1

THE ROYAL PENTAGON REVIEW SPECIALISTS, INC.

2
nd
Floor, R.G. Casas Bldg. 886 Espaa Blvd.
Cor. G. Tolentino St., Sampaloc anila
Tel. !os. "#2$ %#&'&(82 ) "#2$ *%+'6*+8 ) "#2$ *%+6*8%
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
,ect-rer. Daniel Joseph Espina Berdida, R.M., R.N.
/. Review of Relae! Te"#$
0. Co##%&i'a(le Di$ea$e 1 ca-sed 23 an in4ectio-s agent 56ic6 is ac7-ired 4rom an in4ected individ-al and
transmitted to a s-scepti2le 6ost eit6er 23 direct and indirect contact or t6ro-g6 direct inoc-lation into a
2ro8en s8in or m-co-s mem2rane.
T6e t5o persons important 4or a comm-nica2le disease to occ-r are t6e in4ected individ-al and t6e
s-scepti2le 6ost.
T)*e$ of Co##%&i'a(le Di$ea$e
1. I&fe'io%$ 1 disease is !9T easil3 transmitted 4rom person to person. /t re7-ires inoc-lation, e.g.
tetan-s, malaria, deng-e, 4ilariasis, ra2ies
I&o'%laio& 1 entrance o4 microorganism t6ro-g6 mec6anical means, e.g. 2iting, p-nct-ring,
laceration, open 5o-nd
2. Co&a+io%$ 1 easil3 transmitted 4rom one person to anot6er t6ro-g6 droplet, direct, or indirect
contact, e.g. t-2erc-losis, dip6t6eria, measles, c6ic8enpo:, meningococcemia
B. E*i!e#iolo+) 1 t6e science o4 t6e patterns o4 disease, its occ-rrence, distri2-tion, or spread and t6e
prevention and control among gro-p o4 individ-als as p-2lic 6ealt6; 2ac82one o4 disease prevention
a. Pae"&$ of Di$ea$e O''%""e&'e
1. S*o"a!i' , on'and'o44 attac8 o4 t6e disease; intermittent or occasional; 2#< s-scepti2le 6ost, 8#<
imm-ne "2eca-se occ-rrence is predicta2le and t6ere4ore, can 2e prevented$
2. E&!e#i' , constantl3 present in a certain localit3; (#< imm-ne, (#< s-scepti2le
T6ree endemic in t6e =6ilippines. "1$ alaria, "2$ Filariasis, > "%$ Sc6istosomiasis "5it6 6ig6
prevalence in Regions (, 8, and 11$
%. E*i!e#i' , n-m2er o4 cases e:ceeds 2e3ond t6e normal n-m2er o4 cases 4or a s6ort period o4 time;
8#< s-scepti2le 6ost, 2#< imm-ne
+. Pa&!e#i' , 5orld5ide epidemic, e.g. 0/?S, S0RS, Bird Fl-
C. T"ia! of Di$ea$e Ca%$aio& o" -e E*i!e#iolo+i' T"ia! "23 ,eavell > Clar8$ 1 4actors t6at interact to ca-se
a disease
T6ree Factors.
1. A+e& , t6ese are 2acteria, vir-ses, proto@oa, and parasites "2iological agents$
C6aracteristics o4 0gent.
In4ectivit3 1 a2ilit3 to enter t6e 6-man 2od3 and to move into tiss-es
Vir-lence 1 strengt6, potenc3, or po5er o4 t6e agent to ca-se a disease
At6e s6orter t6e inc-2ation period, t6e vir-lent t6e agent is
Antigenicit3 1 a2ilit3 to stim-late anti2od3 response "speci4ic response$
Pat6ogenicit3 1 a2ilit3 to ca-se in4ection or disease
2. E&vi"o&#e& 1 t6e medi-m 4or s-rvival and m-ltiplication o4 ca-sative agent
%. Ho$ 1 t6e area 56ere t6e agent gets its no-ris6ment
a. H%#a&$
i. Ca""ie" 1 as3mptomatic; a person 56o 6ar2ors microorganisms 2-t does not mani4est
signs and s3mptoms; most dangero-s
ii. S%(.'li&i'all) ill 1 mani4ests mild signs and s3mptoms; less dangero-s
iii. Cli&i'all) ill 1 mani4ests 0,, t6e signs and s3mptoms; least dangero-s
2. A&i#al 1 serves as an intermediate 6ost; secondar3 or transitional; important in t6e completion
o4 t6e li4e c3cle or t6e microorganisms, e.g. oncomelania 7-adrasi "snail$ in sc6istosomiasis
c. Pla&$ 1 2reeding places o4 animals
d. Soil, wae", ai", #il/
e. 0o#ie$ 1 inanimate o2Bects
0lert. 0ll t6ese 4actors are necessar3 to ca-se a disease; an a2sence o4 one 4actor 5ill not ca-se a disease
AAA /4 one 4actor is a2sent, it 5ill lead to 6ealt6 or 5ellness
?. C-ai& of I&fe'io& 1ARPEMPS2
!onspeci4ic
response.
