PPERFORMANCE ERFORMANCE AANALYSIS NALYSIS OF OF SSINGLE INGLE SSTEP TEP

CCOO--FFIRED IRED SSOLID OLID OOXIDE XIDE FFUEL UEL CCELLS ELLS (SOFC (SOFCSS) )
KKYUNG YUNG JJOONG OONG YYOON OON, P , PETER ETER A. Z A. ZINK INK, U , UDAY DAY B. P B. PAL AL, S , SRIKANTH RIKANTH GGOPALAN OPALAN
DDEPARTMENT EPARTMENT OF OF MMECHANICAL ECHANICAL EENGINEERING NGINEERING
DDIVISION IVISION OF OF MMATERIALS ATERIALS SSCIENCE CIENCE AND AND EENGINEERING NGINEERING
BBOSTON OSTON UUNIVERSITY NIVERSITY BBOSTON OSTON UUNIVERSITY NIVERSITY
OOUTLINE UTLINE
Introduction Introduction
Single Step Co Single Step Co- -firing Process Development firing Process Development
Polarization Modeling Polarization Modeling Polarization Modeling Polarization Modeling
Polarization Analysis Polarization Analysis
Fuel Utilization Test Fuel Utilization Test
Ad d C h d I i i Ad d C h d I i i Advanced Cathode Investigation Advanced Cathode Investigation
Summary & Future Work Summary & Future Work
IINTRODUCTION NTRODUCTION
Major Challenges for Commercialization of SOFCs Major Challenges for Commercialization of SOFCs
High Manufacturing Costs High Manufacturing Costs Reduced Cell Performance at Low Operating Reduced Cell Performance at Low Operating
(SOFC System Costs per Unit of Power ($/kW)) (SOFC System Costs per Unit of Power ($/kW)) Temperature Temperature (Interconnects, Sealing, etc.) (Interconnects, Sealing, etc.)
Single Step Co Single Step Co- -Firing Process Firing Process
with Conventional Material System with Conventional Material System
Polarization Modeling Polarization Modeling: Systematic Analysis : Systematic Analysis of of
Cell Performance and Polarization Losses Cell Performance and Polarization Losses
R h G l R h G l Research Goals Research Goals
Manufacture Manufacture SOFCs with the Lowest Manufacturing Costs SOFCs with the Lowest Manufacturing Costs
by by Single Step Co Single Step Co- -Firing of the Entire SOFCs Firing of the Entire SOFCs
Achieve Achieve the Highest Cell Performance and the Highest Cell Performance and Lower Lower Operating Temperature Operating Temperature
by by Optimization of Materials, Microstructures, and Process Parameters Optimization of Materials, Microstructures, and Process Parameters
using Polarization using Polarization Modeling Modeling using Polarization using Polarization Modeling Modeling
Minimize Minimize $/kW $/kW
SSINGLE INGLE SSTEP TEP CCOO--FFIRING IRING PPROCESS ROCESS
Cathode Current Collector Cathode Current Collector: Screen Printing : Screen Printing
CC d d L M O d d L M O (P ) (P )
Cathode Active Layer Cathode Active Layer: Screen Printing : Screen Printing
Ca Ca--doped LaMnO doped LaMnO + YSZ (Fine & Porous) + YSZ (Fine & Porous)
Ca Ca--doped LaMnO doped LaMnO
33
(Porous) (Porous)
Electrolyte Electrolyte: Screen Printing : Screen Printing
YSZ (Dense) YSZ (Dense)
Ca Ca--doped LaMnO doped LaMnO
33
+ YSZ (Fine & Porous) + YSZ (Fine & Porous)
Co Co--Firing in Air Firing in Air
Anode Active Layer Anode Active Layer: Screen Printing : Screen Printing
Ni + YSZ (Fine & Porous) Ni + YSZ (Fine & Porous)
( ) ( )
(1300 (1300--1330 1330
oo
C) C)
Anode Support Anode Support: Tape Casting : Tape Casting
Ni + YSZ (Porous) Ni + YSZ (Porous) Ni + YSZ (Porous) Ni + YSZ (Porous)
PPROCESS ROCESS DDEVELOPMENT EVELOPMENT
Lowered Electrolyte Sintering Temperature Lowered Electrolyte Sintering Temperature
Density of YSZ : Density of YSZ : Without Sintering Aid: ~ 94% Without Sintering Aid: ~ 94%, , With Sintering Aid: ~ 99+% With Sintering Aid: ~ 99+% @1300 @1300
oo
CC
Matched Thermal Expansion Coefficients and Sintering Shrinkages Matched Thermal Expansion Coefficients and Sintering Shrinkages
Developed Refractory Cathode Composition Developed Refractory Cathode Composition
Doped Doped--((La,Ca La,Ca)MnO )MnO
33
Matched Thermal Expansion Coefficients and Sintering Shrinkages Matched Thermal Expansion Coefficients and Sintering Shrinkages
LSM Doped-LCM
Optimized Optimized Thicknesses Thicknesses and and Porosities Porosities of Electrodes of Electrodes
Optimized Optimized Particle Sizes Particle Sizes of Initial Powders of Initial Powders
Evaluated Pore Former Material Evaluated Pore Former Material
pp
Carbon Black Carbon Black
Carbon Black Methyl Cellulose
Employed Employed Cathode Current Collector Cathode Current Collector
Cathode Current Collector
(L C )M O : (La,Ca)MnO
3
50m thick, 50% porous
PPROCESS ROCESS DDEVELOPMENT EVELOPMENT
0.4
0.5
0.6
(
W
/
c
m
2
)
Temperature: 900
o
C
H
2
+3% H
2
O / Air
Cathode Particle Size Optimization Cathode Particle Size Optimization
Cathode Current Collector Cathode Current Collector
Anode Porosity Optimization Anode Porosity Optimization
0.2
0.3
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
Pore Former Material Optimization Pore Former Material Optimization
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.0
0.1
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
Cathode Cathode Current Collector: Current Collector:
LCM 50 LCM 50m thick 50% porous m thick 50% porous
Cathode Active Cathode Active Layer: Layer:
LCM LCM- -YSZ, 30 YSZ, 30m thick, 31% porous m thick, 31% porous
LCM, 50 LCM, 50m thick, 50% porous m thick, 50% porous
Electrolyte: Electrolyte: YSZ, 15 YSZ, 15m thick m thick
Anode Anode Support: Support:
Ni Ni--YSZ, 850 YSZ, 850m thick, 32% porous m thick, 32% porous
BBASELINE ASELINE CCELL ELL: P : POWER OWER DDENSITY ENSITY
Test Condition Test Condition
Temperature: 700~800 Temperature: 700~800
oo
CC
Fuel: 97% H Fuel: 97% H
22
+3% H +3% H
22
OO
0.5
0.6
W
/
c
m
2
)
Max.=0.55 W/cm
2
Fuel: 97% H Fuel: 97% H
22
+3% H +3% H
22
O O
Oxidant: Air Oxidant: Air
0.3
0.4
Max =0 23 W/cm
2
Max.=0.36 W/cm
2
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
0.1
0.2
Max.=0.23 W/cm
P
o
w
e
r

