OISD-RP-233

FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION

(Draft III)

FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT AND
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
FOR
E&P OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS
Preare! "#
F$NCTIONAL COMMITTEE ON THE S$"%ECT
OIL IND$STRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
&O'ERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF PETROLE$M & NAT$RAL &AS
(
TH
FLOOR) NE* DELHI HO$SE)
2() "ARAKHAM"A ROAD)
CONNA$&HT PLACE) NE* DELHI ++,,,+
1
NOTE
OISD publications are prepared for use in the oil and gas industry under Ministry of
Petroleum & Natural Gas, Got! of India! "hese are the property of Ministry of Petroleum &
Natural Gas and shall not be reproduced or copied and loaned or e#hibited to others $ithout
$ritten consent from OISD!
"hough eery effort has been made to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data
contained in these documents, OISD hereby e#pressly disclaims any liability or responsibility
for loss or damage resulting from their use!
"hese documents are intended to supplement rather than replace the preailing statutory
re%uirements!
&
FORE*ARD
"he oil industry in India is nearly 1'' years old! (s such a ariety of practices hae been
in ogue because of collaboration)association $ith different foreign companies and goernments!
Standardi*ation in design philosophies and operating and maintenance practices at a national
leel $as hardly in e#istence! "his, coupled $ith feedbac+ from some serious accidents that
occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasi*ed the need for the industry to reie$
the e#isting state of art in designing, operating, and maintaining oil and gas installations!
,ith this in ie$, Oil Industry Safety Directorate -OISD. $as established in 1/01 staffed
from $ithin the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures
aimed at remoing obsolescence, standardi*ing and upgrading the e#isting standards to ensure
safer operations! (ccordingly, OISD constituted a number of functional committees comprising of
e#perts nominated by the industry to dra$ up standards and guidelines on arious sub2ects!
"he present document on 34ire & 5#plosion 6is+ (ssessment and 4ire Protection Systems for
5&P Offshore Installations7 is the first edition of the document prepared by the 4unctional
8ommittee on 34ire & 5#plosion 6is+ (ssessment and 4ire Protection Systems for 5&P Offshore
Installations9! "his document is prepared based on the accumulated +no$ledge and e#perience of
industry members and the arious national and international codes and practices! It is e#pected
that the proision of this document $ill go a long $ay to improe the safety and reduce fire
incidents in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry!
"his document $ill be reie$ed periodically for improements based on the ne$
e#periences and better understanding! Suggestions may be addressed to:;
"he 8oordinator
8ommittee on <4ire Protection System=
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
>
th
4loor, Ne$ Delhi ?ouse,
&>, @ara+hamba 6oad,
8onnaught Place, Ne$ Delhi A 11'''1
B
F$NCTIONAL COMMITTEE
(F-r.t E!-t-/0 1 %AN$ARY 2,++)
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Na2e Or3a0-4at-/0
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C/05e0/r
Shri P! S! Narayanan Oil India Dimited, Dulia2an
Me26er.
Shri 6!S!@hutda 5ngineers India Dimited, Ne$ Delhi
Shri San2ee Eapoor Oil and Natural Gas 8orporation, Mumbai
Shri Maroof (! Shei+h Oil and Natural Gas 8orporation, Ne$ Delhi
Shri ?!8!"ane2a Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Ne$ Delhi
C/-7//r!-0at/r
Shri (rshad ?ussain Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Ne$ Delhi
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
In addition to the aboe, seeral other e#perts from industry contributed in the preparation, reie$
and finali*ation of this document!
F
FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
FOR
E&P OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS
C/0te0t.
Se7t-/0 De.7r-t-/0
+8, I0tr/!97t-/0

28, S7/e

38, C/!e.) Sta0!ar!. & Ar/5a:.
;8, Def-0-t-/0.

<8, F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 2a0a3e2e0t

G!1 4ire and e#plosion management philosophy
G!& 4ire and e#plosion ris+ categories
G!B 4ire and e#plosion strategies
G!F 4ire preention approach
6.0 F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 >a4ar! -!e0t-f-7at-/0
(8, F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 2a0a3e2e0t r/7e..
@8, F907t-/0a: reA9-re2e0t. f/r f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 2a0a3e2e0t
B8, Pr/!97t-/0 I0.ta::at-/0 !e.-30 (C-t> re.e7t t/ f-re r/te7t-/0)
B8+ Safety system
B82 5%uipment arrangement
B83 Ignition preention deices
B8; ?ot surface protection
B8< 4ire barriers
B8D 5lectrical protection
B8( 8ombustible gas detection
B8@ @ul+ storage
B8B ?elicopter fueling facilities
B8+, 5mergency po$er
B8++ 8ontrol of ignition
B8+2 8ontrol of spill
B8+3 Ship 8ollision Protection
B8+; Hnmanned Platform
+,8, F:/at-03 r/!97t-/0 fa7-:-t-e. !e.-30 (C-t> re.e7t t/ f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r/te7t-/0)
++8, M/6-:e Off.>/re Dr-::-03 $0-t. (MOD$.) !e.-30 (C-t> re.e7t t/ f-re a0! e=:/.-/0
r/te7t-/0)
+28, F-re a0! 3a. !ete7t-/0 a0! 7/0tr/: 2et>/!.
+28+ Detection system
+282 (larm system
+283 8ontrol actions
G
+38, E2er3e07# .>9t-!/C0 a0! 6:/C-!/C0 .#.te2
+38+ 5mergency Shut;Do$n -5SD. system
+382 @lo$ do$n system
+;8, A7t-5e f-re r/te7t-/0
+;8+ 4ire $ater system
+;82 4oam system
+;83 Dry chemical fi#ed systems
+;8; Dual agent suppression system
+;8< 8lean agent system
+;8D 8o& based system
+;8( Eitchen coo+ing appliances and hood protection
+;8@ ?elidec+ fire protection
+;8B Portable fire e#tinguisher
+<8, Pa..-5e F-re r/te7t-/0
+D8, I0.e7t-/0) 2a-0te0a07e a0! te.t-03
+(8, F-re re5e0t-/0
+@8, E2er3e07# reare!0e..
+@8+ 5mergency action plan
+@82 5mergency communication
+@83 5mergency eacuation
+@8; 5mergency lighting
+B8, Tra-0-03
2,8, Pr/!97t Ser5-7e S9/rt
2+8, Refere07e.
A00e=9re
1! Summary of methods of controlling fire
&! "ypical Safety 8ritical 5lements
B! "opsides issues during conceptual design stage
F! 6ecommended number and distribution of portable e#tinguishers on MODH
G! "ypical applications of fire)gas detectors
1! Selection of (4P systems on typical areas
>! "ypical placement of fire e#tinguishers at production installation
0! "ypical fire integrity re%uirements for fire barriers
/! "ypical fire integrity re%uirements for load;bearing structures
1'! "ypical protection criteria for critical e%uipment
11! "ypical description
1
F-re a0! E=:/.-/0 R-.? A..e..2e0t a0! F-re Pr/te7t-/0 S#.te2. f/r
E&P Off.>/re I0.ta::at-/0.
+8, I0tr/!97t-/0
Offshore oil gas installations are self contained units and hae compact layout!
(s per re%uirements of Petroleum and Natural Gas -Safety in Offshore Operations. 6ules, &''0
-6ules &B, &F and &>. the operator shall establish a safety management system and shall ensure
that ris+ assessment is carried out, $hich $ill proide the necessary basis for ta+ing decisions to
gie due consideration to health, safety and enironment! "he process of ealuation and ris+
management is +ey element of safety management system!
"he recommended practices are based on an approach $here the selection of control & mitigation
measures for fires and e#plosions is determined by an ealuation of ha*ards on the offshore
installation! "he methodologies used in this assessment and the resultant recommendations $ill
differ depending on the comple#ity of the facility, type of facility -i!e! open or enclosed., manning
leels, and the enironmental conditions associated $ith the area of operation!
4ocus should be on follo$ing priority:
Safety of personnel
Protection of the enironment
Protection of assets ) minimi*ation of financial conse%uences of fires and e#plosions!
It is impractical to control catastrophic fires! "hese types of eents should be designed out or ery
high integrity preentatie measures should be proided to minimi*e the li+elihood! Hsual
re%uirement of an effectie fire protection system is to preent emergencies from deeloping into
ma2or threat to these installations!
"he re%uirement of fire fighting facilities, described in the follo$ing sections is based on the
consideration that the fire fighting serices from other sources $ill not be immediately aailable!
28, S7/e
"hese recommended practices coer the design criteria and minimum re%uirements of fire
protection and mitigation systems to be proided at 5&P offshore installations!
"he recommended practices can be applied to ne$ or e#isting installations:
4or ne$ installations it shall start during conceptualisation and feasibility studies and be
fully deeloped during detailed design! "he results shall then be communicated to
personnel operating the installation to ensure that they +no$ the purpose and capability of
all the systemsI can operate them properly and that ade%uate maintenance schemes are
in place!
4or an e#isting installation the process shall be applied to current arrangements, and
during modifications! "hese should be assessed to determine if the high leel performance
standards are achieed and that ris+s are as lo$ as is reasonably practicable!

38, C/!e.) Sta0!ar!. & Ar/5a:.
"he latest edition of follo$ing codes & standards as applicable shall be follo$ed:
N4P( standards
SOD(S, 4S( 8OD5 and IMO 6esolutions
NO6SOE Standard
Oil &Gas, HE -4ire and 5#plosion guidelines.!
IMO 8ode for the 8onstruction and 5%uipment of Mobile Offshore Drilling Hnits
>
ISO 1B>'&, 8ontrol and mitigation of fires and e#plosions on offshore production platforms
; re%uirements and guidelines -ISO, 1//0.
HD ) 4M) HS MID
6P 1F8 ; (nalysis, Design, Installation and "esting of @asic Surface Safety Systems on
Offshore Production Platforms
6P 1FG ; 4ire Preention and 8ontrol on Open "ype Offshore Production Platforms
6P 1FJ ; Design and ?a*ards (nalysis for Offshore Production 4acilities
"he aboe standards outline the basic re%uirements of the fire protection e%uipment and systems!
(ll e%uipment ) components ) engineered systems supplied shall be as far as possible HD)4M
approed! "he e%uipment ) components ) systems shall be suitable for marine application and
should be approed by maritime administration -or third party authori*ed by the maritime
administration. of country of origin!
"hird party approal agencies shall be internationally recogni*ed in the field of Marine fire
protection approals ) by the maritime administration!
"o ensure system integrity, system shall be tested and listed ) approed by the approal agencies
as a complete operating engineered system! Substitution of alternatie components, $here
approed components are aailable, shall not be permitted!
,here components are supplied not coered by third party approals, the components shall be
built to the recogni*ed international standards!
Pressurised containers $hereer installed must hae approal from P5SO -Petroleum &
5#plosies Safety Organi*ation.
"he e%uipment and system shall be of sustainable and proen technology!
(ll systems shall be in place and functional for the life cycle of the installation!
"he e%uipment ) systems shall be installed and commissioned by %ualified person, trained and
certified by the manufacturer!
"echnical, operational and serice manuals shall be proided both in hard and soft copies by the
manufacturer for all e%uipment ) components ) systems supplied!

;8, Def-0-t-/0.
A7t-5e f-re r/te7t-/0: (ny fire protection system or component $hich re%uires the manual or
automatic detection of fire and initiation of conse%uential response!
ALARP1 (s Do$ (s 6easonably Practicable
A..e26:# /-0t: (rea $here mustering shall ta+e place in the eent of general and)or eacuation
alarm!
C:ea0 a3e0t1 5lectrically non;conductie, olatile or gaseous fire e#tinguishing agent that does
not leae a residue upon eaporation and meets the re%uirements gien in the latest N4P( &''1
on clean agent fire e#tinguishing systems!
E5a79at-/0) e.7ae a0! re.79e (EER): 6esults of the process that uses information from the
ealuation of eents, $hich may re%uire 556, to determine the measures re%uired and the role of
these measures!
F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? a..e..2e0t: (nalytical study of li+elihood, and seerity of fire and
e#plosion ha*ard scenarios!
0
F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 .trate3# (FES): 6esults of the process that uses information from the fire and
e#plosion ris+ assessment, to determine the measures re%uired to manage these ha*ardous
eents and role of these measures
Mea0. /f e.7ae: 4i#ed stair$ays, ladders, passages of non;combustible construction or
portable fle#ible ladders, +notted manropes, or other deices of approed construction!
Off.>/re -0.ta::at-/0: ( mobile or fi#ed installation including any pipeline attached thereto, $hich
is or is to be, or has been used, $hile standing or stationed in releant $aters $ith a ie$ to
e#plore or e#ploit petroleum and natural gas!
Pa..-5e f-re r/te7t-/0 : (ny fire protection system or component $hich by it=s inherent nature,
plays an inactie role in the protection of personnel and property from damage by fire and
functions independently $ithout re%uirement of any human, mechanical or other interention to
initiate conse%uential response!
Safet# 7r-t-7a: e:e2e0t. (SCE): Such parts of an installation, purpose of $hich is to preent, or
limit the effect of fire and e#plosion incident, and the failure of $hich $ould cause or contribute
substantially to ma2or fire and e#plosion incident!
Te2/rar# ref93e (TR): Place proided $here personnel can ta+e refuge, for a predetermined
period, at the same time as inestigations, emergency response, and eacuation preplanning are
underta+en!
S>a::: Indicates proisions that are mandatory in nature!
S>/9:!: Indicates that re%uirement is recommendatory as per good engineering practices!
<8, F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 2a0a3e2e0t
"he fire and e#plosion ris+ management shall start ery early in the design stage and shall be
used as basis for ha*ards management during all life cycle stages of an installation!
<8+ F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 2a0a3e2e0t >-:/./>#
"he oerriding re%uirements for the fire and e#plosion ris+ management philosophy are:
Minimi*e in2uries and fatalities from the initial eent!
(ll large off;site inentories should be isolated during all design fire and e#plosion eents!
Proide escape to temporary refuge -"6.I one escape route to the "6 should remain
functional at all times!
Protect personnel in the "6I "6 and its supports should be compatible and maintain their
integrity during all design fire and e#plosion eents! "6 should proide refuge on the
installation for as long as re%uired for eacuation of the installation
!Proide other means of escape ) eacuationI means of eacuation should be aailable at
all times! (bility of personnel to escape from, and to shelter safely, from the effects of a fire
and e#plosion eent, and the ability to eacuate to a safe location should not be
compromised!
"he philosophy shall ensure that:
"he ha*ard scenarios are addressed!
Di+ely fire and e#plosion scenarios hae been considered and corresponding accidental
loads hae been determined!
Plant and e%uipment minimises escalation -personnel $ithin the "6 do not continue to be
threatened by the incident, until such time as the ha*ard has dissipated to a safe leel ia
shutdo$n, blo$ do$n or other means.!
Personnel are able to escape to a safe location, a$ay from the ha*ard!
5.2 F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 7ate3/r-e.
8omple#ity in the fire and e#plosion ris+ management process shall be based on the ris+ leel!
Prescriptie design against the fire and e#plosion ha*ards can be an acceptable alternatie, for
lo$ ris+ installations! "his method is based on standardi*ed guidance or re%uirements based on
industry practices! 4or medium ris+ and high ris+ installations, the performance based approach
/
presents a more specific prediction of potential fire and e#plosion ha*ards for a gien system or
process! "his approach proides solutions, based on performance, measured against the chosen
performance standardsI rather than on prescriptie re%uirements! Solutions are supported by a fire
and e#plosion ha*ard identification and ris+ assessment!
Determining installation ris+ category:
Do$ ris+ -conse%uences. installation e#amples areI $here the oerpressure leel is
predicted to be relatiely lo$, radiation leels are predicted to be relatiely lo$ and
immediate and delayed conse%uences are also lo$! "he e%uipment count $ould probably
be lo$!

