
gl r sef f i
r 0l ] ] /
r
9@s
upldenand 2 I iallinq/meaG 3 ayou wa nng/doil th nk
4 do our <unohe6 wanlk*ms 5 hope/k^@tis do ig
6 do you mean/doi l undedand TaEyousyng/Doyouwant
3 0c you.
chicken ta$e/depeidr/ sw*ln!
Test 2
1b{ame 2 began 3blole 4 b.oughr 5 bought 6(hose Tate 3iel
9 t ol nd l 0l or gor l l g@ 12l epr l 3l ed 14l enr l 5mel l 5pad
17 3ed lashut 19spefl 20 undeElood
2 ued rocraih 3 mshed/wa5pdnrnqo 4wasling ofl^laned
5wanlen/d6e 6 used 1o have/combined 7atrved/waswaiiing
3 kndked/.ame 9@eargung/lost 10 watv sred
2didn' lue 3lhadn' tfolqonen 4uedlo prcduce 5l' d rcad
(or
san)
6 had already left 7 ued ro
!o
ski ng/used lo sti Sthameetinghadlnished
2When 3ar 4r n 50n 5When TWhi l e/ when ai n 9al l 0when
2 got/had noppd I did
you lind ouvhad qoi 4loined/hadwo*ed
5 *nl/had a mdyrpoken 6 had alw4$ suspe.lei/wasn t
I had bed waiting 4 had akady head 5 had beei dsing 6hadn' tinished
7 had ner met Shad been l@kinq thad@n r0had bee^ losinq
Test 3
2had 3havehad 4r wbf t 5l l ef t 6hder cub* nr cr ki ng
7ar c' ougong 3hNn' t pai d 9dl dnl pay l 0ddyou anse
2 stanen 3 been writing 4didyouaniE 5Hareyou
6 has been oryanGing/has oqanlsd 7 for rhe months
3 have iEd/have been living 9t' banwaitnghm lOthmntqin
l l l ve been waitinq l2 have you rclked/helou benrcrking
2 always 3 aheady 4*f 5jun 6 yet Tfor 3ner 9 ofG^ t0Sofar
2 ve nsef been 3 My wallet har a ve
jusr
sen 5 havenl fin shd
(or
wftinq)
6 rcrkinq hrc for 7erbenlot tin Anen@
(or
rer visid Latin Amenca)
a haven i spoken 9Aniacome lCqone ha@n,l sn Oavid
12livingherefof r3 ve eft 14hen' rf nished l5 jun
teft t6Mben
l7learning (or
nudyng) 13hmnlhad l9n@reaien 20
plaing
lennis for
2l torgoilen 22 \ changed 23*n Marqarclsn@
Test 4
2nops 3Shal 4we?qon9oul 5i t t goi nqt ob 6t l do 7 come b: ck
3 She be @rking 9w?egoinqio 10lhey' ttpobabty
2wi l beher e 3w l pr cbabyqer 4i 59ol ^9b end 5t l l kyou
6 won' t
(or
can t)see 7 Whal aF
rou 9o
^q 3 wit
pobabty
b)prese .onrnuous
()wil
d)9onsto e)qoinqro i)wll
9)
futuc prle<l
2 c 3 b 4 i 5 a 6 h 7 e 3 q
2 Shall 3.onfeence ends
(or
f nkhes of i5 o@r) 4 wonl 5 witt you be
6l l 7 Sha 3youdoi ng
2 sha l M have 3' mgongt o5t udy 4' t t baba. k 5t mat ng
6 lwon' t iorgel 7 Im qoing
to do a Shall lhelp yoo 9 we' rcome
10l ' mgoi ngt oask 11 l ' l haE 12 r ' m
9ol n9
b h*
2 was posted
3 G be ns d* oped
(or
G to be deEropd) 4 w.s aaten
5 is sri pbdu.ed
6 wi be ddden 7 k being gi@.
3 has ben prcmoled
9waswifien 10 arc lost (o.
arc be nq ldt)
2 ourhousewas boken inro last week
3 Eng sh is spoken a lder the @rd.
4 the new moloeay has rina
V
opened .
(or
ben opened).
5 Thk umbreLla was eftin Repton.
6A lrafi c wi I be bannd tom the c
t
cenrc.
7
-ia
rh" 1o ' qu' 4den' {ed.
-er
lh.} ae leh lo,24 4or5
3 The meelinq h b ng pslponed.
2 am having nry cr rcpaired
3 had sohe businesGds prlnled
wirh lhe ne toqo
4 are havn9 the carpd cleaned tofro@
5 hava
lust
had nry requen lor .edit rclued
2mean 3beGken 4wilbrtng 5t6kptae 6 hightightei 7 b ignored
3 is expecid 9wil fal 10in.reae 1twittst.t 12tobfound 13 ceare
l4encouEge 15 be looked at
ANSWEN KEY 259
/ nulr lN ,
o1ts r a6f i r Co onbb 3 wd . d. F@ rhis ao- nq
4 6 being renmbpd 5 have been
pur
up aga n
5 wlll be dl<used in the mrinq tomorcw 7 had some nM oltwarc nsta led
3 was b.rn 9rereyou 10Pete6c.was wasAlexlod
12 Hat . ba.lup copy ol this ti e bn
2mun 3nent o 4h* l r i ed 5 r e' d bet l er 6ni qht Ti houd Smun
9 canl have r ohavei o t i don' t ned r o t 2( anr
2munn' t 3ml hr have 4havel o 5mun 6. oud 7h. dr o Smust haw
9shoul d l 0di dn' t h: El o
2 i 3 b 4 d s 9 6 a 7 e
2dont ha@i o 3canl be 4mu{ be 5shout dbe 6mi ghl be 7Gnl
aml qhr t har cl o l 0shoud
2 mun have 3 can' t haF 4 rhou d haw 5 mqht nor he 6 shou d have
7 shouldn t have S could haw
Test 7
2 Wtl I s
,bu
tomor@? 3 D d you have a nke limeT
4 0o you know whar I mean? 5 Ae you cohing out Io. a d.ink latet
6 Have you b*n waillnq long? 7 Are you
enjoying youuellT
3 Hae
rcu
head $e larn?