800
o
C
750
o
C
700
o
C
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.0
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
700
o
C
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION MMODEL ODEL: T : THEORY HEORY
conc act i C
i R E E

=
0
F n ( )

F n

) exp(
0
RT
i i
act e

i )
1
exp(-
0
RT
act e

=
Activation Polarization ( Activation Polarization (
act act
)* )* ::
]} 4 ) ( ) [(
1
ln{
2
+ + =
i i RT
t

(=1/2, n
e
=2)
(Anode + Cathode)
i i 2
0 0
F
]} 4 ) ( ) [( ln{
+ +
act

Concentration Polarization ( Concentration Polarization (

conc conc
)** )** :: =
conc

) 1 ln(
4 i
i
F
RT
+ ) 1 ln(
2 i
i
F
RT

) 1 ln(
2
i
o
p
i
2
o
H
p
F
RT
+
(Anode + Cathode)
cs
4 i F
as
as
2
i
2
O H
p F
) 1 ln( ) 1 ln( ) 1 ln( ]} 4 ) ( ) [(
1
ln{
2
2
o
H
i C
i p RT
i
RT i RT i
i
RT
R
i E E
+

+ + + + =
) 1 ln(
2
) 1 ln(
2
) 1 ln(
4
]} 4 ) ( ) [(
2
ln{
2 as
o
O H as cs o o
i o C
i p F
i
F i F i
i
F
R
i E E
Open Circuit
Potential
Ohmic
Polarization
Activation
Polarization
Concentration
Polarization (Anode)
Concentration
Polarization (Cathode)
* * P.W.Li P.W.Li, , M.K.Chyu M.K.Chyu, , J. Heat Transfer J. Heat Transfer, vol.127, 1344 (2005) , vol.127, 1344 (2005)
** ** J .W.Kim J .W.Kim, , A.V.Virkar A.V.Virkar, K , K--Z.Fung Z.Fung, , K.Mehta K.Mehta, , S.C.Singhal S.C.Singhal, , J.Electrochem.Soc J.Electrochem.Soc.146 (1) (1999) 69 .146 (1) (1999) 69
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION MMODELING ODELING: C : CURVE URVE--FFITTING ITTING (E (EXAMPLE XAMPLE))
Fitting Fitting
Parameters Parameters
100% O 100% O
22
21% O 21% O
22
+ +
79% N 79% N
22
8% O 8% O
22
+ +
92% N 92% N
22
Test Condition Test Condition
Temperature: 800 Temperature: 800
oo
CC
Fuel: 97% H Fuel: 97% H
22
+3% H +3% H
22
O (300cc/min): Fixed O (300cc/min): Fixed
Oxidant: 100% 21% 8% O Oxidant: 100% 21% 8% O + N + N (1000cc/min) (1000cc/min)
0.8
1.0
1.2
100% O
2
21% O
2
+ 79% N
2
8% O
2
+ 92% N
2
Curve-fitted
RR
ii
(( cm cm
22
)) 0.082 0.082 0.082 0.082 0.082 0.082
ii
oo
(A/cm (A/cm
22
)) 0.52 0.52 0.28 0.28 0.097 0.097
( / ( /
22
))
Oxidant: 100%, 21%, 8% O Oxidant: 100%, 21%, 8% O
22
+ N + N
22
(1000cc/min) (1000cc/min)
0.4
0.6
Curve fitted
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
ii
as as
(A/cm (A/cm
22
)) 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.77 5.77
ii
cs cs
(A/cm (A/cm
22
)) -- 5.42 5.42 1.77 1.77
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.0
0.2
C t D it (A/
2
)
Assumption: Assumption: ii
cs cs
>> >> ii
as as
and and
conc,c conc,c
<< <<
conc,a conc,a
,,
act act
with 100% O with 100% O
22
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
Anode Limiting Anode Limiting Current Current
a
eff
O H H
o
H
as
R T l
D F p
i
2 2 2
2

=
DD
eff eff
H2 H2- -H2O H2O
= 0.23 cm = 0.23 cm
22
/s /s
Cathode Limiting Cathode Limiting Current Current
c
o
O
eff
N O
o
O
cs
R T l
p
p p
D F`p
i
) (
4
2
2 2 2