( medium ris+ -conse%uences. installation $ould be typically a platform or compartment,
$here the congestion and confinement e#ceeds that defined for the lo$ conse%uence
case! (lternatiely, a medium conse%uence installation may be a processing platform,
necessitating permanent manning but $ith lo$ escalation potential to %uarters, utilities and
control areas $hich are located on a separate structure!
( high ris+ -conse%uences. installation $ould encompass remaining installations and
compartments $here there is significant processing on board leading to significant
congestion and potential confinement $ith populated areas! "his may typically be
characteri*ed by a bridge connected process, utilities, liing %uarter and $ell platform
-$ith or $ithout rig. or installation $ith %uarters on the same structure as the process!
,here there is doubt regarding the category, into $hich an installation should fall, it is
recommended that the category $ith ne#t higher conse%uence ) li+elihood shall be used!
5.3 F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 .trate3-e.
4ire and e#plosion strategies are deeloped to manage each fire and e#plosion ha*ards:
"o identify plant ) e%uipment, personnel and procedures, re%uired to manage these
ha*ardsI and
4or setting performance standards by identification of safety critical elements and their
functional re%uirements!
In deeloping the fire and e#plosion strategies -45S., there are a $ide range of issues $hich
should be considered to ensure that the measures selected are capable of performing their
function $hen re%uired to do so! 4or the 45S, these issues include:
Initiating eents $hich may lead to fire and e#plosion
"he nature of the fires and e#plosions $hich may occur
"he ris+s of fires and e#plosions
"he marine enironment
"he nature of the fluids to be handled
"he anticipated ambient conditions
"he temperature and pressure of fluids to be handled
"he %uantities of flammable materials to be processed and stored
"he amount, comple#ity and layout of e%uipment on the installation
"he location of the installation $ith respect to e#ternal assistance)support
"he eacuation, escape and rescue strategy -556S.
"he production and manning philosophy
?uman factors!
4ire and e#plosion strategies -45S. shall be updated, $heneer there is a change to the
installation, $hich may affect the management of the fire and e#plosion ha*ardous eents! "he
leel of detail in the strategy $ill ary, depending on the scale of the installation and the stage in
the installation life cycle $hen the ris+ management process is underta+en!
"he fire and e#plosion strategies should describe the role and functional re%uirements for each of
the systems re%uired to manage possible ha*ardous eents on the installation! In deeloping
functional re%uirements, the follo$ing should be considered:
"he functional re%uirements of the particular system! "his should be a statement of the
purpose and essential duties that the system is e#pected to perform!
1'
"he integrity, reliability and aailability of the system!
"he suriability of the system under the emergency conditions $hich may be present
$hen it is re%uired to operate!
"he dependency on other systems $hich may not be aailable in an emergency!
"he identification of safety critical elements -S85s. and corresponding performance standards,
should demonstrate that 45S fulfils the re%uirements of 6ule >> -main safety functions. of
Petroleum and Natural Gas -Safety in Offshore Operations. 6ules, &''0! "he performance
standard should define the item=s functionality, reliability or aailability, suriability and measures
of interaction $ith other safety systems!
Inherently safe design approach, reduces comple#ity and re%uirement for human interentionI
resulting in a simpler and robust system!
5.4 F-re re5e0t-/0 ar/a7>
,hen fire ha*ard cannot be eliminated by inherently safer design, the steps of the fire and
e#plosion strategy, in order of priority are:
Preent or minimise fires at source
Detect fires early
8ontrol fires
Mitigate against effect of fires
"he follo$ing steps are typically inoled
1! Preent or minimi*e fires at source
Methods for preention or minimi*ation of fires at source considered at design stage are:
Minimise inentories
Optimise layout
Minimise the potential for loss of containment eents
Minimise the time to 5SD and blo$ do$n
Minimise ignition sources
Proiding an inert enironment
On e#isting installations, it may be possible to identify $ays of reducing the ris+s through
changes in operational practices!
&! Detect fires early
4ires that hae not been preented should be detected and then controlled to reduce the
si*e, duration, and escalation potential of the fire! Methods of detection include gas
detection and fire detection!
B! 8ontrol fires
"he control methods commonly used for offshore are tabulated in A00e=9re -+!
F! Mitigate against effect of fires
Mitigating measures for fires are passie fire protection methods and actie fire protection
methods!
D8, F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 >a4ar! -!e0t-f-7at-/0
"he starting point for ris+ assessment is the systematic identification of the ha*ards and effects
$hich may arise from offshore actiities! In the conte#t of fires and e#plosions, the ealuation of
these eents may be part of an oerall installation ealuation or may be treated as a separate
process $hich proides information for the oerall ealuation! 4ire and e#plosion ris+ assessment
includes ; assess the fire ris+, assess the e#plosion ris+ and manage accordingly!
11
"he fire and e#plosion ha*ards may be identified by formal processes such as:
?a*ard identification studies -?(KIDs.
?a*ard and operability reie$s -?(KOPs.
Dayout reie$ ) ha*ardous area reie$
Safety studies li+e 46(, 556( etc
4ire and e#plosion ha*ard sources can be:
6eseroir ha*ard: direct release from the reseroir may occur due to $ell interention
during drilling or $or+;oer operations!
Process ha*ard: release from any section of process operations including production
manifolds -$ell manifolds.I $ater, oil and gas separatorsI stabilising and de$ateringI oil
pressurising for e#portI gas compression including condensing and +noc+outI gas dryingI
high pressure gas e#port including gas lift and gas in2ectionI oil and gas metering etc!
Import and e#port risers!
4ire and e#plosion ris+s include both the ris+s from the initiating eent and subse%uent escalation!
Initiating eents -causes of a release. may be plant and e%uipment failures such as e#ceeding
design conditions ) parameters, dropped ob2ects, essel collision, interention, fatigue, ibration,
e#treme enironmental conditions, and human or procedural error!
"he personnel from releant disciplines, including operational personnel, should be inoled in this
fire and e#plosion ha*ard identification process, to ac%uire an e#tensie understanding of potential
ha*ards! Personnel carrying out this process shall be suitably trained or e#perienced in the ha*ard
identification methods to be used!
"he results of the ha*ard identification process should be used both to ealuate the conse%uences
of ha*ardous eents and to determine appropriate ris+ reduction measures! 5eryone inoled in
the design, commissioning, operation, maintenance and modification of the installation should
hae sufficient +no$ledge of the fire and e#plosion ha*ards and their contribution to the oerall
ris+s! Safety systems shall be selected based on the hierarchy of preention, detection, control
and mitigation! ,here any conflict e#ists bet$een e#plosion and fire management it is the latter
$hich $ill tend to ta+e priority, ho$eer the optimum solution should generally be a balance
bet$een the t$o!
Inestigate the ha*ard $ith a ie$ of: preention, detection, control and mitigationI to reduce the
fre%uency and seerity of the ha*ard! 6is+ reduction measures should include $hich preent
incidents -i!e! reduction of the probability of occurrence., control incidents -i!e! limiting the e#tent
and duration of a ha*ardous eent. and mitigate the effects -i!e! reduction of the conse%uences.!
Preentatie measures, such as using inherently safer designs and ensuring asset integrity should
be emphasi*ed, $hereer practicable! Mitigation effectieness $ill depend on detection, inentory
isolation and deluge actiationI together $ith the probabilities that these measures $ill be initiated!
"he process of selecting ris+ reduction measures, should predominantly lead to the use of sound
engineering 2udgments! Principles of inherent safety should be applied early in the
conceptuali*ation and design stage, to eliminate or reduce ha*ards to the (D(6P leel!
(8, F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 2a0a3e2e0t r/7e..
4ire and e#plosion ris+ management is a continuous process, rather than a series of discrete
steps, $ith reie$ and reision of earlier decisions, as necessary! "here may be oerlaps and
iterations bet$een the arious stages of the design, commissioning and operational phases!
@asic steps in fire and e#plosion ris+ management process are:
1! During concept selection process, fire and e#plosion ha*ards should be identified and this
information should be utilised for optimising layout and hydrocarbon processing methods!
&! @ased on the selected concept, identify $hich codes and standards $ill be used -in case
of ne$ installation. to design the structure, plant and e%uipmentI and operational regime!
1&
B! 6e;confirm that all fire and e#plosion ha*ards hae been identified!
T#-7a: f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 e5e0t.
Pool fire -combustion of a flammable li%uid pool.
Jet fire -combustion of high pressure gas or li%uid.
Spray fire -combustion of a pressuri*ed li%uid release.
@lo$out -$ellhead spray or 2et fire.
4lash fire -combustion of a flammable gas $here the flame propagates at a speed
insufficient to result in damaging oerpressures.
5#plosion -combustion of flammable gas) apour in $hich confinement and)or
flame elocities are sufficient to result in damaging oerpressure.
@D5L5 -rapid ignited release of flammable pressuri*ed contents of a heated
essel resulting in blast oerpressure, missile fragments and fireball.
8ellulosic fire -fire inoling material, such as $ood, paper, etc!.
5lectrical e%uipment fire!
Pyrogenic materials
8ondensate fire $ith inisible flame
Lent fire due to lightening
Metal fires or radioactie materials
Fa7t/r. affe7t-03 f-re 6e>a5-/r
5mergency shutdo$n -5SD.: (ssuming the 5SD operates, the olume of the
isolatable olumes $ill affect the duration of the larger lea+ scenarios and result in
a transient fire si*e, reducing $ith time!
@lo$;do$n: Similar to 5SD operation, this could result in a transient release rate!
(dditionally, blo$;do$n may reduce the conse%uences of the fire scenario by
depressuri*ing a essel or pipe$or+ onto $hich a fire is impacting, thereby
preenting escalation!
8onfinement: 4ires in confined areas $ith limited entilation may change oer
time, for e#ample, become progressiely more seere as Me#ternal flaming= occurs,
$hen the fire moes through the entilation openings!
,ind: "he direction of $ind $ill hae significant affects on the behaior of fire and
smo+e generation $hich $ill affect escape, eacuation and rescue!
Passie fire protection -P4P.: "he use of passie fire protection may not affect the
nature of the fire but $ill affect the response of ob2ects sub2ected to fire attac+ and
delay or preent incident escalation!
Deluge: Depending on the fire type, actie $ater deluge systems -area specific )
e%uipment dedicated. may affect both the nature of fire and the thermal loading to
engulfed ob2ects and in most cases $ill be beneficial to escaping personnel!
Tra0.-t-/0 6etCee0 f-re .7e0ar-/.
Some fire scenarios may change $ith time, for e#ample, a fire occurring in a confined
space may lead to increasing fire seerity $ith time and the moement of the flame
through the ent may produce e#ternal flaming! Similarly, some fire scenarios may lead to
incident escalation and result in a different fire eent occurring as a direct conse%uence,
for e#ample, a 2et fire impacting onto a pressuri*ed essel may lead to essel failure and a
@D5L5 fireball eent! ( li%uid spillage may start as a pool fire on the installation but
drainage of the spill may ultimately lead to a pool fire on the sea! "herefore, it is important
that a Nuantitatie 6is+ (ssessment -N6(. considers the potential se%uence of fire
eents and that a fully representatie set of eents is analy*ed! "he N6( should be
supported by a thorough ?(KID $ith input from people $ith e#perience of the e#isting or
similar plant or processes!
F! Determine the e#plosion loads -including escalation analysis due to fire and e#plosion. to
be used in designI oerpressure, duration and dynamic pressures, on the structure and
other safety critical elements!
4or typical list of safety critical elements refer A00e=9re-28
1B
"he li+elihood of a significant fire $ill depend upon the li+elihood of occurrence, of a large
release and ignition! "he follo$ing parameters $ill influence the potential li+elihood of a
fire:
?a*ardous inentory comple#ity, i!e! the number of flanges, ales, compressors
and other potential lea+ sources!
"he type of flanges, ales or pipe$or+! Some special types of flange tend to
hae lo$er lea+ fre%uencies associated $ith them, e!g! hub type flanges!
"he number of ignition sources $ithin the flammable region of a potential spray
release, gas or apour cloud!
"he entilation regime!
"he e%uipment reliability and the maintenance philosophy!
"he escalation analysis is an important aspect, of fire and e#plosion ha*ard identification
and ris+ assessment! 5scalation analysis should consider:
"he location and description of the initial eentI especially its si*e, seerity,
duration and fre%uency!
"he means by $hich the initial eent may escalate, and at each escalation stage,
the corresponding probability and time to escalation!
"he effects of the eents on the installation, including the safety systems at each
stage of escalation and ho$ these affect subse%uent eent progression!
"he contribution of safety systems in reducing the conse%uences and the
probability of their successful operation!
"he effects on the +ey facilities or systems such as the temporary refuge -"6. and
eacuation escape and rescue -556. facilities in terms of impairment, time to
impairment and impairment fre%uency!
"he fatality leels associated $ith each scenario!
4or detailed guidance on e#plosion loads and fire loadings refer (PI 6P &4@,
M6ecommended Practice for the Design of Offshore 4acilities (gainst 4ire and @last
Doading= and M4ire and 5#plosion Guidance: Oil and Gas, HE -&''>.=!
G! Identify plant and e%uipment, $hich can fail due to fire and e#plosion! Similarly identify
personnel and escape routes, $hich are ulnerable to fire and e#plosion ha*ards! During
this process, special attention should be proided to escalation scenarios!
Design the hard$are to meet the re%uirements, and plan for future erification, by
establishing performance standards!
Define the role and functionality, reliability, aailability and suriability for engineered
-hard$are. systems!
Define the role, manning and competence re%uirements for procedural systems!
1! Lerification shall be done, to ensure that design codes are suitable for seerity of
ha*ardous eents! In the case of shortcomings, either design codes can be changedI or
operating parameters, procedural system can be changed! If re%uired, additional specific
preentie measures should be proided!
"he structure and other S85s shall be designed for the identified fire and e#plosion
scenario design load cases! Determine the response of the structure and other S85s to
fire and e#plosion loads including oerpressure, dynamic pressures, strong shoc+ and
missiles! ,here practicable designs cannot be achieed, alternatie means of fire and
e#plosion mitigation must be soughtI in order to reduce the magnitude or ris+ of e#ceeding
design load scenarios -the structure and other S85s shall be able to accommodate these
design loads.!
"here is al$ays the potential for the systems, to be damaged in a ha*ardous eent!
Inherent safety aoids this potential, by aiming for preention rather than protection and
the preference for passie protection oer actie systems! It is particularly important to
follo$ inherently safe design principles, $here the conse%uences of process release or
1F
system failure, are high! ,here it is possible to reduce the reliance on engineered -actie
or passie. safety systems or operational procedures, this should be done!
4or ne$ installations, reie$ layout and process design, to eliminate or reduce the
ha*ards, to meet the performance standards! In case of e#isting installations, it may be
possible to identify $ays of reducing the ris+s though changes in operational practices!
>! Deelop procedural safety systems at e#isting installations: assessment of e#isting
procedures should be done to ensure that operation and maintenance of systems meet
their functional re%uirements! "hese include establishing effectie operational,
maintenance and test proceduresI setting maintenance and test fre%uenciesI and
identification of training and competence re%uirements!
0! 5aluation ; analyse results of response analysis, against the appropriate performance
standards to demonstrate that (D(6P has been achieed!
"he results of the ealuation process and the decisions ta+en $ith respect to the need for,
and role of, any ris+ reduction measures should be recorded so that they are aailable for
those $ho operate the installation and for those inoled in any subse%uent change to the
installation!

/! Lerify that systems are effectie and reliable, throughout lifecycle of the installation! "his
re%uires continuous maintenance and operation of the facility, so that the engineered and
procedural systems continue to meet, their original intent as deeloped during the design
and initial assessment process! "his also includes carrying out periodic function testing,
and ensuring that performance standards are met! 5nsure that personnel are trained and
competent to operate, maintain and test engineering systems: and implement procedural
systems!
Inherent safety practices must be maintained throughout the life of the installation,
continuing through the operational phase, by adherence to effectie inspection and
maintenance regimes and by ensuring that management systems and related procedures
are follo$ed!
Lerifications should chec+ that:
"he initial design of the safety critical system )element is appropriate for the ha*ard!
"he S85s procured, installed and commissioned, still achiee their re%uired function!
"he maintenance being carried out is compatible $ith the reliability and aailability,
specified in the performance standard -functional re%uirements.!
"he maintenance considers the li+ely failure modes -especially un;reealed failures.
of the components! 4or detailed guidance on failure modes ISO 1F&&F should be
referred!
During the life of the installation, changes may ta+e place, for e#ample changes in the produced
fluids from the reseroir! (lternatiely a safety system may deteriorate, so that it is unli+ely to
continue to achiee its intended functional performance, reliability and aailability! (ll changes
should be assessed to determine the effects on the performance standards and, $here necessary,
improements should be considered to the systems= proision!
"he fire and e#plosion ris+ management process should be documented and communicated to
operational personnel so that they hae ade%uate information about the ha*ards, ha*ardous
eents and safety systems proided to manage them! "he identified fire and e#plosion ha*ards
should be compiled in ha*ard register, listing all ha*ards, their causes, and ho$ each ha*ard is
handled!
@8, F907t-/0a: reA9-re2e0t. f/r f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r-.? 2a0a3e2e0t
"he follo$ing goals should be considered for setting functional re%uirements for fire and e#plosion
management:
(ll fire and e#plosion ha*ards hae been identified, analysed and understood by eeryone,
$ith a part to play in their management!
( practical strategy to manage each of the ha*ards has been identified, documented and
1G
implemented! Strategy ta+es into account sensitiity of the installation=s oerall ris+ profile to
fire and e#plosion ha*ards and the mitigation and control measures accordingly!
"he operating limits for the $hole facility hae been identified and there are clear instructions
for the continued operation of the facility or use of additional controls $heneer operating
limits are e#ceeded!
(ll causes of ha*ards hae been identified, understood and sufficient effectie preention
measures hae been implemented! "he characteristics of those ha*ards $hich may re%uire
eacuation hae been carefully analy*ed to reduce the seerity and potential for escalation,
thereby minimi*ing the need for eacuation!
(ll reasonably practical steps to reduce the ris+s from fires and e#plosions hae been ta+en,
concentrating first on preention and thereafter on control, the preention of escalation and
eacuation! (ppropriate combinations of preention, detection, control and mitigation
measures hae been put in place, to implement the chosen strategiesI and are maintained
throughout the lifecycle of the installation! (ll of these measures: including people, processes
and engineering systems hae been documented, hae clear o$nership and hae functional
re%uirements!
,here the effects of failure could oer$helm the installation and re%uire eacuationI these
measures hae been specifically identified and are of high integrity!
"he systems proided to detect fires, are suitable for the ha*ard types and the enironmental
conditions!
4ire detection systems proide sufficient information to $arn personnel and allo$ an
assessment of the ha*ards to be underta+en, $ithout personnel being e#posed to ha*ards!
5ffectie isolation of all ma2or e#ternal sources of hydrocarbons, including pipelines and the
reseroir is ensured! "hese isolations hae been designed to surie all reasonably
foreseeable fire and e#plosion ha*ards on the facility!
Docation of personnel at installation is such that their e#posure to fire and e#plosion ha*ards is
minimi*ed!
(reas re%uired to shelter personnel from fire effects and their supports shall remain iable until
either the incidents hae been brought under control or full controlled eacuation has ta+en
place!
( minimum proision of routes, systems and arrangements to allo$ eacuationI shall remain
iable, under the effects of eery incident, $hich may re%uire them!
"he design, operation and maintenance of the fire and e#plosion ris+ management systems
are underta+en by competent personnel, $ho understand their responsibilities in the
management of the ha*ards and possible ha*ardous eents!
(ny changes to the installation, $hich may affect the li+elihood or conse%uences of fires and
e#plosions, are identified, assessed and the systems reised, to ta+e the changes into
account, as necessary!
4or guidance on functional re%uirements of installation layoutI emergency shutdo$n system
and blo$ do$nI control of ignitionI control of spillsI emergency po$er systemI fire and gas
systemsI actie fire protectionI passie fire protectionI e#plosion protection and mitigation
systemI eacuation escape and rescueI and inspection, testing and maintenance: ISO 1B>'&,
3Petroleum and natural gas industries O 8ontrol and mitigation of fires and e#plosions on
offshore production installations O 6e%uirements and guidelines7 and NO6SOE standard S;
''1 -edition F, 4ebruary &''0. 3"echnical Safety7 should be referred!
B8, Pr/!97t-/0 -0.ta::at-/0 !e.-30
(C-t> re.e7t t/ f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r/te7t-/0)
11
Design and layout of installation shall ensure ade%uate firefighting access, means of escape in
case of fire, and also segregation of facilities to e#tent possible so as to minimi*e fire ris+ to the
ad2acent facilities!
"his section describes critical specific issues ) items $hich should be considered during design of
production installations for effectie management of fire and e#plosion ris+!
B8+ Safet# .#.te2.
Safety systems play an important role in preenting fires and minimi*ing their effect! "he primary
purpose of a safety system is to detect abnormal conditions and initiate appropriate action to
preent situations that could result in an accidental fire! "he primary action normally initiated by
the safety system is to shut off process flo$, thus eliminating the ma2or fuel source on a platform!
"he safety system may also shut do$n potential ignition sources such as engines, compressors,
and heaters!
"he amount of enting aailable and the degree of congestion in the process area significantly
influence the seerity of an e#plosion!
In this respect, the follo$ing points should be considered:
Dong and narro$ modules containing pressuri*ed hydrocarbon systems should be
aoided, as large distance bet$een possible ignition points and the ent can contribute to
high oer pressuresI
5#plosion pressure is dependent on bloc+age, so bloc+age should be reducedI
6epeated obstacles should be aoided! If this cannot be achieed, ent openings
along the $all $ith the repeated obstacles should be proided!
"he design, operation, and maintenance of these safety systems are addressed in (PI 6P 1F8
and ISO 1'F10!
B82 EA9-2e0t arra03e2e0t
In deeloping the layout of the installation, consideration shall be gien to ma#imi*ing so far as is
reasonable the separation by distance of the temporary refuge -"6., accommodation and
eacuation, escape and rescue -556. facilities from areas containing e%uipment handling
hydrocarbons! Guidelines for the arrangement of production e%uipment are presented in (PI 6P
1FJ! Particular consideration should be gien to the location of fired process essels and the
placement of temporary e%uipment during $or+ oer, completion, and construction actiities!
"opsides issues -mainly locations. during conceptual design stage for fire consideration in items
li+e $ells, risers)pipelines, process & piping, structures and supports, fire protection etc! are gien
in A00e=9re-3!
B83 I30-t-/0 re5e0t-/0 !e5-7e.
Natural draft components should be e%uipped $ith spar+ and flame arrestors to preent spar+
emission! 6ecommended safety systems for fired components are presented in (PI 6P 1F8!
B8; H/t .9rfa7e r/te7t-/0
Surfaces $ith a temperature in e#cess of F''P4 -&'FP8. should be protected from li%uid
hydrocarbon spillage and mist, and surfaces in e#cess of /''P4 -F0&P8. should be protected from
combustible)flammable gases and apors! (PI 6P 1F8 -for e%uipment and machinery component.
and (PI 6P 1F5 -for piping. should be consulted for guidance!
B8< F-re 6arr-er.
@arriers constructed from fire resistant materials are primarily meant to proide a heat shield and
may be helpful in special situations to preent the spreading of forces! Docations of fire barriers
should be reie$ed carefully due to the possibility that the fire barriers may impede natural
entilation to such an e#tent that hydrocarbon apors and gases may accumulate! 4or details on
entilation refer (PI 6P G'') ISO 1G1B0! 4ire barriers are coered in detail in section /!' on
passie fire protection!
B8D E:e7tr-7a: r/te7t-/0
1>
Protection from ignition by electrical sources should be proided by designing and installing
electrical e%uipment in accordance $ith (PI 6P 1F4) (PI 6P 1F4K considering the area
classification as per (PI 6P G'') (PI 6P G'G!
B8( C/269.t-6:e 3a. !ete7t-/0
"he concentration of a combustible gas can be determined by detection deices that may initiate
alarms or shutdo$ns! "he usual practice is to actiate an alarm at a lo$ gas concentration and to
initiate action to shut off the gas source and)or ignition source if the concentration reaches a preset
limit belo$ the Do$er 4lammable Dimit -D4D.! Gas detection system is coered in detail in section
11!' on fire and gas detection and control methods!
B8@ "9:? .t/ra3e
"he inentories of flammable)combustible fluids should be consistent $ith operational needs and
should be minimi*ed to the e#tent practical! 6ecommended practices for permanent bul+ storage
-crude oil, condensate, methanol, 2et fuel, diesel, etc!. include the follo$ing:
"an+s should be installed, as far as practical, a$ay from the ignition sources and should
also be protected from damage -lifting operations, etc!.!
"an+s should be enclosed by curbs, drip pans, or dec+ drains, to preent li%uid
accumulation! "he drain system should be designed $ith proisions to preent apor
return!
"an+s should be ade%uately ented or e%uipped $ith a pressure or pressure)acuum relief
ale and should be electrically grounded!
B8B He:-7/ter f9e:-03 fa7-:-t-e.
6ecommended practices for helicopter fueling facilities include the follo$ing:
4ire e#tinguishing e%uipment should be ade%uate and readily accessible to the helicopter
fueling area!
?elicopter landing areas $ith fueling facilities located aboe liing %uarters should be
constructed so as not to retain flammable li%uids and to preclude these li%uids from
spreading to, or falling on, other parts of the platform!
"he helicopter fuel hose should be of a type recommended for aircraft fuel serice and
should be e%uipped $ith a static grounding deice and a 3deadman7 type no**le! "he
helicopter should be bonded $ith self;releasing or spring;clamp bond cables -same
potential as hose.!
Suitable storage should be proided for the fueling hose! "he fuel transfer pump should be
e%uipped so that it can be shut do$n from the fueling station!
Proision should be made, by proiding releasing mechanism, for dumping ("4 storage
tan+ into sea, in the eent of fire on ("4 tan+!
B8+, E2er3e07# /Cer
5mergency electrical po$er may be proided by one of the follo$ing systems: (n emergency
generatorI Installation mains po$er generation proided it can reliably proide po$er under
emergency conditionsI 8ables $ith suitable integrity from land or other installationsI @attery
systemsI or some combinations of these!
"he design of the emergency electrical po$er system should consider proiding automatic;start
arrangements to aoid the need for manual interention during emergency condition!
"he essential safety systems, $hich may re%uire emergency po$er, include:
emergency and escape lightingI
ent and obstruction $arning lightingI
identification lights and naaidsI
telecommunication e%uipmentI
fire and gas detection and protection systemsI
10
5SD systemsI
public address e%uipment and intercom systemsI
installation of isual and audible alarmsI
entilation)cooling for the e%uipment contained in this listI
embar+ation areas, sic+ bays and other areas necessarily manned in an emergencyI
"he duration of the uninterruptible po$er supply -HPS. to systems such as the emergency lighting,
4&G system, emergency communications, 5SD systems etc! should be designed to cater for the
emergency conditions, $hich may be e#perienced! ,here HPS systems are selected they should
proide po$er for a period considerably longer than the "6 endurance time to cater for those
eents $here immediate eacuation is unnecessary or not practical!
In a ma2or gas emergency, mains po$er generation may stop, resulting in the loss of the
instrument air compressor-s.! If the integrity of the air supplies cannot be guaranteed, the need to
po$er an air compressor from the emergency generator should be considered! Similar
re%uirements are to be considered for hydraulic systems also!
B8++ C/0tr/: /f -30-t-/0
Ignition occurs $hen sufficient heat is present to cause combustion! Ignition sources that may be
present in offshore installations are:
8hemical reaction
5lectric spar+s and arcs
Mechanical spar+s
Dightning
Static electrical spar+s
4lame and radiation heat
?ot surfaces
?eat of compression

