1

MQT S THUAT
NC THUNC
CAP TRONC
SlNH HQC
PHN T
Enzyme
DNA polymerase: enzyme tng hop nn mach DNA moi
tu mt mach khun, co th tham gia vao qua trinh sao
chep hay sua sai.
RNA polymerase: enzyme tng hop RNA tu mach
khun DNA.
Dnase: enzyme thuy phn lin kt cua phn tu DNA.
Rnase: enzyme thuy phn lin kt cua phn tu RNA.
Protease: enzyme thuy phn lin kt cua phn tu protein.
DNA polymerase: enzyme tng hop nn
mach DNA moi tu mt mach khun, co
th tham gia vao qua trinh sao chep hay
sua sai.
RNA polymerase:
enzyme tng hop
RNA tu mach
khun DNA.
Enzyme
Nuclease: enzyme thuy phn lin kt cua phn tu nucleic
acid (phn tu DNA va RNA).
Endonuclease: enzyme phn ct lin kt bn trong mt
mach nucleic acid; chung co th mang tinh dc hiu di
voi mt phn tu RNA, mt phn tu DNA mach don hay
mach kep.
Exonuclease: enzyme ct roi tung nucleotide mt tu du
cui cua mt mach polynucleotide; chung co th dc
hiu cho du 5` hay du 3` cua mt phn tu DNA hay
RNA.
Endonuclease: enzyme phn ct lin kt bn trong
mt mach nucleic acid; chung co th mang tinh
dc hiu di voi mt phn tu RNA, mt phn tu
DNA mach don hay mach kep.
2
Exonuclease: enzyme ct roi tung nucleotide mt tu du
cui cua mt mach polynucleotide; chung co th dc
hiu cho du 5` hay du 3` cua mt phn tu DNA hay
RNA.
Enzyme
Restriction enzyme RE (Enzyme ct gioi han): enzyme
nhn bit mt trinh tu DNA ngn chuyn bit va ct
mach kep DNA.
Ligase: enzyme ni lin hai doan nucleic acid trong mt
qua trinh tiu hao nng luong; vi du nhu DNA ligase ni
lin hai phn tu DNA thng qua lin kt phosphodiester.