Calor
R-2or
?olor
T-mor
F-nctio laesa
2
1. A+e& , ca-sative agent t6at releases to:ic prod-cts t6at can 2e 4o-nd inside or o-tside t6e cell
T)*e of o3i&4
a. E3oo3i& 1 to:ic prod-ct t6at can 2e 4o-nd o-tside t6e cell 56en t6e microorganism is
still alive
2. E&!oo3i& 1 to:ic prod-ct inside t6e cell t6at is released 56en t6e cell is alread3 dead;
more dangero-s
2. Re$e"voi" 1 so-rce o4 in4ection; normal area in t6e 2od3 56ere t6e organisms can 2e 4o-nd
%. Po"al of E3i 1 4rom t6e reservoir to t6e o-tside environment
a. Respirator3 s3stem 1 snee@ing and co-g6ing o4 respirator3 secretions "S/,/!G is not incl-ded$
2. G/T ) 0limentar3 tract 1 vomit-s and 4eces
c. GCT 1 -rine, semen, vaginal disc6arges
d. S8in 1 open 5o-nd
e. ec6anical 1 2ite o4 an insect or animal
4. Blood 1 2ro8en s8in or m-cosa
g. Transplacental 1 mot6er to 4et-s
6. E:-dates or disc6arges 1 conB-nctival secretions, saliva, p-s
+. Mo!e of T"a&$#i$$io& 1 c6annel or t6e medi-m in 56ic6 t6e microorganism is transmitted
T3pes.
a. Di"e' Co&a' 1 person to person; needs intimate contact; se:-al interco-rse, droplet
"co-g6ing and snee@ing$, air2orne
D"o*le 1 less t6an t6ree 4eet; less t6an %# min-tes
Ai"(o"&e 1 more t6an t6ree 4eet; more t6an %# min-tes
2. I&!i"e' 1 needs ve6icle'2orne or vector'2orne
i. Ve-i'le 1 matters t6ro-g6 56ic6 organism can 2e transmitted
e.g. mil8, soil, 5ater
ii. Ve'o" 1 t6ro-g6 animals e.g. art6ropods or moll-s8s
(. Po"al of E&") 1 corresponds to t6e portal o4 e:it
6. S%$'e*i(le Ho$ 1 prone individ-als
E. Sa+e$ of Di$ea$e$
1. I&'%(aio& *e"io! 1 period 4rom t6e 4irst e:pos-re to t6e ca-sative agent to t6e appearance o4 t6e 4irst
signs and s3mptoms
2. P"o!"o#al *e"io! "catarr6al period$ 1 period 4rom t6e appearance o4 t6e 4irst signs and s3mptoms to t6e
appearance o4 pat6ognomonic sign "classical sign$
%. Sa+e of Ill&e$$ , mani4estation o4 all signs and s3mptoms o4 t6e disease
+. Co&vale$'e&'e , stage o4 recover3; t6e signs and s3mptoms grad-all3 disappearing
F. I##%&i) 1 po5er to resist speci4ic in4ection or disease
a. I##%&i5aio& 1 t6e process o4 rendering t6e individ-als imm-ne
2. A&i+e& 1 a s-2stance t6at ind-ces anti2od3 4ormation
c. A&i(o!) 1 a protein s-2stance in response to antigen stim-lation
T)*e$ of I##%&i)
1. Na%"al I##%&i) 1 in2orn, innate, and in6erent
a. A'ive 1 e:pos-re to certain disease and 4ormation o4 memor3 cells