"o minimi*e ignition sources follo$ing points should be considered:
a! (ll electrical e%uipment shall be suitable for use in the area in $hich it is installed! "his is
to cater for Mfugitie= lea+s in accordance $ith ha*ardous area design codes! ?o$eer, the
dispersion distances for such lea+s, from $hich the ha*ardous *ones are calculated, do
not cater for ma2or accident releases!
b! ( gas cloud from a medium or large lea+ can, and $ill, drift outside ha*ardous area limits!
"herefore caution must be e#ercised in locating unclassified e%uipment such as generator
sets, temporary pump s+ids, heating e%uipment etc in Msafe= open locations around the
installation!
c! Installation should be suitably earthed and all operators trained in a$areness of offshore
static spar+ ris+s -a recurring cause of fires.!
d! 5%uipment, $hich proides an ignition source and is unacceptably close to release
sources, should either be located inside an enclosure $ith entilation ducts that close off
automatically on detection of gas, or be proided $ith some alternatie form of protection!
e! 5lectrical e%uipment outside the "6 and control station, $hich is re%uired to operate
during a gas emergency, should be suitable for operation in a flammable gas atmosphere!
f! Diesel engines in non;ha*ardous areas po$ering essential safety systems should be
proided $ith protection such that the diesel engine can continue to operate if gas can
realistically reach the area in an emergency! "his may include isolation of non;suitable
electrical components, oer;speed protection and, possibly, cooling of hot surfaces!
g! "he integrity of physical barriers bet$een ha*ardous and non;ha*ardous areas is
important to preent gas migration to non;ha*ardous areas!
B8+2 C/0tr/: /f .-::
8ontrol of spills is fulfilled through the open drain system! "he purpose of the open drain system is
to proide measures for containment and proper disposal of li%uids including handling of 4,, e!g!
through fire seals!
1/
"he design of the open drain shall limit the spread of a spill and route the spill a$ay to aoid
escalation!
?a*ardous and non;ha*ardous open drains shall be physically separated to preent bac+ flo$ of
hydrocarbons from a ha*ardous to a non;ha*ardous area! "he ha*ardous drain collection tan+
shall be purged!
"he capacity of the drainage system should be sufficient to handle credible spill coincident $ith
deluge and)or firefighting actiities! "he design of drainage systems should ma+e allo$ance for
possible bloc+age $hich may restrict the capacity of the system! ,hen a drainage system is
proided, it should be designed to preent burning fuel spreading fire to other areas!
Separate larger drainage systems may be necessary to control ma2or releases and any associated
fire$ater! In areas $here there is no li+elihood of oil spill, it may be acceptable to proide fire$ater
drains $hich discharge fire;$ater directly to the sea!
8onsideration should be gien to the need to preent fires spreading to sea leel $here they may
affect the integrity of the installation;supporting structure and impede eacuation!
Eerbs or drip;pans should be proided around essels, pumps and other potential sources of
lea+age to limit the spread of small spills!
Storage arrangements for moable containers of flammable li%uids or gases should ta+e account
of the possibility of lea+s or spills and measures for handling these should be in place!
B8+3 S>- 7/::-.-/0 r/te7t-/0
"he ship collision aoidance system and protection -such as barge bumper, riser guard. shall be
proided to reduce the ris+ for ship collision!
"he radar system shall be able to register the essel=s course & speed including plotting facilities
and hae function to transmit the signal unit responsible for sureillance!
"he radar system shall be e%uipped $ith pro#imity alarm to $arn the obserer of an approaching
essel $ith time to closest point of approach!
B8+; $02a00e! :atf/r2
Protection against fire and e#plosion on unmanned platforms should be based on 45S considering
both scenarios A $hen it is unmanned and $hen it is temporarily manned!
+,8, F:/at-03 r/!97t-/0 fa7-:-t-e. !e.-30
(C-t> re.e7t t/ f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r/te7t-/0)
"he floating production facilities can be:
4loating production system -4PS.
4loating production storage and offloading system -4PSO.
Spar -also called Deep draft floating structures.
"ension leg platform -"DP.
Semi;submersible
Special features haing impact on fire and e#plosion ris+s, on the floating facilities, include:
"he geometry of the layout
Methods of construction
8ompartmentalisation
Operations
4ire and e#plosion scenarios
6esponse characteristics of marine construction to fires and e#plosions
Special features associated $ith the motion, station +eeping, marine systems and stability
of the structure!
&'
4ire and e#plosion ris+ management on floating production facilities should include:
4ire and e#plosion ris+s $hich may impact integrity of floating structure -structural integrity
of hull, stability of structure, station +eeping, marine systems etc!.!
4ire and e#plosion ris+s $hich may impact topside eacuation, rescue, liing %uarters, and
temporary refuge!
4ire and e#plosion ris+ management process shall be similar to section 1!', $ith the follo$ing
specific considerations, in addition to the applicable issues ) items brought out in section 0!':
a! Nature of crudeI less olatile $ill stabili*e easily in comparison to more olatile -higher
ris+.!
b! "ie;in of satellite $ells $ill increase the ris+ due to increased production throughput!
c! @uoyancy, stability and station;+eeping must be maintained at all times, and the systems
associated $ith these functions must be protected from fire ha*ards! ?igh conse%uence
eents $ith possibility of losing the facility are:
Stability of the facility may be compromised during fire and) or e#plosion eents
-escalation eents should also be considered.
Doss of buoyancy due to significant lea+age from riser and subsea e%uipment
underneath floating facility
4looding of a riser resulting in reduced buoyancy of hull!
d! Potential for large fire and e#plosion eents:
Storage tan+s of crude oil on the facility may present ha*ards in the form of either
large scale storage of stabili*ed crude or $ith empty storage tan+s containing
potentially e#plosie mi#tures -possibility of accumulation of gas cloud from ent
pipes.!
Non;process hydrocarbon inentoriesI the floating facility re%uires substantial
stores of diesel to maintain station, process and utilities po$er demands plus
other life;support systems! "he essels are often located in difficult or remote
places and $ill generally be designed to be 3self;sufficient7 for e#tended periods in
the eent that supply essels cannot reach them!
4ire and e#plosion in engine room!
e! Potential of hydrocarbon releases:
4PSO s$iel connections are source of releasesI the turret contains a large
number of s$iel 2oints in order to function! "hese are often at the highest process
pressure and pass the reseroir fluids prior to any cleaning or conditioning and are
therefore sub2ect to most onerous process duty!
4PSO storage tan+s
Piping due to hogging and sagging of dec+ structure
f! Potential for spread of fire to multiple dec+s or compartments:
Dayouts haing pro#imity of process area $ith liing %uarters
Presence of grated dec+s
g! 8onsiderable moement of floating structure has potential of contributing to spreading of
pool fires!
h! "he top dec+s should be designed to follo$ a ha*ard gradient from the most ha*ardous
area -$ith respect to fires and e#plosions. to the least ha*ardous! "his $ill generally be
from the turret out$ards! In case of turret;moored 4PSO $ith $eatheraning capability,
due to the $eatheraning effects -either due to $ind or current and their effects on the
superstructure height and hull draft. the fires can escalate do$n$ind and at the ery least,
to#ic products of combustion $ill be distributed do$n$ind! "he layout should consider
these additional ha*ards and the design should ta+e these into consideration to maintain
leels of safety!
i! 5%uipment spacing and layout ariations:
Spread out spacing bet$een e%uipment and utilities on tan+er type 4PSO
8loser e%uipment spacing on semi;submersible, "DP and Spar
&1
Segregation to aoid escalation of a fire can be achieed by separation of modules and
sometimes separated by fire barriers -if re%uired, based on ris+ assessment.!
2! Potential of confinement of gas, $ith increased potential for e#plosion eent, in the areas
such as:
4PSO turret, process area, storage tan+s and pump room
Spar moon pool machinery or storage spaces inside hull
+! "he layout of surface and sub;sea facilities should be carefully considered early in the
design to account for the follo$ing shipping related ha*ards:
Passing ships and fishing boats
Supply and maintenance essels $ith respect to anchoring or dropped ob2ects
(nchor mooring patterns of drilling rigs during positioning and rig moing -in case
drilling or $ell sericing is enisaged.
Safe access -approach the production facility, moor, load their cargo, unmoor and
proceed to open $aters. by off ta+e tan+ers, aoiding interference $ith other
moorings, flo$ lines and risers as $ell as other field operations!
"he +ey considerations are identified maneuering areas and $eather limits, deried by
means of a ris+ assessment study, for the operations of tan+ers!
l! Offloading to shuttle tan+ers is a regular eent and poses a significant ris+ both on the
floating production facility and the shuttle tan+er! "he ris+s comprise the brea+age or
lea+age of the transfer hoses and the potentially flammable mi#ing of hydrocarbon and air
in the storage holds of floating production facility and shuttle tan+er! During the offloading
operation, the shuttle tan+er and floating production facility are in relatie pro#imity and
the ris+s of fire and e#plosion on either essel are compounded by increased potential for
escalation to another essel! 4loating production facility shall be e%uipped $ith emergency
shutdo$n and release e%uipment that $ill allo$ the essels to part in the eent of an
emergency on one essel!
m! "he process dec+s on floating production facility are often lifted clear of the cargo storage
tan+ roof for seeral design and operational reasons! "he space proided also allo$s 2et
fires from the underside of the process to reach other process or utility modules $ithout
any impingement to reduce the effect of the flame! "hough the gaps proide other ris+
reducing and operational benefits but steps should be ta+en to reduce the li+elihood of 2et
fires by careful layout and orientation of the higher pressure e%uipment!
n! Lolatile organic compounds -LO8. return lines and their use during offloading is also an
important ha*ard! During loading, it is re%uired to continuously ent hydrocarbon aporsI
enting system should be designed to accommodate the ma#imum olume of LO8s
ented from storage! "he adopted loading procedures should minimise LO8 emissions!
(lso, consideration should be gien for the high temperatures the ents may e#perience
during enting at ma#imum production rates and ) or possible process upsets!
o! In storage tan+s, the atmosphere should be maintained in a non;e#plosie condition!
Purging should be carried out before introducing air into the tan+ to ensure that
atmosphere $ill neer enter the flammability *one!
p! 5scape routes and piping runs may be ery long and personnel may be re%uired to pass
the origin of the incident to reach the temporary refuge! Design for escape -oer long
distances. during incidents and incident escalation shall ta+e these into consideration!
%! 4ire $ater mains may be e#tensie and distant from the fire pumps in the process area!
8orrect fire;pump si*ing and fire$ater;main hydraulic analyses shall be re%uired to ensure
ade%uate pressure at deluge points, hoses and monitors!
Measures $hich may be ta+en during design phase to reduce ris+s from fire and e#plosion eents
associated $ith specific features of floating structures are controlled through arious rules and
regulations of certifying agencies as $ell as SOD(S!
Specific Design issues for floating production facilities are:
&&
"he design of hull against e#plosion oerpressure shall ensure that the hull sustains only
local damage, $hich is not detrimental to the integrity of complete facility at least for the
period of eacuation!
"he hull compartment design shall consider potential for containing damage $ithin the
same compartment and eliminate the chain of eents leading to spreading the damage to
the ad2acent compartments or to dec+, so that significant loss of buoyancy and instability
of the complete facility and failure of the mooring system is not compromised! "he
compartments $ith potential for initiating or escalating fire or e#plosion eents shall be
designed accordingly!
"he design of piping in hull compartments shall be suitable to eliminate potential for
spreading damage to multiple compartmentsI design considerations may include proision
of Mpipe chamber= or Mpipe chute= to limit damage and eentual flooding of multiple
damaged compartments!
"he upper hull design shall account for impact of fire eents from topsides or moon pool
$ith potential of deteriorating structural capacity of the hull and thereby reducing stability!
Special attention shall be gien to concentrated load areas such as topsides connection,
or mooring chain;2ac+ foundation!
Open drain systems on floating installations shall be designed to operate satisfactorily for
all sea states in $hich the hydrocarbon inentory is present in the process system!
++8, M/6-:e Off.>/re Dr-::-03 $0-t. (MOD$.) !e.-30
(C-t> re.e7t t/ f-re a0! e=:/.-/0 r/te7t-/0)
MODH includes both 2ac+ up drilling rigs and floating drilling rigs!
(dditional fire and e#plosion ris+ assessment on MODH should include ha*ards from the $ells
including $ell testing operations! 4ollo$ing fire and e#plosion ha*ards related to $ells should be
considered:
Subsea shallo$ gas blo$ out
Shallo$ gas blo$ out in cellar dec+
@lo$ out from $ell at drill floor
Subsea $ell blo$out
?8 gas release ) ignition in mud processing area
4ire and e#plosion in $ell testing areas
,ell programmes shall be designed considering the anticipated ha*ards out of the aboe
mentioned ha*ards!
MODHs hae to meet the re%uirements of 8onentions and 8odes of International Maritime
Organisation -IMO., $hich includes MODH code, 4SS code! 4ire and e#plosion ris+ management
at MODH can be ensured by meeting the re%uirements of these codes!
4ollo$ing issues hae been ta+en into consideration by MODH code:
Structural fire protection layout plan for dec+s and bul+heads
Protection of accommodation spaces, serice spaces and control stations
Means of escape
4ire pumps, fire mains, hydrants and hoses
4ire e#tinguishing systems in machinery spaces and in spaces containing fired processes
Portable fire e#tinguishers in accommodation, serice and $or+ing spaces
(rrangements in machinery and $or+ing spaces
4ire detection and alarm system
Gas detection and alarm system
4ireman=s outfit
Proisions for helicopter facilities
4ire control plan
5nsuring fit for purpose status of fire e#tinguishing appliances -operational readiness and
maintenance is detailed in MODH 8ode &''/.
&B
Number and type of portable e#tinguishers proided on the MODH should be based on the fire
ha*ards for the spaces protected! 6e%uirement of portable e#tinguishers on MODH, as generic
guidance -based on the re%uirements of IMO MODH code. is placed at A00e=9re- ;!

+28, F-re a0! 3a. !ete7t-/0 a0! 7/0tr/: 2et>/!.
4&G detection systems should be designed in accordance $ith recogni*ed codes and standards
-such as N4P( >& and)or 5NGF. applicable to the area of operation to achiee the leel of
performance stated in the fire and e#plosion strategies -45S.! Parts 1 to > of I58 11G'0 should be
referred for guidance on re%uirements for electrical, electronic and programmable electronic
system! Doss of po$er or +ey input signals should be considered in determining the reliability of
the 4&G system!
,here proided, the 4&G system should be designed to perform the follo$ing functions:

a. Monitoring
to detect ha*ardous accumulations of flammable gases)oil mistI
$here considered necessary, to detect lea+s -e!g! near pump seals.I
to detect fires at an early stageI
to detect ingress of smo+e and flammable gas into places $here they may present a
ha*ardI
to permit manual initiation of alarm!
b. (larm
to indicate the location of any fire or ha*ardous accumulation of flammable gaseous or oil
mistI
to immediately alert people of possible fire or gas incident!
c. 8ontrol action
Qto immediately initiate appropriate control actions!
4&G System shall receie and display the status and any alarm signals from fire and gas
detectors, manual call points -manual stations for initiation of 5SD. and fi#ed fire protection
systems on fire *one basis! "he system shall also be capable of
monitoring continuously the status of associated self contained systems such as
?L(8 fan and fire dampers, fire $ater ring main, fire $ater pumps, and gaseous
e#tinguishing systems
Proiding the controls for the fire $ater distribution system, fire $ater pumps and
gaseous e#tinguishing systems!
"he 4&G system shall operate as an independent system! 4&G detection safety instrumented
functions shall be functionally and physically segregated from other systems or functions!
5%uipment used for fire and gas detection, and control shall be listed) approed by independent
international certification agency namely HD) 4M! ,here systems are supplied, such systems shall
be listed ) approed by the aboe mentioned agency as a complete operating system! Substitution
of alternatie components, $here approed components are aailable shall not be permitted!
5%uipment, if any, $hich is not listed ) approed by HD) 4M, shall be certified by a reputed third
party $ho is recogni*ed in the field of fire protection of offshore installation!
Ne$ technologies, if introduced, shall hae HD)4M approal before acceptance)introduction for
field application and shall hae proen record of serice in a similar enironment!
+28+ Dete7t-/0 .#.te2
4&G detection shall be accomplished by the follo$ing automatic and manual methods:
Detection of flammable gas
Detection of heat
&F
Detection of flame
Detection of smo+e
Detection of to#ic gases
Manual alarm call point
"hese detection circuits shall be fault monitored continuously, and shall proide early $arning of
an outbrea+ of fire or gas release in an area!
(utomatic detection system $hether electric or pneumatic, shall hae proision to detect failure of
e%uipment or loss of superising air pressure or failure of po$er supply!
"ypical applications of fire)gas detectors e#cluding to#ic gases are tabulated in A00e=9re - <!
"o#ic gas detectors shall be proided in all areas $here potentially to#ic gas concentrations may
be present or be formed!
4&G detectors shall be sub2ect to a regular maintenance and testing programme! "he design of
the 4&G system field deices should consider the re%uirements for maintenance in order to
minimi*e the need to proide special access arrangements for calibration, cleaning or testing!
4ire and gas detection system shall be designed to testing $ithout interrupting other system
onboard! 4aults of detection systems should, once detected, raise an alarm at a control station!
"emporary remoal or isolation of the 4&G system, or part of the system, is acceptable proided
that ade%uate alternatie arrangements are ensured!
Placing of detectors shall be based on releant scenarios, ha*ard analysis, simulations and tests!
5lectric automatic detection e%uipment and it=s au#iliary electric e%uipment in ha*ardous areas
shall be designed and certified for use in such areas!

