CHNG 3: OSPF

3.1. Tng quan

OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng link-state thng c dng trin khai trn h
thng mng phc tp. OSPF t xy dng c ch m bo tin cy ch khng s dng cc
giao thc chuyn vn nh TCP m bo tin cy.
OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng classless nn c h tr VLSM v discontiguous
network. OSPF s dng a ch multicast 224.0.0.5 (all SPF routers) v 224.0.0.6 (DR
v
BDR routers) gi cc thng ip Hello v Update. OSPF cn c kh nng h tr chng
thc dng plain text v dng MD5.
OSPF s dng gii thut Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn. y l gii thut xy dng
cc ng i ngn nht SPT (shortest-path tree) i n ch. Thng ip qung co LSA
mang thng tin ca router v trng thi cc lng ging ln cn. Da trn cc thng tin hc
c khi trao i cc thng ip LSA, OSPF s xy dng topology mng.
3.2. Cc loi gi tin OSPF
OSPF c 5 loi gi tin l Hello, Database Description, Link State Request, Link State
Update, Link State Acknowledge.
- Hello: gi tin Hello dng pht hin trao i thng tin ca cc router cn k.
- Database Description: gi tin ny dng chn la router no s c quyn trao
i thng tin trc (master/slave).
- Link State Request: gi tin ny dng ch nh loi LSA dng trong tin trnh
trao i cc gi tin DBD.
- Link State Update: gi tin ny dng gi cc gi tin LSA n router cn k yu
cu gi tin ny khi nhn thng ip Request.
- Link State Acknowledge: gi tin ny dng bo hiu nhn gi tin Update.
Gio trnh kha hc BSCI Chng 3 - OSPF
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3.3. Cc loi thng ip LSA
Bng 3.1 - Cc loi thng ip LSA
Loi LSA Chc nng
1 Router M t trng thi, n gi ca kt ni n router cn k v IP prefix ca cc
kt ni
point-to-point.
2 Network M t s lng router v subnet mask trn on mng.
3 Summary Network M t ch n ngoi vng nhng cng OSPF domain. Thng tin
tm tt ca mt vng s c gi n vng khc.
4 Summary ASBR M t thng tin ca ASBR. Khng c s tm tt LSA Type 4 ny trong
mt vng n.
5 External M t cc tuyn ng i n cc ch ngoi OSPF domain. Mi External
LSA biu din cho mi subnet.
6 Group Membership M t quan h thnh vin nhm multicast OSPF (MOSPF).
7 NSSA M t cc tuyn ng n cc ch xa.
8 Unused Khng s dng.
9 11 Opaque c s dng tnh ton cc tuyn ng s dng cho k thut qun l lu
lng ca cng ngh MPLS.
3.4. Khi nim Vng trong OSPF
OSPF h tr hai mc phn cp qua khi nim vng (area). Mi vng l mt s 32 bit
biu din nh dng IP (vng 0.0.0.0) hay dng thp phn (vng 0). Vng 0 l vng trung
tm. Tt c cc vng khc u phi kt ni trc tip vi vng 0 hay kt ni qua virtual link.
OSPF c mt s loi vng sau: normal area, stub area, totally stubby area, not-so-stubby area
(NSSA), totally not-so-stubby area.
3.4.1. Normal Area
Mc nh, normal area mang nhng c tnh sau:
- Nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary LSA) t cc vng khc.
- Nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA).
- Nhn cc thng tin mc nh t bn ngoi (external default LSA).
Xt v d sau, vng 1 v vng 2 l cc vng bnh thng, cc route IGRP c phn phi
vo vng 1 v cc route RIP c phn phi vo vng 2.
Hnh 3.1 - Cc loi vng trong OSPF
3.4.2. Stub Area
Vng Stub khng nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Vng stub nhn cc
thng tin tm tt (Summary LSA) t cc vng khc v nhn cc thng tin mc nh (default
route) v xem nh l cc thng tin tm tt (summary route).
