Notes in Legal Med

TRANSCRIBED BY: Jorap Rosal & Rika De Borja Page 1 of 16
COPYREAD AND COMPILED BY: Mhyko

LEGAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE NOTES

I would like to give thanks to everyone who helped me in making this
notes possible. Thanks to Jorap and Rika for lending me their time
transcribing and sharing their notes. Thank you Trish, Vincent A.,
Leslee, yVee, and Shar for unselfishly sharing your audio recordings. -
Mhyko

This is my first trans hahaha! Hello hello to:

My Med, Surg, Neuro, and ano pa nga yung isa? Pedia! I you
groupmates.
L Group (aka CPC Group 1) and PPG.
The good looking UERM Red Cross officers: Rey, Eloise, Leigh,
Carlo, Jean, Miko and Kat, Fid, Therese and Thea.
2012 APO Mens basketball team, UERM Palarong Med
Volleyball, Football and T-Tennis teams. Pati narin basketball,
badminton, swimming, and sepaktakraw teams.
Hi to my grandmother who is from 2013. Mag-ballroom naman
tayo minsan. I you grandma!
- jorap

Hello 2012! Goodluck satin lahat sa exams.. Konting tiis nalang.. Days
to go nalang before sembreak. Yey!! Aral tayo lahat mabuti.. Miko
thanks dahil ang tyaga nyo gumawa. Notes ko lang naman nadagdag
ko eh. Pero I'm glad I helped a little. Anyway, Godbless 2012! :)
-rika (Sent from my iPod)

LEGEND:
Normal text : lecture and recordings from section a & b
Italics : book and 2011 trans

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE OF LEGAL MEDICINE
It is the application of medical and paramedical sciences as
demanded by law and administration of justice. The knowledge
of the nature and extent of wounds has been acquired in
surgery, abortion in gynecology, sudden death, and effects of
trauma in pathology, etc. aside from having knowledge of the
basic medical sciences, like anatomy, physiology, biochemistry,
physics, and other allied sciences.
Strictly speaking, LEGAL MEDICINE is primarily the application of
medicine to legal cases while FORENSIC MEDICINE concerns with
the application of medical science to elucidate legal problems.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE denotes knowledge of law in relation
to the practice of medicine. It concerns with the study of the
rights, duties, and obligations of a medical practitioner with
particular reference to those arising from doctor-patient
relationship.

NATURE OF THE STUDY OF LEGAL MEDICINE
A physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medico-
legal duties is known as MEDICAL JURIST (medical examiner,
medico-legal officer, medico legal expert)

DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN ORDINARY PHYSICIAN AND A MEDICAL
JURIST
An ordinary physician sees an injury or disease on the point of
view of treatment, whole a medico-jurist sees injury or disease
on the point of view of cause.
The purpose of an ordinary physician examining a patient is to
arrive at a definite diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can
be instituted, while the purpose of the medical jurist in
examining a patient is to include those bodily lesions in his
report and testify before the court or before an investigative
boy; thus giving justice to whom it is due.
Minor or trivial injuries are USUALLY ignored by an ordinary
clinician inasmuch as they do not require usual treatment.
Superficial abrasions, small contusion, and other minor injuries
will heal without medication. However, a medical jurist must
record all bodily injuries even if they are small or minor because
these injuries may be proofs to qualify the crime or to justify the
act.
PRINCIPLE OF STARE DECICIS
Whom the court has once laid down a principle of law or
interpretations as applied to certain state of facts, it will adhere
to and apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially
the same
What the Supreme Court lays down is the principle of law, all its
subjects are duty-bound to follow
Para wala nang tanungan ang mas madaling intindihing meaning
nito ay: "Maintain what has been decided and do not alter that
which has been established"

THREE BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT
EXECUTIVE - Tasked to IMPLEMENT THE LAW
The office of the president and
The different department bureaus
LEGISLATIVE - They are tasked to MAKE THE LAW
The upper house: The Senate
The lower house: The House of Representatives
JUDICIARY - Tasked to APPLY or INTERPRET THE LAW
Supreme Court: Chief Justices
Court of Appeals
Sandiganbayan
The Regional Trial Court

Which Branch is The Most Powerful?
None. They are all equal branches of the government.
No one is above the other. If congress passes a bill, it
can be vetoed by the government. Congress can
overturn the veto by a vote of two-thirds. If the
president accepts the bill, the Supreme Court can
strike it down as unconstitutional. Who appoints
justices to the Supreme Court? The president. Who
submits the budget for the Supreme Court? The
congress.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNING APPLICATIONS AND
EFFECTS OF LAWS

IGNORANCE OF THE LAW EXCUSES NO ONE FROM COMPLIANCE
THEREWITH OR IGNORANTIA LEGIS NOMINEM EXCUSAT
You cannot invoke the excuse that you are doctors, that its ok
for you not know the law because you are not lawyers
In our current academic status, we are considered more
knowledgeable and learned than an ordinary layman, it should
be considered an aggravating circumstance for us not to know
the law.
Ignorance is not an excuse. Know your laws.

Nice to know:
When a congressman sponsors a health bill, it will then
be introduced / passed on to the committee of health
composed of 40-50 congressmen where the bill goes
through public hearings. So the committee can either
kill it there and/or calendar it for three separate
meetings in the lower house. At the third meeting,
congressmen will vote Nay or Yey. After that, the
bill goes to the senate and will again undergo three
separate meetings. They have only up to three years to
do that because they re-elect every three years.

LAWS SHALL HAVE NO RETROACTIVE EFFECT UNLESS THE
CONTRARY IS PROVIDED
Laws should always be prospective unless it is favorable for the
accused.
Laws take effect ONLY AFTER 15 DAYS after the laws publication
in a journal/common medium
A murderer was sentenced to life and during his stay in prison,
the sentence for murder was decreased to 25 years. Since 25
years is MORE FAVORABLE than life in prison, the new law will
apply to them.
If a law was passed punishing students who cheat in med school,
retroactive to 50 years, is this constitutional? NO. (Amen to


that!) One because, laws should only be prospective and two,
because it is not favorable for the accused.

Nice to know:
Death penalty before was done by electrocution.
When it was abolished crime rates increased.

Once you have served 1/3 of your sentence, you are
eligible for parole.

RIGHTS MAY BE WAIVED UNLESS THE WAIVER IS CONTRARY TO
THE LAW, PUBLIC ORDER, MORALS OR GOOD CUSTOMS OR
PREJUDICIAL TO A THIRD PERSON WITH A RIGHT RECOGNIZED BY
A LAW
Lets say youre a doctor and you had your patient sign a waiver
waiving his/her right to sue, can she still sue you? Yeeesss
(with matching condescending baritone voice ni sir). Why?
Because that condition is null and void. Why is it null and void?
Because it is against public policy. Why is it against public policy?
Because that waiver is actually a suicide note. You cannot allow
another person to kill you. Waivers only give you some security,
but when the relatives demand a lawsuit, they still can.

CUSTOMS WHICH ARE CONTRARY TO LAW, PUBLIC ORDER AND
PUBLIC POLICY SHALL BE COUNTENANCED. A CUSTOM MUST BE
PROVED AS A FACT ACCORDING TO THE RULES OF EVIDENCE
In a tribe that practices cutting off of clitoris because its their
custom and theyve been there even before the laws were
established, do they violate the law? Yesss (condescending
baritone voice ulit). What law? Mutilation.
The medico-legal classification of mutilation: cutting off of a
reproductive organ yields a graver punishment than cutting a
non-reproductive organ. So if you cut an Ear vs. a Penis, which
one is a more heinous crime? Cutting off of penis. Between the
tongue and the ears? Tongue. ( ^_- ) wink wink!!

Intent to cut: MUTILATION
Intent to hurt: PHYSICAL INJURY
Intent to kill: MURDER
If there was intent to hurt or no intent at all but
eventually resulted to death: HOMICIDE

THREE DEGREES OF MURDER:
Attempted you shoot victim, you missed. Even without
medical attendance, victim will survive.
Frustrated- you shoot, but doctor revived victim. Medical
attendance is required. This is where the questions of
Mortal or Non-Mortal Wounds come in.

Mortal wound involves major blood vessels and
organs.
Non-Mortal wound does not involve major vessels or
organs.

Consummated you shoot, victim dies

THREE DEGREES OF PARTICIPATION:
Accessory not present at the actual crime and may be
subject to lesser penalties than an accomplice.
Accomplice present at the actual crime and can be
prosecuted even if the main criminal is not charged or
convicted.
Principal any actor who is primarily responsible for the
criminal offense.