4ire detectors shall, e#cept for fusible plugs, be of resettable type such that after actiation they
can be restored to normal sureillance $ithout the rene$al of any component!
4or automatic operation of system, ade%uate and reliable source of po$er supply shall be
proided! "he need for an alternate po$er supply shall be determined considering criticality of the
facility to be protected!
+282 A:ar2 .#.te2
,here automatic operation of 4&G System is proided, an alarm condition shall remain until
manually reset! "he detection system shall actiate a local alarm as $ell as an alarm at a
constantly attended location! "he detection system=s alarms shall also be actuated $hen the
system is operated manually!
(n alarm system comprises:
manual alarm input deices
input lines from detector and shutdo$n systems
alarm central unit receiing and ealuating input signals and creating output signals to
alarm sounding deices
alarm sounding deices such as bells, flashing lights and)or loudspea+ers
po$er supply!
(larms initiation from the follo$ing systems shall be proided, as applicable:
general emergency -5SD. or muster
fire detection
hydrocarbon gas detection
to#ic gas -e!g! ?ydrogen Sulphide. detection
fire e#tinguishing medium release -8O& or other gases $ith lethal concentrations.
po$er;operated $atertight door closing
machinery fault detection!
(ll alarms shall be indicated isually and audibly in the control room!
&G
(n alarm philosophy shall be established ensuring that the alarms are simple and unambiguous!
"he philosophy shall define $hich alarms are to be broadcasted to the entire unit or installation
and $hether this should occur automatically or not!
"he unit or installation shall be e%uipped $ith a public address system! "he alarm system may be
combined $ith the public address system, proided that:
alarms automatically oerride any other input
olume controls are automatically set for alarm sounding
all parts of the public address system -e!g! amplifiers, signal cables and loudspea+ers. are
made redundant
redundant parts are located or routed separately
all loudspea+ers are protected $ith fuses against short circuits!
"he number of alarms during abnormal conditions shall be assessed and reduced as far as
practicable by alarm processing)suppression techni%ues in order to hae operator attention on the
most critical alarms that re%uire operator action!
"he alarms shall be clearly audible at all locations on the unit or installation, and shall be easily
distinguishable! If noise in an area preents the audible alarm being heard a isible means of
alarm shall be proided!
(larm to areas $hich are not regularly manned may be coered by procedural precautions, e!g!
using portable radios!
(ctiation of the general alarm shall be possible from the main control stations, including
naigation bridge and radio room!
In addition to the alarm systems, a t$o;$ay communication system shall be proided for
transmittal of alarm, instructions and information bet$een those $ho may re%uire them!
Manual alarm call points -M8P. should be proided at conenient locations around the installation,
to allo$ personnel to initiate an alarm of a ha*ardous situation and allo$ rapid initiation of any
necessary control actions! ,here;eer applicable, M8P shall be designed and certified for use in
ha*ardous areas!
+283 C/0tr/: a7t-/0.
8ontrol actions initiated by 4&G system shall include
isolation of the installation from the reseroir and pipeline,
initiation of emergency depressuri*ation,
isolation of electrical e%uipment to preent further deelopment of electrical fires
shutdo$n of entilation system to minimi*e ingress of smo+e or flammable gasI
isolation of electrical e%uipment and other potential ignition sources upon detection of
flammable gas to minimi*e the ris+ of ignitionI
initiation of (4P systems $here these hae been proided to control or mitigate hydrocarbon
firesI
+38, E2er3e07# .>9t-!/C0 a0! 6:/C-!/C0 .#.te2
+38+ E2er3e07# S>9t-D/C0 (ESD) .#.te2
"he 5mergency Shut;Do$n -5SD. system proides the means of isolating the installation from
import and e#port pipelines, in order to control the topsides inentory in an emergency or %uic+ly
terminate e#port in the case of a pipeline or riser lea+! "he blo$ do$n system rapidly transfers the
gas or oil inentory to the ent, flare or reseroir in a controlled manner, in order to reduce the
potential for further escalation in the case of a fire or lea+! Pressure relief deices are proided on
process systems to preent rupture of pressure essels and lea+age of pipe$or+ 2oints under
applied pressure arising from faults in the process control system or as a result of fire! "he
isolation systems enable safe and secure isolation of +ey inentories and components to enable
draining and purging of fluids prior to maintenance or inspection!
&1
5mergency Shutdo$n -5SD. systems should be designed to initiate appropriate shutdo$n,
isolation and blo$ do$n actions to preent escalation of abnormal conditions into a ma2or
ha*ardous eent and to limit the e#tent and duration of any such eents $hich do occur!
(n 5SD system shall be proided, in accordance $ith the re%uirements of the 45S, in order to:
a! Isolate the installation from the ma2or hydrocarbon inentories $ithin pipelines and
reseroirs $hich, if released on failure, $ould pose an intolerable ris+ to personnel,
enironment and the e%uipment!
b! ,here appropriate, sectionali*e topside inentory to limit the %uantity of material released
on loss of containment!
c! 8ontrol potential ignition sources such as fired units, engines and non;essential critical
e%uipment!
d! 8ontrol subsurface safety ale-s.!
e! ,here appropriate, depressuri*e hydrocarbon inentory and ent it to a safe place!
Hpon failure of the shutdo$n system, all connected systems shall default to the safest condition
for the unit or installation! "here shall be a proision to actiate functions manually from the central
control room in such a manner that the facility is brought to a safe condition in the eent of failure
in the programmable parts of the system!
5mergency shutdo$n system shall be in addition to systems for management and control and
other safety systems e!g! if an 5SD ale is connected to the process control system, the process
control function shall be performed completely separate from the 5SD functions! "he emergency
shutdo$n system may hae an interface $ith other systems if it cannot be adersely affected as a
conse%uence of system failures, failures or single incidents in these systems!
(n 5SD system shall proide ade%uate information at a control station so that personnel inoled
in managing an emergency hae re%uired information to effectiely e#ecute the re%uired actions in
an emergency!
"he design of an 5SD system may be for manual or automatic initiation or both based on 45S!
,hen manual initiation is re%uired, the systems shall be simple to operate and shall not re%uire
operators to ma+e comple# or non;routine decisions! Once initiated, all control actions re%uired by
the 5SD system shall occur automatically!
"he 5SD system may also be initiated automatically $hen process conditions indicate a loss of
control $hich re%uires 5SD, for instance lo$ air pressure, high li%uid leel in a flare system! "he
system may include a number of independent process shutdo$n systems that can also be
actuated separately! (ctiation of the 5SD system should result in the termination of all production
actiity on the platform, including the closing of all pipeline SDLs! "he 5SD system should be
designed to permit continued operation of electrical po$er generating stations and fire;fighting
systems $hen needed in an emergency!
5%uipment that is critical for the effectuation of system actions shall be protected against
mechanical damage and accidental loads until shut do$n se%uence is complete! "his includes
5SD ales, accumulators, electrical cables, pneumatic and hydraulic tubing! 5SD ales shall
remain in safe position during dimensioning eent!
6iser 5SD ales shall be located in easily accessible, open, $ell;entilated areas, to aoid
damage from $ae impact and dimensioning accidental eents such as fire, e#plosion and
mechanical impact!
Stations for manual actiation of the 5SD system shall be located in strategic positions, be readily
accessible, $ell;mar+ed and protected against unintentional actiation! Manual stations for
&>
initiation of 5SD for complete platform shutdo$n should be installed at the follo$ing locations of a
platform:
a! helicopter dec+sI
b! e#it stair$ay landings at each dec+ leelI
c! boat landingsI
d! at the centre or each end of a bridge connecting t$o platformsI
e! emergency eacuation stationsI
f! near the driller<s console during drilling and $or+ oer operationsI
g! near the main e#its of liing %uartersI
h! control roomI
i! other locations as needed to proide stations accessible to all platform areasI
2! near $ell bayI
+! near arriing)departing pipelines!
5SD stations at boat landings may utili*e a loop of brea+able synthetic tubing in lieu of a ale or
electric s$itch!
@ecause of +ey role of 5SD system in the safety system, all 5SD components used should be of
high %uality and be corrosion;resistant!
"he 5SD system shall contain facilities for testing of both input)output deices and internal
functions!
5SD point shall hae proision for self illumination!
5mergency shutdo$n and operational shutdo$n of the satellite platform -associated $ell platforms.
shall be able to be carried out locally on the satellite platform as $ell as from the main platform!
(ctiation of the 5SD system should result in the termination of all production actiity on the
platform, including the closing of all pipeline SDLs! "he 5SD system should be designed to permit
continued operation of electrical po$er generating stations and fire;fighting systems $hen needed
in an emergency!
"he 5SD system of the satellite platform shall not be able to be ta+en out of serice from the main
platform and shall be in operation $hen the platform is unmanned!
+382 ":/C !/C0 .#.te2
6apid blo$ do$n or draining of topsides process inentories in order to preent escalation of a fire
situation should be proided unless there are specific good reasons for not doing so -e!g! ery
small topsides process.! @lo$ do$n should be designed in the light of the specific escalation times
for each fire scenario and generally be as fast as feasible once actiated!
@lo$ do$n shall be at a safe location $ith respect to personnel, bearing in mind the li+elihood of
spurious blo$ do$n eents as $ell as real emergency eents, and designed such that the heat
radiation for ma#imum foreseeable flaring -or ignited enting. rate does not pose a ha*ard to
escape and eacuation!
,hile designing blo$ do$n system, follo$ing approach should be considered:
4or each item of e%uipment, define the type of fire -pool, 2et, partial or total engulfment.
li+ely to affect it!
8alculate the rate of heat input appropriate to that type of fire!
8alculate the rate of temperature rise of the essel $all neglecting heat transfer to the
contents! "his simplification is appropriate for 2et or other fires, $hich might affect only a
small area of the essel! More comple# methods can allo$ for heat transfer to the
contents!
5stimate the time to essel rupture! 4rom this temperature;time profile prepare a yield A
stress;time profile and a corresponding rupture pressure;time profile! 8ompare this to the
actual pressure essel ersus time for the re%uired blo$ do$n time!
If the time to rupture does not meet the established safety criteria -such as time to
eacuate., then design changes may be necessary to improe the essel protection!
&0
"hese may be a reduction in blo$ do$n time, or application of fire protection insulation, or
changes to the plant layout to reduce the fire e#posure!
In case of unmanned platforms, manual depressuri*ation of all pressuri*ed systems should be
possible from the platform $hen it is manned! "he conse%uences of ignited ent pipes should be
considered! Lents on atmospheric essels, $hich are not dimensioned to $ithstand a full inside
e#plosion pressure, should be proided $ith ade%uate flame arrestors!
+;8, A7t-5e f-re r/te7t-/0

4ire and e#plosion strategies deeloped to manage fire and e#plosion ha*ards should ensure that
the measures selected are capable of performing their function by setting performance standards
-functional re%uirements. of safety critical elements!
In deeloping the fire and e#plosion strategies -45S., there are a $ide range of considerations that
influence the selection of (4P systems, e!g! the si*e and comple#ity of the installation, the nature
of the operations, aailability of e#ternal fire;response e%uipment, and the fire;response strategy
adopted by the operator!
Initiation of (4P systems may be automatic, manual or both! "he means of actiation $ill depend
on the e#pected location, si*e and type of fire, and the fire;response strategy for the installation!
4or automatically initiated systems, a manual release station shall be proided and coneniently
located outside the protected area!
Ob2ecties of actie fire protection system are:
"o control fires and limit escalationI
"o reduce the effects of a fire to allo$ personnel to underta+e emergency response
actiities or to eacuateI
"o e#tinguish the fire $here it is considered safe to do soI
"o limit damage to structures and e%uipment!

"he actie fire protection system shall be proided on the offshore installation, out of the follo$ing,
based on 45S:
,ater @ased System
4oam @ased System
Dry 8hemical @ased System
,ater cum foam Spray System
Dual agent suppression system - D8P and 4oam.
8lean (gent System
8arbon Dio#ide @ased System
Eitchen 8oo+ing (ppliances and ?ood Protection System
Portable 4ire 5#tinguishers
Selection of actie fire protection systems for typical areas on offshore installations is gien in
A00e=9re - D for initial design! 4inal selection of types and %uantities)rates should be based on
45S!
5ffects of the marine enironment offshore shall be considered in the selection of e%uipment,
materials, and systems! 5%uipment used for actie fire preention shall be listed) approed)
certified by independent international certification agency namely HD) 4M! ,here systems are
supplied, such systems shall be listed ) approed by the aboe mentioned agency as a complete
operating system! Substitution of alternatie components, $here approed components are
aailable shall not be permitted! 5%uipment, if any, $hich is not listed ) approed) certified by HD)
4M, shall be certified by a reputed third party $ho is recogni*ed in the field of fire protection of
offshore installation!
"he manufacturer of e%uipment)system shall confirm to proide after sales serice support
including supply of spares during life cycle of the e%uipment!
&/
Ne$ technologies, if introduced, shall hae HD)4M listing)approal) certification before
acceptance)introduction for field application and shall hae proen record of serice in a similar
enironment!
Larious (ctie fire protection systems applicable in offshore are coered belo$:
+;8+ F-re Cater .#.te2
4ire $ater system shall comprise of fire $ater pumps and distribution piping net$or+ along $ith,
deluge system, sprin+ler system, hose reels, hydrants and monitors, as the main components!
Sea $ater is used for fire e#tinguishments, fire control, cooling of e%uipment and for e#posure
protection of e%uipment)personnel from heat radiation!
4or these purposes, $ater in appropriate form should be used such as $ater 2et, $ater spray,
$ater fog, $ater curtain, and for foam ma+ing!
"he fire;$ater pump system should be selected to delier the pressure and flo$ re%uired for the
operation of $ater based (4P systems -deluge $ater spray, monitors, hoses, etc!. sufficient to
meet the role of these systems as defined in the 45S! "his $ill typically be the single largest
credible fire area -if deluge) $ater spray systems are installed., plus any anticipated manual fire;
fighting demand -monitors)hose streams.! ,here re%uired in the 45S, allo$ance should be made
to cope $ith escalation of the fire to ad2acent areas!

4or further guidance on fire $ater system section G!& of (PI 6P 1FG -F
th
edition, &''>. should be
referred!
+;8+8+ F-re Cater 92 .e:e7t-/0
"he fire;$ater pumps, their prime moers and starting arrangements should be designed so as to
operate for a minimum period sufficient for them to fulfill their functions!
"he speed of response of the fire;$ater pump unit should be selected so that fire;$ater is made
aailable to the systems $hich use fire;$ater in time for them to fulfill their function!
"he 45S should identify the number of fire;$ater pumps re%uired and the arrangement necessary
to proide a reliable supply of fire;$ater! "his should consider situations such as $hen a fire;$ater
pump unit is unaailable due to maintenance or brea+do$n! On normally manned installations this
may re%uire at least t$o independent pump units!
If more than one fire;$ater pump is proided, fire;$ater pump units should be designed to
minimi*e the ris+ of common mode failures occurring during emergencies! Pump inlets should be
separated such that in the eent of an incident rendering a pump inoperatie, the other pump
unit-s. $ill not be affected!
Suitable arrangements should be proided to allo$ erification of fire;$ater pump system
performance oer the full range of the fire;$ater pump cure!
4ire;$ater pump stop should be local only! 5#cept during testing, any alarms from pump
monitoring systems should not automatically stop the fire pump!
4ire;$ater pumps should normally hae t$o different means to start the pump automatically!
4ire detection at the fire;$ater pump should not stop the pump or inhibit the start of the fire;$ater
pump drier!
If not running continuously, the system should be designed to start automatically in a fire
emergency! In addition, facilities should be proided for local and remote manual start of the
pumps!
If the connection to the control room is lost, the fire;$ater pumps should start automatically!
B'
"he fire;$ater pump system should be located, or protected, so that it is able to supply $ater in a
fire emergency! Protection against damage of associated po$er cables, hydraulic)piping and
control circuits should be considered!
4ire;$ater pump units re%uired to operate $hen gas is present should be designed to be suitable
for such operation!
,ater treatment may be necessary to preent marine gro$th from impairing fire;$ater system
performance! "he re%uirements for inlet filtration should be considered $here debris may damage
the pump!
Sufficient instrumentation -both local and, $here appropriate, remote. should be proided to
enable personnel to ascertain the operational status of any pump unit!
"he proision of relief deices or other arrangements may be re%uired at the pumps to preent
damage to pipe $or+ due to high operating pressures or surge! Such deices should reset
automatically once the e#cess pressure has been relieed!
4ire$ater pump systems shall be self;contained! It shall be possible to start the fire $ater system
een if no other systems on the platform are operational!
4ire $ater pumps shall be e#clusiely used for firefighting purpose only!
N4P( &' 3Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for 4ire Protection7 should be
consulted as guideline for design and installation of fire $ater pumps!
+;8+82 F-re Cater 2a-0.
4ire $ater mains are the means by $hich $ater for fire;fighting is transmitted from the fire;$ater
pumps to the points of use! "he fire;$ater mains should be designed to proide an ade%uate
amount of $ater to the discharge points at the re%uired pressure! "he fire $ater mains should be
suitable for the marine enironment!
In deeloping the 45S, incidents $hich could result in damage to the fire mains should be
considered! ,here necessary, fire;$ater mains should be routed or protected to aoid such
damage! "he design should consider $hether arrangements are necessary to proide ade%uate
fire protection $hen a section of the fire mains is isolated due to damage or maintenance!
4ire;$ater mains should be e%uipped $ith an ade%uate number of shut;off ales to allo$ sections
of the mains and branches from the mains to be isolated! 5asy access for operation of these
ales should be proided!
Piping should be designed to be robust and should be ade%uately secured and supported! "he
effects of surge should be considered! 8onsideration should be gien to protecting deluge pipe
$or+ against the effects of fires and e#plosions
"he fire;$ater mains should be proided $ith suitable arrangements to permit testing of the pump
units and the fire$ater mains under full operating conditions to determine any deterioration in
efficiency!
Di%uid filled pressure gauges shall be fitted at prominent locations to indicate pressure in fire $ater
net$or+!
4ire $ater mains should be designed using a recogni*ed techni%ue for the hydraulic analysis of
these systems!
4ire $ater mains of steel pipes, cupronic+el -or copper;nic+el., glass reinforced epo#y coated or
pipes made of material suitable for the %uality of $ater should be used! (lternately, pipes made of
composite materials should be used! "he composite material to be used as per (PI 1GD6 ) (PI
1G?6
B1
+;8+83 De:93e .#.te2
4i#ed deluge systems should be proided to:
control pool fires and thus reduce the li+elihood of escalationI
proide cooling of e%uipment and structures not impinged by 2et fires- in case of 2et fire,
assessment should be carried out $hether deluge $ill contribute for fire control.I
proide a means to apply foam to e#tinguish hydrocarbon pool firesI
limit effects of fires to facilitate emergency response and 556 actiities!
"he four broad types of deluge protection include:
a. area protection designed to proide non;specific coerage of pipe $or+ and e%uipment
$ithin hydrocarbon handling areasI
b. e%uipment protection designed to proide dedicated coerage of critical e%uipment such
as essels and $ell headsI
c. structural protection designed to proide dedicated coerage of structural membersI
d. $ater curtains to reduce thermal radiation and to control the moement of smo+e in order
to proide protection to personnel during escape and eacuation!
4i#ed deluge systems should be designed using a recogni*ed techni%ue for the hydraulic analysis
of these systems! N4P( 1G 3Standard for ,ater Spray 4i#ed Systems for 4ire Protection7 should
be referred for design and installation of deluge systems!
"he speed of response re%uired for a deluge system to fulfill its function should be determined and
the system should be engineered accordingly! (rea deluge or local cooling system should be fully
operational as soon as possible after the receipt of an initiating signal!
"he $ater pressure aailable at the inlet to the system or an indiidual section should be sufficient
for the efficient operation of all no**les in that system or section under design flo$ conditions!
"he deluge ale should be of globe pattern design $ith material of construction suitable for sea
$ater serice! Dimit s$itches should be proided for monitoring opening and closing of the ale!
"he deluge ale should be pneumatically opened and loc+ed! 4acility for both pneumatic and
electrical operation from 8ontrol 6ooms must be proided! "he types of deluge no**le selected
and the location of these no**les should be suitable to fulfill the role of the system during the fire
eents and the enironmental conditions $hich may occur!
It shall be possible to manually actiate deluge ale locally, from control room and at release
stations located along the escape routes outside the fire area itself!
"he si*es of no**le and associated pipe $or+ should be selected to aoid bloc+age caused by
corrosion products or build;up of salt deposits after operation and testing! Self;draining design is
an important feature in this respect!
"he location and orientation of deluge no**les should be defined so that the re%uired %uantity of
$ater $ill impinge on surfaces to be protected! Due account should be ta+en of the effects of
obstructions and air moements on the stream of droplets!
4or systems $here local manual initiation is unli+ely to be ade%uate, remote operation should be
proided from a control station at $hich the operating status of the system -e!g! deluge ale
open)closed. is indicated!
Isolation of any automatically operated deluge system should be possible by means of a manually
operated ale located outside the protected area!
Piping should be designed to be robust and should be ade%uately secured and supported! "he
effects of surge should be considered! 8onsideration should be gien to protecting deluge pipe;
$or+ against the effects of fires and e#plosions! Piping material should be suitable for sea $ater
application!
B&
Means should be proided to enable the testing of deluge ale performance $ithout discharging
fire;$ater through the pipe;$or+ and no**les!
4i#ed deluge protection should be considered for temporary e%uipment such as modular rigs! "he
design of the installation fire;$ater pumping system should consider the needs of any anticipated
temporary deluge systems
+;8+8; Sr-0?:er .#.te2
(utomatic sprin+ler systems are typically used in areas $here fires are e#pected to inole
cellulosic fuels -liing %uarters., and $here slo$ fire gro$th is e#pected! Once initiated sprin+ler
systems can be effectie to control fire spread, to reduce fire and smo+e damage and to proide
alarm at a control station! "hey are not normally suitable for e#tinguishing fires in flammable li%uid
spills $hich can spread rapidly oer large areas and e#ceed the capacity of the sprin+ler system!
(utomatic sprin+ler systems should be connected to a pressuri*ed $ater supply so that the
system is capable of immediate operation and no action by personnel is necessary!
,here an automatic sprin+ler system is connected to an unpressuri*ed main, it should hae a
reliable supply of $ater aailable $ith sufficient capacity to proide protection until the main is
pressuri*ed! (utomatic supply from a pressuri*ed fire main or deluge main $hich actiates upon
drop of pressure in the sprin+ler system may be an acceptable $ater supply arrangement!
If sprin+lers are proided in coo+ing areas, they should be preented from impinging directly on to
e%uipment used for heating coo+ing oil or fat! 5lectrical po$er supply to the galley should be
s$itched off automatically in the eent that the sprin+ler system is operated!
4acilities should be proided to enable each part of the sprin+ler system to be drained and tested
and to remoe all air from $ater;filled systems!
4or large sprin+ler systems, consideration should be gien to diiding the system so that each
section can be monitored to indicate $hich section has operated!
Oer board test line shall be proided to fully function test the sprin+ler system $ithout spraying
$ater in the protected area! "his can be done by use of suitably located test sprin+ler using fresh
$ater!
"here shall be a pressure sensor do$nstream of each sprin+ler ale and a flo$ indicator
upstream of each area indicating in $hich area release is ta+ing place! Indication in the control
room shall be proided!
N4P( 1B 3Standard for the Installation of Sprin+ler Systems7 should be referred for design of
sprin+ler system! Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per
N4P(!
+;8+8< *ater 2-.t .#.te2
,ater;mist systems are an alternatie to gaseous systems in some applications! ( $ater mist
system is a fire protection system using ery fine $ater sprays -i!e!, $ater mist.! "he ery small
$ater droplets allo$ the $ater mist to control or e#tinguish fires by cooling of the flame and fire
plume, o#ygen displacement by $ater apor, and radiant heat attenuation!
8onsiderations $hich should be addressed in ealuation of the use of $ater;mist systems include:
suitability of the system for the particular applicationI
proision of a suitable $ater supply and air supply, if needed for the particular systemI
the si*e of the protected area and the degree of congestionI
the fuel type and the nature of the fires $hich may be e#periencedI
the effect on electrical and other sensitie e%uipment $ithin the area of $ater;mist
application!
N4P( >G' 3Standard on ,ater Mist 4ire Protection Systems7 should be referred for guidance!
BB
+;8+8D H#!ra0t. a0! >/.e ree:. & 0/44:e.
No**les and hoses -and portable foam e%uipment if used. should be located in the most suitable
positions considering the probable direction of approach of fire teams!
,here appropriate, enclosures should be proided to protect this e%uipment against mechanical
damage and against the enironment!
4ire;$ater mains should be e%uipped $ith hydrants to $hich hoses can be connected and)or
proided $ith fi#ed hose reels! "he number and position of hydrants)hose reels should be
sufficient to permit effectie fire;fighting by the emergency response team in the intended areas!
?ydrants and hose reels should not be supplied from the same section of a fire main as a deluge
or sprin+ler!