=

DD
eff eff
O2 O2--N2 N2
= 0.037 cm = 0.037 cm
22
/s /s
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION MMODELING ODELING: V : VERIFICATION ERIFICATION OF OF AASSUMPTION SSUMPTION
1000 2
)
Various Polarization Losses @800 Various Polarization Losses @800
oo
C with C with
Humidified Hydrogen (3% H Humidified Hydrogen (3% H
22
O) and Air O) and Air
Cathodic Cathodic Limiting Current Density Limiting Current Density
@800 @800
oo
C as a Function of C as a Function of pp
O2 O2
in Oxidant in Oxidant
600
800
t

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
A
/
c
m
Temperature: 800
o
C
0.4
0.5
0.6
n

(
V
)
Temperature: 800
o
C
Fuel: 97% H
2
+3% H
2
O
Oxidant: Air
200
400
L
i
m
i
t
i
n
g

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
0 1
0.2
0.3
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
A
ctivatio
n
P
o
larizatio
n
d
ic
C
o
n
c
e
n
tra
tio
n
P
o
la
riz
a
tio
n
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
C
a
t
h
o
d
i
c

L
p
O2
in oxidant (atm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.0
0.1
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
A
n
o
d
ic
C
o
n
Cathodic Concentration Polarization

conc,c
<<
conc,a
and
act
except at high
current density near i
cs
i
cs
rapidly increases as p
O2
increases and
approaches 100% O
2
Consistent with assumption that Consistent with assumption that
conc,c conc,c
is negligible compared to other polarization is negligible compared to other polarization
losses when oxygen at the cathode nears 100% losses when oxygen at the cathode nears 100%
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION MMODELING ODELING & I & IMPEDANCE MPEDANCE SSPECTROSCOPY PECTROSCOPY
Activation Polarization Resistance at OCV Activation Polarization Resistance at OCV
Anodic Concentration Polarization Resistance at OCV Anodic Concentration Polarization Resistance at OCV
Cathodic Cathodic Concentration Polarization Resistance at OCV Concentration Polarization Resistance at OCV
0.4
100% O
2
21% O
2
+ 79% N
2
-
c
m
2
)
0.6
0.8
Impedance Spectroscopy
Polarization Model
(
O
h
m
-
c
m
2
)
Impedance Spectroscopy @800 Impedance Spectroscopy @800
oo
CC
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.0
0.2
8% O
2
+ 92% N
2
Z
(
I
m
)

(
O
h
m
0.2
0.4
z
a
t
i
o
n

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
Z(Re) (Ohm-cm
2
)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
p
O2
in oxidant (atm)
High Frequency Intercept = High Frequency Intercept = RR

Low Frequency Intercept = Low Frequency Intercept = RR

polar polar
+ + RR

PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION AANALYSIS NALYSIS #1: B #1: BASELINE ASELINE CCELL ELL
1.0
1.2
Ohmic Loss (Electrode)
Ohmic Loss (Electrolyte)
: Anode + Cathode + Contacts : Anode + Cathode + Contacts
0.6
0.8
Activation Polarization
Ohmic Loss (Electrode)
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
: Anode + Cathode + Contacts : Anode + Cathode + Contacts
0.2
0.4
Anodic Concentration Polarization
Cathodic Concentration Polarization
V
o
l
Temperature: 800
o
C
H
2
-3% H
2
O / Air
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.0
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
Dominant Polarization Losses Dominant Polarization Losses
Ohmic Ohmic Loss (Electrode) Loss (Electrode)
A ti ti P l i ti (C th d ) A ti ti P l i ti (C th d ) Activation Polarization (Cathode) Activation Polarization (Cathode)
Concentration Polarization (Anode) Concentration Polarization (Anode)
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION AANALYSIS NALYSIS #2: C #2: CONTACT ONTACT RRESISTANCE ESISTANCE
Cathode Current Collection : Cathode Current Collection : Ag Mesh Ag Mesh vs. vs. Pt Pt Mesh Mesh
1.2
Max.=0.9W/cm
2
Temperature: 800
o
C
H -3%H O / Air
1.0
TT (Ag) = 961 (Ag) = 961
oo
CC
0 6
0.8
1.0
e

(
V
)
Max.=0.55W/cm
2
H
2
-3% H
2
O / Air
0.6
0.8 P
o
w
e
r

D
e
TT
mm
(Ag) = 961 (Ag) = 961
oo
CC
RR
electrode electrode
= 0.067 = 0.067 cm cm
22
0.2
0.4
0.6
Ag Mesh
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
0.2
0.4
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
c
m
2
TT
mm
(Pt) = 1772 (Pt) = 1772
oo
CC
RR
electrode electrode
= 0.156 = 0.156 cm cm
22
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.0
Ag Mesh
Pt Mesh
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
0.0
)
Ag is softer than Pt at operating temperature. Ag is softer than Pt at operating temperature.
Higher Interfacial Contact Area Higher Interfacial Contact Area Lower Lower Ohmic Ohmic Electrode Resistance Electrode Resistance
In SOFC stacks, the effect of the contacts between the electrode and interconnects can be In SOFC stacks, the effect of the contacts between the electrode and interconnects can be
substantial. substantial.
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION AANALYSIS NALYSIS #3: C #3: CATHODE ATHODE MMICROSTRUCTURE ICROSTRUCTURE
1 0
1.2
Temperature: 800
o
C
H
2
-3% H
2
O / Air
Max.=1.4W/cm
2
1.4
1.6
1300 1300
oo
C Sintering C Sintering
Avg. Grain Size = 2.3 Avg. Grain Size = 2.3 mm
Sintering Temperature: Sintering Temperature: 1300 1300
oo
CC vs. vs. 1330 1330
oo
CC
0.6
0.8
1.0
Max.=0.9W/cm
2
g
e