2whatthi5mns 3h@muchrhr.on5 4 what ime $e bank opens
5Im inlheighteat 6 whe. lhe Opera Hou5e s
7 lh( is lhe way 10 the s<ience Mueum
a $no lhe spaker i5 al the nerl se$ on
(or
who rhe speaker ar the next sss on k)
1 . 2 6 3 a 4 5 , / 6 , / J /
2 she ds/$e d@sn' t 3 iha4/lhavenl 4 am/r' m not Sshek/rhe isnt
6l 6n/ l . an' l 7l wi l / l won1 3 dr d/ l ddnl 9 t k/ i l i snt
2 @.1 they 3 aEnl avinq 4 havenl rhey 5can' lyou 6 didn' l iorcer
TYou@@i t 3doyq 9r hal r e r 0di dnr you
2 Can lk the nenu, pease?
3 Excue m, s anyoie sining herc?
4 WriCn .ounta/ do you .ome I@m?
s Who wrc you ralkinq io
jun
now?
6 what eEdly do you msn by lhal?
7 Cou d you be a litlle mF
$.ific?
3 wlEI tihe is lhe next train 10 Bru$e s?
9 Can ybu
tell me s,hat t me the nexr raln to 8tus*ls ts?
10 Wro d@s lhis bnelcase belonq to?
11 Could lmake a phone cal lom he?
12 Do you lh nk I could nake a phon ca! lom here?
250 AI{5WER t(!Y
2pbmot e 3hadl ef t 4st y 5I d 6had 7bmksden 3 coul d phone
9 doesnl l 0@dbeen l l woul d h* beome 129@s
13 backed up/ woul dnt r sk r 4hadnt / wedbe l 5had 16was
2 wil be 3 would have asked 4 will gel 5 wu d g.t 5 rculd haw miFd
7 wouldn t see 3willleave 9 @uld hare srted oul l0rcudyoudo
l u n e $ 2 i l 3 Un l e s 4 l 5 l 6 ! n e $
2 had made more cop etmuld have had
3 had b@uqht
your
hap/rcu dn' t hav gon
4 had invened n new lechnology/rcu d have suNid
5 had wa ted/wouldnt have happeied
6 had rcal led you fte 50 b!5ylwouldn l he asked you
7 had co lapsed/would hav been
3 had brcught out rhen ns modalon iime/@u dnl ha l6i
2 b ! a 4 a 5 b 6 b 7 b
2 had done 3 hadn' 1done 4 spoke
(or
could 3peak) s had orde@d
6 wa,
(or
werc) Thadgven thad
Test 9
2
(ofrng
3 to coma 4 giving
5 makn9 6 Remnd Tloentei atobe
9t obe 10t r yi ng 11r c! 9ni n9 12l obd* 13bei ng 14i nr er upr i ng
15goi ng l 610meel l Tr odel v{ l Swl nni ng l 9t ose 20i opack
21ar i vn9 22r o i r 23genngaway 24t oget away 2t t ol i 5t en 26vi si t i ng
2.omng 3lo lGe 4 to
gel
thouqh/gefii^g 5 waitng SlogiE 7 @usinq
3 to @npbmise 9 unp&king
Test 10
2 What d d you do yasreday (of' lhe
day beioE)
3 Do you often go lo Gemany for meet oqs
4 l-low many inlefr ew have you done ioday
5 AE you
9o
iq b chanse
jobs
6 Who d d you la t lo.r $e.ontercnce
7
Wi vor behet o' ther) oTorow
SWher caEyour newol i ces
9 Haw you Fen Bil @@nly
l0Wil you be see ng 3i atlheconle@n@
2invtedJeanlocometo 3 advisd Dav not to siqn 4 suqqand qening
5 apolog ed for a(ving 6 ofiered
(to qiv) ? onqEtllared/on winninq
Test 1 l
2 g 3 l 4 a 5 d 6 j 7 h a e 9 i 1 0 k 1 1 b 1 2 f
2 tak6 up 3 lo pur
back the meeing to^o
pul
rhe meeting ba(k to
4 tode.l wilh 5 pick me up 6 lo
9o
on witinq 7 to so,'i ir out 3 lo go over
9 you ome ac6s t 10 run our ol rim
2@r 3lhough 4out 5down 6by 7up Soli 9 nto,6ack l0 away
2qlonwilh 3 cutd@non 4 tun our ot 5 gel roundlo 6 catch upwlh
7 look fo ard lo 3la(e up ro 9 frove on to 10 gel back to
2 9 3 l 4 i 5 d 5 b 7 a 3 k 9 l l 0 j l l h l 2 e
Te* 12
2 h 3 b 4 t 5 9 6 . 7 a a e 9 l 1 0 . 1 1 b 1 2 a 1 3 e ( o r a ) 1 4 d
2 havinq 3make 4do 5 make/have/do 5do/dake 7 frade/dong/male
3 maketdo/havi^9/mak ng 9 Have/dake 10frade/do
11 dong/make/having r2 have/dohakn9
Test 13
2wh4 3$ar 4wh6e 5who 6who* 7 which 8 whose 9thal
l 0whol uedl owol kwi t h
3
(who)
a qId
s(ha0 5(ha0 7
!a[id
3
(that)
2 who
(ame yesteday qde
me
I lhal lh )apane* vRito6 who cane yenerday
4 wh6e laplop I borowed wanis it
5 who @*s in my depanmnl
6 lhal we we.l lo y5l*d.y w6
7 a @man wh6e siner wo stor
A who is waning ' n t(eplonwanE b
Test 14
2 is a d*tor 3 you6{oryour umbrela) 4lhalwln 5evrytme
5 ome advl(e Tnelherone 3someinlomation 9noneolus l0bylaxi
1l l ha l i af f i c wa 12smany9@d deds 13Nonear al 14l anegcol eague
15.ilner l6 roo linle inlonaion lTeachone lSMinsq!