2. Pa$$ive 1 maternal anti2odies received 2- t6e 4et-s t6ro-g6 placenta and in4ant t6ro-g6
2reastmil8
2. A"ifi'ial ' attained t6ro-g6 t6e introd-ction o4 antigen 1 s-c6 as vaccine, to:oid, or anti2od3 23
arti4icial means
a. A'ive 1 attained 23 introd-ction o4 antigen
e.g. all E=/ vaccine e:cept Depatitis B
2. Pa$$ive 1 introd-ction o4 anti2odies e.g. /g0, gammaglo2-lins, imm-noglo2-lins 4rom ser-m or
6-man
A A'ive 1 Eslo5 to come, slo5 to goF
A Pa$$ive 1 E7-ic8 to come, 7-ic8 to goF ; immediate
G. P"eve&io& a&! Co&"ol of Co##%&i'a(le Di$ea$e$
Based on RA 6786 1 ,a5 on Reporting Comm-nica2le ?isease
1. P"eve&io&
a. Healt6 Ed-cation
2. Environmental Sanitation
c. Speci4ic =rotection e.g. n-trition, imm-ni@ation, personal 63giene
2. Co&"ol
%
a. Noti4ication and prompt intervention
2. Isolation and 7-arantine
c. Case 4inding 1 loo8ing 4or t6e in4ected individ-als
Contact tracing 1 loo8ing 4or t6e e:posed individ-als
d. Epidemiological investigation
%. O%li&e Pla& of E*i!e#iolo+i'al I&ve$i+aio& "GD9$
1. Esta2lis6 4act o4 presence o4 epidemic
a. Heri43 t6e diagnosis 1 initial step
2. Reporting
c. =revalence o4 disease "recording o4 old and ne5 cases$
A /ncidence 1 recording ne5 cases
2. Esta2lis6 time and space relations6ip o4 t6e disease
a. 0rea o4 concentration o4 t6e disease "space$
2. 9nset o4 t6e 4irst 8no5n case "time$
%. Relations to c6aracteristics o4 t6e gro-p o4 comm-nit3
a. 0ge, se:, color, occ-pation
+. Correlation o4 all data o2tained
+. T)*e$ of I$olaio&
I$olaio& , separation o4 in4ected individ-al 4rom 6ealt63 one; -sed in case 4inding
9%a"a&i&e , limitation o4 t6e 4reedom o4 movement o4 e:posed individ-al or animal; -sed in
contract tracing
a. S"i' i$olaio& 1 indicated 4or 6ig6l3 contagio-s diseases li8e S0RS, meningococcemia,
2ird 4l-, ant6ra:
2. P"oe'ive o" Reve"$e I$olaio& , intended 4or t6ose 5it6 lo5 resistance or
imm-nocompromised e.g. 0/?S, 2-rn, cancer, nep6ritic s3ndrome, organ transplant
c. Re$*i"ao") I$olaio& , intended 4or respirator3 diseases
d. E&e"i' P"e'a%io& , intended 4or G/T diseases e.g. t3p6oid 4ever, c6olera, s6igellosis
e. Wo%&! a&! S/i& P"e'a%io& , intended 4or persons 5it6 s8in diseases e.g. lepros3,
4-ngal in4ection, impetigo
4. Bloo! a&! Bo!) 0l%i!$ : Sa&!a"! : U&ive"$al P"e'a%io& , 4irst line o4 preca-tion;
-sed 56en t6e disease is -n8no5n; -sage o4 gloves, mas8s, caps, mas8, and goggles