(
V
)
2 2
0.8
1.0
1.2
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
0.2
0.4
1300
o
C Sintering
V
o
l
t
a
g
0.2
0.4
0.6
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
c
m
2
)
1330 1330
oo
C Sintering C Sintering
Avg Grain Size = 3 2 Avg Grain Size = 3 2 mm
ii
oo
= 0.27 A/cm = 0.27 A/cm
22
0 1 2 3 4
0.0
1330
o
C Sintering
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
0.0
Avg. Grain Size = 3.2 Avg. Grain Size = 3.2 mm
ii
oo
= 0.16 A/cm = 0.16 A/cm
22
0.2
0.3
(

c
m
2
)
1300
o
C Sintering
1330
o
C Sintering
Impedance Spectroscopy Impedance Spectroscopy
oo
1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
0.0
0.1
-
I
M
(
Z
)

(
Re(Z) ( cm
2
)
No Significant Change in Anode Microstructure. No Significant Change in Anode Microstructure.
Less Sintering of Cathode Less Sintering of Cathode Low Low Activation Polarization Activation Polarization
PPOLARIZATION OLARIZATION AANALYSIS NALYSIS #4: A #4: ANODE NODE PPOROSITY OROSITY
Pore Former in Anode: Pore Former in Anode: 8 wt% C 8 wt% C vs. vs. 5 wt% C 5 wt% C
1 2

8 wt% Carbon Black 8 wt% Carbon Black
Anode Porosity: 37% Anode Porosity: 37%
0.8
1.0
1.2
Max.= 1.4 W/cm
2
Temperature: 800
o
C
H
2
-3% H
2
O / Air
Max.= 1.5 W/cm
2
1.2
1.4
1.6
P
o
w
0.4
0.6
0.8
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0.6
0.8
1.0
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
5 wt%Carbon Black 5 wt%Carbon Black
ii
as as
= 5.77 A/cm = 5.77 A/cm
22
DD
eff eff
H2 H2--H2O H2O
= 0.23 cm = 0.23 cm
22
ss
--11
0.0
0.2
0.4
8 wt% Carbon Black
5 wt% Carbon Black
V
0.0
0.2
0.4
W
/
c
m
2
)
5 wt% Carbon Black 5 wt% Carbon Black
Anode Porosity: 32% Anode Porosity: 32%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
ii
as as
= 4.97 A/cm = 4.97 A/cm
22
DD
eff eff
H2 H2--H2O H2O
= 0.19 cm = 0.19 cm
22
ss
--11
Increased Anode Porosity Increased Anode Porosity
Low Low Anode Concentration Polarization Anode Concentration Polarization
CCELL ELL PPERFORMANCE ERFORMANCE IIMPROVEMENT MPROVEMENT CCHART HART
1.6
m
2
)
Temperature: 800
o
C
1.5 W/cm 1.5 W/cm
22
1.2
1.4
i
t
y

(
W
/
c
m
Temperature: 800 C
97% H
2
+3% H
2
O - Air
Comparable to the State Comparable to the State--of of- -
the the--Art Cells Fabricated with Art Cells Fabricated with
Multiple Firing Steps Multiple Firing Steps
0.8
1.0
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
p g p p g p
0.4
0.6
m
u
m