19 enouqh.hairs 20 no sparc pans
2l ftene6 s 22 rheend of ihe rcpoft
23 bolh 24 everyone 25 hets 26some infooation 27 can' t hed antlhing
2abo$oflhem 29 lherc waql a sinq e quesuon l0 sn' tanyon 31 ils
aounbble douns: a dest, a bag, alob, a lip, a ptublem, a.han.e, a itre,
a machine, a dollaL an email, a facl, a suggesi on, an houf
Uncounlible nouns: some iurnilure, some luggag, some wo*, sme tGvel, ome
trcuble, eme luck, sre wine, eoe equipnent some monry some
cotrgpondn.e, ome inlomation, $me advice, sone time
ANSWERKEY 261
/ sone dd\ . p 3b, f a- 4 ) onel h' ngbm] ' ng 5onl m
6 oie ot my bos3 friends 7 a tax advier
3 Nobody (or
No one) knds ihis businEs 9 goi nolhing io
10 Everybody
(or
Everyone) here drnks rr Tlie unemployed 12 redgigning
13 is norh n9 we can 14F@mu.hdid r5isnlmuch 16 an accouniam
1 7 Everybody
(or
Everyone) was late 1 3 couldn'r do anr,rhlng
19 Noi a sngle peuon
20ftere!no 21warn' tii 22 ihe.unomer! opy
Test 15
2 byihe nd 3veryhad 4lovely blu 5 e fr endly
(or
wy fdendly)
6 errremely good (or
absoluleyexcelenr) 7verywl 3fltrcd
9Wenever9ve 10 nleened in ll somuch l2 !u.h..islry prcje.r
l 3 nol exper ened enough l 4l ar qer $an l 5asl ar ceas l 6l hebsnpnce
l Tf or r hr eemon$s 13! oi ns 19when gel
back 20 bel oe 2l l hanr do
22 too ong lr nu(r lej,selr .or ri a5userular l4 ar smn' T
2ago 3laler 4ior 5 since 6at 7 n 3on 9.ltEB:ds lOOu.ing
l l Aner 12f or l 3l al er 14at
2
've
been rcrking on thB prcj{t
5in.e January
3 is moE
prclirabe
lhan reiai banking.
4 wolks very carelu y. 5 $e @d sefr .e rve *f en. 6 rrayed in P.ns oniil
Tyou nterested n opera? SinBhed
pdlvely.
t h*h.kedhad.
l0w tswell. 11 5nl well
(or
B un@tl) 12 speak mo.e iMt pteae.
13 snorasbig asthe chnese madet. 14justas frany
prcducG
as Rl<had.
15 sthe ean experieicen frember ot ihe ream. 16seyoulater
17' ve been dolnq thB
jobsin.e
r998. lSawayon horidayunlil r9onime
20 n tme ro 5ave the neqolatons. 2I |get$eEbyNvo.
22 ntheendwe
gave
up
(or qave
upin the end)
Test 15
2 n 3at / i n 4over 5 i n/ n 5on 7 at 3r o 9i n 10on 1r at 12 or
13 under 14ar r 5i n/ at 16 i l Tat 13t o/ i n l 9on 20on
2l o 3 agai nst 4on/ l or 5ot 6 nt o Ti om Si or 9wt h 10i n
l l aboul 12 on 13 ol 14wl h/ about l 5 i o 16 on
2 on Swi r h 4i n 5 ol 6i n T l or 3r o 9at r 0f or r r aboul
2rea5onlor 3 advaniaqe ol 4 trouble wlth 5 m.tterwilh 6rcplylo
7 ackol 3 solulion io 9 sub{hote for l0invesrmenrin ll adviceon
2 nsde 3next t o 4t o 5ai 6nar 7a. b$ Sdown 9on r 0at
11 on 12 opposi t e 13al 14ol f
263
l ndex
A
wiih singuarcounlable nouns pl27D, 1423
be .bout to
(etumng
ro ruture) p39t
bfo non-Eadabl adjadiE pl51C
pe6on
or organ etio^ vdlo d* acton
p42
adtedives and adlelbs
p1 50A. p2030: AmE .nd 8lE
difieGn.6 Appendix 5 p246
adjediv6 and adwds wilh sme iom
pls03
endl n9i n- . dp1l 0B.
pl 51E
endin9 in
-lng p1100, p151E
gEdabe
and nongradable p151C
iregula. adjecrig pl548
oder ot adjediE pl 510
possi
adjedives p13aA
wi$ pRnrsmple p10c
adwd end ngs
({lly, -il, -y)
p1 503. Appndl 3 p242
adwds .nd .djediE pl 504, p203O
frequency adveds
p10C, pl
50a
compannq advedspr59D
oder ol advebs
pr
50a
after
after :nd pal (AhE/8lE
diiircn.) Appndix 5 245
.ftor $at
GhMinq
a equence)
y'3c, p167a
in ime expKions p167t
wth pan
sinple d
past prfe<t p22B
wth preenr
5imple @p@
perf.ipl&a
in
Pasiw
as reporring vErb p95C
be .llowld ro/nor .llowrd ro
pemhsion/prchibiUon p54s,
C
with past simple in AnE Append x 5 p246
wth
pEent prfect p26c
wilh psent onlinuous pl4c
wilh pEent prfe.t p27c
wnh psentsimple pl0C
as linking word p170A,3
in compaGons
p1
543, 159D
wod5 and
phrarg meahing and pl7aA
Bny or sme? pl27D, pll0B
in aftnmatw sentence5 pl27D
in negaiB.nd qunions pl270, p1303
in olfe6 and reques$
p127D
nol . .ny
(in
negari@ *n&ncet p1350
anybody/anyone p]30A,
B
of rnypl.e
(Ama)
Appendix 5 p247
apostrcphe s
(l) pl333, pl39C
artkl$
(r,
rhe, elc) u34, u3s
in Elaiiclaoespl22A
no filcle when talking
generaly p]43E, p147t
no anlde wilh nam6 oi
(ounvis, (ompanies
elc
pl43E,
sp<ial uss of no anlde p147O
a... $
(in
compadsont pl55D, pl53A
linling rcd
pt74A, p175E
wlh pa51@nlinuouspl9F
wi$
pae perfe.l p33a
wnh
presnr
sifrple
p33A
a pFp6ition pl9l C, D
in .dn phraFrpl99G
in lime exprsions pl aC, pl55,4
pGilion/lo@tion p136A, p1378
be wilh peent (@rinuous
pl 1D
h.d wilh p6r periect p22a
h.d ben w h pan prfect