Trong hnh di, vng 1 c nh ngha l vng stub. Khng c redistribution trn
router I, H hay G v vng stub khng nhn cc LSA Type 5. Cc RIP route c nhn ti
router E l cc external route s b chn ti router F, tuy nhin area 1 vn nhn cc summary
route n t vng 2 ti router F (ABR). Cc thng tin tm tt mc nh (default summary
LSA) cng c nhn ti ABR (router F) vo vng 1. Ngha l nu router I, H hay G mun
gi gi tin i n ch ngoi (external destination) th s gi gi n router ABR gn nht l
router F.
u hnh vng 1 ca OSPF l vng Stub

RouterF#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
RouterG#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
RouterH#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
RouterI#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
3.4.3. Totally Stubby Area
Totally Stubby Area l vng b hn ch nht. Router trong vng loi ny ch tin tng vo
cc thng tin tm tt mc nh (default summary route) t ABR. Khng tn ti thng tin t
bn ngoi ca OSPF (external route) hay thng tin tm tt (summary route) trong bng nh
tuyn. y l mt m rng ca vng stub nn mang y cc c tnh ca vng stub. Vng
Totally Stubby mang nhng c tnh l khng nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary
LSA), khng nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Vng Totally Stubby ch
nhn cc thng tin mc nh (default route) v xem nh l cc thng tin tm tt (summary
route).
Trong hnh di, vng 1 khng nhn bt c thng tin tm tt (summary route) v cc
thng tin t bn ngoi (external route). Ch c cc route m vng 1 nhn c t cc vng ln
cn - intra area (cc route c nh du O trong bng nh tuyn) v cc route mc nh
(default route) mi c chp nhn ti ABR (cc route c nh du O IA trong bng nh
tuyn).
Ch rng s khc nhau gia vng stubby v vng totally stubby l vic OSPF khng to
ra cc summary LSA trong vng totally stubby. Lnh no-summary c dng trnh vic
gi cc summary LSA trong area 1.
u hnh ABR (Router F) to Area 1 l vng Totally Stubby
RouterF#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub no-summary
RouterG#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
RouterH#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
RouterI#
router ospf 1
area 1 stub
3.4.4. Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA)
NSSA l mt m rng ca vng stub. Trong hnh di, gi s vng1 c nh ngha l
vng stub v c yu cu phn phi (redistribution) cc IGRP route vo vng ny. Nu vng1
nh ngha l vng stub th s khng thc hin c iu . phn phi cc IGRP route
vo vng 1, vng 1 cn phi c thay i thnh NSSA area. Khi , cc IGRP route s c
phn phi vo vng NSSA dng LSA Type 7.
NSSA cho php nhn cc route t bn ngoi vo OSPF domain thng qua vng stub. Khi
ASBR router nhn mt route i vo AS, router s to ra LSA Type 7. Router ABR s chuyn
i LSA Type 7 thnh LSA Type 5 qung co tip vo AS. Do , LSA Type 7 ch tn ti
trong NSSA area. NSSA c h tr t Cisco IOS 11.2 tr ln. NSSA mang cc c tnh l
chp nhn cc LSA Type 7 mang cc thng tin t bn ngoi vo NSSA. Cc LSA Type 7 s
c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 ti cc router bin NSSA ABR qung co i tip trong
mng OSPF. NSSA khng chp nhn cc external LSA nhng chp nhn cc summary LSA.
Cn cc IGRP route s c chuyn i thnh cc LSA Type 7.
Hnh 3.3 - Cu hnh vng 1 thnh NSSA
LSA Type 7 c to ra trong area 1 ti router I v c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5
bi NSSA ABR l router F.

RouterI#show ip ospf database nssa-external 10.10.10.0
LS age: 36
Options: (No TOS-capability, Type 7/5 translation, DC)
LS Type: AS External Link
Link State ID: 10.10.10.0 (External Network Number)
Advertising Router: 141.108.1.21
LS Seq Number: 80000001
Checksum: 0x4309
Length: 36
Network Mask: /24
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Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path)
TOS: 0
Metric: 20
Forward Address: 141.108.1.21
External Route Tag: 0
Bit P c bt ln bo hiu chuyn i LSA Type 7 thnh LSA Type 5.
- Nu bit P = 0, router NSSA ABR s khng chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5, iu ny
xy ra khi router NSSA ASBR cng l router NSSA ABR.
- Nu bit P = 1, router NSSA ABR (nu c nhiu router loi ny th s chn router c
router ID nh nht) th s chuyn i LSA Type 7 thnh LSA Type 5.
P l vit tt ca Propagation. Router ABR s ra quyt nh da trn gi tr ca bit ny.
u hnh NSSA
RouterF#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa
RouterG#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa
RouterH#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa
RouterI#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa
Sau khi nh ngha vng 1 l NSSA, vng ny s mang nhng c tnh sau:
- Vng 1 khng chp nhn cc LSA Type 5. Ngha l khng nhn cc thng tin v RIP
route.