DNA replication (su sao chep DNA): la qua trinh trong

do mt phn tu DNA san sinh ra hai phn tu con ging
ht phn tu ban du.
Transcription (su phin m): su tng hop RNA tu
khun DNA.
Reverse transcription (su phin m nguoc): su tng
hop DNA tu mach khun RNA nho enzyme phin m
nguoc (reverse transcriptase)
3
TRANSLATION
Gene (gen): mt doan DNA mang mt chuc nng nht dinh
trong qua trinh truyn thng tin di truyn. Trn nhim sc th,
mt gene thuong co mt vi tri xac dinh va lin kt voi cac vung
diu hoa phin m va cac vung chuc nng khac d bao dam va
diu khin hoat dng cua gene.
: la cac doan ca mt gen mang m di truyn, biu
thj trong phn t RNA trung thanh.
: la mt doan DNA duoc phin m nhung bj loai b
trong qua trinh trung thanh ca RNA, khng mang m di
truyn nhu exon.
RepIicon: don v[ sao
chp ca b gen, c
cha dim khi du
sao chp.
4
Complex: mt phc hop cc enzyme c
hoat tnh
Factor: l cc yu t tham gia vo vic
hnh thnh nn cc complex c hoat tnh
nitiation: khi du, khi su mt qu trnh
nitiator: yu t khi du
Elongation: ko di mt qu trnh
Termination: Kt thc mt qu trnh
Terminator: yu t kt thc
Promoter: mt trnh t d}c bit trn phn tu DNA, noi
RNA polymerase gn vo d khoi dng phin m.
Operon: mt don v| biu hin v diu ha gen o vi khun,
bao gm cc gen cu trc nm cnh nhau v cc nhn t
diu ha, cc gen cu trc ny cng ch|u nhng tc dng
diu ha nhu nhau.
Operator: mt don DNA ngn trn nhim sc th cua vi
khun, noi gn cc protein diu ha, c chc nng kim sot
s phin m cua cc gen k cn.
Codon: l mt triplet (b ba) cua nhng nucleotide, m ha
cho mt amino acid hay cho mt ~du hiu bt du hay kt
thc d|ch m.
bp(base pair): c}p base, l lin kt A-T ho}c C-G trn mt
phn tu DNA mch kp, v l don v| do chiu di cua mt
phn tu DNA.
Upstream
Downstream
Template
Nontemplate
Replication buble: l vng tu ti bn vj tr fork
Replication fork: l cu trc c hnh ch Y khi mach
di DNA tch dn thnh hai mach don
Splicing: l qu trnh m t su ct intron ra v ni
exon lai
Translation: su djch m hay gii m l qu trnh
tng hop protein mi trn mRNA.
ORF (open reading frame)
OR (origin of replication)
Plasmid: la mt DNA dang vong, nm ngoai nhim
sc th va co kha nng tu sao chep dc lp.
Phage (bacteriophage: thuc khun th): la cac virus
xm nhim vi khun
Primer (mi): mt trinh tu DNA hay RNA ngn, bt
cp voi mt mach khun DNA va co mang mt du
3`OH tu do giup DNA polymerase bt du tng hop
mach moi
Probe (mu do): mt doan RNA hay DNA chuyn bit
duoc danh du bng dng vi phong xa hay bng hoa
cht, dung d dinh vi mt trinh tu nucleic acid nht
dinh thng qua k thut lai phn tu.
Plasmid: la mt DNA dang
vong, nm ngoai nhim sc
th va co kh nng tu sao
chep dc lp.
In vivo: chi cac hin tuong xay ra trong t bao nguyn
ven hay trong co th sinh vt
In vitro: tu ma cac nha sinh hoa hoc dung d chi mt qua
trinh xay ra trong dich chit t bao khng chua t bao
nguyn ven; con duoc cac nha t bao hoc dung d chi cac
t bao nui cy trong mi truong nhn tao
Ex vivo:
dung d chi cac thi
nghim thuc hin
trn t bao nui
cy, cac t bao nay
sau do s duoc dua
vao mt co th
sng
5
PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction): k thut ph
bin trong sinh hoc phn
tu nhm khuych dai v
mt s luong (tao ra nhiu
ban sao) mt trinh tu DNA
dich ma khng cn su
dung cac sinh vt sng;
thng qua chu ky gm 3
buoc: bin tinh, bt cp
voi mi va tng hop mach
moi nho DNA
polymerase.
Denaturation (su bin tinh ): su bin tinh cua DNA hoc RNA
la su chuyn tu dang mach kep sang dang mach don do nng
luong nhit hoc tac nhn hoa hoc lam gy cu ni hydrogen.
Renaturation (su hi tinh): la su tai bt cp cua hai mach don
DNA b sung cua mt phn tu DNA mach kep.
Molecular hybridization (lai phn tu): qua trinh trong do hai
mach nucleic acid b sung (A-T, G-C) bt cp hinh thanh nn
mt mach kep; la mt k thut huu hiu d phat hin mt trinh
tu nucleotide chuyn bit.
Southern blot: ki thut chuyn va c dinh DNA d bin tinh tu
gel agarose ln mang lai; thuong dung d chi ca cng doan lai
DNA nay voi mu do.
Northern blot: ki thut chuyn va c dinh RNA d bin tinh tu
gel agarose ln mang lai; thuong dung d chi ca cng doan lai
DNA nay voi mu do.
Recombination (su tai t hop): qua trinh trong do nhim sc
th hay phn tu DNA dut ra ri cac phn tu dut duoc ni lai
theo mt t hop moi. Qua trinh nay co th xay ra trong t
bao sng (qua su trao di cheo trong phn bao giam nhim)
hay trong ng nghim nho cac enzyme ct va ni DNA.
Crossing over (trao di cheo): su trao di vt cht giua cac
nhim sc th xay ra trong qua trinh phn bao giam nhim,
la tac nhn cua su tai t hop di truyn.
Clone: dong v tinh la mt qun th t bao dng nht v mt
di truyn.
Vector: trong ki thut tao dong (cloning), la plasmid hay
phage dung d 'chuyn cho mt doan DNA la gn vao do
voi muc dich tao ra mt s luong ban sao lon hay mt san
phm protein tu doan DNA nay.