"he system should be designed so that the ma#imum pressure possible in the line is less than the
rated $or+ing pressure of the e%uipment!
?oses, no**les, ale +eys, etc! should be stored ad2acent to hydrants! 8ouplings should be
standard throughout the installation! No**les should be of robust construction, easy to operate and
made of materials suitable for the intended duty!
N4P( 1F 3Standard for the Installation of Standpipes and ?ose Systems7 should be referred for
installation of hydrants and hose reels! Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and
maintenance as per N4P(!
+;82 F/a2 .#.te2
4oam;forming addities can significantly increase the effectieness of $ater in controlling li%uid
hydrocarbon pool fires! 4irefighting foam is a stable aggregation of small bubbles, of density lo$er
than $ater or oil, haing a tenacious ability for coering and clinging to hori*ontal or inclined
surfaces! It has the capability of flo$ing freely oer a burning li%uid surface, cooling the li%uid and
forming an air;e#cluding, continuous blan+et to seal olatile combustible apours from access to
air! 4oams are ineffectie for fires such as pressuri*ed oil)gas 2et fires $here smothering effects
cannot be achieed! N4P( 11 3Standard for Do$, Medium, and ?igh 5#pansion 4oam7 should be
consulted for design and installation of foam systems!
4oams may be employed using hose stations, fi#ed systems, portable e#tinguishers or fi#ed
monitors! "he foaming agent may be applied directly by introducing foam concentrate into the fire;
$ater system in fi#ed proportions, or may be applied as a premi#ed solution of concentrate and
$ater!
,here foam concentrates are introduced directly into the fire;$ater system, the method of
proportioning should proide sufficient accuracy so that the re%uired performance is obtained oer
the full range of flo$s and pressures $hich may occur in the fire;$ater system!
"he foam concentrate selected should be suitable for use on the flammable li%uids present in the
protected area, in the e#pected enironmental conditions! ,here foam concentrate is in2ected into
the fire;$ater main it should be of a type $hich is compatible $ith sea $ater!
,here proided, the foam pump, its sources of po$er supply, foam concentrate and means of
controlling the system should be readily accessible, simple to operate, capable of being put into
operation rapidly and located)protected so that it $ill be able to operate $hen re%uired!
8entral foam systems should not be utili*ed as the primary source of supply of foam solution to
hand;held e%uipment as accurate proportioning cannot be guaranteed at lo$ flo$ rates!
"he foam concentrate should conform to HD, HS MID;4;&FB0G standards and should be suitable
for use and storage at anticipated ambient temperatures! ,hen dry chemical and foam
e#tinguishing agents are e#pected to be used at the same location, compatibility should be
confirmed!
BF
Minimum pressure for system re%uired shall be ensured at the remotest location of the hydrant!
4or further guidance on 4oam 5#tinguishing Systems refer N4P( 11 3Standard for Do$, Medium,
and ?igh 5#pansion 4oam7 and section G!B of (PI;6P;1FG - F
th
edition,&''>.! Proision shall be
made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
+;828+ M/0-t/r.
4ire;$ater monitors may be used to proide $ater;spray coerage or apply $ater;foam solution!
"hey may also be proided to supplement fi#ed deluge systems!
"he design of monitors should consider location, si*e of supply piping, arrangement of control
ales!
6emote operation of monitor-s., $hereer applicable, should be considered!
Monitors arranged for local operation should be proided $ith an access route, $hich is remote
from the part re%uiring protection and so sited as to protect the operator from the effects of radiant
heat, unless the monitor is also automatically)remotely operated!
5ach monitor should hae sufficient moement in the hori*ontal and ertical planes to permit the
monitor to be brought to bear on any point of the part protected by that monitor! "here should be
means for loc+ing the monitor in position!
5ach monitor should be capable of discharging under 2et and spray conditions! "he locations and
discharge characteristics of the monitor should be selected to suit the role and e#posure protection
re%uired from the monitors and the local enironmental conditions! Monitor should be capable of
discharging foam also!
Monitors $hich can be remotely actuated should be arranged so that they cannot cause in2ury or
impede escape routes $hen operated! Docal manual oerride controls should be proided!
Minimum pressure for system re%uired shall be ensured at the remotest location of the monitor!
Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
+;8282 F/a2 *ater H/.e Ree: $0-t
4oam $ater hose reels are ideal means of fighting small oil and gas fires on 5 & P platforms!
"ypical description of 4oam ,ater ?ose 6eel Hnit is gien in A00e=9re- ++!
Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
+;83 Dr# 7>e2-7a: f-=e! .#.te2.
Dry chemical fire;fighting systems can proide an effectie means for e#tinguishment by chain
brea+ing mechanism! ( ma2or adantage is their self;contained feature $hich proides for
protection $ithout reliance upon an e#ternal energy source! "he nature of potential fires should be
carefully considered in selecting and si*ing the type of dry chemical and e%uipment! N4P( 1>
3Standard for Dry 8hemical 5#tinguishing Systems7 should be consulted for design and installation
of dry chemical systems!
Dry chemical from fi#ed systems may be applied from hand hose line or fi#ed no**le systems! "o
coer seeral areas $ith a single supply of agent, hand hose lines $ith local actuators may be
connected by rigid piping to a single dry;chemical supply! ( single large supply unit is li+ely to lose
fire fighting capabilities, if the unit malfunctions or is damaged! "herefore seeral smaller units
may be considered!
BG
Dry chemical po$der and its deliery systems -e%uipment. shall be approed by certifying agency!
"ype of dry chemical used in the system shall not be changed unless proen to be changeable by
a testing laboratory, recommended by the manufacturer of the e%uipment and approed by
certifying agency!
"he discharge of dry chemical and e#pellant gas is a t$o;phase flo$, and the flo$ characteristics
depend upon the particular dry chemical, e#pellant gas and e%uipment being used! "herefore, it
is important to use the manufacturers= data, $hich hae been established by inestigation and
tests, $hen designing the piping!
Nitrogen gas shall be utili*ed as e#pellant!
Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
"ypical description of dry chemical fi#ed systems is gien in A00e=9re- ++!
+;8; D9a: a3e0t .9re..-/0 .#.te2
Dual agent suppression system is self contained system utili*ing simultaneous or se%uential use
of dry chemical po$der and foam! Darge 8lass @ fires re%uires rapid +noc+do$n and suppression
of flaming li%uid $hich can be achieed using dry chemical po$der, and the foam blan+ets the fuel
$ith a thic+ film there by preenting escape of flammable apours and also ensures cooling!
Dry chemical po$der used in dual agent suppression system shall be compatible $ith foam!
@oth dry chemical po$der and foam shall be stored in separate tan+s! Nitrogen gas shall be
utilised as e#pellant!
"he s+id unit shall be hydraulically designed to achiee balanced flo$ rates of dry po$der and
foam!
"he dry chemical po$der and foam concentrate shall also conform to the standards of certifying
agency!
"he unit shall be capable of operation by one person!
Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
+;8< C:ea0 a3e0t .#.te2
Gaseous systems may be used to e#tinguish fires or, at higher concentrations, to inert a space
and preent ignition!
Hse of ?alon has been banned for ne$ systems due to their detrimental effect on atmospheric
o*one and causing global $arming! 8lean agent based system as per Montreal and Eyoto
Protocol shall be installed for ne$ installation and as replacement to e#isting ?alon system!
?48s are green house gases haing large global $arming potential can also pose health ris+ to
personnel if e#posed to e#tinguishing concentrations and should be aoided!
"he Gaseous clean agent system should hae, as minimum, ban+ of cylinders filled $ith the agent
under pressure, piping net$or+, dual actuating system, discharge no**les and operated through
the control panel! 1''R redundancy should be proided in ban+ of cylinders! "he system should
be capable of the being recharged at site!
"he company should obtain a long term replacement $arranty -1' years or more. from the O5M in
case the clean agent is found to be enironmentally unsustainable $ithin this period!
,here e#isting ?alon system are to be replaced, safe disposal of ?alon must be carried out either
by destruction using Plasma (rc technology as per 5P( guidelines or to be handed oer to
(uthori*ed Goernmental (gency for ?alon ban+ing!
B1
Onsite refilling of gaseous agent should be preferred! Gaseous agent system shall hae the
approal of certifying agency!
5ach ha*ard area to be protected by the protection system shall hae an independent system!
1''R standby containers shall be considered for each protected ha*ard! Oer and aboe this, the
time needed to obtain the gas for replacement to restore the systems shall be considered as a
goerning factor in determining the resere supply needed!
Storage containers shall be located as near as possible to ha*ard area but shall not be e#posed to
fire!
Storage containers shall be carefully located so that they are not sub2ected to mechanical,
chemical or other damage!
(ll the components of the system shall be capable of $ithstanding heat of fire and seere $eather
condition!
8lean agent system shall also hae on line monitoring and display system for pressure of
cylinders at control room!
Selection and design of clean agent system shall be in line $ith the N4P( &''1 3Standard on
8lean (gent 4ire 5#tinguishing Systems7! "he clean agent should also comply $ith the
re%uirements of 3O*one Depletion Substances 6egulation & 8ontrol 6ules ; &''', Ministry of
5nironment & 4orests, Goernment of India!
Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
+;8D Car6/0 D-/=-!e (CO2) 6a.e! S#.te2

4i#ed 8O& system shall be designed in accordance $ith N4P(;1&!
8O& is generally not used for protection of spaces that can be occupied by personnel due to
suffocation ris+! @efore 8O& flooding system is operatedI persons in confined area, if any, should
be eacuated!
Suitable safeguard shall be proided to ensure prompt eacuation of personnel and prompt rescue
of any trapped person!
8O& snuffing system: 4or fighting the fire occurring at cold flare)cold ent boom $here it is difficult
to approach, a system employing the phenomena of dilution by 8O& snuffing system are
commonly proided! "he 8O& snuffing system normally consists of amount of 8O& gas in cylinders
$hich are manifolded and are located at easily accessible area! 8O& snuffing system shall be
designed and installed in accordance to N4P( 1&!
Proision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!
+;8( K-t7>e0 7//?-03 a:-a07e. a0! >//! r/te7t-/0

,here +itchens are installed in con2unction $ith accommodation facilities to proide food serices,
the +itchens should be protected $ith appropriate fi#ed pipe protection of the coo+ing appliances
and e#haust duct systems!
(gents for +itchen shall be $et chemical suitable for E 8lass fires as per N4P( 1'!
Portable fire e#tinguishers suitable for E 8lass of fire shall be proided for response to small fires
$ithout discharging the main system!
+;8@ He:-!e7? f-re r/te7t-/0
Protection re%uirements may ary depending on helicopter types, the si*e of facility, the manning
arrangements and the area of operation! 5#isting practices include portable fire e#tinguishers,
B>
local dedicated foam systems and foam monitors connected to the fire main! ?elidec+s should
comply $ith the standards of any authority haing 2urisdiction for the helidec+, as $ell as
International 8iil (iation Organi*ation -I8(O.!"he helidec+ fire protection should be designed to
deal $ith fires on the helidec+ $ithout placing helidec+ cre$ in undue danger!
"ypically on manned installations, (4P systems suitable for fires inoling aircraft engines, crash
incidents or fuelling actiities should be proided! 4ire;e#tinguishing e%uipment should be readily
accessible at the helidec+! ,here fire;$ater is re%uired, location of fire;$ater pump start facilities
should be considered at each helidec+ emergency response location, and the supply
arrangements should ensure that there $ill be no interruption in fire$ater supply during fire;
fighting!
( central foam system $hich in2ects foam concentrate into the fire;$ater mains at the fire pump
discharge should not normally be used as the primary means of helidec+ protection, unless it can
be sho$n that the delay in the fire$ater) foam solution reaching the helidec+ foam monitors is
acceptable! Such a central foam system may, ho$eer, be used as a bac+;up system for
protection of the helidec+, should the dedicated helidec+ foam system be unaailable! 8entral
foam systems may be used if foam is immediately aailable for induction at the helidec+ foam
system!
,here foam is applied by means of fi#ed monitors, sufficient monitors should be proided, spaced
at appro#imately e%ual distances around the helidec+!
14.9F-re e=t-039-.>er.
Mobile -$heeled. and handheld fire e#tinguishers are intended as a first line of defense against
fires of limited si*e and should be proided een $hen other fi#ed firefighting systems are
proided! ( ma2or adantage of fire e#tinguishers is their self;contained feature, $hich proides for
protection $ithout reliance on an e#ternal source of energy!
,ithin the arious types of e#tinguishing mediums, there are differences bet$een the specific
e#tinguishing medium and the methods by $hich the medium is e#pelled! 5#tinguishers also ary
significantly in si*e ranging from ery small hand portables, $hich can be transported to the fire
%uic+ly and easily, to large mobile units, $here the container must basically remain in place and
the e#tinguishing medium discharged through a long hose!
4ire e#tinguishers should be simple to operate and be designed in accordance $ith a recogni*ed
standard $hich is suitable for anticipated enironmental conditions!
"he arious types of fire e#tinguishers aailable are $ater, dry chemical, carbon dio#ide & clean
agent type! ?ence, class of fire anticipated shall be considered $hile selecting the right type of fire
e#tinguisher!
Oil, gas and electrical fires anticipated on the offshore installations $ould generally be classified
as 8lass @ and 8 fire ris+ $hich can be controlled by dry chemical po$ders and 8O& fire
e#tinguishers!
"he fire e#tinguisher should be light $eight and of compact design $ith considerations of reliability
and ease of refilling! "he e#tinguisher body and components shall be designed for marine
enironment!
4ire e#tinguishers containing an e#tinguishing medium $hich, either by itself or under e#pected
conditions of use, gies off to#ic gases in such %uantities as to endanger persons should not be
used!
Suitable arrangements should be made for mobile e#tinguishers to accommodate the hose so that
the hose $ill not +in+ and can be handled %uic+ly! Mobile e#tinguishers should be fitted $ith
discharge hoses of length sufficient to reach any part of the protected area! "he hose should not
be of such length as to preclude efficient discharge of the e#tinguisher<s contents!
4ire e#tinguishers are most effectiely utili*ed $hen they are readily aailable in sufficient number
and $ith ade%uate e#tinguishing capacity for use by persons familiar $ith their operation! "he
B0
actual placement of fire e#tinguishers should be based on a physical surey of the area to be
protected!
Suitable e#tinguishers should be proided such that personnel in an area hae ready access to
permit rapid interention $hile fires are still in their incipient stage!
Particular attention should be paid to the distribution, siting and isibility of e#tinguishers in order
that they are accessible and can be clearly distinguished!
5#tinguishers should be clearly mar+ed, to identify the e#tinguishing medium contained, and the
type of fire for $hich it is suitable!
,hile selecting the location for mobile e#tinguishers, consideration for their mobility in the area
should be carefully considered! If mobile e#tinguishers are located indoors, the si*e of the
door$ays and passages should be sufficient for easy moement of e#tinguisher!
Procedures should be established so that e#pended e#tinguishers can be immediately recharged
or replaced! 6esere supplies of dry chemical should be stored in a dry area in containers
designed to preent entry of moisture!
5#tinguishers should be proided $ith suitable means for mounting! Suitable shades or coers
should be proided to protect e#tinguishers in the open from e#cessie heat, cold, rains or
corrosie enironment! ,here such shades or coers are proided, they should be designed so
that the remoal of e#tinguishers is not hampered in the eent of fire!
5#tinguishers should be located to minimi*e the possibility of damage from a fire or e#plosion and
be proided in sufficient number that the oerall fire control capability is not seriously impaired by a
single fire! "ypical placement of fire e#tinguishers at production installations is placed at
A00e=9re-(8
N4P( 1' 3Standard for Portable 4ire 5#tinguishers7 should be referred for selection, installation,
inspection, maintenance, and testing of Portable fire e#tinguishers!
"ypical description of 8O& and dry chemical po$der fire e#tinguishers are gien in A00e=9re- ++!

+<8, Pa..-5e f-re r/te7t-/0
Passie fire protection -P4P. comes in many forms, but the ob2ectie is al$ays to proide some
sort of heat insulating barrier bet$een the fire and the item to be protected! P4P should be
designed for use on essels, pipe$or+, structural members, boundary $alls or indiidual items of
safety critical e%uipment! (ll P4P systems should be designed according to the specific fire
scenarios based on 45S!
Modern design philosophy is to identify specific areas or items of concern -usually structure or
piping $hich on failure $ould escalate the initial eent. and target these items for P4P application!
P4P is preferred oer deluge in such situations since it is immediately aailable and has no
moing parts to fail and preent operation!
F-re Ca::.
4ire$alls are often proided for area segregation! On many installations combined fire and blast
rated $alls diide the process areas from the $ellbay and the $ellbay from the utilities and
accommodation areas giing multi;barrier protection across the platform from the high ha*ard
process end to the lo$ ha*ard accommodation end! 4ire$alls are usually composite items
consisting of a structural part and an insulating part, both parts need to retain their integrity for the
life of the installation! @ased on fire ris+ analysis appropriate class diision is selected -li+e (;1',
?;1' and ?;1&' class diision.!
"ypical fire integrity re%uirements gien in A00e=9re-@ may be used as guidance in determining
the P4P re%uirements -fire barrier. for the protected area!
PFP /0 .tr97t9re. a0! .tr97t9ra: .9/rt.