- Tt c cc IGRP route c phn phi vo OSPF domain dng LSA Type 7. Ch c
LSA Type 7 mi tn ti trong NSSA area.
- Tt c cc LSA Type 7 c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 bi router NSSA ABR v
c phn phi vo OSPF domain dng LSA Type 5.
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3.4.5. Totally Not-So-Stubby Area
Loi vng ny l mt m rng ca NSSA, nu vng 1 l totally NSSA th s mang nhng
c tnh sau:
- Vng 1 khng chp nhn cc RIP route v y l cc external route.
- Vng 1 khng chp nhn cc thng tin tm tt summary LSA.
- Router F (ABR) s chu trch nhim to default summary LSA.
Totally NSSA mang nhng c tnh sau:
- Khng chp nhn summary LSA.
- Khng chp nhn external LSA.
- LSA Type 7 s c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 ti router NSSA ABR.
u hnh Totally NSSA Area trn NSSA ABR, Router F
RouterF#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa no-summary
RouterG#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa
RouterH#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa
RouterI#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa

Khi nh ngha mt vng NSSA lm totally stubby area, cc router NSSA ABR s to ra
default summary route. Nu NSSA vng khng nh ngha lm totally stubby area,
router
NSSA ABR s khng to ra default summary route.
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u hnh to Default Summary Route vo NSSA Area
RouterA#
router ospf 1
area 1 nssa no-summary
3.5. OSPF Media Types
C 4 loi mi trng truyn dn OSPF l mi trng multiaccess, point-to-point,
nonbroadcast multiaccess v demand circuit.
3.5.1. Mi trng Multiaccess
Mi trng multiaccess l mi trng truyn dn nh ethernet, fast ethernet, gigabit
ethernet, FDDI. Trong mi trng mng broadcast, OSPF s tin hnh bu chn DR, BDR
gim thiu lu lng trn on mng.
Hnh 3.4 - OSPF chy trn mi trng multiaccess
Router A c chn lm DR v c u tin cao nht. Router B c chn lm BDR, B
v C c u tin bng nhau nn BDR c chn da trn router ID cao nht l router B.
Cc router s thit lp quan h vi DR v BDR.
3.5.2. Mi trng Point-to-Point
Mi trng point-to-point l mi trng truyn dn c ng gi HDLC/PPP, Frame
Relay/ATM point-to-point subinterface. Khng c s bu chn DR/BDR trong mi
trng
ny. Cc gi tin OSPF c gi i dng multicast. v d di, router A kt ni point-
topoint n cc router khc v thit lp quan h trng thi n router B, C v D.
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Hnh 3.5 - Cc kt ni im-im gia cc router
3.5.3. Mi trng Nonbroadcast Multiaccess
Mi trng NBMA l mi trng truyn dn nh Frame Relay, X.25, ATM. C 3 m
hnh truyn dn trong mi trng NBMA l m hnh broadcast, m hnh point to point v m
hnh point to multipoint.
a. M hnh broadcast
gi lp mi trng NBMA thnh mi trng broadcast cn tin hnh bu chn DR v
BDR. C hai cch cu hnh:
1. S dng lnh network-type broadcast
2. S dng lnh neighbor.
Nh v d di, mi trng NBMA l Frame Relay. Router A kt ni vi cc router
khc B, C, D v E thng qua cc PVC.
Hnh 3.6 - Mi trng NBMA l Frame Relay
u hnh mng dng Broadcast
RouterA#
interface serial 0
encapsualtion frame-relay
ip ospf network-type broadcast
Lnh ip ospf network-type broadcast cn c cu hnh trn cc cng Frame Relay ca tt
c cc router.
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Mt cch khc m phng m hnh broadcast l s dng lnh neighbor, cn cu hnh
lnh ny ln hub router l router A. Router A cn c cu hnh c u tin cao lun l
DR.