P
o
w
11/4/0511/30 12/231/30/06 2/15 4/10 4/27 5/3 5/8 6/15 6/19 6/29 7/14 7/20 9/28
0.0
0.2
M
a
x
i
m
Date
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : B : BACKGROUND ACKGROUND
Fuel Utilization Fuel Utilization
U =
Molarflowrateofreactantsconsumedinacell
consumed
N
&
=
t
U =
Molarflowrateofreactantssuppliedintothecell
in
N
&
=
Fuel Fuel utilization increases along utilization increases along the flow path over the electrode surface. the flow path over the electrode surface. Fuel Fuel utilization increases along utilization increases along the flow path over the electrode surface. the flow path over the electrode surface.
Fuels are consumed and products are formed along the flow path. Fuels are consumed and products are formed along the flow path.
Cell Cell Performance Performance Loss Loss near near Exit Exit (High (High Fuel Utilization) Fuel Utilization) Cell Cell Performance Performance Loss Loss near near Exit Exit (High (High Fuel Utilization) Fuel Utilization)
Loss of Nernst Loss of Nernst Potential Potential
Anodic Activation Polarization Anodic Activation Polarization
Anodic Concentration Anodic Concentration Polarization Polarization
Simulate the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell Simulate the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell performance performance Simulate the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell Simulate the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell performance performance
by by increasing H increasing H
22
O content in fuel O content in fuel
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : E : EFFECT FFECT OF OF AANODE NODE AACTIVE CTIVE LLAYER AYER
1.4
Temperature: 800
o
C
1.4
Temperature: 800
o
C
With Anode Active Layer With Anode Active Layer Without Anode Active Layer Without Anode Active Layer
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
c
m
2
)
H
2
-3% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-30% H
2
O / Air
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
c
m
2
)
H
2
-3% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-30% H
2
O / Air
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
H
2
-40% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-50% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-60% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-70% H
2
O / Air
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
H
2
-40% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-50% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-60% H
2
O / Air
H
2
-70% H
2
O / Air
Fuel Fuel
Compositions Compositions
Max. Power Density Max. Power Density
(W/cm (W/cm
22
))
With With Without Without
Current Density (A/cm
2
) Current Density (A/cm
2
)
Anode Active Layer Anode Active Layer
Porosity = 26% Porosity = 26%
pp
With With
AAL AAL
Without Without
AAL AAL
HH
22
3% H 3% H
22
OO 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.40
HH
22
30% H 30% H
22
OO 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.25
Anode Active Layer Anode Active Layer
Anode Support Anode Support
Avg. Grain Size = 1.3 Avg. Grain Size = 1.3 mm
Avg. Pore Size = 0.7 Avg. Pore Size = 0.7 mm
Porosity = 37% Porosity = 37%
HH
22
50% H 50% H
22
OO 1.17 1.17 0.91 0.91
HH
22
70% H 70% H
22
OO 0.84 0.84 0.45 0.45
Anode Support Anode Support
Avg. Grain Size = 4.3 Avg. Grain Size = 4.3 mm
Avg. Pore Size = 2.6 Avg. Pore Size = 2.6 mm
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : P : POLARIZATION OLARIZATION MMODELING ODELING
R
i
, D
eff
O2-N2
: Independent of Fuel Composition
D
eff
H2-H2O
: Independent of H
2
/H
2
O ratio (Kinetic Theory of Gases)*
1.2
97% H
2
-3% H
2
O
70% H
2
-30% H
2
O
60%H -40%H O
1.2
97% H
2
-3% H
2
O
70% H
2
-30% H
2
O
60% H
2
-40% H
2
O
Fuel Fuel
Compositions Compositions
Exchange Current Exchange Current
Density (A/cm Density (A/cm
22
))
With With
AAL AAL
Without Without
AAL AAL
Without Anode Active Layer Without Anode Active Layer With Anode Active Layer With Anode Active Layer
0.6
0.8
1.0
60% H
2
-40% H
2
O
50% H
2
-50% H
2
O
40% H
2
-60% H
2
O
30% H
2
-70% H
2
O
---- Curve-fitted
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0.6
0.8
1.0
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
2 2
50% H
2
-50% H
2
O
40% H
2
-60% H
2
O
30% H
2
-70% H
2
O
---- Curve-fitted
HH
22
3% H 3% H
22
OO 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98
HH
22
30% H 30% H
22
OO 0.84 0.84 0.78 0.78
HH
22
40% H 40% H
22
OO 0.82 0.82 0.70 0.70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
V
o
l
t
Temperature: 800
o
C
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
Temperature: 800
o
C
V
o
l
HH
22
40% H 40% H
22
OO 0.82 0.82 0.70 0.70
HH
22
50% H 50% H
22
OO 0.79 0.79 0.57 0.57
HH
22
60% H 60% H
22
OO 0.75 0.75 0.43 0.43
*R.ByronBird,WarrenE.Stewart,EdwinN.Lightfoot,TransportPhenomena,JohnWiley&Sons(1960)
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
HH
22
70% H 70% H
22
OO 0.53 0.53 0.22 0.22
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : P : PERFORMANCE ERFORMANCE AANALYSIS NALYSIS
Activation Polarization: Activation Polarization:
At At Low Fuel Utilization Low Fuel Utilization (H (H
22
--3% H 3% H
22
O) O)
Dominated by Dominated by Cathode Cathode Dominated by Dominated by Cathode Cathode
(No Difference in (No Difference in Cell Performance Cell Performance and and Exchange Current Density Exchange Current Density due due
to Anode Active Layer at Low Fuel Utilization) to Anode Active Layer at Low Fuel Utilization)
At At High Fuel Utilization High Fuel Utilization
Anodic Activation Polarization Increases Anodic Activation Polarization Increases
Cathodic Cathodic Activation Polarization: Independent of Fuel Composition Activation Polarization: Independent of Fuel Composition
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : P : PERFORMANCE ERFORMANCE AANALYSIS NALYSIS
Anodic Activation Polarization: Anodic Activation Polarization:
Fuel Fuel
Anodic Exchange Anodic Exchange
Current Density Current Density
(A/cm (A/cm
22
))
With Anode Active Layer With Anode Active Layer
0.20
30% H
2
-70% H
2
O
40% H
2
-60% H
2
O
V
)0.20
V
)
30% H
2
-70% H
2
O
40% H
2
-60% H
2
O
Without Anode Active Layer Without Anode Active Layer
Fuel Fuel
Compositions Compositions
(A/cm (A/cm
22
))
With With
AAL AAL
Without Without
AAL AAL
HH
22
30% H 30% H
22
OO 26.73 26.73 4.18 4.18
0.10
0.15
2 2
50% H
2
-50% H
2
O
60% H
2
-40% H
2
O
70% H
2
-30% H
2
O
---- Curve-fitted
i
o
n

P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

(
V
0.10
0.15
i
o
n

P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

(
V
50% H
2
-50% H
2
O
60% H
2
-40% H
2
O
70% H
2
-30% H
2
O
---- Curve-fitted
HH
22
40% H 40% H
22
OO 15.68 15.68 2.70 2.70
HH
22
50% H 50% H
22
OO 9.47 9.47 1.53 1.53
0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0
0.00
0.05
A
n
o
d
i
c

A
c
t
i
v
a
t
0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0
0.00
0.05
A
n
o
d
i
c

A
c
t
i
v
a
t
HH
22
60% H 60% H
22
OO 6.02 6.02 0.88 0.88
HH
22
70% H 70% H
22
OO 1.55 1.55 0.34 0.34
Cathodic Cathodic 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Current Density (A/cm
2
)
Cathodic Cathodic
Exchange Exchange
Current Current
Density Density
(A/cm (A/cm
22
))
0.87 0.98
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : P : PERFORMANCE ERFORMANCE AANALYSIS NALYSIS
Anodic Concentration Polarization: Anodic Concentration Polarization:
Determined by Determined by Local H Local H HH O Equilibrium O Equilibrium:: Determined by Determined by Local H Local H
22
--HH
22
O Equilibrium O Equilibrium::
Calculation of Calculation of pp
i,a i,a
O2 O2
In Steady State, In Steady State,
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : P : PERFORMANCE ERFORMANCE AANALYSIS NALYSIS
Anodic Concentration Polarization: Anodic Concentration Polarization:
t
i
o
n

