Research in EdMath 2

Perimeter
Area (Area Surface & Area Lateral)
Volume

By:Rhalna May Buaya

 Research in EdMath 2
Plane and Solid Geometry

Perimeter
Area (Area Surface & Area Lateral)
Volume

Submitted to:
Conrado B. Panerio Jr.

Submitted by:
Hanie G.Caballes

January 11,2017
Perimeter

Perimeter is the distance around a two-dimensional shape.

Example: the perimeter of this rectangle is 7+3+7+3 = 20

Example: the perimeter of this regular pentagon is 3+3+3+3+3 = 5×3 = 15

The perimeter of acircle is called the circumference:

Circumference = 2π × radius

Perimeter Formulas

Triangle
Perimeter = a + b + c
 Square
Perimeter = 4 × a
a = length of side

Rectangle
Perimeter = 2 × (w + h)
w = width
h = height

Quadrilateral
Perimeter = a + b + c + d

Circle
Circumference = 2πr
r = radius

Sector
Perimeter = r(θ+2)
r = radius
θ = angle in radians

Ellipse
Perimeter = very hard!

The perimeter of a polygonis the distance around the outside of the polygon. A polygon is 2-
dimensional; however, perimeter is 1-dimensional and is measured in linear units. To help us
make this distinction, look at our picture of a rectangular backyard. The yard is 2-
dimensional: it has a length and a width. The amount of fence needed to enclose the backyard
(perimeter) is 1-dimensional. The perimeter of this yard is the distance around the outside of
the yard, indicated by the red arrow; It is measured in linear units such as feet or meters.
Example 1: Find the perimeter of atriangle with sides measuring 5 centimeters, 9
centimeters and 11 centimeters.
Solution: P = 5 cm + 9 cm + 11 cm = 25 cm
Example 2: A rectangle has a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3 centimeters. Find
the perimeter.

Solution 1: P = 8 cm + 8cm + 3 cm + 3 cm = 22 cm
Solution 2:
Example 3: Find the perimeter of a square with each side measuring 2 inches.
Solution: = 2 in + 2 in + 2 in + 2 in = 8 in
Example 4: Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle with each side measuring 4
centimeters.
Solution: = 4 cm + 4 cm + 4 cm = 12 cm
Example 3: Find the perimeter of a square with each side measuring 2 inches.
Solution: This regular polygon has 4 sides, each with a length of 2 inches. Thus we get:

Example 4: Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle with each side measuring 4
centimeters.
Solution: This regular polygon has 3 sides, each with a length of 4 centimeters. Thus we
get:

Example 5: Find the perimeter of aregular pentagon with each side measuring 3 inches.
Solution: = 5(3 in) = 15 in
Example 6: The perimeter of a regular hexagon is 18 centimeters. How long is one side?
Solution: = 18 cm
Let represent the length of one side. A regular hexagon has 6 sides, so we
can divide the perimeter by 6 to get the length of one side ( ).

To find the perimeter of a polygon, take the sum of the length of each side. The formula for
perimeter of a rectangle is: . To find the perimeter of a regular polygon,
multiply the number of sides by the length of one side

Area of Plane Shapes

Area is the size of a surface!

Triangle
Area = ½ × b
Square
×h
Area = a2
b = base
a = length of side
h = vertical
height

Rectangle Parallelogram
Area = w × h Area = b × h
w = width b = base
h = height h = vertical height
 Trapezoid
(US)
Trapezium Circle
(UK) Area = π × r2
Area = Circumference = 2 × π × r
½(a+b) × h r = radius
h = vertical
height

Sector
Ellipse Area = ½ × r2 × θ
Area = πab r = radius
θ = angle in radians

Note: h is at right angles to

b:

Example: What is the area of this rectangle?

The formula is:

Area = w × h
w = width
h = height

We know w = 5 and h = 3, so:

Area = 5 × 3 = 15
Example: What is the area of this circle?

Radius = r = 3

Area = π × r2

= π × 32

= π × (3 × 3)

= 3.14159... × 9

= 28.27 (to 2 decimal places)

Example: What is the area of this triangle?