@it nuous
p23D
haE wfth p6ent perfecl p26,A
264 trDEX
B
+ going
to
(reiernng
ro tuture)p34B
as sr.G velb and adio^ @rb
p15D
In pan.ontnuouspr9D
in presnt pede.t @ntinuous p30C
be.bl6 to or @uld? P5lc
in ^egaiives and queslionsp5lC
n Mtng innead of 6n p503
ininitie torm olen p50A
bento and gone to p27D
wth part 3imple or pan pri<r p223
with
prcent
s mple or prcenr plfd p33A
betide
(positon/
o.atoi) p1370
conneciontrclationship6
p199E
Birish EnglGh/Ahe c.. Eiqrkh
(difiednc8
in uege)
wod5 and
phras meaninq blrpl78A
+ mysell/you&lf etc
pl310
rn.oun phr.espl99G
Positon/lo.alonpl370
wlh past perr<! p22c
wrh prcenlsimple
or
pG*nr pedecl p33A
c
. an ( modar v. 6) uf ,
ur 2, ur 4
ofle6 and invilalions p53E
Permisson
p6lD
with quenion
Lgs afls impe.alive p70C
ceftainly and dedu.uon p53B
combininq rntenc6 usng a @laive clau*
p122A
.ome +
-ing
(sporc/o!1d@r
acrivilie) p32a
.ommandt in repofted sp.h p95E
comp.rattet and supe atts u37, u33
one syllable adje.ttes p1543
one
tllab
e adreds p1590
te or more syllab e adjeci B pl 548
t*o or morc syllab e adveds p159D
common phEs6 and ntuciures wrh comparatives and
comparng aclions p155E
omPar ng equal l h ngr p155D
wlih.5long at, on @ndition th.t, pFviding, pbvidint
th:i so r6n9 ar
p73c
wilh im:gine and suppodng p73C
<oul d
( modal 6) u11,
u12, u13, u14
n .eponed
$*h
p903
PemBion
p54C, p620
un(enainry
pt3D, p59E,
F
wilh qlslion
ta95 after mperarNespToC
n .eponed 5pe*h
p9og
wth question
rigs atler impeDtives p70c
.6!ld
or
b abletoT
P51C
singula f/ plural lom5 pl264,
C
wilh sp{ilic m.aningl27E
D
defining relanw daus pl13 A, C
definire anicle
(!h6)
p142A, p1430
wilh pla@ name p1468
sp{ili. maan nq pr47E
posirion wilh will and won1p34A, p533
despi t . / i n spheol pt Tt G
delermineE
(a,
tne, this, etc) u32
wilh qu6rron
lags
p70A,
c
wirh p6en1
tlmple
ploA
with quenion taqs 704, B
common oaresions wilh do
p1 14A
panide in ph6el vlbs pl03C
be due to
(cferinq
to luruF) p39F
E
ach and ev.ry p135E
ea(h o$erlone anothr pl31O
adjectw endii9
p1103, p151E
padciple
ending ^ elaive claus
pi230
l lhe end or In lhe end? p133O
even thouqh and rhhough pl?00
with presenl pede<i p26c
with 50pe als p!55C
6wry and ..h pl35E
ev.ry one or everyon?
pl30c
everyone/everybody p130A, pr
31C
ewryon. or .v.ry on.?
pl3lc
everything p1304, pr3rc
exdafr .tion ma*
(l) p207G
+ nriniive
(Ie.nnq
!o rulde)p39r
F
a fs
(oO
1348
showng a sequen(e
p43c, pl73D
sh@inq a sequen@
p4lc, pr73D
+ noun
(expGsinq pu.p6e/@n) p174C
afternounsmeaninq' ned' ,' wish' or' requ6t
pl99F
forand sinc p27C, p166C
in noun phras (for platuE, for *le, er)plee6
with
pasr
simple p304, pr66c
INDEX 26s
with prsnt pede<l p268, p27C, p30A, p r 66C
wilh prereni prfecl
continuous
p3I
E
for example/for instanre pl73B
pnide in phEsa rb6 prorc
pGilion in sentnce plOC, pl50A
with preenl perlear p27c
with prcenrsimplepl0c
uege as
Peposnion
p]91C, D
end ot senlence p2063
an acrvny in prc96s in rhe tuture
p33
some$inq th willdeiinney happen
p38
@king b..k iiom a
point
n thelururetoan ear er
la king abour iuturc dents that 5E I kely to happen
p74C
L@Lng ba.k tom a
point
n theiurure toan aclvnyin
G
get
5omelh n! done p47E
q6+-inq (spon5/ourd@raclvilig) p32a
soinq
to
(eletr
n9 to lulure) u7
lutur *nG lhal are kely to happen p75c
going lo of p6ent.ontinuous? p35E
goinglo ofwill? p35D
plans and inlenlions p34
pcd clions using ev den.e in prcsenr situation
p34B
cleding 10 nr or d nanl l me n luture
p34B
gone to and b*n to p27D
gotten (past pafti. pLe ol qet n AmE)Appendix 5 p246
H
had + past p:rti. ple p22a
wilh past perl.t .onlinuous p22D
necsary/not n4essry p54C
266 [{DX
wnhpresenr5implepr0c
haE/hs + pasl panidple p26A
hde someth nq dore p47E
wilh queston
taqs p708, C
hav
Gtale @lb and action wlb) pr 5D, pr r sC
.ommo^ exprsions with have prr5c
have/hd.
9or
p1 1 5C: AmE?BI dlfircn.d Appendix 5
msning' post pll5C
nol n cont nuous rn!5 a5 a naG verb pt
15C
ne.Esary/nol n(&ry p54A, s, p55F
+ obje.i + infinir' p863
his
(posF$ive
adje<ti@ and pDnoun) prIA
ho mophon e5 Appendix 3
p243
How, , . ?( queni on md) ! r 5
How long ,,.? wirh p@nt peded p27c
HN m.ny,,,?wirh @unrable noun5 pr27D
How mudr.,,?with uncounrabe no!n5 pr27D
I
idaginary iurue aenr
p75O, p79E, pta3E
haEnary pan
4nB
p73B
li[ely tuiurc denrs p74C, p79E
po$rbre pan ftft p7&A
th nqs lhar aG always or
qenera
t
rrue p743
if ohly .