One of the functional re%uirements of the passie fire protection system is to protect the critical
structural members! "ypical fire integrity re%uirements gien at A00e=9re-B may be used as
B/
guidance in determining the P4P for structural members re%uired to support the protected area
including its e#ternal boundaries!
(ll P4P applications must ta+e account of the need for periodic inspection of +ey parts of the
underlying structure! "his can be catered for by proiding inspection hatches! ?o$eer, it must be
emphasi*ed that P4P integrity must be sufficient to preent the ingress of $ater and subse%uent
corrosion under the insulation and that the application of inspection or access points must not
degrade the 3$ater;tightness7 of the P4P!
PFP /0 r/7e.. 5e..e:.
P4P is the preferred method of protecting essels from heating up and failing $hen e#posed to
fire! ,ater cooling is possible but not as reliable and re%uires large amounts of $ater! If the fire
e#posure is seere, unprotected essels could @D5L5 $ith deastating conse%uences! "he main
concern $ith P4P on essels is that it ma+es ND" of the essel difficult!
PFP f/r r-.er. a0! .afet# 7r-t-7a: eA9-2e0t
"ypical protection criteria for critical e%uipment are proided in A00e=9re-+,, $hich may be used
as guidance in determining the P4P re%uirement of critical e%uipment in order to allo$ it to fulfil its
function in an emergency!
,ater tightness in case of risers is a +ey issue $hen the P4P goes do$n to the splash *one! It is
no use protecting a specific item of safety;related e%uipment if escalation $ill then ta+e place
through failure of the pipe$or+ on either side of the fire protected e%uipment! In designing any
P4P system, an holistic ie$ of the $hole module, must be ta+en! Design of protection for 2ust
Msafety critical= items in isolation can lead to inefficient safety spends!

PFP Cra-03
,rapping 2ac+ets for protection of ales and critical piping sections may be considered $hich are
easy to install and remoe for inspection! It has potential for e#ternal corrosion, $hich should be
monitored $hen remoed for inspection!
Me.> .7ree0.
"hese reduce heat radiation on escape routes by appro#imately G' R, proided the flame is not
actually impinging on the route! "hey are fre%uently used to protect open stair$ays!
+D8, I0.e7t-/0) 2a-0te0a07e a0! te.t-03
Inspection, testing and maintenance fre%uencies should be determined as part of the 45S
deelopment, reflecting the role and importance of the system in managing fires and e#plosions!
(ll systems for fire and e#plosion management shall be inspected, tested and maintained to
N4P(, SOD(S 6egulation and manufacturer=s guidelines at predetermined interals by competent
personnel! "hese interals $ill be determined by the re%uired probability that the e%uipment $ill
not hae an unreealed fault -e!g! $ould not start or continue to operate $hen re%uired.I the
systems should be inspected thoroughly at least annually, follo$ing an established procedure!
"hese interals and standards should be determined after ta+ing into account the re%uired
reliability or the criticality of the system, historical information on the li+elihood of failure, +no$n
causes of failure, the enironmental conditions and ta+ing into consideration O5M
recommendations! Systems should be maintained at all times! 6ecords of inspection reports
sho$ing date of inspection, scope of inspection, any correctie action ta+en or re%uired $ith the
name and initial of person carrying out inspection should be retained!
"he company shall be responsible for the establishment of health, safety and enironment
procedures coering all actiities during sericing and maintenance!
Periodic inspections and sericing, as recommended by the manufacturer, shall be conducted
under direct superision of the company=s fire officer ) safety officer in accordance $ith instructions)
procedures proided by the manufacturer!
(ny ma2or repair shall be conducted by the Manufacturer=s representatie or a person
appropriately trained and certified by the manufacturer for the $or+ to be done!
F'
Spares, agents and consumables shall be as per manufacturer=s re%uirements and standards to
maintain the system integrity and original approals! (fter sales serice support shall be proided
by such supplier $ith assurance of spares aailability for at least 1' years!
( competent fire officer )safety officer shall be made responsible for inspection, maintenance &
testing of fire protection system! "he duties of fire officer shall be clearly defined, e#plained and
communicated to him in $riting for role clarity!
F-re a0! 3a. !ete7t/r.) 3e0era: a:ar2., ESD a0! 6:/C !/C0 .#.te2
4ire and gas control panel: functional chec+s at regular interal -at least %uarterly. should be
conducted to ensure that detectors annunciate correct *ones and initiate the appropriate alarms or
e#tinguishing systems!
Detectors -flame, heat, smo+e and gas.: should be tested -at least %uarterly. for operation and
recalibrated if re%uired! "he fre%uency of testing detectors $ill be dependent upon the type!
General alarm: alarms initiated from the fire and gas detection system should be regularly -at least
monthly. tested!
5mergency shutdo$n and blo$ do$n systems: operational tests should be performed annually, to
substantiate the integrity of the entire system!
F-re-Cater 92 .#.te2.1
1! Inspection and tests: driers and pumps should be regularly started -at least $ee+ly. and
operated for a period sufficient to establish normal operating conditions! "hey should start
reliably and run smoothly at rated speed and load! (t least monthly $ater should be
discharged simultaneously from minimum t$o discharge points, to %ualitatiely erify the
integrity of pump and $ater deliery system! Pump performance -flo$ olume and
discharge pressure. should be tested -at least annually. to ensure the pumping system
satisfies the fire;$ater system functional re%uirements!
&! Maintenance: engines should be +ept clean, lubricated and in good operating condition!
8orrect oil and coolant leels should be maintained! Diesel fuel tan+s should be chec+ed
after each engine run to assure an ade%uate -at least B' minutes running. fuel supply
e#ists! 4uel;gas scrubber essels on natural;gas fuel engines should be drained before
and after any engine run! Pressure;gauge readings on fuel;gas lines should be chec+ed
during engine tests to erify the fuel gas deliery pressure! (t a fre%uency dictated by flo$
test and e#perience, submerged pumps should be lifted to inspect for corrosion and)or
$ear $hich could cause failure $hen re%uired to function during an incident!
B! @atteries and charger systems: storage batteries should be +ept in charged conditions at
all times! "hey should be regularly tested -at least %uarterly., to determine the condition of
the battery cells! "he automatic;charging feature of a battery charger is not a substitute for
proper maintenance of the battery and the charger! Periodic inspection is re%uired to
ensure that the charger is operating correctly!
F-re Cater 2a-0.
"he ring main shall be chec+ed for lea+s -at least once in a year. by operating fire pump & +eeping
the monitor, hose reel and hydrants closed to get the ma#imum pressure!
"he ring mains, hydrant, monitor & deluge)sprin+ler header ales shall be isually inspected -at
least monthly. for any missing accessories, defects, damage and corrosion and records
maintained!
(ll ales on the ring mains, hydrants, monitors & deluge)sprin+ler headers shall be chec+ed for
lea+s, smooth operation and lubricated once in a month!
F1
De:93e a0! .r-0?:er .#.te2.1
Deluge systems may be susceptible to plugging due to corrosion, biological fouling or other foreign
ob2ects! (n effectie means -e!g! inspection, testing. should be established to erify that the
system has the capability to function as designed! It is recommended that the established
procedures allo$ for erification -at least annually. of the integrity of the system! Pressure testing
of piping system should meet the re%uirements of N4P(;1B!
,here installed, sprin+ler system $ater;flo$ alarms should be tested -at least monthly. for correct
operation!
"esting of alarms)actions -e!g! fire;$ater pump start. should be possible from deluge)sprin+ler
systems!
H#!ra0t.) >/.e ree:.) 0/44:e. a0! 2/0-t/r.1
,here necessary to confirm integrity, all fire hoses should be tested -at least annually. by
sub2ecting them to the ma#imum fire;$ater system operating pressures! No**les should be
function;tested -at least monthly. for proper operation! (fter each use, fire hoses should be
inspected for damage and returned to their storage deice! 8otton;2ac+eted hoses should be
carefully cleaned and dried after use!
?ydrants and monitors should be physically inspected periodically to ascertain any lea+age or
damage and should be function tested %uarterly!
F-=e! !r# 7>e2-7a: .#.te2.1
(ll dry;chemical e#tinguishing systems and other associated e%uipment should be inspected and
chec+ed -at least annually. for proper operation by competent personnel! (ll e#pellant gas
containers should be chec+ed -at least %uarterly. by pressure or mass against re%uired minimums!
(ll stored dry;chemical pressure containers should be chec+ed -at least %uarterly. by pressure and
mass against specified data! 5#cept for stored pressure systems, the dry chemical in the system
storage container should be sampled from the top centre and near the $all! (ny samples $hich
contain lumps that $ill not be friable $hen dropped from a height of 1'' mm shall result in the
replacement of the chemical! (fter use, hoses and piping should be cleared of residual dry
chemical!
Manufacturer<s recommendations $ith respect to cleanliness and dryness should be follo$ed for
refilling e#tinguishers!
F/a2 .#.te2
(t least annually, all foam systems shall be thoroughly inspected and chec+ed for correct
operation! "he operation shall include performance ealuation of the foam concentrate or premi#
solution %uality or both! Deficiencies, if any, shall be rectified as per re%uirements of N4P( 11!
&a.e/9. .#.te2. (-07:9!-03 Cater-2-.t .#.te2.)1
Systems should be thoroughly inspected and tested -at least annually. by competent personnel for
proper operation! Discharge of the system during function;testing should not be re%uired! (ll
stored pressure containers should be chec+ed -at least semiannually. by pressure and mass
against specified data -allo$able $eight loss is GR or pressure loss is 1'R.! "he $eight and
pressure should be recorded on the tag attached $ith the container!
M/6-:e a0! >a0! /rta6:e f-re-f-3>t-03 eA9-2e0t1
5#tinguishers should be isually inspected fre%uently -at least monthly. to ensure that they are in
the designated location, to ensure that they hae not been actiated or tampered $ith and to
detect any obious physical damage, corrosion, compaction of po$der or other impairments! In
case of stored pressure type of e#tinguishers, compaction of po$der to be chec+ed at the time of
refill or based on shelf life of the po$der!
4ire e#tinguishers should be hydrostatically tested in accordance $ith a N4P( 1'!
F&
(ny cylinder $hich sho$s eidence of corrosion or mechanical damage should be hydrostatically
tested to ensure its integrity!
Nitrogen cylinders used for inert gas storage and used as an e#pellant for $heeled e#tinguishers
should be hydrostatically tested by competent personnel in accordance $ith recogni*ed standards!
(t regular interals -at least annually., e#tinguishers should be thoroughly e#amined! Deficient
e#tinguishers should be repaired, recharged or replaced, as appropriate!
Manufacturer<s recommendations $ith respect to cleanliness and dryness should be follo$ed for
refilling e#tinguishers!
5#tinguishers out of serice for maintenance or recharging should be replaced by an
e#tinguisher-s. haing the same classification and at least e%ual rating!
5ach e#tinguisher should hae a permanently attached identification tag indicating the
maintenance or recharge date and the initials or name of the person $ho performed the $or+!
"he mi#ing of different po$ders can cause a corrosie mi#ture and abnormal pressures to
deelop, resulting, in the e#treme, in e#plosion of the e#tinguisher! 5#tinguishers should only be
refilled $ith the same type po$der originally contained in the unit!
Pa..-5e f-re r/te7t-/0
Generally, passie fire protection systems hae fe$ maintenance demands! ?o$eer, periodic
isual inspections are recommended, $ith repairs to damaged areas as appropriate! "he
inspections should identify damage such as crac+s or oids, either in the top coating or the
fireproofing itself! 6epairs should be carried out in accordance $ith manufacturer<s
recommendations!
"hese periodic inspections are important in order to maintain the integrity of the fireproofing
coating and to proide early detection of corrosion! If partial debonding of the fireproofing coating
has occurred and there are surface crac+s in the area of the debonding, moisture may migrate to
the base surface, establish a corrosion cell and become a source of corrosion! "his corrosion
potential highlights the need to hae a fireproofing coating application procedure, $hich ensures
that a proper bond is established bet$een the fireproofing compound and the base surface!
+(8, F-re re5e0t-/0
"here should be fire preention plan based on 45S!
( fire preention plan must include:
1! ( list of all ma2or fire ha*ards, proper handling and storage procedures for ha*ardous
materials, potential ignition sources and their control, and the type of fire protection
e%uipment necessary to control each ma2or ha*ardI
&! Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible $aste materialsI
B! Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards installed on heat;producing e%uipment
to preent the accidental ignition of combustible materialsI
F! "he name or 2ob title of employees responsible for maintaining e%uipment to preent or
control sources of ignition or firesI and
G! "he name or 2ob title of employees responsible for the control of fuel source ha*ards!
(ll employees shall be informed upon initial assignment to a 2ob, of the fire ha*ards to $hich they
are e#posed! OIM shall also reie$ $ith each employee those parts of the fire preention plan
necessary for self;protection!
+@8, E2er3e07# reare!0e..
FB
"he emergency -support. systems proided for the management and control of an incident include
the communications systems, escape and eacuation arrangements, po$er generation system-s.
and e#plosion protection -ents)suppression system.! Periodic functional tests of these systems
should be performed, to substantiate the integrity of each system!
Specific test procedures should be in accordance $ith e%uipment manufacturer<s
recommendations!
4or guidance on emergency preparedness refer OISD;GDN;&&>!
5mergency response plan of the offshore installation should include response plans for fire and
e#plosion incidents! "hey should include the follo$ing:
+@8+ E2er3e07# a7t-/0 :a0
(n emergency action plan must include as a minimum:
1! Procedures for reporting a fire or other emergencyI
&! Procedures for emergency eacuation, including type of eacuation and e#it route
assignmentsI
3. Procedures to be follo$ed by employees $ho remain to operate critical plant operations
and firefighting before they eacuateI
F! Procedures to account for all employees after eacuationI
G! Procedures to be follo$ed by employees performing rescue or medical dutiesI
1! "he name or 2ob title of eery employee $ho may be contacted by employees $ho need
more information about the plan or an e#planation of their duties under the plan!
>! Description of purpose, scope and responsibilityI
0! Description of organi*ation, alerts, mobili*ation and communication!
/! Description of field-s. and facility-s. and potential areas impacted by acute pollutionI
1'! Description of installation resources, area resources, regional resources and e#ternal
resources and e%uipmentI
11! Instructions for emergency preparedness personnelI
1&! 8o;operation procedures and agreements, if applicable, for co;ordination $ith other
participantsI
"he emergency action plan must be reie$ed $ith each employee coered by the planI $hen the
plan is deeloped or the employee is assigned initially to a 2obI $hen the employee<s
responsibilities under the plan changeI and $hen the plan is changed!
+@82 E2er3e07# C/2290-7at-/0
"he P( system, alarms & emergency communication system shall hae emergency po$er supply
from emergency generators & HPS!
"he emergency communication shall be in accordance $ith ha*ardous areas classification!
6adio fre%uency radiation from antennas shall be in compliance $ith the re%uirements of
authority haing 2urisdiction!
FF
"he P( system, alarms and emergency communication system shall be located and protected
from the effects of fire)e#plosion to ensure their continuous operation!
P96:-7 A!!re.. S#.te2
"he location, number, type and sounds from alarms shall be easily recogni*able in any area $here
alarm is re%uired!
"he alarm shall be heard in an area $here noise leel is up to 0G d@!
In areas $here noise leel is up to 0G d@ and aboe, the audible alarm shall be supplemented $ith
isual signals!
"he P( & alarm system shall be diided into t$o independent systems!
A:ar2 S-30a:. & C/!e.
(larm system $ith announcer in the galley and push buttons in the field shall be installed!
"he alarms shall be routed to central control room! "he code of alarm signals shall be as per the
uniform policy of the company!
I0ter0a: E2er3e07# C/2290-7at-/0 S#.te2
"he platform shall be proided $ith page phones and)or intercoms so that 8entral 8ontrol 6oom
-886. may be easily contacted during emergency and 886 operators shall also be able to
contact $ith operators any$here on the platform!
"$o $ay portable L?4)H?4 radio sets shall be proided for use by emergency response team!
Driller=s intercom function shall proide t$o $ay communication in drilling areas bet$een the driller
and drilling personnel!
Intercom function shall proide t$o $ay communication bet$een radio room and critical areas!
"he crane operator shall be able to communicate $ith 886, ship and operators on dec+!
Maritime L?4)H?4 radio, P( loudspea+er and telephone shall be located in the crane cabin!
E=ter0a: E2er3e07# C/2290-7at-/0 S#.te2
"he platform shall be proided $ith satellite phones and H?4)L?4 sets for communication $ith
e#ternal emergency response teams!
"he communication system shall be able to communicate $ith other installations, helicopter,
lifeboats, multi support essels, offshore supply essels, life rafts and shore!
A:ter0at-5e E2er3e07# C/0tr/: R//2
5mergency response plan should designate an emergency response control center -incident command
center. $ith alternate center for each installation!