(
V
)
0.4
Temperature=800
o
C
D
eff
H2-H2O
=0.27cm
2
/s
i =4.0 A/cm
2
o
n

P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
0.3
H2-H2O
/
l
a
=850m
i =3.0 A/cm
2
i = 2 0 A/cm
2
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
0.1
0.2
i =1.0 A/cm
2

i =2.0 A/cm
( )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
A
n
o
d
i
c

C
0.0
i =0.1A/cm
2

AAnodic concentration polarization is low when the fuel is nodic concentration polarization is low when the fuel is in the intermediate H in the intermediate H
22
O O
partial pressure region. partial pressure region.
p
H2O
(atm)
Anode active layer had no significant effect on anodic concentration polarization. Anode active layer had no significant effect on anodic concentration polarization.
FFUEL UEL UUTILIZATION TILIZATION TTEST EST : P : POLARIZATION OLARIZATION AANALYSIS NALYSIS
Anodic Electrode Polarization Loss: Anodic Electrode Polarization Loss:
With Anode Active Layer With Anode Active Layer Without Anode Active Layer Without Anode Active Layer
0 25
0.30
0.35
0.40
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

(
V
) Activation+Concentration
Activation
Temperature: 800
o
C
Current Density: 1.5A/cm
2
0 25
0.30
0.35
0.40
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

(
V
) Activation+Concentration
Activation
Temperature: 800
o
C
Current Density: 1.5A/cm
2
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
c

E
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e

P
o
l
Anodic Activation
Polarization
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
c

E
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e

P
o
l
Anodic Activation
Polarization
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.00
0.05
Anodic Concentration
Polarization A
n
o
d
i
c
p
o
H2O
in Fuel (atm)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.00
0.05
Anodic Concentration
Polarization A
n
o
d
i
c
p
o
H2O
in Fuel (atm)
Activation Polarization: Dominant Loss at High Fuel Utilization Activation Polarization: Dominant Loss at High Fuel Utilization
Significantly Reduced by Significantly Reduced by Anode Active Layer Anode Active Layer
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : B : BACKGROUND ACKGROUND
Cathode Polarization Loss : Major Difficulty in Lowering the Operating Temperature Cathode Polarization Loss : Major Difficulty in Lowering the Operating Temperature
A site A site--doped Lanthanum Cobaltite doped Lanthanum Cobaltite
High Catalytic Activity and Mixed Electronic High Catalytic Activity and Mixed Electronic- -Ionic Conductivity Ionic Conductivity
High Thermal Expansion Coefficient High Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Solid State Reaction with YSZ at Low Temperature Solid State Reaction with YSZ at Low Temperature
A site A site--doped Lanthanum Ferrite doped Lanthanum Ferrite
High Catalytic Activity and Mixed Electronic High Catalytic Activity and Mixed Electronic- -Ionic Conductivity Ionic Conductivity
Adj t bl Th l E i Adj t bl Th l E i Adjustable Thermal Expansion Adjustable Thermal Expansion
No Solid State Reaction with YSZ up to 1400 No Solid State Reaction with YSZ up to 1400
oo
CC
Diffusion of Zr Diffusion of Zr
4+ 4+
into Lanthanum Ferrite : Doped Ceria Interlayer into Lanthanum Ferrite : Doped Ceria Interlayer
Calcium Calcium--doped Lanthanum Ferrite doped Lanthanum Ferrite
Defect Model Defect Model
Thermogravimetry Thermogravimetry Measurements Measurements
pp
O2 O2
-- Weight Relationship Weight Relationship
Equilibrium Defect Concentration Equilibrium Defect Concentration g y g y
Electrical Conductivity Measurements Electrical Conductivity Measurements Hole Mobility Hole Mobility
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : P : POINT OINT DDEFECT EFECT MMODEL ODEL
Point Defect Model for Point Defect Model for (La (La
0.8 0.8
Ca Ca
0.2 0.2
))
0.95 0.95
FeO FeO
33--
A-site B-site O-site
0
0
x
v
0

La
La
x

Ca
La
'

Fe
Fe
x
Fe
Fe

Fe
Fe
'
0 0
= 0.2 = 0.20.95 0.95
v
0
Oxygen Incorporation Reaction Oxygen Incorporation Reaction
v
La
'''

Fe
v
Fe
'''
0 0
0 0
= 0.05 = 0.05
Ch Ch Di ti ti Di ti ti R ti R ti Charge Charge Disproportionation Disproportionation Reaction Reaction
Schottky Schottky Equilibrium Reaction Equilibrium Reaction
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : P : POINT OINT DDEFECT EFECT MMODEL ODEL
Charge Neutrality Condition Charge Neutrality Condition
2|v
0

] +|Fe
Fe

] = |Ca
La
'
] + S|v
La
'''
] |Fe
Fe

] = |Ca
La
'] + S|v
La
'''] - 2|v
0

]
= 0.2 = 0.2 0.95 0.95 = 0.05 = 0.05
AA--site Restriction site Restriction
BB it R t i ti it R t i ti
|La
La
x
] + |Ca
La
'
] + |v
La
'''
] = 1
BB--site Restriction site Restriction
OO- -site Restriction site Restriction
|Fe
Fe
x
] + |Fe
Fe