WHEN IS IT MURDER?
There is time for contemplation.
Use of superior force and night time to ensure success
It was committed during a conflagration, shipwreck or a
calamity. (even if hold-up lang ginawa mo, eh nag-earth
quake, malas mo, murder na yun)
Committed in the presence of the Chief Executive. (sa harap
ng president)
Cussing at the courts or the deceased.

As a doctor if you see something as minor as an
abrasion. Report it. It indicates signs of struggle /
victim trying to runaway from assailant.

IMPOSSIBLE MURDER (IMPRISONMENT OF NOT >2 YEARS) Sir
Rebosas wife tried to kill him. She mistakenly put salt in his
coffee instead of poison. It turns out Sir Rebosa, loves salty
coffee OR killing an already dead person

ANTE-MORTEM WOUNDS / POST-MORTEM WOUNDS.
Get tissue from margins of wound and look for Vital Tissue
Reaction (VTR), in other words, youre looking for signs of
inflammation

TREACHERY - Traitor or Ahas

SCAFFING OF CORPSE OF THE DISEASED
Adding insult to the injury
Homicide becomes murder

CONSTITUTION

Laws are repealed only by subsequent ones and their violation
and non-observance shall not be excused by disuse, custom or
practice to the contrary

1898 1935 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION, 1
st
constitution
1935 1941 COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION. All laws
were called Commonwealth Acts (CA) 2
nd

constitution
1941 1945 JAPANESE INVASION, constitution was
suspended.
1946 1972 PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC was established. All laws
were called Republic Acts (RA)
1973 constitution 3
rd
constitution
1978 BATASANG PAMBANSA established. It served
as a transitional legislative body as mandated
by the 1973 Constitution as the Philippines
shifted from a presidential to a parliamentary
form of government. All laws were called Batas
Pambansa (BP). Most famous was BP 22:
Bouncing Checks Law.
1972 1986 MARCOS REGIME (MARSHALL LAW) up until
the Edsa Revolution. All laws were called
Presidential Decrees (PD) since Dictator si
Marcos that time
1987 Cory took over, 1987 constitution. All laws
were called Republic Acts (RA), 4
th
constitution

EVIDENCE

- The means, sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a
judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact (Sec.1,
Rule 128, Rules of Court)
- The species of proof, or probative matter, legally presented at the
trial of an issue by the act of the parties and through the medium
of witnesses, records, documents, concrete objects, etc., for the
purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court as to their
contention(Blacks Law Dictionary)
- The judge determines if evidence is admissible or inadmissible.
- Admissibility depends on the person presenting it.
- Hearsay/chismis mostly an inadmissible fact.
- To be admissible, evidence must be relevant to the fact in issue.

MEDICAL EVIDENCE- if the means employed to prove a fact is medical
in nature.

TYPES OF MEDICAL EVIDENCES:
AUTOPTIC OR REAL addressed to the senses of the Court. It is
not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision
but is extended to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and
touch is perceived.
It is of judicial notice the judge is supposed to know
Do you need to prove to the judge that the ball is round? A
square has 4 sides?

Limitations:
Indecency and Impropriety. (Example: exposure of genitalia
of an alleged sexual offense victim)


Repulsive Objects and those Offensive to Sensibilities
(Example: foul smelling objects, persons with highly
infectious and communicable diseases, objects that pose
potential danger to the life/health of the judge)
May still be presented if necessary for adjucation of the
case depending on the sound discretion of the court.

TESTIMONIAL doctor as a witness
ORDINARY a physician who testifies in court on matters he
perceived from his patient in the course of physician-patient
relationship in is considered as an ordinary witness.
EXPERT a physician on account of his training and
experience can give his opinion on a set of medical facts. He
can deduce or infer something, determine the cause of
death, or render opinion pertinent to the issue and medical
in nature.

EXPERIMENTAL if allowed by the Court to confirm or
corroborate
If the judge dont believe that a pen is capable of exploding,
Judge, lets have an experiment, please hold this
ballpen and lets see if it will explode in your hands. :}
Example: show how long a person can survive after
administration of lethal dose of poison by administration of
the said poison to experimental animals w/in the view of
the court

DOCUMENTARY writings/photographs
Recorded by letters, figures or marks
Applies to writings, to words printed, lithographed or
photographed; to seals, plates or stones on which
inscriptions are cut or engraved; to photographs and
pictures; to maps or plans
MEDICAL CERTIFICATES OR REPORT ON (see page __)
- Medival/Physical exam
- Necropsy/Autopsy
- Labs
- Exhumation(nahukay???)
- Birth/death
MEDICAL EXPERT OPINION
DEPOSITION - if the ONLY witness who could testify is
migrating to another country next month or has terminal
CA who will die in 3 months, he/she will produce a
testimony under oath, just like an affidavit. Testimony is
perpetuated.

PHYSICAL articles and materials found in connection with the
investigation and which aids in establishing the identity of the
perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime was
committed, or in general assist in the prosecution of a criminal.

CRIMINALISTICS Identification, collection, preservation and
mode of presentation of the physical evidence, application of
sciences in crime detection and investigation.

Types of Physical Evidences:
1. CORPUS DELICTI objects/substances which may be part
of the body of the crime.
- Smoking gun
- Body of the victim of the murdered
- Prohibited drugs recovered from a person
- Knife with blood stains or fingerprints of the suspect
- Stolen motor vehicle identified by plate number and
by body or engine serial numbers.
2. ASSOCIATIVE evidence that may link suspect to the
crime. An alibi at this point may be considered to be the
weakest defense.
- YOUR SCHOOL ID/nameplate beside a dead body :o
You become associated with the crime, you
become a suspect
3. TRACING EVIDENCE evidence that may assist
investigator in locating the suspect. The ELECTRONIC
EVIDENCE LAW makes text messages and e-mails now
admissible to court as evidence.
- Traces of blood, mobile phone tracker

If youre going to threaten somebody, make sure you
use prepaid.

Consultation via text messages may text the wrong
dose, (5g instead of 0.5mg, overdose = patay).

Just reply Pls col me Do not reply and treat a
patient thru a text message.

METHODS OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES:
PHOTOGRAPHS, ADIO AND/OR VIDEO TAPE, MICRO-FILM,
PHOTOSTAT, XEROX, VOICE TRACING, ETC.
SKETCHING rough drawing of the scene or subject
ROUGH made at the crime scene or during examination of
living or dead body. On the latter, an anatomic figure of the
front, back and side part of the body must be made and the
bodily lesions indicated.
FINISHED sketch prepared from the rough sketch for
court presentation
DESCRIPTION putting into words the person or thing to be
preserved
SKIN LESION
PENETRATING WOUND (punctured, stab, or gunshot)
HYMENAL LACERATION
PERSON
MANIKIN METHOD
Miniature model of a scene or human body indicating marks
of various aspects of the things to be preserved.
PRESERVATION IN THE MIND OF THE WITNESS
A person who perceives something relevant for proper
adjudication of a case may be a witness in court if he has
the power to transmit to others what he perceived.
SPECIAL METHODS special way of treating certain type of
evidence may be necessary. Preservation may be essential from
the time it is recovered to make the condition unchanged up to
the period it reaches the criminal laboratory for appropriate
examination.

KINDS OF EVIDENCE NECESSARY FOR CONVICTION:s
DIRECT provides the fact in dispute without the aid of any
inference or presumption. The evidence that can stand on its
own.
Example: Eye witness, DNA
Direct evidence:
- Vizconde massacre: Eye witness Jessica Alfaro
- OJ Simpson Case: DNA

OJ was acquitted in the criminal case, but lost the civil
case: OJ cannot be tried again violation of Double
Jeopardy

CIRCUMSTANTIAL proof of facts from which, taken either
singly or collectively, the existence of a particular fact in dispute
may be inferred as a necessary or probable consequence.
Evidence that cannot stand on its own.
Example: Blood stained jacket
Circumstantial evidence,
- Vizconde massacre: blood stained mats, carpets
- OJ Simpson Case: sheepskin gloves

WEIGHT, SUFFICIENCY AND APPRECIATION OF EVIDENCE:
CIVIL CASE preponderance of evidence
The party having the burden of proof must establish his case
by a preponderance of evidence.