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u hnh lnh neighbor trn Hub Router
RouterA#
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf priority 10
!
router ospf 1
neighbor 141.108.1.2
neighbor 141.108.1.3
neighbor 141.108.1.4
neighbor 141.108.1.5
b. M hnh Point-to-Point
Trong m hnh ny, mi PVC phi c nh ngha l cc point-to-point subinterface vi
cc subnet khc nhau. Khi cu hnh, khng cn ch nh network type v cc subinterface mc
nh c network type l point-to-point. Li ch ca m hnh ny l cc VC (virtual circuit) c
th cu hnh trn cng giao tip. Nhc im l lng ph nhiu khng gian a ch cho mi kt
ni point to point subinterface. Hn na kch thc ca cc LSA to bi router A s ln hn
rt nhiu v phi cha Type 3 stub link cho mi kt ni point to point.
u hnh Point-to-Point Subinterface
RouterA#
interface Serial 0.1 point-to-point
ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.252
!
interface Serial 0.2 point-to-point
ip address 141.108.1.5 255.255.255.252
c. M hnh Point to Multipoint
M hnh ny khng tin hnh bu chn DR/BDR v ch yu cu 1 mng con. Cn cu
hnh network type trn tt c cc router A, B, C, D v E.
Gio trnh kha hc BSCI Chng 3 - OSPF
54
u hnh dng mng Point-to-Multipoint (trn tt c cc router)
RouterA#
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network-type point-to-multipoint
i khi mt s mi trng NBMA khng c kh nng h tr multicast nn s khng s
dng c network type l point-to-multipoint. Khi s s dng network type mi l point
to multipoint nonbroadcast trn cc cng giao tip serial ca cc router A, B, C, D v E.
u hnh dng mng Point-to-Multipoint Nonbroadcast
RouterA#
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network-type point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
!
router ospf 1
neighbor 141.108.1.2
neighbor 141.108.1.3
neighbor 141.108.1.4
neighbor 141.108.1.5
3.6. OSPF Demand Circuit
Ban u quan h lin k adjacency c thit lp trao i thng tin. Sau mt khong
thi gian s thit lp li quan h adjacency trao i thng tin. iu ny rt hu dng
gim thiu cc chi ph khng cn thit nhm s dng hiu qu, tit kim. V d khi s dng
cng ngh ISDN, mi khi kt ni ISDN hot ng (up) th cn tr chi ph, khi s dng
demand circuit s gim thiu chi ph.
Cc c tnh ca demand circuit:
1. Ngn chn cc gi tin Hello.
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55
2. Ngn chn s lm ti cc gi LSA.
Ch vi network type l point to multipoint th mi c tnh nng nh k ngn chn cc gi
tin Hello. i vi network type khc gi tin Hello vn gi c qua cng giao tip. S lm
ti cc gi LSA s khng xy ra nh k sau 30 pht khi cu hnh demand circuit. C hai
tnh hung m cc LSA s c gi i:
1. Khi c s thay i topology mng.
2. Khi router trong OSPF domain khng hiu c demand circuit.
trng hp u khng c g ng ni v router phi gi cc thng tin LSA mi cp
nht cho cc router cn k v s thay i topology mng. trng hp hai, c mt s cch
gii quyt tnh hung ny.
Hnh 3.7 - OSPF Demand Circuit
Indication LSA
RouterA#show ip ospf database asbr-summary
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS age: 971
Options: (No TOS-capability, No DC)
LS Type: Summary Links(AS Boundary Router)
Link State ID: 141.108.1.129 (AS Boundary Router address)
Advertising Router: 141.108.1.129
LS Seq Number: 80000004
Checksum: 0xA287
Length: 28
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Network Mask: /0
TOS: 0 Metric: 16777215
Mt lu l cn cu hnh demand circuit vng khc vng trung tm (backbone area) v
backbone khng th cu hnh lm stub hay NSSA.
u hnh Demand Circuit
RouterA#
interface serial 0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network-type point-to-multipoint
ip ospf demand-circuit
3.7. Thit lp quan h gia cc router (Adjacency)
OSPF thit lp quan h lin k adjacency gia cc router lng ging nhm mc ch trao
i cc thng tin nh tuyn. Trong mi trng broadcast, khng phi router no cng c kh
nng thit lp quan h adjacency vi tt c cc router khc. Gi tin hello chu trch nhim
thit lp v duy tr mi quan h ny.
u tin router OSPF s gi gi tin hello n a ch multicast 224.0.0.5. Gi tin ny s
nh k gi n tt c cc cng giao tip c h tr OSPF vi khong thi gian gi tu thuc
vo tng loi cng giao tip. Trong mi trng broadcast nh Ethernet hay point-to-
point,
thi gian ny l 10 giy. Trong mi trng non-broadcast nh Frame Relay hay ATM, khong
thi gian ny l 30 giy.