+@83 E2er3e07# e5a79at-/0
(t the time of an emergency, employees should +no$ $hat type of eacuation is necessary and
$hat their role is in carrying out the plan! In some cases $here the emergency is ery grae, total
and immediate eacuation of all employees is necessary! In other emergencies, a partial
eacuation of nonessential employees $ith a delayed eacuation of others may be necessary for
continued plant operation! In some cases, only those employees in the immediate area of the fire
may be e#pected to eacuate or moe to a safe area such as $hen a local application fire
suppression system discharge alarm is sounded! 5mployees must be sure that they +no$ $hat is
e#pected of them in all such emergency possibilities, $hich hae been planned in order to proide
assurance of their safety from fire or other emergencies!
"he refuge or safe areas for eacuation should be designated, identified and clearly mar+ed in the
plan!
5#terior refuge or safe areas may be locations $hich are a$ay from the site of the emergency and
$hich proide sufficient space to accommodate the employees!
FG
8ommunication and alarm systems shall be proided to alert all personnel on board, at any
location, of an emergency! "he systems shall be suitable to proide instructions for emergency
response!
"he alarm and communication system shall be po$ered from the main po$er system and from a
monitored Hninterruptible Po$er Supply -HPS.!
+@838+ Mea0. /f E.7ae
"he platform shall be proided $ith at least one safe escape route to enable ma#imum personnel
on board to reach assembly point from any part of the platform follo$ing a platform abandon
alarm! "he escape routes should hae emergency po$er supply and lighting to ensure safe and
fast escape & eacuation, if main po$er supply fails!
"he escape routes should preferably be proided on the outside along the periphery of the
platform and shall be part of the daily used passage$ays! 5scape routes shall be clearly mar+ed
$ith photo luminescent signs! Mar+ing should distinctly sho$ the direction of escape!
"here shall be at least t$o e#its to escape routes outside liing %uarters and offices leading in
different directions! 5scape routes should be so arranged and constructed as to minimi*e the
possibility of bloc+age by any one fire or other emergency condition! "he escape routes shall be
planned such that they lead to assembly point, life boats and life raft stations, helicopter dec+,
etc!"he escape routes shall be of appropriate dimensions to facilitate easy transport of in2ured
personnel on stretcher!
5scape routes on dec+ should be proided $ith a non;s+id oil resistant coating in yello$! On dec+
grating, t$o parallel 1' cm $ide yello$ lines shouldl be painted $ith photo luminescent paint
indicating the $idth of escape route!
5scape routes in the liing %uarters shall be proided $ith lo$ leel self glo$, florescent arro$s
and)or directional lighting to indicate correct escape direction! 5scape routes leading to higher or
lo$er leel should be proided by stair$ays! Lertical ladders can be used in areas $here only
three persons are there for a short time!
Dift shall not be considered as a part of escape route! ?o$eer, it shall be possible to escape from
the lift and the hoist $ay $ith the lift)hoist $ay at any eleation! On loss of main po$er supply, lift
shall automatically go to ne#t floor leel and stop!
If use of lift is necessary to ensure ade%uate and effectie escape, the lift shall satisfy the
re%uirements concerning transport of in2ured personnel on stretcher, protection, entilation and
emergency po$er supply!
5scape routes shall be arranged from the drill floor to ad2acent modules and also do$n the
substructure! "he protection of these escape routes from heat e#posure shall be considered and it
shall be possible to escape from a drilling area $ithout running through a $ellhead area!
Personnel shall be able to use the escape routes $ithout being e#posed to e#cessie to#ic fumes,
smo+e, e#cessie heat loads, hot li%uids or falling ob2ects!
5scape route outside the area shall be designed and protected so that at least one route of
escape is aailable for the re%uired time considering possible search & rescue operations!
"he steel should be the preferred material for escape routes including handrails and stairs!
+@8382 Mea0. /f E5a79at-/0
"he safe eacuation should be met by using a combination of helicopter, fi#ed dait launch life
boats and thro$ oerboard life rafts!
F1
,hereer installations are connected by bridge to other installations, the bridge may be
considered as the primary means of eacuation! "he number, si*e and location of eacuation
means shall be decided based on manning, ris+ of e#posure of assembly point and escape route
to$ards this area!
"he min! no! of fi#ed dait launch life boats in the main eacuation area shall be sufficient for the
ma#imum no! of personnel 1''R on board, including isitors! 1''R redundancy shall be
maintained in means of eacuation through life boats or)and life rafts
"he total capacity of thro$ oerboard life raft shall as a minimum be sufficient for ma#imum!
number of personnel onboard for each escape route on either side !
One additional eacuation system in the far end of the installation should be installed, if escape to
the main eacuation area is impossible!
"he distance bet$een life boats and platform structure shall be sufficient to ensure a safe drop of
the life boats!
Dife boats and thro$ oerboard life rafts shall be type approed by the Maritime (dministration in
the country of origin and accepted ) approed by the Directorate General of Shipping, Goernment
of IndiaI conforming to the latest SOD(S 6egulations and National Maritime 6egulatory (uthority
and tested in accordance $ith latest IMO 6esolution as applicable!
+@8383 L-fe "/at. & La907>-03 A:-a07e.
Dife boats should be totally enclosed, fire protected $ith self contained air support system, $ater
spray system and fitted $ith approed inboard engine and on load release mechanism! "he life
boat shall be designed for min! 1' minute running in a gas cloud or fire on sea! "he engine
e#haust shall not act as source of ignition!
"he launching appliance should be capable of recoering the lifeboat $ith full complement of loads
in up to & m $ae height! "he $inches shall be designed for full load recoery including
personnels and should be fed by main po$er! "he hoisting speed for recoery should be min! B
m)min!
Main po$er should be aailable for charging of life boat batteries! "he disconnection point should
be in the icinity of life boat and disconnection shall be automatic $hen dropping or lo$ering the
life boat!
(ccess $ays should be proided $ith antis+id coating! 8abinet housing should be proided for
$inches and consoles!
"he dait structure and life boat shall be so designed that they are easily approachable for
operation and maintenance!
5ery life boat should be proided $ith approed 5PI6@ -5mergency Position indicating 6adar
@eacon. and S(6" -Search and 6escue "ransponder.! @oth the e%uipment should be sericed
eery year at DG Shipping approed Serice Station! "$o $ay communication shall be proided
bet$een the installation and the lifeboat by means of approed L?4 6adio -GMDSS.!
,ee+ly & monthly inspections and routine maintenance of lifeboat launching appliance and on
load release gear shall be carried out as per manufacturer=s guidelines under direct superision of
safety officer! 6epairs and replacement of parts should be carried out in accordance $ith
Manufacturer=s re%uirements and standards!
F>
(ll other inspection, sericing and repair should be conducted by the manufacturer=s
representatie or a person appropriately trained and certified by the manufacturer for the $or+ to
be done!
+@838; L-fe Raft.
Dife rafts shall be thro$ oer board type and construction of the liferaft shall be as per the SOD(S
DS( 8ode latest edition $ith sto$age height of min! B' mtrs! "he Diferaft shall be sto$ed in a
suitable cradle proided $ith strap and sen;house slip such that it is easily launched! "he Dife rafts
shall be proided $ith SOD(S M@= Pac+!
"he Dife rafts shall be annually sericed as per manufacturer=s guidelines and certified by party
duly authori*ed by the D G Shipping and proided $ith manufacturer=s original log card!
+@838< L-fe %a7?et. & L-fe69/#.
Sufficient no! of life 2ac+ets shall be aailable at embar+ation point! Personnel to don the life
2ac+ets before entering the lifeboat)thro$ oerboard life raft! Sufficient no! of lifebuoys shall be
proided, fitted $ith $ater actiated lithium battery light, $histle and other re%uirements
conforming to the SOD(S DS( code!
Personal Docator @eacon -PD@. should be proided to each personnel before boarding the life
saing appliances! PD@ to be sericed annually at D G Shipping approed serice station!
Dife 2ac+ets and lifebuoys shall be periodically inspected for any deterioration)damage!
+@838D SC"A & EE"D
@ased on 45S, sufficient number of self contained breathing apparatus -S8@(. and emergency
escape breathing deice -55@D. shall be proided!
"he S8@( and 55@D shall be sericed -at least annually. as per the manufacturer=s guidelines!
+@8; E2er3e07# :-3>t-03
(ll manned areas on the unit or installation shall be e%uipped $ith emergency lighting, $hich is
supplied from the emergency source of po$er! "he illumination leel shall be sufficient to ensure
that necessary emergency response actions, including reading of signs and layouts, can ta+e
place efficiently!
5scape routes, access routes and e#it points shall be mar+ed and illuminated so they are readily
identifiable in an emergency!
Muster areas, embar+ation areas, launching arrangements and the sea belo$ lifesaing
appliances shall be ade%uately illuminated by emergency lighting
+B8, Tra-0-03
Ne$ employees should receie training in alarm recognition and fire protection soon after
deployment to an installation! "hey should be instructed in the response and escape plans for
platforms $here they are $or+ing! Platform isitors and contractors should be instructed and
trained upon boarding the platform in the response and escape plans they are e#pected to perform
in an emergency! "hey should also be instructed as to the arious alarms and to their meaning!
(ll operating personnel and other personnel $ho go to offshore fre%uently should hae fire;fighting
training! "his training should include practice in combating staged gas and oil fires similar to $hat
$ould be e#pected on an offshore platform! 5ach session should include defensie fire response
and operation of all the e%uipment personnel are e#pected to use! 5ach employee should +no$
the location of incipient stage fire e%uipment, ho$ to use it, and ho$ to report a fire alarm! "hey
should be gien actual e#perience in handling the e%uipment on small practice fires simulating
actual situations as closely as possible!
F0
(ll offshore going personnel shall undergo ?elicopter Hnder$ater 5scape "raining -?H5". to gain
understanding and a$areness of emergency response to helicopter emergencies that may occur
during boarding, traeling to and from offshore installation and disembar+ing! ?H5" should be
able to proide trainees ability to efficiently and safely e#it from a helicopter $hich has come do$n
in the sea and has flooded! ?H5" should meet the re%uirements of OPI"O guidelines on the
sub2ect!
Offshore going personnel shall also undergo sea surial training to achiee understanding and
a$areness of ris+s and its management $hich they are e#posed to, sea surial techni%ues and
effectie use of life saing appliances!
Personnel should repeat the trainings at regular interals to deelop and maintain confidence!
Person=s competence and confidence in his ability to handle an emergency situation depends on
ho$ much practice he has had in using the e%uipment! 6efresher training should include the use
of e%uipment e#pected to be used and practice in combating staged emergency scenarios similar
to $hat may be e#pected!
Planned drills should be used to ensure that each employee is familiar $ith the alarm signal
systems, and the escape or response plan at his $or+ place, and that they +no$ their assignment!
"he escape or response plan $ill set forth the special duties and duty stations of each member of
the personnel in the eent of an emergency! Practice scenario drills should be held including the
announced $al+;through type as $ell as the unannounced type! 5ffectie training and procedures
should be proided for the personnel to escape and surie at sea!
5%uipment ) system supplier should impart training for inspection, serice and operation of the fire
fighting e%uipment ) system
Documentation coering fire drills, training, etc! should be maintained
2,8, Pr/!97t Ser5-7e S9/rt
5%uipment ) system supplier shall technical support)after sales serice support for a period of 1'
years or more after handoer of the system! "hese consulting serices shall be proided by factory
trained and authori*ed technicians of the supplier!
"he e%uipment ) system supplier shall confirm to proide after sales serice support including
supply of spares during the lifetime cycle of the e%uipment!
2+8, Refere07e.

1! (PI 6P & 4@ 36ecommended Practice for the Design of Offshore 4acilities (gainst 4ire and
@last Doading7
&! (PI 6P & 4PS 36ecommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and 8onstructing 4loating
Production Systems7
B! (PI 6P 1F 8 36ecommended Practice for (nalysis, Design, Installation, and "esting of @asic
Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms7
F! (PI 6P 1F 5 36ecommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore Production
Platform Piping Systems3
G! (PI 6P 1F 4 36ecommended Practice for Design and Installation of 5lectrical Systems for
4i#ed and 4loating Offshore Petroleum 4acilities for Hnclassified and 8lass I, Diision 1
and Diision & Docations7
1! (PI 6P 1F 4K 36ecommended Practice for Design and Installation of 5lectrical Systems for
4i#ed and 4loating Offshore Petroleum 4acilities for Hnclassified and 8lass I, Kone ',
Kone 1 and Kone & Docations7
>! (PI 6P 1F G 36ecommended Practice for 4ire Preention and 8ontrol on 4i#ed Open;type
Offshore Production Platforms7
F/
0! (PI 6P 1F J 36ecommended Practice for Design and ?a*ards (nalysis for Offshore
Production 4acilities7
/! (PI 6P G'' 36ecommended Practice for 8lassification of Docations for 5lectrical
Installations at Petroleum 4acilities 8lassified as 8lass I, Diision 1 and Diision &7
1'! (PI 6P G'G36ecommended Practice for 8lassification of Docations for 5lectrical Installations
at Petroleum 4acilities 8lassified as 8lass I, Kone ', Kone 1, and Kone &7
11! (PI 6P G&' 3Si*ing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure;6elieing Deices in 6efineries7
1&! M4ire and 5#plosion Guidance: Oil and Gas, HE -&''>.
1B! I58 11G'0 34unctional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic
-5)5)P5. safety;related systems7
1F! IMO MODH 8ode
1G! IMO MS8)8irc!1'/B 3Guidelines for periodic sericing and maintenance of lifeboats,
launching appliances and on;load release gear7
11! IMO 4ire Safety Systems -4SS. 8ode,&''> 5dition
1>! International Dife;Saing (ppliances 8ode -DS( 8ode)
10! ISO 1F&&F 3Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries ;; 8ollection and
e#change of reliability and maintenance data for e%uipment7
1/! ISO 1B>'& 3Petroleum and natural gas industries ;; 8ontrol and mitigation of fires and
e#plosions on offshore production installations ;; 6e%uirements and guidelines7
&'! ISO 1'F10 3Petroleum and natural gas industries OOffshore production installations
@asic surface process safety systems7
&1! N4P( 1' 3Standard for Portable 4ire 5#tinguishers7
&&! N4P( 11 3Standard for Do$, Medium, and ?igh 5#pansion 4oam7
&B! N4P( 1& 3Standard on 8arbon Dio#ide 5#tinguishing Systems7
&F! N4P( 1B 3Standard for the Installation of Sprin+ler Systems7
&G! N4P( 1F 3Standard for the Installation of Standpipes and ?ose Systems7
&1! N4P( 1G 3Standard for ,ater Spray 4i#ed Systems
&>! N4P( 11 3Standard for the Installation of 4oam;,ater Sprin+ler and 4oam;,ater Spray Systems7
&0! N4P( 1> 3Standard for Dry 8hemical 5#tinguishing Systems7
&/! N4P( &' 3Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for 4ire Protection7
B'! N4P( &G 3Standard for the Inspection, "esting, and Maintenance of ,ater;@ased 4ire Protection
Systems7
B1! N4P( >& 3National 4ire (larm and Signaling 8ode7
B&! N4P( >G' 3Standard on ,ater Mist 4ire Protection Systems7
G'
BB! N4P( &''1 3Standard on 8lean (gent 4ire 5#tinguishing Systems7
BF! OISD;GDN;&&> E5mergency 6esponse Preparedness in 5&P Industry7
BG! 3O*one Depletion Substances 6egulation & 8ontrol 6ules ; &''', Ministry of 5nironment &
4orests, Goernment of India
B1! Petroleum and Natural Gas -Safety in Offshore Operations. 6ules,&''0
B>! Safety of Dife at Sea -SOD(S., 1/>F
A66re5-at-/0.
(@ (ccommodation @loc+
(4P (ctie 4ire Protection
(D(6P (s Do$ (s 6easonably Practicable
(PI (merican Petroleum Institute
@( @reathing (pparatus
@OP @lo$out Preenter
886 8entral 8ontrol 6oom
84 8ellulosic 4ire
846 8ode of 4ederal 6egulations
8S 8ontrol Station
5DP 5mergency Depressuri*ation
55@D 5mergency 5scape @reathing Deice
556 5acuation, 5scape and 6escue
556S 556 Strategy
5SD 5mergency Shutdo$n
45S 4ire and 5#plosion Strategy
4M 4actory Mutual Global
S85 Safety 8ritical 5lements
SDL Shutdo$n ale
4&G 4ire and Gas System
?8 ?ydrocarbon
?L(8 ?eating, Lentilation and (ir 8onditioning
IMO International Maritime Organi*ation
J4 Jet 4ire
MODH Mobile Offshore Drilling Hnit
OPI"O Offshore Petroleum Industry "raining Organisation
P( Process (rea
P4P Passie 4ire Protection
PD8 Programmable Dogic 8ontrollers
SSSL Sub;Surface Safety Lale
"6 "emporary 6efuge
H( Htility (rea
HEOO( Hnited Eingdom Offshore Operators (ssociation
G1
HD Hnder$riters Daboratories
HPS Hninterruptable Po$er Supply
,? ,ellhead (rea
A00e=9re +
S922ar# /f 2et>/!. /f 7/0tr/::-03 f-re
FS/9r7e1 F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 39-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG
C/0tr/:
2et>/!
C/0tr/: 2e7>a0-.2 F-re re:ate! !e.-30 7/0.-!erat-/0.
Process
5mergency
Shut Do$n
Lales
-5SDLs.
(utomatic A 6educes
inentory aailable to lea+ or
fire by isolating process into
separate, smaller, segments!
5ase of testing and maintenance! 6egular test of
process 5SDLs often neglected!
Specify and 2ustify test interal and acceptable
lea+ rate as part of design! 6ecord in
performance standard documentation!
In fire situations seeral 5SDLs plus ad2acent
pipe $or+ may be engulfed at one time, releasing
seeral inentories to prolong fire!
5SDLs are fre%uently used at module
boundaries to preent inentories from one
module feeding a fire in another, these diisions
then match the designated fire areas and their
associated fire$ater coerage! ,here no such
boundary isolations are in place, it becomes
possible for hydrocarbon $hich is stored in one
module to be released into another module and
fuel escalation of further fires!
6iser 5SDLs
A -"opsides
and subsea.
(utomatic A isolates platform
from pipeline inentories at
the topsides!

"opsides ales to fail close!
Docate a$ay from process fire areas $hereer
possible!
Protect ale and e#posed riser sections against
foreseeable fire scenarios!
G&
(l$ays consider benefits of subsea pipeline
isolation, een a simple N6L may proide
significant ris+ reduction! Justify and record basis
of decision!
Sub;sea
Isolation
Lales -SSILs.
(utomatic A Isolates platform
from pipeline inentories at a
defined distance!
"opsides ales to fail close!
Docate a$ay from supply essel routes, incoming
2ac+;ups and other potential sources of dropped
ob2ects or dragging anchors! Docate the ale
such that uncontrolled eents 2ust the far side of
the SSIL $ill not pose a radiation problem for the
installation, distances are often of the order of
about &G';BG'm!
,ell head and
do$nhole
isolation
ales!
(utomatic A Isolates platform
from reseroir inentories
Surface and do$nhole ales to fail close on
confirmed fire or gas release eent!
General
Platform (larm
-GP(.
(utomatic A 6emoes people
to place of relatie safety
(ny prolonged fire necessitates eacuation as a
precaution!
OIM and deputies must understand escalation
mechanisms and time frames for all emergency
scenarios in order to be able to ma+e competent
decisions!
@lo$do$n and
blo$do$n
ales -@DLs.
(utomatic or manual A
6emoes gases to flare or
cold ent!

@DLs to be fail;open, unless this endangers
helicopter operations and pre;$arning not
feasible!
(utomatic facility recommended! (ny manual
arrangements need clear and detailed
instructions for operation to offshore staff!
(ppropriate blo$do$n time to be deeloped from
escalation scenarios!
Process drain
facility
(utomatic or Manual A
6emoes main li%uid
inentories from icinity of fire
to a safer location -e!g! cellar
dec+ surge tan+s.
Hsually manual facility
8onsider ulnerability of dump line route!
8onsider time re%uired for draining
Manual fire
fighting
Manual fire interention $ith
hydrants, fire hoses, foam
monitors, e#tinguishers etc!
(ppropriate for ery small fires A Immediate
interention on discoery of small fire can
preent fire ta+ing hold! (ll personnel trained for
small fire interention!
4ire fighting, e%uipment cooling and helidec+ fire
control only possible $here trained fire teams
aailable! 5ffectieness depends on
understanding of installation;specific fire and
escalation scenarios and plus realistic offshore
e#ercises!
Note that een $ith training, fire fighting teams
that remain to fight a fire $ill be at greater ris+!
8omparatie ris+ issues must be understood and
precise criteria defined to limit fire fighting team=s
e#posure!
6emote
manual fire
fighting
Initiation of fi#ed or oscillating
fire monitors, $ith or $ithout
foam!
Often used on helidec+ or open upper or $eather
dec+s! May be affected by strong $inds!
Inerting agents Preents fire from starting )
ta+ing holds by rendering the
atmosphere inert A clean
Hseful in enclosed, remote spaces difficult to
access in fire situations -e!g! pump rooms in semi
sub or ship hulls.!
GB
agent, 8O& etc!
Static discharge may ignite atmosphere, causing
e#plosion A chec+ potential $ith endor!
Inerted atmosphere may not be breathable so
$arnings and pre;discharge alarms re%uired!
4oam
application
6educes eaporation of
apours!
8reates film ) foam to preent
o#ygen reaching li%uid fuel
thus reducing, or
e#tinguishing pool fire!
Suitable for contained li%uid fires! Dess effectie
on running pool fires, not effectie on 2et fires!
Dirient
systems
Disperses ery small lea+s to
preent flammable cloud
build;up!
Only effectie for fugitie -ery small. lea+
scenarios! System shuts do$n during ma2or
release scenarios!
Other ?L(8
systems
Proides air e#change $ithin
an enclosed area to preent
or slo$ flammable cloud
build;up!
System needs special attention to be able to
proide ade%uate air flo$ rates and be safe, i!e!
to not introduce any ignition sources and also not
moe the fuel ) air mi#ture to other areas hitherto
safe $ithin the conte#t of the originating accident!
@unds 8ontrol spread of li%uid
releases
,hile bunds can contain a li%uid release ) fire,
they can also concentrate a fire around the
e%uipment in the bund and should be used in
con2unction $ith foam! Design must ensure
deluge does not cause bund oerflo$ by being
si*ed for ma#imum foreseeable li%uid olume
release!
Drains 6emoe li%uid and deluge
release to drain system!
Small releases are usually $ithin drain system
capacity! "he drain capacity needs to be capable
of remoing ma#imum foreseeable li%uid olume
release although the effects of burning li%uids in
the drain system must be chec+ed!
Sea;fire possibilities and conse%uences need
chec+ing!
In emergency scenarios enironmental issues
become secondary to preseration of life!
GF
A00e=9re - 2
T#-7a: Safet# Cr-t-7a: E:e2e0t.
FS/9r7e1 F-re a0! E=:/.-/0 &9-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG
?ydrocarbon 8ontainment A Pipelines, 6isers, Lent lines, fire$ater pipe$or+!
?ydrocarbon 8ontainment A "opsides Process 4acilities
?ydrocarbon 8ontainment A ,ells
4ie & Gas Detection System
6iser Shutdo$n System
"opsides Shutdo$n System
,ellhead Shutdo$n System
Ignition Preention
Platform Sub;structure
"opsides Structure
Hninterrupted Po$er Supply
5mergency Dighting
5acuation & 5scape Systems
6escue & 6ecoery
"elecommunications
Naigational (ids
Personal Protectie 5%uipment
?elidec+
5scape 6outes
"emporary 6efuge
A00e=9re - 3
T/.-!e. -..9e. !9r-03 7/07et9a: !e.-30 .ta3e
FS/9r7e1 F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 39-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG
Ite2 F-re 7/0.-!erat-/0.
,ells Docation and segregation for all anticipated types of $ell operation -including drilling and
GG
$or+ oer. and maintenance during field life!
Docation, accessibility and ulnerability of automatic and manual isolation ales in fire
situations!
Docation of artificial lift arrangements, inentories -including do$n hole gas lift inentories.
and isolation!
6isers )
pipelines
6iser and riser isolation ale locations A ulnerability to fire attac+!
6isers and Pipelines as source of release and potential for escalation!
6iser ulnerability to passing and attendant essel collision especially during cranes
operations!
4uture risers, e!g! gas lift risers or other proposed tie;ins!
Process &
piping
Docation of ma2or inentories
Docation of relief, blo$ do$n and flare and)or ent lines
Number and rough location of process 5SDLs and @DLs
Docation of oerboard discharge lines or atmospheric ents -in $orst case process upset
condition. $ith respect to ignition points!
Docation of fuel;gas piping and potential for fires ) e#plosions outside main process
locations -especially turbine enclosures.
5#posure of personnel and e%uipment -including piping, instrumentation and safety critical
elements. in closed or open module designs needs the consideration!
Structures and
supports
Docation of tall structures or structural supports ulnerable to fire attac+ $ith seere
conse%uences!
Points of
ignition
8onsider ignition potential for all release scenarios
5specially consider the location of all non;certified e%uipment $ith respect to releases and
associated gas plumes -e!g! cranes and generator or motor enclosures.!
5gress,
escape and
eacuation
routes
4or potential fire scenarios:
8onsider egress routes, chec+ing for trap points or need for protected muster point
alternatie to "6I
8onsider location of escape routes to seaI
8onsider time to escalation Ls time to muster, appraise and eacuateI
8onsider impairment of "5MPS8 loading area and helidec+ access routes!
"6 and
alternate
protected
muster points
Docation of air supply ducts!
Lulnerability to heat ) smo+e
Lulnerability of "6 supports to fire scenarios!
8ommunicatio
ns
Docation and ulnerability of any critical communications hard$are
HPS 8hec+ for ulnerability to fire
4ire Protection Docation of fire$alls and P4D
Lulnerability of fire pumps and ring;main to damage in fire scenarios!
G1
Lulnerability of deluge piping inside module and supply lines! Docation of bac+;up supply
lines!
Discharge location for oil and fire$ater drained to sea in fire incident!
A00e=9re ;
Re7/22e0!e! 0926er a0! !-.tr-69t-/0 /f /rta6:e e=t-039-.>er. /0 MOD$
FS/9r7e1 MOD$ C/!e 2,,BG
T#e /f .a7e M-0-292 0926er /f e=t-039-.>er. C:a..(e.) /f
e=t-039-.>er(.)
Space containing the controls for
the main source of electrical
po$er
1I and 1 additional e#tinguisher
suitable for electrical fires $hen main
s$itchboards are arranged in the
( and)or 8
G>
space
8ranes:
,ith electric motors) hydraulics '
8ranes:
,ith internal combustion engine
&
-1 in cab and 1 at e#terior of engine
compartment.
@
Drill floor &
-1 at each e#it.
8
?elidec+s In accordance $ith section /!11 of
MODH code &''/
@
Machinery spaces of category ( In accordance $ith section /!0 of
MODH code &''/
@
Machinery spaces of category (
$hich are periodically
unattended
(t each entrance in accordance $ith
section /!0
&
of MODH code &''/
@
Main s$itchboards & in the icinity 8
Mud pits, Mud processing areas 1 for each enclosed space!
-"rael distance to an e#tinguisher
not to e#ceed 1' m for open space.
@
1!Minimum si*e should be: D8P and 8O& ; G +g capacity, 4oam; / l capacity!
&!( portable e#tinguisher proided for that space may be located outside near the
entrance to that space! ( portable fire e#tinguisher placed outside near the entrance
to that space may also be considered as satisfying the proisions for the space in
$hich it is located!
B!8lass of e#tinguisher is as per N4P( 1'!
In addition to the aboe re%uirement, the follo$ing additional re%uirements shall be considered:
1! 8ranes -,ith electric motors) hydraulics. : '& number 8 class e#tinguishers
&! Drill floor : '& number @ and)or 8 class e#tinguishers
B! Mud pits, Mud processing areas : '1 number @
class e#tinguisher for each enclosed space