Rule 133, Rules of Court:
Section 1 - Preponderance of evidence, how
determined - In civil cases, the ff. factors may be
considered:
All the facts and circumstances of the case
The witnesses manner of testifying, their
intelligence, means and opportunities of knowing
the facts to w/c they testify
Nature of the facts to w/c the witness testify
The probability and improbability of the witnesses
testimony
The interest or want of interest of the witnesses


Credibility of the witness so far as the same may
legitimately appear upon the trial

Number of witnesses presented, although preponderance is
not necessarily w/ the greatest number.

CRIMINAL CASE proof/guilt beyond reasonable doubt
The defendant is entitled to an acquittal, unless his guilt is
shown beyond reasonable doubt. Proof beyond reasonable
doubt does not mean such a degree of proof as, excluding
possibility of error, produces absolute certainty. Moral
certainty only is required, or that degree of proof which
produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind.
It is presumed that a person is innocent of a crime until the
contrary is proven beyond reasonable doubt. The doubt, the
benefit of which an accused is entitled in a criminal case, is
a reasonable doubt, and not a whimsical or fanciful doubt,
based on imagined and wholly improbable possibilities and
unsupported by evidence.

Rule 133, Rules of Court:
Section 2- Proof beyond reasonable doubt- In criminal
case, the defendant is entitled to an acquittal, unless
his guilt is shown beyond reasonable doubt. It is
presumed that a person is innocent of a crime until the
contrary is proven beyond reasonable doubt.

ADMINISTRATIVE CASE substantial evidence

DECEPTION DETECTION

- You cannot be compelled against your will invoking right against
self-incrimination or something that makes use of intellect.

DEVICES THAT RECORD PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE:
LIE DETECTOR TEST OR POLYGRAPHY
Cannot be forced to undergo such test,
Can invoke the Right Against Self Incrimination*
Results are generally inadmissible (Exception: when the
person waives the Right of Self Incrimination AND pts it into
writing in the presence of a lawyer of his choice)

*Right Against Self Incrimination
If the procedure/activity makes use of your intellect,
you can invoke this right (ask to smile, lie detector
test, and semen sample). If it is mechanical in nature,
you cannot invoke (finger print, photographs, mug
shots) (dahil di naman daw kelangan gumamit ng
utaknot unless pag-iisipan mo kung paano ka
ngingiti)

Phases of Examination
1. Pre-test interview
- Check for medical/psychiatric condition/drug use
- Explain purpose of exam
- Develop the test questions
- Explain efficiency of technique
- To know any anti-social activity or criminal record of
the subject
2. Actual interrogation and recording through the
instrument
- Irrelevant questions- no bearing to the case like age,
citizenship, marital status
- Relevant questions- pertains to issue under
investigation
- Control questions- unrelated to the matter under
investigation but are similar of nature
3. Post-test interrogation
- To clarify findings
- To learn if there are any other reasons for subjects
responding to a relevant question
- Obtain additional info

WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
Time response to questions is recorded.
The test is not concerned with the answer, be it yes or
no. The important factor is the time of response in
relation to stimulus or non-stimulus words.

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
Detect stress of a person lying by modulations of his voice.
When a person is under stress as when he is lying, the
micro-tremor in the voice utterance is moderately or
completely suppressed. The degree of suppression varies
inversely to the degree of psychologic stress in the speaker.
The psychologic stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures,
and graphically displays the voice modulations that we
cannot hear.

DRUGS THAT TRY TO INHIBIT THE INHIBITOR
TRUTH SERUM Hyoscine hydrobromide (person will not have
the propensity to lie. Think: True Lies)
In the test, Hyoscine bromide is given hypodermically in
repeated doses until a state of delirium is induced. When
the proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the
subject feels a compulsion to answer the questions
truthfully. He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to
cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or even
implicate others.
NARCOANALYSIS/NARCOSYNTHESIS
Practically the same as that of the administration of truth
serum. The only difference is the drug used (sodium amytal
and sodium pethotal).
Because of the drug, the subject speaks freely due to lack of
inhibition.
INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL
The ability of alcohol to reveal the real person behind the
mask which all of us are said to wear (mask of sanity) is
reflected in the age-old maxim, In vino veritas (In wine
there is truth).

Confessions made by the subject while under the
influence of alcohol may be admissible if he is
physically capable to recollect the facts that he has
uttered after the effects of alcohol have disappeared.
But in most instances, the subject cannot recall
everything that he had mentioned or he may refuse to
admit the truth of the statement given.

HYPNOSIS
Alteration of consciousness and concentration heightened
suggestibility while awareness is maintained. (Loook straight
intooo my eyes...)

Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction.
Subjects who are compulsive-depressive type, strong-
willed like lawyers, accountants, physicians, and other
professionals are usually non-hypnotizable.

Truth serum, intoxication, hypnosis cannot be done in
court since testifying in court is VOLUNTARY

OBSERVATION
A good criminal investigator must be a keen observer and a good
psychologist. A subject under stress on account of the
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system may exhibit
changes which may be used as a potential clue of deception. And
since just one or a combination of the following signs and
symptoms is not conclusive or a reliable proof of guilt of the
subject, their presence infers further investigation to ascertain
the truth of the impression.

Physiological and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Guilt:
Sweating
Color change
Dryness of the mouth
Excessive activity of the Adams apple
Fidgeting
Peculiar feeling inside
Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion
Spotless past record Religious man
Inability to look at the investigator straight in the eye
Not that I remember expression


SCIENTIFIC INTERROGATION
The questioning of a person suspected of having committed an
offense or of persons who are reluctant to make a full disclosure
of information in his possession which is pertinent to the
investigation. It may be done on a suspect or a witness.

The use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor and
hypnotism are both involuntary therefore are
inadmissible in court as evidences.

TYPES OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS

BASED ON BEHAVIORAL ATTITUDE
ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE OFFENDER
Persons who commit crimes on account of their implsive
and aggressive behavior; seen in crimes of passion, revenge
or resentments.
PASSIVE INADEQUATE OFFENDER
Commit crimes because of inducement, promise, and
reward
They are gullible and easily persuaded to perform acts in
violation of the penal laws.

BASED ON THE STATE OF MIND
RATIONAL OFFENDER
With motive, intention or pre-evident meditation, and with
full possession of their mental faculties.
Example: Murderer
IRRATIONAL OFFENDER
Does not know nature and quality of his act.
Example: Mad killer

BASED ON PROFICIENCY
ORDINARY
Lowest form of criminal career
Only engaged in crimes that require limited skill
They lack the capacity to avoid arrest and conviction.
PROFESSIONAL
Highly skilled and rarely detected
commit crimes that require special skills rather than
violence.
Example: Pickpockets, shoplifters

BASED ON PSYCHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
EMOTIONAL
Heat of passion, anger, or revenge, and also who commit
offenses of accidental in nature.
Usually have a feeling of remorse, mental anguish, or
compunction as a result of their acts. They have the sense of
moral guilt.
The most effective interrogation approach to use for them is
based upon sympathetic consideration regarding their
offense and present difficulty.
Example: a man comes home seeing his wife with another
man and kills them both.
Penalty: Destierro

Destierro
Defined as: "Banishment or only a prohibition from
residing within the radius of twenty (25) kilometers
from the actual residence of the accused for a specified
length of time."

Example: A wife catches her husband with another woman
(or another man) and kills them both
Penalty: The wife is not justified to killing her husband and
his whatever, it is an INCOMPLETE JUSTIFICATION. The
wife will have to go to jail.

Patience is a virtue. If youre going to kill your wife or
husband with another man or woman, dont kill them
when they are still in foreplay, you have to wait they
are in the act of having sex. Dura lex sed lex.

Dura lex sed lex
[the] law [is] harsh, but [it is the] law

NON-EMOTIONAL commit crimes for financial gain and are
usually recidivist or repeaters.
The interrogation should make a factual analysis of the
suspects predicament and appeal to his common sense an
reasoning rather than to his emotion.
Example: Hired killers (Trabaho lang, walang
personalan.)

Sa Team Switz, magdadala na ako ng cake sa RSI sa exam week.
Kina Ma. Paola Bianca Macasieb, Kent Emmanuel Viquiera,
Milagros Andrea Victoria Lazo at Leo Alejandro Miguel Lagade!
2012A, B
UERM Red Cross members
Kay Choon and kay Cheeks!
Kay Hello Cheeky na ang weapon ay Flaming Steth at ang special
move ay Kidney Punch!
Kina Silver, Bronze, Titanium, Palladium, Emerald, Diamond,
Aluminum, Gold, Cold, & Bold Standards!