(. Di$i&fe'io& , destr-ction o4 pat6ogenic microorganisms e:cl-ding t6e spores
Se"ili5aio& , destr-ction o4 microorganisms incl-ding spores
Delo%$i&+ , 8illing o4 lice or lo-se
0%#i+aio& , destr-ction o4 microorganisms 23 t6e -se o4 gases or 4-mes
Two +e&e"al #ea&$ of /illi&+ #i'"oo"+a&i$#$4
a. Me'-a&i'al , 2oiling a-toclaving, and 2-rning
2. C-e#i'al , -se o4
i. Di$i&fe'a& 1 -sed in inanimate o2Bects "e.g. c6loro:$
ii. A&i$e*i' 1 -sed in live 6-man tiss-es t6at in6i2its t6e gro5t6 o4
microorganisms "e.g. 63drogen pero:ide, 2etadine, !ormal Saline Sol-tion$
A !SS 1 most e44ective antiseptic 2eca-se as isotonic sol-tion, 8eeps t6e
5o-nd moisten 56ic6 4acilitates cell regeneration
A =ovidone /odine "Betadine$ 1 in6i2its gro5t6 o4 6air
Two e'-&i<%e$ of !i$i&fe'io&
a. Co&'%""e& , ongoing disin4ection, t6e client is still t6e so-rce o4 in4ection
2. Te"#i&al , 4inal disin4ection, t6e patient is no longer t6e so-rce o4 in4ection per4ormed
-pon disc6arge o4 t6e client "e.g. 4-migation$
6. A$e*$i$ , a2sence o4 pat6ogen or disease'ca-sing microorganisms
1. T5o t3pes o4 0sepsis.
a. Me!i'al : Clea& e'-&i<%e . in 6and5as6ing, 6ands are 6eld lo5er t6an t6e el2o5
P%"*o$e4
1. To prevent trans4er o4 pat6ogens to ot6ers
2. To red-ce t6e n-m2er o4 microorganisms
2. S%"+i'al : Se"ile e'-&i<%e 1 to render area 4ree 4rom microorganisms. /n 6and5as6ing,
6ands are 6eld 6ig6er t6an t6e el2o5
+
Te'-&i<%e$.
1. Dand5as6ing 1 single most e44ective 5a3 o4 preventing transmission o4 microorganisms.
A T6e most important 4actor in 6and5as6ing is 4riction.
2. Go5ning
%. as8ing
+. ?isin4ection
(. =lacarding ' 2arrier cards; EUnsterile / Unauthorized Persons Keep OutF
//. Cla$$ifi'aio& of Co##%&i'a(le Di$ea$e$ A''o"!i&+ o Ca%$aive A+e&$
0. Vi"al
a. easles ) R-2eola
2. German measles ) R-2ella
c. C6ic8enpo:
d. =oliom3elitis
e. D'4ever "?eng-e$
4. Ra2ies
g. Depatitis
6. 0/?S
i. -mps
B. /n4l-en@a
B. Ba'e"ial
a. T-2erc-losis
2. ,epros3
c. ?ip6t6eria
d. =ert-ssis
e. Tetan-s
4. C6olera
g. T3p6oid 4ever
6. =ne-monia
i. S3p6ilis
B. Gonorr6ea
8. B-2onic plag-e
l. Bot-lism
C. P"oo5oa& Pa"a$ie$
a. alaria
2. 0moe2iasis
c. Tric6omoniasis
?. 0%&+al
a. Ring5orm
2. oniliasis
E. Ri'/e$ia
a. C6lam3dia
F. I&e$i&al Pa"a$ie$
a. 0scariasis
2. Entero2iasis
c. Taeniasis
d. Capillariasis
e. 0nc3clostosomiasis
4. Sc6istosomiasis
G. E3e"&al Pa"a$ie$
a. =edic-losis
2. Sca2ies
EI=0!?E? =R9GR0 9! /C!/J0T/9!
Vaccine Content Form Dosage # of Doses Route
BCG Live attenuated
bacteria
Freeze dried and
reconstituted in
special diluent
infant- 0.05ml
Preschool-
0.1ml
1 ID
DPT DT- ea!ened to"in
P-!illed bacteria
Li#uid 0.5 ml $ I%
OPV ea!ened virus Li#uid & drops $ 'ral
Hepatitis B Plasma derivative Li#uid 0.5 ml $ I%
Measles (ea!ened virus Freeze dried and
reconstituted in
special diluent
0.5 ml 1 )ubcutaneous

Scheule of Vaccines
Vaccine !ge at "
st
ose #nter$al %et&een ose Protection
BCG (Bacille of Calmette
and Guerin)
*t birth or an+time
after birth
T,
DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis,
Tetanus)
- ee!s . ee!s
Diphtheria/ Pertussis/
and Tetanus
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) -ee!s .ee!s Poliom+elitis
Hepa B *t birth
)chedule0 *t birth/ -
th

ee!/1.
th
ee!
1epatitis ,
Measles 2 months %easles
Transcribed by: rbrtr07