Gi tin hello s nh k gi i n tt c cc cng giao tip ca router c chy OSPF. Khi
router pht hin thy c router lng ging nh vo gi tin hello nhn c, truyn thng hai
chiu s c thit lp. Trong mi trng broadcast v NBMA, gi tin hello cn c
s
dng chn ra cc router ch nh DR/BDR.
Sau khi thit lp c truyn thng hai chiu, s thit lp quan h lin k adjacency, vic
ra quyt nh thit lp quan h adjacency da trn trng thi ca router lng ging v kiu
cng ngh mng c dng kt ni hai router. Nu kiu network l broadcast hay
nonbroadcast, quan h adjacency s c thit lp gia cc router ch nh DR/BDR. Cc
trng
hp cn li, quan h adjacency s c thit lp gia cc router lng ging. thit lp quan
h adjacency, u tin router s tin hnh ng b ho c s d liu bng cch gi cc gi tin
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57
DBD m t c s d liu cho nhau. Tin trnh ny gi l tin trnh trao i c s d liu
database exchange process. Khi , hai router s thit lp quan h master/slaver. Mi gi tin
m t c s d liu c gi i bi master s cha s tun t nh du gi tin. Slaver s bo
nhn gi tin ny bng cch gi gi tin cha s tun t ny hi p.
Router s c cc trng thi sau khi thit lp quan h lin k adjacency: Down State,
Attempt State, Init State, 2-way State, Exstart State, Exchange State, Loading State, Full
State.
Hnh 3.8 - Cc trng thi thit lp quan h trong OSPF
a. Down State
Router khng nhn c cc thng tin v router cn k.
b. Attempt State
Trng thi ny ch tn ti trong mng NBMA. trng thi ny, router s khng nhn c
cc thng tin t router cn k nhng vn n lc to ra quan h vi router cn k bng cch
nh k gi cc gi tin hello n router cn k. Router R1 gi gi tin hello thng bo rng
cha chn c DR, v khng tm thy router cn k.
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c. Init State
Tin trnh gi gi tin hello mt chiu. R1 gi gi tin hello, R2 nhn c gi tin ny
nhng khng bit c tnh trng bn thn (router ID) nn c t trng thi mt chiu
one-way state.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
1.1.1.1 1 INIT/DROTHER 0:00:39 10.10.3.1 Ethernet0
d. 2-way State
Khi thit lp quan h hai chiu, router s c t trng thi 2-way state. Khi , s bt
u tin trnh thit lp quan h lin k adjacency, cc router ch nh DR/BDR s c chn.
Router R2 gi gi tin hello cho router R1 bo R2 nhn gi tin Hello gi bi R1, Router ID
ca R2 cao hn nn s c chn lm router DR.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Deadtime Address Interface
1.1.1.1 1 2WAY/DROTHER 0:00:36 10.10.3.1 Ethernet0
e. Exstart State
Trng thi ny l s bt u tin trnh ng b ho c s d liu. Master v slave c
chn trong trng thi ny. R1 gi gi tin DBD u tin, R2 cng gi gi tin DBD u tin.
Router R2 c chn lm master v c router ID cao hn.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
1.1.1.1 1 EXSTART/BDR 0:00:32 10.10.3.1 Ethernet0
Lu : R1 l router backup DR.
f. Exchange State
trng thi ny, router m t trng thi c s d liu link-state thng qua gi tin DBD.
Mi gi tin DBD c nh s tun t phn bit. Ti mi thi im ch cho php gi i
mt gi tin DBD. Gi tin Request cng c gi i yu cu cp nht cc gi tin LSA.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
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1.1.1.1 1 EXCHANGE/DR 0:00:30 10.10.3.1 Ethernet0
g. Loading State
trng thi ny, gi tin LS Request c gi i yu cu trng thi mi nht ca LSA.
Router R1 gi gi tin LS Request nhn c trng thi mi nht ca LSA.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
1.1.1.1 1 LOADING/DR 0:00:28 10.10.3.1 Ethernet0
h. Full State
Sau khi nhn c gi tin LS Update, c s d liu ca hai router ng b ho v
router s chuyn sang trng thi Full.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
1.1.1.1 1 FULL/BDR 0:00:26 10.10.3.1 Ethernet0