Rete de la noche,
del da, de la luna,
rete de las calles
torcidas de la isla,
rete de este torpe
muchacho que te quiere,
pero cuando yo abro
los ojos y los cierro,
cuando mis pasos
van, cuando vuelven mis pasos,
nigame el pan, el aire,
la luz, la primavera, pero tu risa nunca
porque me morira. -- Neruda From: jumping jorap

INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES

EMOTIONAL APPEAL not done, theoretical only (Brad, sabihin
mo na yung totoo please? Bad yun, kasalanan sa Diyos yun.)
The interrogator must create a mood that is conducive to
confession.
He may be sympathetic and friendly to the subject. The
subject may be willing to disclose more information if he is
treated in a kin spirit.
MUTT AND JEFF TECHNIQUE a.k.a. good cop/bad cop routine.
2 investigators with contrasting personalities.
Mutt: arrogant and relentless(bad cop)
Jeff: friendly, sympathetic and kind(good cop)
When Mutt is not present Jeff will advice the subject to
make a quick decision and plea for cooperation.
BLUFF ON SPLIT-PAIR TECHNIQUE several suspects; have 2
sets of investigators in separate rooms.
All who are allegedly participated in the commission of a
crime are interrogated separately and the results of their
individual statements are not known to one another.
While one of the subjects is under interrogation, the
interrogator may claim that the subject was implicated by
the author and that there is no use for him to deny
participation.
STERN APPROACH TORTURE. Evidences or testimonies taken
by torture is considered inadmissible evidence and will subject
the torturer to capital punishment.
Physical violence most common way of torture

The best way to torture a person is not to have any
external marks. (Example: Water immersion
technique, suffocation, electrocution in the testicles,
and by tickling ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES!!)

LENGTHY, TIME CONSUMING NARRATION kwento mo nalang
sakin kung anong nangyari ha, uupo nalang ako dito.
There may be a moment when the subject becomes
confused and desists from making further statement for
fear of contradicting his previous statement.


CONFESSION VS ADMISSION

CONFESSION expressed acknowledgement by the accused in a
criminal case of the truth of his guilt as to the crime charged, or
of some essential thereof. You not only admit that you shot him
but also admit the crime.
Example: Eh binaril ko po sya kasi nung hinoholdap ko po
he refused to give me his cell phone.
ADMISSION valid ground or reason for shooting him. Example:
Eh nagwarning shot na nga ako eh, tapos pinagnanakawan pa
rin ako eh, tapos bigla akong binaril, so binaril ko sya.

IDENTIFICATION

SHARE KO LANG HEHE.. SABI NI SIR MEMORIZE DAW YUNG
CLASSIFICATIONS AND YUNG MGA UNDER SA KANILA KASI MGA MALA
GANUN DAW MGA TANONG SA EXAM. EXAMPLE: CHEMICAL TESTS TAPOS
YUNG MGA UNDER NG CHEMICAL TESTS. - RIKA

- HALLMARK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE
- In a legal viewpoint, it is important to identify the accused, who
must be arraigned and be given the sentence must be the
perpetrator
- Determination of the individuality of a person or thing

Importance:
1. Ground for dismissal of the charge of acquittal of the
accused.
2. Facilitate settlement of the estate, retirement, insurance
and social benefits.
3. Resolves anxiety of relatives as to whereabouts of a
missing person or victim.
4. Needed in some transactions.

Identification is very important: you cannot declare a
person dead unless you identify that the person you
place in the death certificate is the one actually dead.
If you cannot identify the person, you cannot tell that
the person is already dead
Example: Burns you cant identify identify through
other methods if identification DNA, clothing

- MISSING SPOUSE: cannot just re-marry, must go to court and file
for judicial decision of presumptive death
Example 1 - Wife perished on a plane crash, charred
beyong recognition: Husband must wait for 4 years before
he can re-marry (Family Code took: 2 years)
Example 2 - Wife just disappears and abandons the
husband: Husband must wait for 7 years before he can re-
marry. (Family Code: 4 years)
Example 3 Husband re-marries a younger and sexier
woman, but after 6 months, wife suddenly appears. Valid
wife: unfortunately it is the 1st wife.

TIP: Kill the first wife. Because shes dead, it will be an
impossible crime.

New Family Code took effect on August 3, 1988

RULES IN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE IN IDENTIFICATION
The greater the number of points of similarities and
dissimilarities of 2 persons compared, the greater is the
probability for the conclusion to be correct.
Example: Wife on a plane, plane crashed. No survivors.
Only identification: she has 6 toes on one foot. Body
recovered has 7 toes. Rules her out.

ORDINARY METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
Points of Identification Applicable to the Living Person Only
Characteristics which may easily be changed
Growth of hair, beard or mustache
Clothing
Frequent place of visit
Grade of profession
Body ornamentations

Characteristics that may NOT easily be changed
Mental memory
Speech
Gait a person, on account of disease or some inborn traits,
may show a characteristic manner of walking
a. Ataxic foot is raised high, thrown forward and
brought down; persons suffering from tabes dorsalis
b. Cerebellar staggering movement
c. Cows swaying movement due to knock knee
d. Paretic short steps, foot drag, and legs are held more
or less widely apart.
e. Spastic stiff and the toes are dragged
f. Festinating involuntary movement in short
accelerating steps
g. Frog hopping gait resulting from infantile paralysis
h. Waddling duck (Wow ang sexy, parang pato
maglakad! ^_^)
Mannerism - stereotype movement or habit peculiar to an
individual.
Hands and feet
Complexion
Eye changes
Facies facial expressions brought about by disease or
racial influence.
a. Hippocratic pinched nose, the temple hollow, eyes
sunken, ears cold, lips relaxed, and skin livid. The
appearance of the face is indicative of approaching
death.
b. Mongolian almond eyes, pale complexion,
prominence of cheek bones.
c. Facies Leonine a peculiar, deeply furrowed, lion-like
appearance of the face. This may be observed in
leprosy, elephantiasis, and leontiasis ossia.
d. Myxedemic pale face, non-pitting edematous
swelling, associated with dullness of intellect, slow
monotonous speech, muscular weakness, and tremor.
Left/right handedness
Degree of nutrition

SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN IDENTIFICATION
FINGERPRINTING considered to be the most valuable method
of identification and is universally used because:
There are no two identical fingerprints
Fingerprints are not changeable
Odds - 1:64 billion (World population: approximately 6
billion)

DACTYLOGRAPHY art and study of recording fingerprints
as a means of identification
DACTYLOSCOPY art of identification by comparison of
fingerprints, the study and utilization of fingerprints
POROSCOPY (Locards method of identification) study
of the pores found on the papillary or friction ridges of the
skin for purposes of identification.

DENTAL IDENTIFICATION
The possibility of two persons to have the same dentition is
quite remote. An adult has 32 teeth and each tooth has 5
surfaces. Some teeth may be missing, carious, with filling
materials, and with abnormality in shape and other
peculiarities. This will lead to several combinations with
almost infinite in number of dental characteristics.

Bubby Dacer case Identified by means of dentition.

Law mandates all dentists to keep dental records of
their patients and submit them to NBI for recording
purposes.

Only the DENTIST is in the proper position to identify
dentition.

HANDWRITING, HANDPRINTING, AND HANDNUMBERING
Sec.23, Rule 132, Rules of Court Handwriting, how proved:
The handwriting of a person may be proved by any witness
who believes it to be the handwriting of such person, and
has seen the person write, or has seen writing purporting to


be his upon which the witness has acted or been charged,
and thus acquired knowledge of the handwriting of such
person. Evidence respecting the handwriting may also be
given by a comparison, made by the witness or the court,
with writings admitted or treated as genuine by the party
against whom the evidence is offered, or proved to be
genuine to the satisfaction of the judge.

BIBLIOTICS science of handwriting analysis. It is the
study of documents and writing materials to determine its
genuineness or authorship.
GRAPHOLOGY study of handwriting for the purpose of
determining the writers personality, character and
aptitude.
Example: Madame Auring

IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Points can be determined approximately:
Whether the remains are of human origin or not.
Whether the remains belong to single person or not.
Height.
a. Actual measurement of the skeleton.
b. Pearsons Formulae for reconstruction of the living
stature of long bones, whose animal matters have
disappeared and which are in a dry state.
c. Stature from bone (Dupertius and Haddens General
Formulae for Reconstruction Of Stature From Lengths
of Dry Long Bones Without Cartilage).
d. Topinards and Rollets Formula used in determining
the height of males and females.
e. Humphreys Table different height of bones for
different ages and their corresponding statures.
f. Lacassagne Table uses a coefficient for the
determination of height.
g. Manouvriers Formula based on length of tibia,
fibula, radius, and ulna for the determination of height.
h. Estimations of Total Foetal Length from One or More
Bones.
Sex.
a. Pelvis
b. Skull
c. Sternum
d. Femur
e. Humerus
Race.
a. Extrinsic Factors
Color of the skin
Facial features
Nature of the hair
Mode of dressing
b. Indices
Skull
Pelvis
Extremities
Age.
a. Appearance of Ossification Centers
b. Union of Bones an Epiphyses
c. Dental Identification
d. Obliteration of Cranial Sutures
Length of interment or length of time from date of death.
Presence or absence of ante-mortem or post-mortem bone
injuries.
Congenital deformities and acquired injuries on the hard
tissues causing permanent deformities.