alter nouns meaning
'inc|e'
or
'dmaF'
pt 93D
rn noun ph6es (in.dhn.o
in debt, in a hurry, erc)
in t me
qpresioG
p]3c, pr
66a
in time or on rihe? p1563
pcdon/loGtion pia6,\ B
wiLt .onditionals p73c
wilh preenr peden p33A
wnh pPenl imple p33A
in spire olldespite p171G
indelini| arlicle
(a/an)
u34
indJinile pbnounsp130
131A,3, C
indired spee.l'
Ge reponed spe.h)
aJter moda wlbs p50a
aner |gt and make p33D
afier ve6s ot p"rceprion p363
wilh p@*nl5ifrple pl0A
wt,roul b paiD, p363
adle.t endinq pl
T 03, p I 51 t
after a pRed n9 velb p32A, p37C
after
preposirions pll0-1
1 1c, p194a
4 a noun
(getund) pr10a, p171G
ar beginn ng of clauF p111D
before another velb p37C
panic ple
ending in rclarire . aus$
p
l23D
wilh flrura <ontinuour
p33c
wilh pasi lorms paTD
wirh
preenl
continuous pl10
in*pa,able phrasa
d5
p99C, p1028
+ inliniive
(lel|ing
to iltoc)p39f
+ to + nfniti@ pa2B, p37C
panice
n ph65a
@lbs
plo3c
invaninive ve.bs p438, p203C
rregurar wlbs appendi{ 2
p24o
it + pa$i@
ot repoding vd p95c
iaelt
(rflexi@ pronoun) p1 I1 D
J
.aprra o. Mf .are? p206A
Pre.ded
by./an pl423
wiri pan simple ih AnE append x s p246
wnh p6enl prfect p27C
K
In pasve a rcpoidng velb p45c
[{DEX 257
L
ine |ern + un@table mun p159E
+ uncounrable n4n
p159E
let , hfinitiE wilh@t ro
p33D
Lefs...
G!qq6d@)
p63F
like (linkinq
wqd
'an
de e, lhaf)
p175E
+ lng
peTC
linking aods and
ph6g p1820. p203t
ue ot @mma wilh 6nkin9 wd!
P206(
+ object + infiniive
p86B
. lhd6
(o0 pr
3,r3,
pr
624
+
-1|l9 p87C
M
+ Infnldw withdt lo
p830
commo elp6ioB lili mt pl l4A
n.n.e + t r infiniliE p32B
wirh @nr.ble ruB
pr27o, pl
Ls
n.y
(trFd.l
Etb) ul 1, ul3, !r4
may not ul1, ul3
mlglrt (modal
wb) ul1, u13
in poned tpeech
psoB
nlth not he
(ure.binr}' p59E
+ ing in n<Eli6 and qElim p32A
mine (p6siE po'un) p13aA
nodal d6 u11. ul 2. ul 3, u14 u18
diKtand indiEt languagp u14
nm ... rh.n
(in
onprtons)
p15&c
6. nst + ndn
p159E
lnh uEwntal'le nouF
p1270, p1341
nBt
(modal
vrb) u1 1, ul2, u13
h Ep..bd
9..<h
p90
n6t he {dductjon)
p59E
n6ln'a d donl h.w to?
p5)43
iry
b6661
.djrriE)
p133A
ny$la
(Elbdp pMdn) p1310
N
trery/Nt nffiry p544
C,
p55F
tm
p.65ible negatiE tom
p55F
Bib aryhody, rE6.dy, er< p1308
lilh rE&l Erb6 pYlA
lidr Ft .., -y
p135D
rilr
p.3
@||linDB
p13D
l'dr
pan psted p22A
with
p6t psled
@nlrnbG
p23D
wnn pent @nlin@6 p1 1D
uith pent pste<t p26A
{ith pent psfe<t @ntjnwu p30C
sith p|Ent simple
p10A
wnh
p6t
Flfe<t
p22c
wilh p6t
sintple in AmE Appendk 5
p245
wilh prent pef*t pa6(
wfth pr*m simple ploc
26a TNDEX
show ng a equence p43C
no
(in
nqari)p13,t 135D
noone/ nobodypr r o 13r a, 3, c
no pla.e (AmE)
Appndl 5 p247
nobody/no onep13Gl3l4 B, C
non-defin n9 relatre claus pTr&A, prrqD
n wrillng 6lhe.lhan spe(h prlaA
use ol @mmas wilh nonietininq rclaliw claus p206c
+ obled + infinlriva p353
+ prcpo5tonarph6s pl99G
cohmon ploral noun e^dngs Appendix 3 p242
cofrpound nounr pr39D
couilable nounspl264, C,
pl27D
(ounlable
and uncoontable nou6 pr27E
general/spednc
me.nings pr27E, pr47t
meanrng inceae' and
' d{a*
p2033
engllar or p
uGllom
pl26C
uncounrEble nouns pr268,
c,
pl27o
or no
pra. (amt)Appendt
5
p247
.omma in arqe numbeEp202A, p207<
symbos or @rds?
p2024
o
n pdsive
senbnces p42A
pc non af@ common vells p 1904\ B
p6ilon in aclve aid
pa$ive
senlences p42A
posilion
wih phr&l@lbs p933. p99c
@6s wilh 1!lo obi{.rs p47D, pr
07E
wilh 1rans t re wlbi
y'3E, p r 064 B, D
alier nouns meaning
'in.reae'
or
'd&rca*'
p193D
common/nxed phraFs wilh ot pl39c, D
pa.ti.
e n phraelredspr03c
lixed expresions wilh on p]
373
in noun phrases (on
businest, on foot, on holiday, er.)
n lrme expe$ions plaC, p156A
on rine or in tlneT pl668
parlicle
in phel ve65 pr03c
P6ition/octon
pl36 78
frrh <ondlonak p73C
opposjte
(Peposilion)
p137D
opin ons/rccomme^dal ons p55D
oughr/ouqhr.l to have
(crt
c5m of pan actoB p55El
ouE
(po$esiF ponoun) pl384
ou6lv5
(rellexive
p6noun) plllD
parlkle in phrael
@ds p103c
own
(hy
own,
rlurM,
etc)pl33A
P
wirh
phdslvads
023
toma and inpetsona wdtng p46
rocuson frponair intomallon p42B
t5tems,
pro(6sas
and pcedures p43c
+ nl i nt p46C, pa70
h+pa$kol reponing v.lb p95C
+ to b. + pan pandpe p370
wrtlr @rbs wilh rwo obleds p47D
w(h transiti@ vebs only p43E
past and afier
(AmE/BlE
d ilercnce)Append | 5
p247
a silualion in prcgre$ in $e pall pl9E
inlomalion about a backEounddtualon pl9E
+
(onditon
daue p75D
wth tifre exprcsion5.s, wh.n and while pl9f
wilh be
(fooing
pa$ ve) p37D
in.ondton claule p73B
wiih lme expreslonr p22C
wilh veds ot th nking p22B
pan perfecr and pasr perfear .ont nuous p23E
Pan
pedect and pan
sinple p223
pdt perfe.t
contnuous
p23D, E
past perfect
@nunuous and pan perled p23E
differcn.es in AnE/&E ueq Appndix 5 p2'16
Jor completed penod oJ time p23E
lor habitual actions in the pan p1a
td sp(nic evenls
p26c
in @ndhon clause
p75D
pasl dmp e of @nlinuous? Pl9G
wth after and bfoE p223
w th lime expElions p13C
past r mple or presanl pdd? p27C. p30A
pe@nal
comments/opinions uFiul @d5 and
ph.as pl
a2A
@mmon
paft<16
led in pr03c
.ommon pp6irion5 lsn in p1024
no an de in tont oi
pr4lE, p146,a
p.eeded
by th.