] = 1 |Fe
Fe
x
] = 1 -|Fe
Fe

] = 1 -|Ca
La
'
] - S|v
La
'''
] +2|v
0

]
= 0.2 = 0.20.95 0.95 = 0.05 = 0.05
|0
0
x
] = S - |v
0

] |0
0
x
] +|v
0

] = S
Mass Action Coefficient for Oxygen Exchange Reaction Mass Action Coefficient for Oxygen Exchange Reaction
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : P : POINT OINT DDEFECT EFECT MMODEL ODEL
Relationship between p
O2
and Weight of (La
0.8
Ca
0.2
)
0.95
FeO
3-
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : : T THERMOGRAVIMETRY HERMOGRAVIMETRY
106.3
900
o
C 850
o
C 800
o
C 750
o
C 700
o
C 650
o
C 600
o
C 550
o
C
1.0
850
o
C
800
o
C
Thermogravimetry Thermogravimetry Measurements Measurements
106.2
h
t

(

g
)
0.6
0.8
800 C
750
o
C
700
o
C
650
o
C
600
o
C
550
o
C
C Fitt d
m
)
106.0
106.1
W
e
i
g
h
p
O2
=1
p
O2
=0.21
p
O2
=0.05
0.2
0.4
----- Curve-Fitted
p
O
2

(
a
t
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (min)
p
O2
=0.001
0.1060 0.1061 0.1062 0.1063
0.0
Weight (g)
nn = 0.00049 mol = 0.00049 mol
Temperature Temperature 850 850
oo
CC 800 800
oo
CC 750 750
oo
CC 700 700
oo
CC 650 650
oo
CC 600 600
oo
CC 550 550
oo
CC
KK
ox ox
186 186 235 235 317 317 376 376 504 504 630 630 813 813
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : D : DEFECT EFECT EEQUILIBRIUM QUILIBRIUM
0.30
0.35
550
o
C
6 5
7.0
---- Linear Fit
Equilibrium Defect Concentration Equilibrium Defect Concentration ln ln((KK
ox ox
) vs. 1/T ) vs. 1/T
0.20
0.25
0.30
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
550 C
650
o
C
750
o
C
850
o
C
[Fe
Fe
]
.
5.5
6.0
6.5
K
o
x
)
Slope = -H
o
ox
/R
0.05
0.10
0.15
. .
D
e
f
e
c
t

C
o
n
650
o
C
750
o
C
850
o
C
650
o
C
750
o
C
850
o
C
[V
O
]
4.5
5.0
l
n
(
K
-3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0
0.00
log(p
O2
(atm))
550
o
C
650 C
550
o
C
650 C
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
4.0
1000/T (K
-1
)
High High pp
O2 O2
range range
[V [V
oo

]: low ]: low
Charge neutrality is maintained by hole formation. Charge neutrality is maintained by hole formation.
LL HH 37 5 kJ l 37 5 kJ l
11
Low Low pp
O2 O2
range range
[V [V
oo

]: high ]: high
Hole concentration decreases. Hole concentration decreases.
HH
oo
ox ox
= = - -37.5 kJ mol 37.5 kJ mol
--11
SS
oo
ox ox
= 10.6 J mol = 10.6 J mol
--11
KK
--11
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : E : ELECTRICAL LECTRICAL CCONDUCTIVITY ONDUCTIVITY
Electrical Conductivity Measurements Electrical Conductivity Measurements
140
0.6
Conductivity vs. Temperature Conductivity vs. Temperature Mobility vs. Temperature Mobility vs. Temperature
80
100
120
v
i
t
y

(
S
/
c
m
)
0.3
0.4
0.5
y

(
c
m
2
V
-
1
s
-
1
)
0
20
40
60
p
O2
=1 atm
p
O2
=0.21 atm
p
O2
=0.05 atm
p
O2
=0.001 atm
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
p
O2
=1 atm
p
O2
=0.21 atm
p
O2
=0.05 atm
p
O2
=0.001 atm
H
o
l
e

M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
550 600 650 700 750 800 850
0
Temperature (
o
C)
550 600 650 700 750 800 850
0.0
Temperature (
o
C)
pp
O2 O2

ee
: : pp--type conductor type conductor
Low Temperature: Low Temperature: Thermally Activated Behavior Thermally Activated Behavior
pp
O2 O2
, T , T [V [V
OO

]]
Hopping Conduction Via Hopping Conduction Via Fe Fe
4+ 4+
--OO--Fe Fe
3+ 3+
Chain Chain
pp yy
(Small (Small Polaron Polaron Hopping) Hopping)
High Temperature: High Temperature: Decrease in Hole Concentration Decrease in Hole Concentration
Hopping Conduction Via Hopping Conduction Via Fe Fe --OO--Fe Fe Chain Chain
VV
OO

: : Scattering Centers Scattering Centers or or Random Traps Random Traps
for Electrons for Electrons
AADVANCED DVANCED CCATHODE ATHODE IINVESTIGATION NVESTIGATION : C : CONDUCTION ONDUCTION MMECHANISM ECHANISM
Adiabatic Small Adiabatic Small Polaron Polaron Hopping Hopping Non Non- -adiabatic Small adiabatic Small Polaron Polaron Hopping Hopping
9.6
9.8
10.0
6.2
6.4
9.0
9.2
9.4
p
O2
=1 atm
p
O2
=0.21 atm
p
O2
=0.05 atm n
(

p
T
3
/
2
/
(
1
-
[
F
e
F
e
]
)
)
.
.
5.6
5.8
6.0
p
O2
=1 atm
p
O2
=0.21 atm
p =0 05 atm
l
n
(

