Mitosis and Meiosis objectives

1. Students will discuss the regions of a chromosome. For example: When an

abnormal chromosomal is presented as Xq27.3, what does this mean?
The nomenclature for chromosomes are : arm, region, band and sub band
Arm: is either p ( short arm) or q ( long arm). P and Q arms are joined at the centromere

Arms are divided into regions: the numbers of which radiate outwards from the center
where they attach to the centromere.
Regions are divided into bands: with the same numbering as the arms
Bands are broken into sub bands
So for Xq27.3: X is the x chromosome , q is the q arm , 2 is referring to 2
nd
region, 7 is
referring to the 7
th
band, and .3 is referring to the sub band
2. Students will interpret a karyotype.

We didnt really talk too much about this. I think more than anything this is just
discussing using a karyotype to determine the presence of certain genetic disorders.
For example if you have an extra x chromosome on the sex chromosome revealing XXY,
then you have klinfelters syndrome. Likewise, trisomy 21- down syndrome- an extra
chromosome in 21


3. Students will discuss chromosome nomenclature; for example what does diploid 2n
or haploid 1n indicate.
Ploidy indicates the number of sets of individual homologous chromosomes. Diploid
contains two sets of chromosomes ( two sets of 23). Haploid contains one set of
homologous chromosomes (one set)
n value is the copies of chromatids or chromosomes of the homologous set.
During replication cells go from 2n to 4n, because they double the number of chromatids
present 4692. However they stay diploid because the original homologous pairs are
not separated.
Conversely, in meiosis two, homologues pairs separate during the first division, so its
no longer considered diploid, even though its 2n ( because 46 chromatids are still
present)


4. Students will discuss the differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Id imagine this is pretty self explanatory
Major difference meiosis produces gametes. Mitosis identical daughter cells
In meiosis, homologous chromosomes cross over, that doesnt happen in mitosis
Two divisions in meiosis and only one in mitosis

Gametogenesis, Fertilization and Implantation
1. Discuss the fate of germ cells during their migration from the yolk sac to the genital
ridge. In this discussion include:
Primordial germ cells, are derived from primary ectoderm (epiblast) the yolk sac, and
they migrate to the dorsal part of the embryo called the genital ridge. The part where they
go is where the kidneys will eventually develop. Initially there are less than a dozen of
them, but during their journey to the genital ridge they undergo mitosis and there are
millions of them by the time they arrive.
In males: Once they reach the area, these cells are called spermatogonia, and mitosis
stops once they reach their destination. There is NO meiosis for them during this time.
In the genital ridge, the spermatogonia, signal the mesoderm to form new cells, and the
coelomic epithelium migrates into the genital ridge, forming sex cords that surround the
germ cells, creating a new environment. Note that these are type A spermatogonia and
are the stem cells for all future sperm cells.
A. The difference between Type A and Type B Spermatogonia
Type A spermatogonia (diploid 2n), constantly stay in the cell cycle and give rise
to both Type A and Type B spermatogonia.

Type B spermatogonia (diploid 2n), also called primary spermatocytes, undergo
differentiation, meiosis, and then become spermatids.

After the first meotic division, primary spermatocytes become secondary
spermatocytes (haploid 2n). [Recall that after the first meiotic division all cells
are haploid 2n, and after the second one they are haploid 1n]

After the second division, secondary spermatocytes become spermatids (haploid
1n).
B. The difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
The process up until this point from Type A spermatogonia spermatids is
called spermatogenesis
Afterwards, the spermatids undergo differentiation to become spermatozoon
(normal sperm) . This process is called spermiogenesis

C. The difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis with regard to the
time line for mitosis and meiosis.
In females, the primordial germ cells called oogonia that migrate to the genital
ridge are similar to those in males. They will divide mitotically on their way, drastically
increasing their numbers. However, unlike spermatogonia, they will enter the meiotic cycle
along the way and freeze in prophase 1 until puberty. At this point they are now primary oocytes
As a result, there will be no further stem cells. While meiosis occurs in females while they are
still developing inside their mother, meiosis does not occur in males until they hit puberty. Out
of the millions of eggs that femals start out with (peaking at about the 5
th
month of pregnancy),
they will ultimately only have about 400 eggs that will go on to ovulate.
2. Discuss the components of the follicle and their derivation.
Follicle/granulosa cells- are derived from the coelomic epithelium of the sex cords.
Follicle cells nourish the oocyte

Membrana Graunlosa- secreted by follicle cells, and is basically like a basement
membrane for them, so they arent floating out in space.