pr
46s
po$8i@
adtedivetplorcuB
p133A
po$6si6and
<ompolnd oouns utl
and
pE.lio App.ndir !
p243
PrcPdiiions
u45, u46, !47, ula
after adje.rives p194A, B, c,
pl95D
alts @mro. @'!s
p1904,
B
aits nouns pl9aa,
3, c, D, E, F
alter phra5al
8tb5
ploza
choice of
pEpo5iton p1950
d llerences in AmE/&E uege Appddrx 5
p247
poslt
on in quErions p7l
I
p1904
posion
rn relative dals
p1198
preposLrional phraes
PI996
p@positions
of
da@
pr
3G137a, 3, c, D
rerb + difterenr
pepqirions pr
9r c
u*s ol dfieE pftpcilions p1.910
presentconrinuous ui, u2, u7
lor tixed timrable @ endar or pog6mme p33B
ior tuture arcngemenls
p1,K, p34C, pl5E
for tempodry actions or situadoN
pl l
in condirjon claue
p743,
c
pseni
conrinlous or
golng to? p35E
pFsent coniinuous or pent parfed olinuous? p148
wilh t me e&nsioB p10F
ditferen.g n AmE/ 3 rE uege Appendix 5
0246
in condition cauep74B. C
wi$ tor aid eine
p27c
with trequency adved5
p27C
[{DEX 269
with lime expE5ion5 ever, nev.r, dFdy and
yet p26C
with rim *pB5ion5lhat Efer lo the futuF p36A
pr&nt perlect or past s mpleT p27C, p30A
pr*nt pertect or presenl prfecr continuous? P31 F
pr*nt pedect or presenl simp e7 P30B
prent perted
@it nuous u6
for adion5 or s tuations in progres p31
D
for empha5ising lenq$ ol time
p31D
for rcpatd adions p3I D
wilh lim exp6sio6 for 5ince, ately,Renlyp3lE
pr*nt p.d..i .ont nuous or pE5enr perfe.lT P3l F
lo. aclions and situalions itut are ganea
t
rrue p 108
lor adions rhat are rcpeated regu a yp103
for pemanenrladspl0B
ro. no er andiouhali5m plac
lo. rimerablB and schedule p14C, p333
n .oidition .laure p743, C
with tequency adwbr p10C
whh rime expr6ions
p
10c
wnh ime expBions ftar rcier b lhe tuturc
p33A
pent
s mple or
pseni
continuous?
pl4A
pr*nt
5imple or
pre5enr ped*r?
P30Ai
g
pnirion wih wlll and rcnr
p34a, p58B
ind-.linile p@noun5 p13G1314,
B, C
p6es ve pbnouns p138A
E lexi prcnolns pl31D
omkson n AmE
fupendir
5
p246
indlre.t quslioB p71 E
neg.t w questions p67 E
position
ot
prcpositions
in quenions p71 F,
p]
90A
quenion wod qu6tons
P66B
quenion wods a5 lhe sublect
p67D
with modal wlbs p50A
wilh p.sl .ont nuoui p13D
with pasl pedear .ont nuous p23D
wnh past pedect p22A
wirh p@nt
@nt nuous
p]
1D
wih peent perfedr
@nrj^uous
p30C
wnh pEent perfe.r p26A
wilh psent s mple p10A
270 tf,ttx
before gradable
adjdives p1 51C, pl63E
quora on ma*s
{ee sped rorts)
R
eglla @rbs Appendix 1 p233-9
plauve
ad@6s
(wlre.,
wneo, wny)pr23c
n combined Qnrences pr22A
wilh a p.dciple
ting,
+d)pl23D
eratve
prcnount
Gnar,
whi.n, who, eto u2a
and
prcpGitionr p1198
omi$ion in a deiining Elalip clau*
pl
l9C
wlh pan piecl p22B
+ obje.l + Ebour pl908
rcponed sp.4h u2l, u22, Appndix 1
p239
.eporting
(o
m mands and equals
p95E
rcponinq verb5ln pa$t p95C
s
w$ reponed sp*h u21
+ obtect + infiniiive p36B
sepa6ble phEsl
wb5
pqAB
thall (modalvelb)
ui1, ul4
Shall1,,w8...?
(suqqeniont p39t p63f, App.ndiy 5 p246
shall | ..,?
(otfe6/inMtadoB) p63E
should
(nodalwb)
u11, ul2, u13
in rcported
$Rh
pgo8
opinlontRommendarions ps5D
suggesuons in AmE Appendt 5 p245
crilicish ot past .dions p55E
op niontreommendadoE p55D
rl.ce and tor p263, pl66C
wilh p@ni pedec( p268, p27C
wilh p@nt perfect
onlinuous p31 E
+ singulafor pluElvelb pr26c
eQ$ing a rcsuhp174B, pl73a
for emphasis: s tflls litde, so much/rc many p153D
ror pumos
$ at ro p]74C, s that p174D
e long .r wlth cond ionak p73C
s, so.h andtoopl6SD
5omep127D, 1308, pr 34B
in one6 and rcqu6|lpr27D
sd or .rry? p127O, p1303
sonebody/soheone p130A, B
somepla(
(AnE)
Appendrx 5 p247
or$n.plae
(AmE)Appendix
5
p247
spen n! Append x 3 p242-243
edph&sidg a.ontan prToc
wrh
pasl ped.ci p22c
+a+ad, ect wr noun p] 630
t ( h, $ai dt @p163O
one syllable adjedis p1s43
h@ or mote sYllab e adject ves pl s4B
one syllable ad@d6
pl590
irb or more syLlab e adveds p I 59D
.ommon phases wirh supedat6 pl53c
T
rane (srar
verb and adion @6) pt50
te@ changs in reponed speh p908, p91C
in
(ompan$ns
pl54C, p153A
thar
(rela
ve ponoun)
u23, u29
thal da@
(arte.