Determine the race, sex
Estimate the height first
Ave. Filipino male - 56, female 52
Determine cause of death
Example: crack trauma, hole gunshot wound
Difference between male and female
MLSS Mastoid process is Larger, Styloid process is
Shorter in MALES

DETERMINATION OF SEX
Legal Importance of Sex Determination
As an aid in identification.
To determine whether an individual can exercise certain
obligations vested by law to one sex only.
Marriage or the union of a man and a woman.
Rights granted by law are different to different sexes.
There are certain crimes wherein a specific sex can only be
the offender or victim.

DETERMINATION OF AGE
Legal Importance of Determination of Age
As in aid in identification.
Determination of criminal liability.
Determination of right of suffrage.
Determination whether a person can exercise civil rights.
Determination of the capacity to contract marriage.
As a requisite to certain crimes.

IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
Legal Importance of the Study of Blood
For disputed parentage (maternity and paternity).
Circumstantial or corroborative evidence against or in favor
of the perpetrator of a crime.
Determination of the cause of death.
Determination of the direction of escape of the victim or
the assailant.
Determination of the approximate time the crime was
committed.

BY STUDYING THE BLOOD CLOT IF IT IS ANTE-
MORTEM OF POST-MORTEM:
Ante-mortem: clotted when victim was still alive,
homogenous in nature, very thick, difficult to be
stripped
Post-mortem: clotted when the victim was already
dead, heterogeneous, can be easily stripped, clotting
mechanism is no longer functioning it is actually
dried blood, not clotted blood

Determination of the place of commission of the crime.
Determination of the presence of certain diseases.

Problems to be Answered in the Examination of Blood
Determine whether the stain is due to blood.
If due to blood, determine whether it is of human origin or
not.
If it is of human origin, to what group does it belong?
Does it belong to the person in question?
The manner, degree, and condition f the article which have
been stained.
Age of the stain.

Physical Examinations
Solubility test
Heat test
Luminescence

Chemical Examinations
Saline extract of the blood stain + ammonia = brownish
tinge (due to formation of alkaline hematin)
Benzidine test: White filter paper is pressed on the stain.
Benzidine is dropped on the paper, followed by hydrogen
peroxide. (+) result: blue color
Guaiacum test: White filter paper is pressed on the stain.
Guaiacum is added, then hydrogen peroxide or ozonic ether
is applied by drops. If (+) with blood: blue color
Phenolphthalein test: tests the presence of oxidase. Kestle-
Meyers reagent is dropped on the white filter paper with
the stain, left for 10 secs. (+) result: pink after addition of
hydrogen peroxide.
Leucomalachite green test: (+) result: bluish-green or
peacock blue color.

Microscopic Examinations


Micro-Chemical Examinations
Hemochromogen crystal or Takayama test
Fragment of suspected material is placed on a glass slide
hemochromogen reagent is added slide is heated
examined under the microscope.
(+) result: salmon pink to dark brown crystals, irregular
rhoimboids or in clusters.
Teichmanns blood crystals or Hemin crystals test
A drop of water with trace of sodium chloride is added to
the fragments which are placed on a slide Glacial
acetic acid is added and evaporated.
(+) result: dark brown rhombic prisms. Considered to be
the best test.
Acetone-haemin of Wagenhaar test
Particle on a glass slide (needle is intersposed to prevent
direct contact between slide and cover slip) Drop of
acetone is added oxalic or acetic acid is then added.
(+) result: small, dark, dichroic acicular acetone-haemin
crystals

Spectroscopic Examinations
From fresh blood stains (Oxyhemoglobin, Hemoglobin, and
Reduced hematin or hemochrogen)
From older stains (Methemoglobin, Alkaline hematin,
Hematoporphyrin, and Reduced hematin)
Other blood preparations (Acid hematin, Alkaline hematin,
Carboxyhemoglobin, and Hematin)

Biologic Examinations
Precipitin test - test if human or not
Blood grouping

FOR DISPUTED PARENTAGE
DNA as a Proof of Paternity
Example 1: Mom is Type A; Dad is Type B Possible offspring are A,
B, AB, or O. You are blood Type AB you may or may not be the
offspring of your parents. (Inconclusive to paternity)

Example 2: Mom is Type A; Dad is Type O Possible offspring are A
and O. Your blood type is AB you are not the biological child.
(Conclusive to non-paternity)

CIRCUMSTANTIAL OR CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE
Can be against or in favour of the perpetrator
REVIEW: (Glenda and Rafael )
Direct evidence directly saw
I saw Rafael on top of Glenda without clothes; with resistance.
(I witnessed the crime)

Circumstantial or Corroborative not direct to the issue
Before opening the door, I saw Rafael running away, holding his
underwear, then upon entering the room I saw Glenda, without
underwear.
(Only corroborative, because Rafael was not seen forcibly entering
Glenda. For all we know, Rafael may be running away because he
was being raped by Glenda. )

SIMULATION OF BIRTH A CRIME
Example: Girl A and girl B are twin sisters and girl A could not bear
a child so girl B agreed to be the surrogate mother. Upon giving
birth, girl A wanted to put her name on the babys birth certificate
as the one who gave birth. Is it legal? Right? It is ILLEGAL and
WRONG! DO NOT ACCEPT!
12-20 years imprisonment

SUBSTITUTION OF ONE CHILD FOR THE OTHER
Example: Kunin yung bata kasi cute.
Wrong imprisonment between 12-20 years

BEFORE IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Both parties (partners - husband and wife) must sign a consent
If without consent, the child is illegitimate

PATERNITY
A problem in the Philippines (Hindi akin yung bata.)
HLA paternity test 94-97% accurate (P60,000)
If they cannot afford - parental likeness (magkamukha)

Blood sometimes only circumstantial
Example: Drips of blood suspects blood found in the
scene of the crime, Glenda is the deceased victim.

Blood is only corroborative. It may be the blood of
the suspect, but that blood will not testify by itself that
the suspect killed the victim. It will only strengthen the
case because the suspects blood is found at the scene
of the crime. You cannot convict an accused merely by
the strength of corroborative evidence. That accused
must be acquitted if there is no direct evidence.

EXCEPTION:
If there are so many corroborative evidences that it is
the only time the accused may be charged guilty
without any direct evidence. That is why it is so hard to
convict an accused in a crime of rape; generally, there
are only 2 witnesses in the crime. (the victim and the
offender)
Example: Kobe Bryant defense: consensual sex
TIP: (for the males) Always get a love letter first to
prove that sex was consensual.

IDENTIFICATION OF HAIR AND FIBERS

KINDS OF IMPRESSION

REAL impression of the finger bulbs with the printing ink on
the paper surface

CHANCE fingerprints impressed by mere chance without any
intention to produce it, it may be:
Visible
Plastic
Latent

Can fingerprints be effaced? No.
Can fingerprints be forged? No.

IN RELATION TO THE CASE OF PHILLIP PESTAO:
CADAVERIC SPASM instantaneous rigor produced
during instant death. Muscle did not have the time to
relax. Only a group of muscles are involved. Indicative
of instantaneous death.

RIGOR MORTIS the whole muscles of the body is
involved. Manifests 3-6 hours after death. A natural
phenomenon. Occurs much faster in warmer regions
or areas.

PARAFFIN TEST results are only presumptive, not
conclusive

THE MEDICAL CERTIFICATE

- Medicolegal report and Medical Certificate two different
reports.
- Any certificate issued by a doctor can be a subject of a subpoena.
- Required by the police to prove injuries, etc.
- Penalty 6 mos imprisonment

What is the difference between the terms DIAGNOSIS and
CLINICAL IMPRESSION in law?
DIAGNOSIS no room for error
CLINICAL IMPRESSION there is room for error

In writing a medical certificate, it is better to use
clinical impression than diagnosis


TYPICAL MEDICAL CERTIFICATE

Personal circumstances
Date
I hereby certify that _____ was personally seen and
examined by the undersigned last (from)______ because
of ____________. Clinical Impression is ____________.I
have prescribed ______ and advised patient to rest for
_________days/weeks.
This medical certicate is issued for _______ purpose
only and not intended for medicolegal/court use.
(sgd)

- Even if it written that the medical certificate is not
intended for court use, can still be use as a subject for
subpoena as long as the signature is still there.