Height = h = 12

Base = b = 20

Area = ½ × b × h = ½ × 20 × 12 = 120
A harder example:

Example: Sam cuts grass at $0.10 per square meter

How much does Sam earn cutting this area:

Let's break the area into two parts:

Part A is a square:

Area of A = a2 = 20m × 20m = 400m2

Part B is a triangle. Viewed sideways it has a base of 20m and a height of 14m.

Area of B = ½b × h = ½ × 20m × 14m = 140m2

So the total area is:

Area = Area of A + Area of B = 400m2 + 140m2 = 540m2

Sam earns $0.10 per square meter

Sam earns = $0.10 × 540m2 = $54

Lateral Area

The area of all the lateral sides of a three-dimensional object is termed as lateral area or
lateral surface area. The lateral area of a solid is defined to be the sum of the surface areas
of all its faces excluding the area of the base. In other words, lateral area is the area of the
sides without the top and bottom. In lateral surface area, the areas on top and the bottom is
not included. Lateral area is measured in terms of square units. In this page, we are going to
focus on the lateral area of solids. Go ahead with us learn about lateral areas of different 3D
shapes and figures.

Lateral Area Definition

Lateral area can be found for any solid object around its outer area. The lateral area of a solid
is equal to the sum of the area of the faces.

Lateral Area of a Cylinder

Lateral Area of a Cylinder Formula

The lateral area of a right cylinder with altitude, h, and circumference, 2π r, of the base is
given by:

Lateral surface area of the cylinder (LSA) = 2 π r h square unit

r - Radius

h - Height of the cylinder

Total Surface Area of a Right Cylinder

The surface area of a cylinder is the sum of the lateral area and area of the two bases.

Surface area = Lateral Area + 2(Base area)

= 2π

r h + 2π r2

= 2π
r(r + h)

Total surface area of a cylinder = 2π

r(r + h) sq. units

Where, r - Radius

h - Height of the cylinder

Lateral Area of a Cone

Lateral Area of a Cone Formula

Lateral Area of a Cone Formula (L.S.A) = π r s square unit

r - Radius

s - Slant height of a cone

Lateral Area of a Pyramid

A pyramid is a polyhedron in which one face is a polygon and the other faces are triangles
with a common vertex. An altitude is the perpendicular segment drawn from the vertex to the
base of the pyramid.

Lateral Area of a Pyramid Formula

The lateral area of a pyramid can be calculated by multiplying half of the perimeter of the
base by the slant height.
Lateral area of a regular pyramid = 12 Ps sq.units

P - Perimeter of the base

s - Slant height (length of the altitude of a lateral face of the pyramid)

Lateral Area of a Square Pyramid

A pyramid with square base is called as square pyramid.

If 'a' be the side of a square, then perimeter of the base = 4a and

Lateral area = 12 * 4a * s = 2as.

Lateral area of a square pyramid = 2as square units

where, a - base side length

s - slant height of the square pyramid

Lateral Area of a Triangular Pyramid

A pyramid with triangular base is called as triangular pyramid. If triangular pyramid is

regular with base side length 'a', then perimeter of the base is 3a and

Lateral area = 12 * 3a * s = 32 * a * s

Lateral area of a regular triangular pyramid = 32a s sq.units

where, a - base side length and s - slant height.

Lateral Area of a Pentagonal Pyramid

A pyramid with pentagonal bases is a pentagonal prism. If a, b, c, d, e are the sides of the
pentagonal base then its perimeter is a + b + c + d + e.

Lateral area formula = 12Ps = 12 (a + b + c + d + e)s

Lateral area of a pentagonal pyramid formula = 12 (a + b + c + d + e)s square units

where, a, b, c, d, e are the sides of an pentagon and s - slant height of the pyramid.

Lateral Area of a Prism

The lateral area of any prism is equal to the perimeter of the base times the height of the
prism.

Lateral Area of a Prism Formula

Lateral area of a right prism = Ph

Where, P - Perimeter of the base and h - height of the prism.