wrbs) p33E
+ 5up ali6 pr4rD, pr52A
deinne ani.le p142A pr4lD, p r 458, C, E
diffFn@ in AnE/BrE usge Appndix 5 p247
lor specitic meaiin96 p147E
sp.ial us ol rhe
pt46c
themselves
(refldi p@noun) pl3l
D
then Gheins a equn.) p43C, pr67F
think
Gtale
verb and action wlb) p15D
rhink + ll
(to
eler lo tuture) p39F
rhRpaft phrael
@t6
p1023
wlth p@nr dmple pr0a
and dn lhough pl70D
lneexpBionsut, u3, u5, u7, u36, uto
wirh furue tens
p35F
wirh pasr
conri.!@s meani^g p 1 9F
whh pasr p.rfe.lp22C
wth preenr
conrinuou5 for 5ituarionr h.ppening n@ p1
1 F
wth pre*nt
cont nwus tor talking abool f!tue p14c
wiih p@*nt perled
ior unfini$ed rime p27C
wilh p@nt peded
<dtinuous p31E
wilh p6ent
s mple to exp6 fequ{cy
p10C
wilh p6ent
s mple lor ialkrng about iutuE
p14c
common usge a5 pEpo5ition pr91c,
D
to and
pait (Amt/&E
diffeEnce) Appendix ,
p2a7
io infinnive (erp6ln9 pua6e) p174c
t6. s and rld
pl
63D
ransi ve veds p431, p104, p203C
velbs for de*ibing lEnds p2028
U
in witinq innead of on.t
p503
alwdrs sinqu ar pl263, C
phras
with undnlable nou6 pr
268
lypes ol uncountabl noun pr263
wlh qeneral
meanings p127E
in condilion claue
p75E, pla3E
wilh prent perfect p3&A
wilh pe nmpb pj&a
ar a futu@ lime exprsion p33a
[{DEX 271
n neqati@ and quenions p23F
a habn or siate o $e pan p23F
habiE or Fpaled acrions p23F
6d to or would? p2lF
V
lb tFlem
(diagcm)
Appendix 4 p24!-245
+ ing or infintre u19, u2O
+ oblect + preposnion pl903
+ obted + to + infiiitire p33C
+ quslion w.d
(how,
whoE, ac) p1068
+ (thao
clause p338, pr07c
+ iwo objecG p45o, pr07D
+tr ! objecs utig for p107E
commd Elt) end ngs Appendix 3 p242
inrEB tiE p43E, p106C,0, p203C
icgu ar rb5 Appendix 2 p240-241
ol
perceplion (4,
ho.r, erc) p58
regular w& Appendix 1 p23H
singular/plu.al wlb toll@ing iingular noun
pl26C
t6n5hi@
p!3E, p106A, S, D,
p203C
nanttre/intansitiP lbs pl060
w|,os and obteds
p203c
wnh
gdd:ble
adteciives
p1
5l C
W
+ nnini
(o
Ef4 to turure)p39F
w.r/weE goinq io p39E
+ obie<t + lnrlnirie p36B
rell and g@d p1503
Elarlw ponoun p 1233
whtt clauFslor emphasising nlomation pla2c
wlDt ...? or wlich .,.? p65c
Whrt .bo!r ...? p63f
Wh.t ... tuA and What .,, like? P71G
6 rclaliw adw6 p123c
sten .,, daus e&6 n9 a .ondition p74B
lvnh
Pan
conlinuous pl9t
lith
Pr*nl
pe,lecr p33A
wilh
Peedt
simple p3&A
when...? qudiq
md p6B
where Elat@ adre|6 p123C
wheE .-.? qslon
@rd p66B
ste|6 and ahhough p171F
272 TNDEX
whld, th.t d {to
pl13B, c
que5ton
@d
P568,
C
Whidr ... or Wht ..-? p66C
whiL, .hhoulh and lt.|s
pl71F
whih d durlnr?
pl6/D
wi$
pan
@dM6
pr
9F
who, wlrldr or lhat
p1138, c
who
q
wnm?
P1
laB
who .,-? qFnion @d
p668,
D
al.tw
p@oun p1
188
whoh d who?
p1
188,
p1
191
whore elattE
ponoun
u28
who*...? querlioi wod
p66B
why lariE adve6
p123c
why...?
que3uon
rd
p660
will
(mod.l
tib) !l1. !14
furue/pa*nt dgtt
psl
D
ofhR/rlquaB
p510, p52l
l6t nt d*isions and ihoughs
p3zrA
polition
{ith
pFt
bly/d.nnh.ly
p3aA
efening 1o tE lutu
p3zrA
wlll + b. +
-l'!9 (tut!
@tnw6)
p36C
wlll h.s +
p.n p..!cipl. (duE prh) p38o
wlll or
golie to?
p35D
$rh tutuE
p.r,.<t (inst
ad of wlll h|E)
p33D
wllh
qu8tlon
t
gr
altq imFlare
P7|r
litfi @dtiomls pTAD
lintinq rN rhings
pi93E
pcilion wnh
!.obEHy/denniGly
p34A
tshninq to th ftJtuE p34A
in eponed
q!5tioE p95D
wdd
(rFdal
w6) u] 1, ul4
in Gported ipeedr
p90B
cpred ..ri63 in rne
pan p8F
w@ld llt + infnhiE ro de. to Juiurc
p39F
l@ld or u.d to?
p23l
Nuldwoddnt hlw for inaginary
p.n
4.nt
p78l
Wbrld
you
llt ...?
p63E
wbid
yo|r nhd ll ...?
p53c
Y
insie.d ol but In witlno
p!7oc
rnh
p.n
3hpl. In AnE App.ndlx 5
p246
wih
p@nt p.rtect p25c
yqcdtyoscdE (E
lqiF
F@noun)
pI31D
The author
GGd tb.- IG.rcr
A@odrrlcy Ag! http://w.accoudta'.rzse.con/
sites ro colled 6c
l.f,o.*
used
Aeice Bcile m.grzine hnpi//\l/nefic6ia..om-/icput6/
Atia Paci6c E.donic Ryis hrtP://siaecon_con/A?ER/
As l r. bdp://M$i , i nr.coD
Please nore th.n somc murr no
ari.Rt bEp://ff 'orL/ASIANOw/ars'rk/
.
