A Set is a well-defined group of objects,

called elements that share common

characteristics.
The set F is a subset of set A if all elements
of F are also elements of A. For example,
the even numbers 2, 4 and 12 all belong to
the set of whole numbers. Therfore, the
even numbers 2, 4 and 12 form a subset of
the whole numbers. F is a proper subset of
A if F does not contain all elements of A.
The universal set U is the set that
contains all objects under
consideration.
The null set is an empty set. The null set
is a subset of any set.
The cardinality of a set A is the number is
the number of elements in A.
Notations and Symbols
In this section, you will learn some of the notations and symbols pertaining to sets.

1. Uppercase letters will be used to name to name sets and and and loercase letters will be used to refer to
any element of a set. For example, let H be the set of all objects that cover or protect the head. We write
H = {ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat}
This is the rooster method of naming the elements of a set.
Another way of writing the elements of a set is with the use of descriptor. This the rule method. For example,
H={xI covers and protects the head}. This is read as " the set H contains the element x such that x covers and
protects the head."

2. The symbol or { } will be used to refer to an empty set.

3. The cardinality of a set A is written as n(A).

Equality
Two sets are equal if they have precisely the same
members. Now, at first glance they may not seem equal, so
we may have to examine them closely!
Example: Are A and B equal where:
A is the set whose members are the first four positive
whole numbers
B = {4, 2, 1, 3}
Let's check. They both contain 1. They both contain 2. And
3, And 4. And we have checked every element of both sets,
so: Yes, they are equal!
And the equals sign (=) is used to show equality, so we
write:
A = B
Order
No, not the order of the elements. In sets it does not matter
what order the elements are in.
Example: {1,2,3,4) is the same set as {3,1,4,2}
When we say "order" in sets we mean the size of the set.
Just as there are finite and infinite sets, each has finite and
infinite order.
For finite sets, we represent the order by a number, the
number of elements.
Example, {10, 20, 30, 40} has an order of 4.
For infinite sets, all we can say is that the order is infinite.
Oddly enough, we can say with sets that some infinities
are larger than others, but this is a more advanced topic
in sets.
Area of a Plane Shape
Area is the size of the surface.
Triangle Square

h a


b
Area = b h Area = a
2

b = base a = length of side
h = vertical height
Rectangle Parallelogram

h h

w b
Area = w h Area = b h
w = width b = base
h = height h = vertical height
Trapezoid (US)/Trapezium (UK Circle
b


h

a
Area = (a+b) h Area = r
2

Circumference = 2 r
r = radius

r
Ellipse Sector





r
Area = ab
Area = r
2

r = radius
= angle in radians












a
b