MEDICOLEGAL REPORT
In reporting, do not add what is not there and do not remove
what is there.
The patient is not your friend and the accused is not your
enemy.

The doctor testifies not in favor of the victim or the
accused but as a third party based on what he has
personally examined. Depends on the court to
evaluate based on the doctors testimony. He is not
there to testify to favor a party, rather to enlighten the
court (what are the injury sustained by the patient
when he examined the patient)

Form of Documentation
Personal circumstances: name, age, civil status, sex,
address, occupation
Inpatient, outpatient, ER, clinic
ALLEGED (because history is taken form the patient; in case
that the patient is not telling the truth) place, date, time of
infliction
Nature
Date and time of examination (important in the
determination whether injuries are compatible / consistent
with the date and time of infliction)
Vital signs
Level of consciousness and coherence
Degree of ambulation
General appearance

PHYSICAL INJURIES and EXAMINATION OF WOUNDS

PAUNAWA SA MAY MGA MASESELANG SIKMURA. - MHYKO

DESCRIBED ACCORDING TO:
Nature
Shape
Measurement
Anatomical location

TYPES:
OPEN there is breakage of skin (Example: open fracture)
Abrasion skin comes in contact with a rough surface,
(gasgas)
Laceration force of a blunt object. Edges are irregular
(wakwak, putok, Example: Pinalo ng martilyo, boxers
wound during a boxing match)
Incision sharp edged object causing it to break. Edges are
clean & regular, manner is tangential (hiwa, Example:
nahiwa ng kutsilyo)
Puncture from a sharp, pointed object (icepicks, ballpens,
screwdrivers)

CLOSED no breakage of the skin (Example: sprain)
Petechiae small extravasation of blood
Contusion extravasation of blood causing discoloration of
skin, no breakage of skin (pasa)
Hematoma encystment of blood causing a mass effect
(bukol,)

NATURE OF INJURIES:
Stab wound same as
incised wound, but
manner is penetrating.

Example: Bolo ni
Rambo can appear
as Lacerated wound
(Bolo with
serrations)

Lacerated / Avulsed wound caused by contact with BLUNT
object and causing a breakage in the skin

Example: Fist blows, vehicle bumpers, baseball bat, lead
pipes, butt of the gun, etc.
NOTE: According to Sir, this looks like an incised wound

Incised (Sliced/Cut) wound caused by sharp edged instrument
or object
Example: Blade, knife,
scalpel, paper cuts etc.

Hacking a large incised
wound

Example: Ax, bolo,
samurai, etc

Contusion/Bruise (pasa)
extravasation of blood into
the surrounding tissues
because of damage to blood
vessels. Can be sustained
when a blunt object is
applied to the body and the
skin did not break
pasa or bruise
Shape, color (blue-brown-green-yellow)
Ecchymosis, petechiae
Tender, warm, erythematous on the first day purplish on
the 2nd green yellow

Description of color id important in determining
whether injuries are compatible/consistent with the
date/time of infliction of injury

Hematoma (Blood cyst/tumor/bukol) extravasation of blood
in a newly formed cavity
Example: Contusion hematoma, periorbital hematoma
Contusion hematoma hematoma + discoloration

Gunshot Wounds caused by a bullet or slug. If caused by a
gun, it is a lacerated wound

Important Points:
Point of entry vs.
Point of exit
Products of
combustion
Tattooing /
smudging /
singeing
Contusion collar


Burn Injury

Example: picture is a burn injury from a heated spoon, as a
form of torture. This was commonly done during Martial
Law.

Self- inflicted Incised Wounds

Hesitation cuts
Have to note if these are self inflicted or defense wounds

Defense Wounds Sutured Lacerated Wounds

-- describe it as it is

Electrical Burns - Hair dryer Contact Burns

Pattern of wounds - one look and you already know
what caused the injury

It is important to describe the wound. If you cannot
say if the wound is lacerated or a stab wound, you just
better describe the wound. Direct evidence is
presented in court, you can now state with certainty
that the instrument used can consistent with the injury
sustained.

Example: The patient had a lacerated wound and went
to St. Lukes, was sutured, then went to UERM. How
would you describe it? The patient came in with a
sutured wound. NOT LACERATED WOUND.

Description of Instrument Type:
Example: The wound sustained is a stab wound, then the
complainant presents a rock. (Nakakasaksak ba ang
bato?)

Description of Instrument Size:
Example: Instrument used is a bolo, and the injury is a 2 cm
stab wound
Example: 5 cm stab wound, and the instrument is a Swiss
knife

Description of Anatomical Area/Laterality:
Example: Victim claims he was stabbed at his right side,
your report says stab wound is on the left. (Tsktsk.)

PROBABLE QUESTIONS THAT WILL BE ASKED IN COURT

What could have caused the injuries?
Example: Lacerated wound on the left supraorbital area (Can be
caused by a blunt object was applied to the area: stine, butt of
the gun, fist, etc.)

Are the injuries consistent with the allegations of the patient /
victim?
Example: The victim was hit by a bat. Is your finding of an
incised wound consistent with the story of the patient? (A bat
cannot produce an incised wound. Dapat lacerated.)

What is the probable position between the victim and the
assailant?
Example: Used in gunshot wounds left or right, higher or lower
position of the assailant in relation to the victim
Example: Assailant is from the right, stab wound I on the left
anterior axillary line. But there were 2 assailants. The assailant
from the right can be acquitted since the injury is on the left.

How many possible assailants are there?
How many weapons could have been used?

Which of the injuries were inflicted first?
Were the injuries accidental, homicidal or suicidal (or self-
inflicted)?
Example: There is no such thing as suicidal palmar strangulation,
it is always homicidal or murder.
Example: Note handedness - in suicide by gunshot wounds.
Point of entry should match the side of the victim will use
dominants hand.
Example: Cadaveric spasm Findings were: Point of entry: left;
Point of exit: right; Cadaveric spasm: left upper extremity.
Theory of suicide is very strong.

Are the wounds mortal / fatal?
Mortal: can cause death at that instance
Example: gunshot wound to the carotid arteries
Non-mortal: person will not die even without medical attention
Example: gunshot wound to the forefinger. Judgment call
of the doctor

PHYSICAL INJURIES: CONCLUSION

- Barring any complications or injuries not clinically apparent at
the time of examination, patients injuries shall require medical
attendance or shall incapacitate the patient from performing his
habitual work for a period of not less than ______ days but not
more than _____ days.

CATEGORIES OF PHYSICAL INJURIES:
- SLIGHT INJURY: 0-9 days required for medical attendance and
time that the patient is rendered incapacitated.
- LESS SERIOUS INJURY: More than 9 days but less than 30 days
- SERIOUS INJURY: more than 30 days


Even if less than 30 days but injury results to insanity,
impurity, impunity, blindness, loss of function,
permanent deformity like a scar in the face, it is
considered a serious physical injury.

PARICIDE - Killing of ascendants, descendants and
spouse

INFLICTION Killing of brother and sister

EXAMPLE: FRACTURED HUMERUS, LEFT HAND.
- The complainant is right handed lawyer and was able to return to
work on the 3
rd
day. Lawyers dont need hands for them to work.
Why classify it as a serious type of physical injury?
- Answer: According to the law, Will require medical attendance
or shall incapacitate the patient. The patient may not be
incapacitated by more than 31 days, but will require medical
attention for more 31 days. Because fractures heal for 2 months
to 2 years.

VIRGINITY

- Not have been altered carnally
- Carnal sexual knowledge
- Only woman can be a virgin only women have hymens

2 KINDS:
MORAL
One who does not know the sex act
One who have not experienced sexual relations
Children below the age of puberty, and whose sex organs
and secondary characterstics not yet developed

PHYSICAL
Woman is conscious of the nature of sexual life but have not yet
experienced sexual intercourse.
TRUE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY
- Woman is virgin, hymen is intact, inserting the smallest
finger can evoke pain
- Hymen edges are distict and regular, with a small
opening barely admitting the tip of the smallest finger
even if the thighs are separated.
FALSE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY
- Same as true virgin, but vaginal canal is lax, with less
degree of resistance (Example: Can accommodate at
least 2 fingers)
- May have previous sexual relations

DEMI-VIRGIN
Permits partner of all sexual acts as long as they abstain from
rupturing the hymen
May have other forms of sexual abuses for their mutual
satisfaction but not to the extent of rupturing the hymen

MYTH 1: A virgin bleeds during her first time.
MYTH 2: The first time must be painful. False, may not be painful
if the woman is aroused, well lubricated.