p
T
/
(
1
-
[
F
e
F
e
]
)
)
.
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
8.6
8.8
p
O2
p
O2
=0.001 atm
---- Linear Fit
l
1000/T (K
-1
)
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
5.2
5.4
p
O2
=0.05 atm
p
O2
=0.001 atm
---- Linear Fit
1000/T (K
-1
)
pp
O2 O2
((atm atm))
Adiabatic Case Adiabatic Case Non Non- -adiabatic Case adiabatic Case
Activation Energy ( Activation Energy (eV eV)) RR
22
Activation Energy ( Activation Energy (eV eV)) RR
22
11 0.108 0.108 0.99353 0.99353 0.149 0.149 0.99788 0.99788
0.21 0.21 0.111 0.111 0.99344 0.99344 0.152 0.152 0.99776 0.99776
0.05 0.05 0.195 0.195 0.99423 0.99423 0.235 0.235 0.99673 0.99673
0.001 0.001 0.272 0.272 0.98927 0.98927 0.310 0.310 0.99801 0.99801
SSUMMARY UMMARY
Successfully developed single Successfully developed single- -step un step un- -constrained co constrained co- -firing of the solid oxide firing of the solid oxide
fuel cell @ 1300 fuel cell @ 1300
oo
C. C.
Modeled cell performance. Modeled cell performance.
Achieved maximum power density of 1.50 W/cm Achieved maximum power density of 1.50 W/cm
22
at 800 at 800
oo
C and 0.87 W/cm C and 0.87 W/cm
22
at at
700 700
oo
C with humidified hydrogen (3% H C with humidified hydrogen (3% H
22
O) and air. O) and air.
Simulated the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell performance. Simulated the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell performance. Simulated the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell performance. Simulated the effect of practical fuel utilization on single cell performance.
Improved cell performance at high fuel utilization by employing anode active Improved cell performance at high fuel utilization by employing anode active
layer. layer.
Investigated defect chemistry and electrical conduction mechanism of novel Investigated defect chemistry and electrical conduction mechanism of novel Investigated defect chemistry and electrical conduction mechanism of novel Investigated defect chemistry and electrical conduction mechanism of novel
cathode material (calcium cathode material (calcium--doped lanthanum ferrite). doped lanthanum ferrite).
FFUTURE UTURE WWORK ORK
Employ advanced cathode material in co Employ advanced cathode material in co--firing process. firing process.
Analyze performance at low operating temperature (600 Analyze performance at low operating temperature (600- -700 700
oo
C). C).
PPUBLICATION UBLICATION LLIST IST
Journal Papers
1. Kyung Joong Yoon, Wenhua Huang, Guosheng Ye, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Donald A. Seccombe, Jr., Electrochemical Performance
of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Manufactured by Single Step Co-firing Process, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154 (4) B389 (2007).
2. Kyung Joong Yoon, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Effect of Fuel Composition on Performance of Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells (SOFCs), Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154 (10) B1080 (2007).
3. Kyung Joong Yoon, Peter Zink, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Polarization Measurements on Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
(SOFCs), Journal of Power Sources, 172 (1) 39 (2007).
4. Kyung Joong Yoon, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Effect of Anode Active Layer on Performance of Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells (SOFCs) at High Fuel Utilizations, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155(6) B610 (2008).
5. Kyung Joong Yoon, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Analysis of Electrochemical Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Using
Polarization Modeling and Impedance Measurements, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156 (3) B311 (2008).
6. Kyung Joong Yoon, Guosheng Ye, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Cost-effective Single Step Co-firing Technique for Manufacturing Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) using High Shear Compaction (HSC) Anode, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Accepted (2008).
7. Soobhankar Pati, Kyung Joong Yoon, Uday B. Pal, Solid Oxide Electrolyte Electrolyzer with Liquid Metal Anode for Production of Hydrogen
and Syn-Gas fromWaste and Steam, submitted (2009). y , ( )
8. Kyung Joong Yoon, Peter Zink, Larry Pederson, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Defect Chemistry and Electrical Properties of
(La
0.8
Ca
0.2
)
0.95
FeO
3-
, in preparation (2009).
Conference Proceedings
1. Kyung Joong Yoon, Peter Zink, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Polarization Analysis in Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
(SOFCs), Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings of the Fall 2006 Meeting, Vol. 972, AA 10-02 (2007). (SOFCs), Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings of the Fall 2006 Meeting, Vol. 972, AA 10 02 (2007).
2. Peter A. Zink, Kyung Joong Yoon, Wenhua Huang, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Donald A. Seccombe, Jr., Refractory Cathode
Investigation for Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings of the Fall 2006
Meeting, Vol. 972, AA 03-12 (2007).
3. Kyung Joong Yoon, Peter Zink, Uday B. Pal, Srikanth Gopalan, High Performance Low Cost Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), ECS
Transactions, Vol. 7 (1) 579 (2007).
4 Kyung Joong Yoon Srikanth Gopalan Uday B Pal Anode Polarization Effects in Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) ECS 4. Kyung Joong Yoon, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Anode Polarization Effects in Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), ECS
Transactions, Vol. 7 (1) 565 (2007).
5. Peter Zink, Kyung Joong Yoon, Wenhua Huang, Uday B. Pal, Srikanth Gopalan, Refractory Cathode Investigation for Single Step Co-fired
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), ECS Transactions, Vol. 7 (1) 399 (2007).
6. Kyung Joong Yoon, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Effect of Anode Active Layer on Performance of Single Step Co-fired Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells (SOFCs), ECS Transactions, Vol. 13 (26) 249 (2008).
7 Kyung Joong Yoon Srikanth Gopalan Uday B Pal Electrochemical Performance of Single Step Co Fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 7. Kyung Joong Yoon, Srikanth Gopalan, Uday B. Pal, Electrochemical Performance of Single Step Co-Fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
Analyzed Using Polarization Modeling and Impedance Spectroscopy, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings of the Fall 2008
Meeting, Vol. 1126, S10-02 (2008).
8. Peter A. Zink, Kyung Joong Yoon, Uday B. Pal, Srikanth Gopalan, Electrical Performance of Calcium-doped Lanthanum Ferrite for Use in
Single Step Co-Fired Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings of the Fall 2008 Meeting, Vol. 1126,
S11-02 (2008).
Thankyou! Thankyou!