G0
A00e=9re - <
T#-7a: a:-7at-/0. /f f-reH3a. !ete7t/r.
FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G
Ha4ar! T#e /f !ete7t/r T#-7a: a:-7at-/0 T#-7a: a7t-/0.
4ire ?eat Pneumatic Process, $ellhead, utilities (larm, 5mergency Shutdo$n
-5SD., 5mergency
Depressuri*ation -5DP.,
closure of the SSSL, actie
fire protection
5lectric "urbine hoods, $or+shops,
stores, engine
rooms, process, $ellhead,
utilities
(larm, 5SD, 5DP, actie fire
protection
4lame Process, $ellhead utilities,
generators, gas
turbines
(larm, 5SD, 5DP, actie fire
protection
Smo+e 8ontrol rooms, electrical
rooms, computer
rooms, accommodation
(larm, isolate po$er, actie
fire
protection -if present.
(ir inta+es to "6 and control
stations
(larm, isolate entilation
4lammable gas Process,
$ellhead utilities areas,
engine
6ooms -Only for rooms
containing essential safety
systems.
(larm, 5SD, 5DP, isolate
po$er
(ir inta+es (larm, 5SD, 5DP, isolate
po$er, 5SD entilation
system
Oil mist 5nclosed areas handling lo$
GO6 li%uid
hydrocarbons
(larm, 5SD, 5DP, isolate
po$er
Manual call point (ll areas, escape routes,
muster points, "6s
(larm, start of fire pumps
G/
A00e=9re - D

Se:e7t-/0 /f AFP .#.te2. /0 t#-7a: area.
FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2 a0! F-re a0! e=:/.-/0 39-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG
AreaHr//2 T#e /f r/te7t-/0
-0 a!!-t-/0 t/
/rta6:e
T#-7a:
2-0-292 Cater
a:-7at-/0
rate.
l)min)m
&
Re2ar?.
,ellheadS)manifold
area
Deluge)foam)dry
chemical
1'
-or
F''l)min)$ell.
"he ob2ectie is to preent fires on one
$ellhead, affecting ad2acent $ellheads!
Deluge is suitable proided pool fire is
not a spray fire!
(ddition of foam is beneficial!
Process areas Deluge)foam)dry
chemical
1' General area deluge may not be
suitable for protection of specific items
against impinging 2et fires!
Eey items such as essels $ith @D5L5
potential should be protected by other
means such as P4P or e%uipment
specific deluge!
(ddition of foam is beneficial!
Pumps)compressors Deluge)foam &' 4oam if area contains significant
flammable li%uids
Gas treatment area Deluge)dry chemical 1' ,here gas 2et is large in comparison
$ith si*e of module, deluge may proide
limited benefit!
4oam if area contains significant
flammable li%uids
Methanol area (lcohol;resistant
foam or deluge
1' Portable foam units, if the methanol
area is small
,ater;in2ection
treatment area
None, if no ?8 ris+
Drill floor Deluge 1' Only if 45S sho$s role for this system
@OP area Deluge)foam F'' "he ob2ectie is to preent fires on one
$ell, affecting ad2acent $ellheads and
derric+ floor!
Deluge is suitable proided pool fire is
not a spray!
Drillers cabin None
Degasser room Deluge)foam 1' Only if 45S sho$s role for this system
Shale sha+er room Deluge)foam 1'
(ctie mud tan+ room Deluge)foam 1'
Sac+)bul+ storage
room
None Proided that no flammable materials
stored
Mud lab 8lean (gent
8ementing unit room ,ater;
mist)deluge)foam
1'
8ontrol station 8lean (gent
8entral control
room-886.
8lean (gent "o be confirmed in deeloping 45S
Instrument room
ad2acent to 8S)886
8lean (gent "o be confirmed in deeloping 45S
Docal e%uipment room 8lean (gent "o be confirmed in deeloping 45S
4alse floor and ceiling
in 8S)886 and
instrument rooms
Difting gear for floor hatches!
"urbine hall Deluge 1' Dedicated system only if flammable
inentories $ithin the hall
"urbine hood 8lean (gent or
$ater;mist
Interloc+ access to hood, if gaseous
S$itch board room 8lean (gent "o be confirmed in deeloping 45S
1'
@attery room 8lean (gent
5mergency generator
room
,ater;
mist)foam)deluge
1' 5ffect of $ater on e%uipment in the
room should be ealuated
4ire pump room ,ater;
mist)foam)deluge
1' 5ffect of $ater on e%uipment in the
room should be ealuated
?L(8 room 8lean (gent
Mechanical $or+shop Sprin+ler 1
Instrument $or+shop Sprin+ler 1
Storage of gas bottles ,ater;mist)sprin+ler Proided stored e#ternally and not
e#posed to radiant heat
Paint store Sprin+ler ) 8lean
(gent
1
(ccommodationSS Sprin+ler Section flammable materials to limit fuel
at ris+
Lent e#tract from
galley
Eitchen ?ood
Systems
Operated locally in galley
General galley area None
Galley coo+ing
appliances and range
,et 8hemical
System
(ccording to supplier recommendation
8rane cabin None
8rane engine room Portable)$ater;mist Deluge, $ater;mist for diesel dries
?elidec+ 4oam)dry chemical 1
?angar Sprin+ler)foam)dry
chemical
1'
8hain loc+er ,ater 1'
@allast control room None
"urret area Deluge)foam 1'
Pump room in column None Hnless flammable li%uid present
Lertical and hori*ontal
structures
Deluge 1'
-F l)min)m
&
for
hori*ontal.
5scape and
eacuation routes
,ater curtain 1G l)min)m
&
to
FG l)min)m
&
S4or $ellheads, as per (PI 6P &'B', $ater re%uirement should be >1';/&' l)min)$ell!
SS(s per re%uirements of (PI;6P;1FG, accomodation should hae follo$ing fi#ed firefighting
systems:
a! Sprin+ler or $ater mist system
b! ,ater hose reels strategically located near or inside the liing %uarters!

11
A00e=9re (
T#-7a: :a7e2e0t /f f-re e=t-039-.>er. at r/!97t-/0 -0.ta::at-/0
FS/9r7e1 API RP +; &G
T#e /f .a7e M-0-292 0926er /f e=t-039-.>er. C:a..(e.) /f
e=t-039-.>er(.)
Main corridor of liing %uarter
building
1 (
Stair$ay 1 $ithin 1' ft of each stair$ay on each
dec+ leel
@
Sleeping accommodations
-,here occupied by more than F
persons!.
1
(
6adio room or other enclosed
areas containing a significant
concentration of electrical
e%uipment or controls
1 8
Galleys (, @ and 8
Internal combustion or gas turbine
engine installed in an enclosed
area
1 for each engine @
Internal combustion or gas turbine
engines installed in open areas
1 for three engines @
5lectric motors - B!>G E, or
greater.
1 for each & motors 8
5lectric generators 1 for each & generators 8
Gas or Oil fired boilers or heater 1 for each boiler or heater @
8rane 1 on or in the icinity of each crane @
1! ,heeled dry chemical e#tinguishers proide more capacity and range than hand portable
units! "his factor and the nature of potential fires must be carefully considered in selecting
the si*e and number of e#tinguishers!
&! ?and portable fire e#tinguishers $ith less than @;&' +g rating or multipurpose 8lass (, @, 8
e#tinguishers are not recommended for installation in the process areas of production
platforms!
B! "he ma#imum trael distance from any point on the platform dec+ area haing a potential for
fire to an e#tinguisher should not e#ceed G' ft -1G!& m.!
F! 8lass of e#tinguisher is as per N4P( 1'!

In addition to the aboe re%uirement, the follo$ing additional re%uirements shall be considered:
1! Main corridor of liing %uarter building : 'B number ( , @ and)or 8 class e#tinguishers
&! 6adio room : '1 number 8 class e#tinguisher
B! Internal combustion or gas turbine engine
installed in an enclosed area : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher for each engine
F! Internal combustion or gas turbine engine
installed in open areas : 'B number @ class e#tinguishers for three engines
G! 5lectric motors - B!>G E, or greater. : '1 number 8 class e#tinguisher for each motor
1! 5lectric generators : 'B number 8 class e#tinguishers for each t$o
generators
>! Gas or Oil fired boilers or heater : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher for each boiler or
heater
0! 8rane : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher in the icinity of each
crane
/! 8ontrol room) Data room)serer room : '& number 8 class e#tinguishers for each compartment
1&
A00e=9re @
T#-7a: f-re -0te3r-t# reA9-re2e0t. f/r f-re 6arr-er.
FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G
F-re area
A!Ia7e0t r/te7te! area
A77/22/!at-/0
6:/7?.
(A"HTR)
N/0-
>a4ar!/9.
9t-:-t# area.
($A)
*e::>ea! area.
a0! !r-::-03 area.
(*H)
Pr/7e.. area. -07:9!-03
&a. 7/2re..-/0 area.
(PA)
C/0tr/:
Stat-/0.
(CS)
(@
H(
,?
P(
8S
1)84;1'
1)84;1'
Not to be ad2acent
1)J4
a
;1&'
1)84;0'
1)84;1'
1)84;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)J4
a
;1'
1)84;1'
Not to be ad2acent
1)84;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)84;1'
1)84;1'
1)84;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)84;1'
1)84;1'
1)84;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)J4
a
;'
1)84;1'
Note 1 6ating is specified as: 5ndurance duration, in hours) "ype of 4ire for protection)insulation re%uirements,
in minutes, to reach 1B/
o
8 aboe ambient temperature on the non e#posed surface!
Note & 1)J4;M#= indicates re%uirements to maintain stability and integrity against 2et fires for one hour $ith insulation
re%uirements for # minute! Di+e$ise, 1)84;# indicates re%uirements to maintain stability and integrity
against cellulosic fires for one hour $ith insulation re%uirements for # minute!
Note B "ype of fire: ?8 T?ydrocarbon pool fire, 84T8ellulosic fire, J4TJet fire!
a! M?8= type of fire may be appropriate if the ealuation of the fires li+ely in the area indicates that MJ4= is not
a credible basis for the design of the passie fire protection!
A00e=9re B
T#-7a: f-re -0te3r-t# reA9-re2e0t. f/r :/a!-6ear-03 .tr97t9re.
FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G
F-re area
Area re:#-03 /0 .tr97t9re -0 f-re area f/r -0te3r-t#
A77/22/!at-/0
6:/7?.
(A"HTR)
N/0->a4ar!/9.
9t-:-t# area.
($A)
*e::>ea! area.
a0! !r-::-03 area.
(*H)
Pr/7e.. area.
-07:9!-03
&a. 7/2re..-/0
area.
(PA)
C/0tr/:
Stat-/0.
(CS)
(@)"6
H(
,?
P(
8S
1)84)F''
1)84)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)84)F''
1)84)F''
1)84)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)84)F''
Not applicable
1)84)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
Not applicable
Not applicable
1)84)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
Not applicable
1)84)F''
1)84)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)J4
a
)F''
1)84)F''
Note 1 6ating is specified as: Period of resistance -hours.) "ype of fire ) critical temperature -
o
8.!
Note & "ype of fire: ?8 T?ydrocarbon pool fire, 84T8ellulosic fire, J4TJet fire!
Note B 8ritical temperature is the temp! at $hich yield stress is reduced to the minimum allo$able stress under
operational loading conditions! -F''
o
8 has been used as a typical alue for structural steel! 4or (l;
uminium the corresponding temp! is &''
o
8.!
a! M?8= type of fire may be appropriate if the ealuation of the fires li+ely in the area indicates that MJ4= is not
a credible basis for the design of the passie fire protection!
1B
A00e=9re +,
T#-7a: r/te7t-/0 7r-ter-a f/r 7r-t-7a: eA9-2e0t
FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G
Protection criteria
Surface temperature
o
8
Protection period
min
6iser sections U &''
a
1'b
6iser supports U F'' 1'b
6iser topside SDL U &'' 1'
b
4ire pumps U &'' 1'
5mergency generators U &'' 1'
HPS systems F'
c
B'
8ontrol panels for SSIL)SSSL)@OP F'
c
1G
a! In the absence of any +no$ledge as regards the relatie location of the fire on the riser, the 5SD
ales and the contents of the riser, it has been assumed that the fire is near the 5SD ales and
the riser is filled $ith li%uid hydrocarbon! (s a result, &''
o
8 has been used as the default surface
temperature for the riser sections to ensure the integrity of the 5SD ales!
b! Or the minimum time period considered sufficient for a complete eacuation of the installation!
c! P4P may be proided to preent temperature in the enclosure containing this e%uipment rising to
these leels $hen sub2ected to an e#ternal fire!
A00e=9re ++
1F
T#-7a: !e.7r-t-/0
F/a2 *ater H/.e Ree: $0-t
"he unit should consist of SS foam tan+ of &B' ltr capacity $ith SS hose reel! Inline @rass
5ducator 1 V 3 of /G GPM capacity at 1'' psi suitable for sea $ater shall be connected to the
hose reel $ith suitable SS foam and $aterline ball ales! ?ose of &B mtr length fitted $ith 1 V 3 of
fi#ed /G GPM flo$ at 1'' psi brass) gun metal no**le capable of giing 2et spray & foam and shut
off function shall be proided!
M/0-t/r

Monitor should be of dual $ater $ay design $ith integral no**le and light $eight in construction!
Slide bearing systems should be proided for hori*ontal moements! ,here remote controlled
monitors are installed, the monitor shall be fitted $ith flame proof electric motor and remote
controlled $ith 2oystic+ operation for both the moement of the monitor and the control of the
no**le!
Dr# C>e2-7a: f-=e! .#.te2
"he Dry 8hemical po$der fire fighting system shall as a minimum include common $elded
structural frame mounting the primary system components and inter;connection pipe $or+,
nitrogen e#pellant system including nitrogen cylinders -conforming to HS DO" B(( &F'' or
e%uialent., po$der storage tan+ -as per (SM5 section A LIII. $ith relief mechanism, actuator
system, bursting disc, discharge deices and all other items necessary for safe and proper system
operation, recharge and maintenance!
"he dry chemical po$der selected shall be free flo$ing, $ater repellant, non abrasie, potassium
bicarbonate, HD listed )4M approed for application $ith the e%uipment! "he po$der shall be
compatible $ith (444 foam concentrate as per MID A4;&FB0G 4! "he Dry 8hemical Po$der should
hae chemical pigment added $hich changes the colour, for identification purposes!!
"he system shall be proided $ith close couple hose reels either s+id mounted or located
remotely! "he hose reel shall be fitted $ith 1G' ft! rubber hose as per HD /&! "he hose reel shall
be proided $ith actuator and one piece spun nitrogen cartridge in accordance $ith HS DO" B(
0''!
"he special tools re%uired for operations and maintenance should be proided $ith each system!
CO2 E=t-039-.>er.:
"he 8ylinder body should be steel and the ale should be s%uee*e grip type and should be of
forged brass chrome plated! Pins, hose bands etc! should be of stainless steel! Lisual seal must
be proided to help preent un$anted discharge of contents!
"ypical technical parameters of the fire e#tinguishers shall be as under:
Dr# C>e2-7a: P/C!er E=t-039-.>er.
"he 5#tinguisher body shall be steel and the handles, leers, pull pins, hose bands etc should be
stainless steel ) aluminum! "he 5#tinguisher shall be e#ternal cartridge operated type containing
non corrosie potassium bicarbonate -Purple E. as the e#tinguishing agent $ith 8O& e#pellant
cartridge!
1G
8apacity & Egs 1!0 Egs /!& +gs
5ffectie 6ange 1 ft! and aboe 1 ft! and aboe 1 ft! and aboe
Discharge "ime Dess than 1& secs! Dess than 1& secs, Dess than 1F secs!
Shell ?igh tensile steel ?igh tensile steel ?igh tensile steel
HD 6ating G;@;8 1';@;8 1';@;8
HS8G 6ating "ype @ 8 si*e I "ype @ 8 si*e II "ype @ 8 Si*e II
Suppression capability 1& s%!ft and aboe &F s%!ft and aboe &F s%!ft and aboe
"ypical technical parameters of the fire e#tinguishers shall be as under:

11
8apacity F +gs 1& +gs FG +gs
5ffectie 6ange B' ft and aboe FG ft and aboe &G ft and aboe
Discharge "ime Dess than &' secs! Dess than B' secs! Dess than GG secs!
Shell 8arbon steel
minm 1!Gmm th+
8arbon Steel
minm 1!/mm th+
8arbon steel
minm &!'mm th+
8orrosion 6esistance Passed &''' hrs
salt spray test $ith
min! total paint
thic+ness B;1 MID
Passed &''' hrs
salt spray test $ith
min! total paint
thic+ness B;1 MID
Passed &''' hrs
salt spray test $ith
min! total paint
thic+ness B;1 MID
8harge ,eight Dess than 1' +gs Dess than &F +gs Dess than &'& +gs
HD 6ating 1';@;8 1&';@;8 B&';@;8
HS8G 6ating "ype @ 8 si*e II "ype @ 8 Si*e IL "ype @ 8 Si*e IL
Suppression capability 1F' s%!ft and aboe &0' s%!ft and aboe >G' s%!ft and aboe