DEFLORATION: laceration of the hymen as a result of sexual
intercourse

Unruptured hymen is not always a sure indication of
preservation of virginity.
Hymen can be lacerated even before first contact.
Other ways of having a laceration of the hymen:
biking, aerobics, gymnastics, horseback riding, intense
scratching, instrumentation, masturbation, trauma

VIRGO INTACTA
Truly virtuous woman
Woman who had isolated sexual intercourses or even habitually,
provided she had not born a child

Virginity is not the same as chastity.
A woman may resort to many forms of homosexual as
well as heterosexual practise without losing her
virginity, yet she is unchaste. A woman may have
ruptured hymen and other signs of loss of physical
virginity, but she is chaste. She may resort to
masturbation with rupture of the hymen and dilatation
of the vaginal canal, yet she is still a virgin.

POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE
CONDITION OF VIRGINITY
BREASTS not a good basis of determination of physical
virginity. The breasts are firm and the nipples are small and
surrounded by areola which are pinkish brown or brown in
color.young adults have different shapes of breasts. A fully
developed virgin breast may be:
Hemispherical
Conical
Infantile or flat
Pendulous
Combination conically pendulous or hemishperically
pendulous
VAGINAL CANAL tight and rugosities are prominent and sharp,
has a certain degree of resistance upon insertion of finger or
instrumentation. Not a good basis of virginity. (others have a
naturally lax canal and other have a tight canal even they have
had previous sexual intercourses.)
LABIA MAJORA AND MINORA Again, not a good sign of
virginity.
FOURCHETTE AND PERINEUM - not a good sign of virginity.
HYMEN the presence of unruptured hymen does not always
show virginity.

KINDS OF LACERATIONS:
INCOMPLETE does not involve the whole width or height of the
hymen
Superficial: laceration does not reach of the whole width
of the hymen
Deep: laceration reaches of the width of the hymen, but
does not reach the base
COMPLETE laceration which involves the whole width, but
does not reach the base
COMPLICATED - not only the hymen is lacerated, but also the
surrounding structures (perineum, vaginal canal, urethra or
rectum)

Location of the laceration is described like the face of
the clock (10 o clock, 2 o clock laceration)

CRIMES OF CHASTITY

- Private crimes
- Only the victim has the right to file a complaint to the exclusion
of others, unless the victim is a minor or a retardate.
- Rape, seduction, adultery concubinage, acts of lasciviousness,
abduction

RAPE
Man having carnal knowledge with a woman with the use of
force, intimidation, deprived of reason; when the woman is
unconscious, sleeping
When the woman is under 12 years old even though neither of
the circumstances mentioned in the two next preceding
paragraphs shall be present

CARNAL KNOWLEDGE
Act of a man having a sexual connection with a
woman. There is carnal knowledge of there is the
slightest penetration of the sexual organ of the female
by the sexual organ of the male.

IN THE OLD LAW:
Rape is considered as crime against chastity
Only a woman can be a victim of rape. (For men to have
sex, must have erect penis arousal unnatural for men
to be victims of rape
There is no such thing as marital rape
Sodomy (Anal sex) only considered as act of lasciviousness
(Penalty: up to 6 years imprisonment)


IN THE NEW LAW:
RAPE: insertion of any object in the genitalia (May it be an
erect or limp penis, finger, fingers, fist, soda can, soda
bottle, etc.
Rape is now considered as crime against persons
A man now can be a victim of rape.
Sodomy is now considered as rape

UNCONSCIOUSNESS OF THE OFFENDED PARTY
Act committed while the woman was asleep
Act committed after the woman was knocked unconscious
Administration of narcotics
Lethargy produced by sickness

WHEN THE WOMAN IS BELOW 12 YEARS OF AGE
It is always rape regardless the fact that no force or
intimidation was applied or the child is not deprivd of
reason or otherwise conscious
Is also rape even if the child consented or even if the child is
a prostitute
REASON: one must not take advantage of the meager
intelligence and incomplete physical development of a child
If the consent was induced by the administration of drugs
which INCITES HER PASSION and the drug DOES NOT
DEPRIVE HER OF REASON, the ACCUSED IS NOT GUILTY.

CAN A WOMAN BE RAPED WHILE SHE IS ON HER NATURAL
SLEEP?
It may happen, but highly improbable.

CAN RAPE BE COMMITTED ON A PROSTITUTE?
Yes. Virginity or unchaste character is not a necessary
element of the crime of rape.

CAN A WOMAN COMMIT THE CRIME OF RAPE ON A MAN?
It can only be committed on a woman and not a man
(inclusion UNIUS ET EXCLUSION ALTERIOS) she committed
Acts of lasciviousness.

MAY RAPE CAUSE DEATH?
Yes. The introduction of a matured male sex organ into the
vagina of a young girl may produce local injury sufficient to
produce death (hemorrhage, gangrene, peritonitis)

ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS
Touching of private parts with an attempt to lay
If touching private parts just to annoy, is it not acts of
lasciviousness, but UNJUST VEXATION. (Penalty: P100)
You have to prove the intention for it to be classified as acts of
lasciviousness.
Lascivious acts are conducts which tend to excite lust or
produce voluptuous or lewd emotion

ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME
The offender commits any act of lasciviousness and was
committed by the following means:
Using force or intimidation
Depriving the offended party of reason or otherwise
unconscious
When the woman is under 12 years of age.

ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS with CONSENT (REQUISITES):
The offender must be a man who committed acts of
lasciviousness
Victim is a woman who is a virgin, or single, or a widow of
good reputation, over 12 years and under 18 years of age
The offender was able to perform the lascivious acts by
abuse of confidence, authority, relationship or deceit.

QUALIFIED SEDUCTION
The seduction of a 12-18 year old committed by any person in
public authority, priest, house-servant, domestic, guardian,
teacher or any person shall be entrusted the education or
custody of the woman seduced

REQUISITES:
The virginity of the offended party
Age of the offended party must be 12-18 y/o
Carnal knowledge of the offended party
Act was done by abuse in authority

SEDUCTION
Man having unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman; having
an affair, sex is consensual
(*** Sexual intercourse: both man and woman)
Only a man can be charged of seduction, and only a woman can
file a case of seduction

QUALIFIED INCESTUOUS SEDUCTION
Can be father to daughter, but not mother to son
Committed on the sister of descendant
Victim may need not be a virgin or 18 years of age

SIMPLE SEDUCTION
Woman not necessarily a virgin, 12-18 years old, single or a
widow of good reputation and was committed by deceit

Example: Young, gwapo, prof who is interested with
his beautiful beautiful student:
I will pass you in Legal Med if you will come with me
in exchange for some sexytime.
Then after the deed, the prof breaks up with you and
fails the student. (There is deceit, abuse of trust)

Deceit there is cheating, misrepresentation

Distinction between Qualified and Simple Seduction:
Virginity is an element of qualified, but not of simple
Deceit is an element of simple, but not of qualified

ABDUCTION
FORCIBLE ABDUCTION
Taking away of a woman with lewd design

LEWD DESIGN
Desire to have sex with a woman. The intent to seduce
is sufficient sexual intercourse is not necessary to
convict the abductor.

The woman need not be a virgin, 12-18 years old, as long as
there is use of force
If successful of having sex: Abduction with rape

REQUISITES:
Person abducted must be a woman
Abduction is against her will
There must be lewd designs

CONSENTED ABDUCTION
Abduction of a virgin 12-18 years old, carried out with her
consent and with lewd designs
Tanan
Filed by the parents of the daughter against the boyfriend

ADULTERY
Married woman having sex with a man other than her husband,
and by the man who has carnal knowledge of her, knowing her
to be married.
Who can be charged?: married woman and her lover
Defense of the lover/paramour: I did not know that she is
married!

CONCUBINAGE

Married man having sexual intercourse with a woman other
than his wife (Concubine)
Penalty:
Of the concubine: Destierro
Of the married man: no penalty

How is Concubinage committed?
Keeping the mistress in the conjugal homes
Having scandalous sex
Cohabiting with the concubine.