Lateral Area of a Rectangular Prism

A prism with rectangular bases is a rectangular prism. A rectangular prism has two bases and
four sides.
Lateral Surface Area of Rectangular Prism = Ph = 2h(l + b) sq.units

Where, l - length, b - width and h - height of the prism.

Lateral Area of a Triangular Prism

A prism with triangular bases is a triangular prism. If a, b, c are the sides of the triangular
base then its perimeter is a + b + c.

Lateral area of the triangular prism = Ph = (a + b + c)h sq. units

Where, P - Perimeter of base of the prism and h - Height of the prism.

Lateral Area of a Hexagonal Prism

A prism with hexagonal bases is a hexagonal prism. The hexagonal prism is a prism with 2
hexagonal bases and six rectangular sides.

The lateral area of the regular hexagonal prism with base edge of s and height h is 6sh.

Lateral area of a regular hexagonal prism = Ph = 6sh sq.units

Where, Perimeter (P) = 6s and h = height of the prism.

Lateral Area of a Cube

A cube is a prism whose bases and lateral faces are all equal squares. The lateral area of a
cube is equal to the sum of the area of the four faces.

Lateral Area of a Cube Formula

Lateral area = Sum of the area of the 4 faces

Lateral area of a cube = 4a2sq.units

where, a is the side of a cube.

Lateral Area of a Sphere

A sphere is the set of all points that are the same distance from a centre. A radius of a sphere
is a segment whose endpoints are the centre and a point on the sphere. Since sphere is a
closed circular curve, so its lateral area does not exit. But below you could see the formula
for the surface area of a sphere.

Surface area of a sphere = 4π r2sq.units

where, r - radius of a sphere

Lateral Area Solved Examples

Given below are some of the examples to find the lateral area of a solid.

Solved Examples
1: Find the lateral surface area of cone with radius 4 cm and slant height 15 cm.
Solution:

Given, Radius (r) = 4 cm

Height (h) = 15 cm

Lateral surface area (L.S.A) = π

r s square unit.

Substitute the values of r and s in formula and simplify,

LSA = π

x 4 x 15

= 3.14 x 4 x 15

= 188.4

Lateral surface area of a cone = 188.4 cm2

2: Find lateral surface area of cylinder with radius 4.5 cm and height 14 cm.
Solution:
Given, Radius (r) = 4.5 cm

Height (h) = 14 cm

Lateral surface area of the cylinder (LSA) = 2 π

r h square unit

= 2 x 3.14 x 4.5 x 14

= 395.64

Lateral surface area of the cylinder (LSA) = 395.64 cm2

3: Find lateral surface area of cone with radius 3 cm and slant height 12 cm.
Solution:

Given, Radius (r) = 3 cm

Height (h) =12 cm

Lateral surface area (L.S.A) =π

r s square unit.

Substitute the values of r and s in formula and simplify,

=π

x 3 x 12

= 3.14 x 3 x 12

= 113.04

Lateral surface area (L.S.A) = 113.04 cm2

Volume Formulas

Volume is the amount of space enclosed by an object. You must have a three-dimensional
object in order to find volume.

Your goal is to find out how many cubic units the object can hold inside.

Below you will find several formulas for finding volume.

Volume of a Cube

Since a cube has sides that are all the same size, this is a very easy volume formula to
remember. We are going to find the area of the bottom of the cube and multiply by the height.

So, that's length x width x height. Since the length, width and height are all the same
dimensions, we can cube the length of the side. Take a look at the example.

Volume of a Rectangular Prism

A rectangular prism is your basic box, that is not a cube. In order to find the volume, we will
multiply the length x width x height. These dimensions may all be different, so there is no
shortcut for this one!
Volume of a Cylinder

To find the volume of a cylinder, we must find the area of the base and multiply that by the
height. Remember that the area of a circle (the base is a circle) is Pi x radius 2.

Other Volume Formulas

The formulas for the following shapes are pretty clear. (To be honest, I am still looking for
graphics to be able to show an example! Word does not offer these 3-dimensional shapes!)
- See more at: http://www.algebra-class.com/volume-formulas.html#sthash.AqnUw5Yv.dpuf