Theca interna cells- are outside the membrane granulosa, and are derived from
differentiation of fibroblast

Zona pellucida- is the membrane between the egg and follicle, and is formed by secretory
products of the egg and the follicle.
3. Describe the path of sperm from the testes to the ampulla of the uterine tube where
fertilization of the egg/ovum occurs.
Sperm: transfers from the testis to epididymis
matures in the epididymis,
then has a rapid transit through the ductus deferens,
to the seminal vesicle where it gains seminal fluid which contains fructose to nourish it
to the prostate where it gets prostatic fluid that buffers it from vaginal acidity
Then ejaculation deposits it in the upper vagina (10^7)
It then passes through the cervix (10^6), and then the uterus(10^5)
Sperm then enters the uterine tubes(10^4)
Moves up the uterine to by swimming and tube contractions, and eventually enters the
ampulla where it fertilizes the egg. In the uterine tube the sperm undergoes capacitation-
which is a change in its lipid matrix, so that the sperm can release its chromosomes into
the egg.


4. Describe implantation.
Once fertilization has occurred in the ampulla of the uterine tube, the fertilized egg then makes
its way into the uterus for implantation. During this time the fertilized egg forms a unilaminar
embryonic disk. During implantation, at day 6, the zona pellucida breaks down, and
trophoblast cells come into contact with cells of the uterine lumen. Later, the entire egg enters
the endometrium, and trophoblast cells, differentiate into cytotrophoblasts, which fuse and form
multinuclear, synctiatrophoblasts.
Errors in implantation: if the placenta penetrates past the endometrium into the underlying
myometrium or perimetrium, then placental tissue can remain after the pregnancy ends and
become carcinogenic
Placenta accreta- growth in the myometrium
Placenta percreta- growth in perimetrium
P











Bilaminar disk and Embryonic Membranes
1. Discuss the decidual reaction
a. Syncytiotrophoblast strimulates the formation of decidual cells from the
endometrium
b. Decidual cells are differentiated fibroblast
c. Decidual cells have two main functions,
a. The first is to secrete prolactin, which leads to the development of mammary
glands and milk production in the mother
b. They also lay down a scar that separates the embryo and placental tissue from
the mother which would otherwise treat it like an invasive. There are three
layers
i. Decidua basalis- the part that interacts with the trophoblast
ii. Decidua capsularis- site where endometrium closes after complete
implantation
iii. Decidua plarietalis- remaining areas of the endometrium, including the
opposite wall of the uterine lumen


2. Describe the difference between a unilaminar and bilaminar embryonic disc.
Unilaminar disk is composed of the inner cell mass and trophoblast. Cells of the
trophoblast differentiate into cytotrophoblast, and synctrophoblast.
The inner cell mass differentiates into the epiblast and the hypoblast.
Hypoblast gives rise to the extraembryonic membranes while the epiblast becomes the
embryo itself.

3. Describe the formation of the chorionic and amniotic cavity; distinguish those
components derived from hypoblast vs epiblast.

a) [8 days]Cells from the epiblast start secreting fluid, this creates the amniotic cavity
along the inside of the epiblast
b) [9 days]Cells from the hypoblast, will then migrate around the cytotrophoblast
covering of the blastocoele, forming the primary yolk sac
These cells are called either extraembryonic endoderm, or heusers membrane
c) [10-11 days] Cells from heusers membrane begin to secrete extraembryonic reticulum
which separates heusers membrane from the cytotrophoblast
d) extraembryonic mesoderm migrates from the epiblast into the extraembryonic
retrium.
One layer covers heusers membrane and is called extraambryonic
splanchic(visceral) mesoderm.
Another layer, lines the inside of the cytotrophoblast, and is called
extraembryonic somatic (parietal) mesoderm
The extraembryonic mesoderm, is the sit of hematopoiesis and formation of the
vitelline blood vessels

Lacuna then form in the hypoblast derived extraembryonic reticulum and
eventually give rise to the chorionic cavity

TLDR: Epiblast forms: Amniotic cavity, and extraembryonic reticulum
Hypoblast formsL primary yolk sak, extraembryonic endoderm/ heusers
membrane, extraembryonic reticulum, and the chorionic cavity


4. Discuss placental formation.
1. Trophoblast differentiates into cytotrophoblast
2. Cytotrophoblast fuses and becomes multinuclear synctiotrophoblast
3. Synctiotrophoblast, grows into endometrium and erodes endometrial glands, and
capillary vessels forming lacunae
5. Discuss the significance of the connecting stalk, allantois, and yolk sac with regard
to blood vessel formation.

The connecting stalk is the pathway along which the blood vessels of the embryo
establish communication with those of the chorion. Subsequently it becomes converted
into umbilical cord.

The allantois stimulates the formation of umbilical blood vessels, and it degenerates and
becomes the urachus

Blood development first occurs in the well extra-embryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac,
and it is surrounded by the vitelline blood vessels of the eventual intestine


6. Distinguish between Week 1 and Week 2 events in development.
Week 1:
1. Ovulation
2. Fertilization
3. Unilaminar embryonic disc formation.
4. Implantation in the endometrium of the uterus





Week 2:
1. Decidual reaction in the endometrium
2. Bilaminar embryonic disc formation
3. Development of extraembryonic membranes
4. Placental formation. The placenta is extraembryonic tissue.