Acndie Findcial R*is hnp://ww.Ji.coD.iu/
ronger De JcEve soDe rqtt|-le
Bl@nb..g hnp.//M.bl@obe,g..om/
Egistration and some rEquiE a Brillco,r.nr hnp://@brir5c;cnt.coml
subscription- BucbrEst Buincs vet http://wbbw-o/
asin* aeiiios http://wcbw.cor/busbj/
Bsio6 Catr.l Elepe http://w.b.ems.con/
Br.ils Day Soqrh A&i6 http://w.bday.co.zal
Busi.$ New AmFi@ http://w.bnmsid..on/
Esir.s Rwi*veLly http://'TT.bM..om..!/
B6irers Tihs singapoE htrp://busiDs-rim6.sia1.con.se/
B6i!.$ Vb.L hsp://BwbuinesMek.com/
c.bd http://M..ebd.com
CcrE l E|mp. Rdid hnp://wcc-rcvieworg/index_hrtrrl
Chin. D.itt h$p://wl.chin.d.ily_com.cnl
CNAC Bsine$ http://'9T.mnbc.om/
CNN 6mci.l hnp://monercm.com/
Cm.ctis hftp://speci,ls.ft.com/.otucctis/
Cz.cbTo.Ly hftp://w_eurcpeninrcrncr.com/czech/
D.l@j P.t abotg htrp://dp.ru/m.iL.n.php3
Der Spi.gd hap://wlv.spicgcl-de/spieg.l
Fbui!e!! forun hft p://M.ebutinesforum..oml
Fbui.e$ adviro. hap://M.dvis.com/w/E,B$incsr{dvisor
Ecdomitt http://w.cconomlt.coh/
Enb.pd.lr In..n..ion.l hnp://{/ne.nftpeneur.com/
EurcButire$ http://M..uobuif,.$.ncr
Firuci.l Forr hirp://w.n.rion.lpo$.com/inuci.lpcr/
Forb.r..on hnp://w.forbcs.com/
Foitu!. http://\l\Nfortur..com
Fd!tf|'t.. Allmei!. hnp://w-fd.com/lN/tNt 6plrra/ eFAZ/
FnDtnut." Rurd.chau hnp://M-6-.ktucll.del.nglsh/
Flcom hftp://n.s.li-com/
Globd Bu.indr Mlgrtin hrp://wbankleumi.co.illenglish/rEd._hagazinerhdr'1
Goridi.n hftp://Mguadhn.couk
GqlfB$i!B M.t&i!. hftp://Rgullbllinc$.com/
rrt..6tio..l H.ol.lTtibu. hnp://Miht.com/
hd.prdht hnp://*windcpnd.ntlo.ukl
Ildalty Veet http://w.indusrywc.k.coh.i
h!id. Cbi!.Tod.y http://Mcurcpeoinicoct..onlchina/
rilh Tifr s hftp://Mjrhnd.com/
Lrir TEd. hn!://M-lrtinfldc.6on.irewsite/index.cfrn
I- Mord. diploh.tiq@ hnp://u|wen.mond+diptonariqDe.ft/
hon.y..o6 http://mon+mn.com/
N*Yo.t Timq http://M.nltimB-com/
Ob@er irp://wob5dercduk/
Pngu Posr hftp://wpngucpost.czl
Qui.kcr
h.tp://M.quicken.com
Shdgh.i Drily http://M.shanelaid,ny..on/
SiraapoE BBirs Tim6 hnp:/Auin*times.rsii1..om.sg/hone
slmni. Bcir.s veek hdpJ /w_g^.si/ed
Sud.yTih6 hrp://m.sunday rim6.cauk/
lbLgEph http://M.elesnph..o.uv
Th. Ildatry Stan.r.rd hnp://wrh6ddrd.con/
Thc StnitsTime hftp://str|itstim6.sia1-com.sglhome
The Tim6 hrp://wthetimes.cduk/
ThGSE ct.com hnp:,//w.ih6beer.cod/
s[ seEt
Joor@I
E@pe hftp://inrdcrive.*j.com/eurcpean/p/eumhome.hhnl
TIE ! StE. Tradipr http://m.Mt.con-/
E$irgtd Po* hfr p:/,/w.MhingtoDpo*con/
Vrrd htp://wwiEd.con/
.ftd.rTr.d.OtE!.
Mageire hftp://M.worldrdderus_con/
bl@ N.* hnD://.taihaem.Ehoo.com/headtnes/bs/
Audio CD Tracklist
01 Unil 1, Exercise 4
02 Unil 1, Exercise 5
03 Unii 2, Exercise 4
04 Unii 2, Exercise 5
05 lJnit 3, Exercise 2
06. lJnit 3, Exercise 4
07 Unit 4, Exercise 3
m
.Unit 4, Exercise 4
09 Unit 5, Exercise 4
10 Unit 6, Exercise 3
11 Uni t 6, Exerci se 4
12 Unit 6, Exefcise 5
13 Unit 7, Exercise 2
14 Unit 7, Exercise 4
19 Unit 8, Exercise 5
16 Unit 10, Exercise 4
17 Unil 10, Exercise 5
18 Uni l 11, Exerci se 4
19 Uni t 12, Exerci se 4
20 Unit 12, Exercise 5
21 Unit 13, Exercise 5
22 Unit 13, Exercise 6
23 Unit 14, Exercise 4
24 Unit 15, Exercise 6
25 Unit 16, Exercise 5
26 Unit 17, Exercise 4
27 Unit 18, Exercise 4
28 Unit 19, Exercise 4
29 Unit 20, Exercise 4
30 Unii 22, Exercise 4
31 Unil23, Exercise 5
32 lJnil24, Exercise 5
33 lJnii 27, Exercise 6
34 Uni l 28, Exerci se 6
35 Unit 29, Exercise 5
36 lJnit 30, Exercise 6
37 Unit 31, Exercise 5
38 Unit 31, Exercise 6
39 Unit 32, Exercise 5
40 Unil34, Exercise 4
4't lJnil34, Exercise 5
42 Unil36, Exercise 6
43 Unil37, Exercise 5
44 Unii 38, Exercise 5
45 LJnil40, Exercise 5
46 Unit 4'1, Exercise 5
47 Unit 42, Exercise 6
48 Unit 43, Exercise 4
49 Unit 43, Exercise 5
50 Unit 44, Exercise 3
51 Unit 49, Exercise 6
52 Test 5, Exercise 4
o o
* Q
{ * ;
ffit
s t
; o
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