CORRUPTION OF MINORS
A person who habitually or with abuse of authority or confidence
promote or facilitate the prostitution or the corruption of
persons under age to satisfy the lust of another

WHITE SLAVE TRADE
Engaging in the business or shall profit by prostitution or
enlisting the services of women for the purpose of prostitution.

CIVIL LIABILITY OF PERSONS GUILTY OF SOME CRIMES
OF CHASTITY

- To indemnify the offended woman
- To acknowledge the offspring; unless the law should prevent him
from so doing;
- In every case to support the offspring

UNNATURAL SEXUAL OFFENSES

- Deviation to the normal course of nature
- Uncommonly observed manifestations of sexual perversion
- Do not exhibit criminal intent, but manifesting mental aberrations
which may be a subject matter for the psychiatrist to treat
- Factors responsible for sexual maladjustments: environment,
degree of education, degree of morality, habits

MASTURBATION or SELF GRATIFICATION:
A criminal act if done in public places or within knowledge
or view of the public

INDECENT EXPOSURE or EXHIBITIONISM
willful exposure in public areas of ones genitals in the
presence of another person, usually of the opposite sex
exhibition of genitals with or without masturbatory acts
Harmful in the sense of decency and good moral, hence, it is
punishable

BUGGERY
A form of sexual perversion wherein a person obtains sexual
gratification with animals of by means of the anus of
human beings
- Sodomy through anus of human being
- Bestiality gratification is by means of sexual relations
with animals :}
- Pederastia the passive role is played by a boy

PEDOPHILIA
Has sexual or erotic love for children
Engages sexual contact with child of either sex

TRIBADISM or LESBIANISM
Woman has sexual intercourse with another woman
As a result of curiosity or sex experimentation
Some lesbians have antipathy towards men

FETISHISM
Found in the male only
Objects such as female clothing or part of the female body
as the sole power to arouse sexual feeling or produce
orgasm

TRANSVERTISM
Perversion among males who find sexual pleasure in
wearing female apparel
Sometimes found in women who desire to dress in male
attire
A transvestite has a psychic identification with the opposite
sex. (Example: A female transvestite believes she has a
penis)
As a rule, they are harmless they have no desire to
harm anyone, only interested in attracting attention.

ALGOLAGNIA
Abnormal and distorted activity of sexual impulse towards
the opposite sex with pain as the source of sexual stimulus
Flagellation is the sexual deviation associated with the act
of whipping or being whipped.
Sadism: infliction of pain is necessary and sometimes the
sole factor in enjoyment. Called necrosadism or lust murder
if the victim dies.
Masochism: reverse of sadism. Enjoyment is attained when
pain or humiliation has been received from the opposite sex

FELLATIO or IRRUMATION
Female agent receiving a penis of a man into her mouth and
by friction with the lips and tongue coupled with the act of
sucking initiate orgasm
Compatible with a normal individual, and may not be
considered as a sexual abnormality

CUNNILINGUS
Sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking the
external female genitalia
Also not considered as a sexual abnormality
Accessory form of sexual excitation, except when associated
with other forms of abnormalities

FROTTAGE
Compulsive desire to rub against some part of the body of
another, generally the opposite sex
Often pretend that rubbing is accidental (Example: In
crowded trains, buses, etc)

PARTIALISM
Person has a special affinity to a certain part of the female
anatomy
Sexual intercourse is usually secondary to satisfy his sexual
desire

TROILISM
Three persons participate in the sexual act (aka mnage a
trois)
Two men and a woman; two women and a man

PLURALISM
Group of people participate in sexual orgies

VOYEURISM
Compulsion to peep for the purpose of seeing persons
undress or engage in sexual relation

MIXOSCOPIA
Sexual pleasure is attained by watching a couple in the act
of sexual intercourse

COPROLALIA
The need to use obscene language to obtain sexual
excitement
By writing on walls of toilets or by exclaiming profane words
or obscene expressions
Example: ****, ***** ******** ****!!!( wag na lang)

UROLAGNIA
Sexual excitement is associated with the act of urination.
May have the desire to drink the urine of the sexual partner

COPROPHILIA
Sexual excitement is associated in the act of defecating

DON JUANISM
Characterized by sexual promiscuity and make seduction of
many women as a career
Usually, they cannot find their ideal woman in their life.

NECROPHILIA
- Erotic desire or actual sexual intercourse with a corpse
(Think about Anatomy gross laboratory)

SATYRIASIS and NYMPHOMANIA
Excessive desire of intercourse in men and women,
respectively

ANILINGUS
Sexual excitement is associated with licking the anus of
another person of either sex


PYGMALIONISM
Sexual desire with a statue or statues

NARCISSISM
Extreme admiration and love of ones self
Sexual gratification is attained by looking at the mirror and
appreciating his own self :}

MISCELLANEOUS

DISGUISED WRITING
Deliberate attempt on the part of the writer to alter his writing
habit by endeavouring to invent a new writing style or imitation
the writing of another person.
Example: writing an anonymous love letter, death threats
to professors
Forged signature/writing: done slowly
How to know if a handwriting or signature is forged or
spurious: take pictures, magnify it 1000x. Original: only one
stroke, thick and dark
Forged: light

BASIC DEFINITIONS IN BALLISTICS
INTERNAL BALLISTICS what happens outside the gun
EXTERNAL BALLISTICS what happens outside the gun
TERMINAL BALLISTICS what happens when the bullet hits an
object
MEDICAL BALLISTICS what happens when the bullet hits a
person only a doctor can testify

GUNSHOT WOUND (GSW)
Which comes out first? BALA muna
How to tell the distance of the shooter from the one who was
shot When you see..
Burning or scorching not more than 3 inches (pistol) and
6 inches (rifle)
Smoke (soot, smudging, fouling, smoke blackening) not
more than 12 inches distance
Tattooing (stippling or peppering) not more than 24
inches
None more than 24 inches
The more concentrating/tattooing of carbon, the nearer the
shooting
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION show the distance of shooting

ABRASION/CONTUSION COLLAR appears circular if the shooter is in
front of the victim and oblique if otherwise.

PARAFFIN TEST
Results only presumptive
Do in the DORSUM of the hand
Must be done within 3 days
False (+) smoker, shooting range
False (-) shooter wore gloves, used vinegar to remove debris?,
excessive handwashing, testing days after shooting

PARICIDE
killing of spouse, ascendants/descendants (whether legal or
illegal)

Greetings to:
El Maestro Miko Ramoso
MR. Gerald Libranda na ayaw maniwala na may legal
med trans
My study buddies sa Mini Stop.
UERM Red Cross members

SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS

I included this part, so that it would be fair for everyone.

1. The products of combustion produced by a firearm that will give a
physical finding in the point of entry are the following, EXCEPT:
a. Singeing
b. Tattooing
c. Combustion collar
d. Smudging

2. If all the evidences of the product of combustion are present at
the point of entry of gunshot wounds, the probable distance
could be
a. Not more than six inches (6)
b. Beyond twenty four inches (24)
c. More than 2 meters (2m)
d. Less than 3 meters (3m)

3. The farthest distance that tattooing can be visible by the naked
eye is
a. Six inches (6)
b. Twenty four inches (24)
c. Thirty four inches (34)
d. Forty four inches (44)

4. The best consideration in determining the relative position of the
victim in relation to the assailant in a shooting incident is:
a. Width of the contusion collar
b. Concentration of smudging and tattooing
c. Shape of the point of entrance to the exit of the gunshot
wound
d. Relationship of the entrance to the exit of the gunshot
wound

5. The most prominent sign of death is
a. Progressive fall of the body temperature
b. Cessation of heart action and circulation
c. Cessation of respiration
d. Insensibility of body and loss of power to move

6. The entire muscular tissue undergo changes after death EXCEPT:
a. Postmortem muscular irritability
b. Postmortem rigidity
c. Secondary flaccidity
d. Cadaveric spasm

7. Death due to extensive brain laceration as a result of a vehicular
accident is an example of:
a. Immediate cause of death
b. Proximate cause of death
c. Secondary cause of death
d. Manner of death

8. Infanticidal death is killing of a child:
a. Below 3 days old
b. Below 3 weeks old
c. Below 3 months old
d. Below 3 years old

9. Which would indicate that a gun was fired at a short range?
a. Abrasion collar
b. Smudging
c. Edges of gunshot wound are inverted
d. Smaller point of entry in gunshot wounds

10. The application of scientific knowledge or science to elucidate
legal problem is
a. Medical jurisprudence
b. Legal medicine
c. Forensic medicine
d. Forensic pathology

11. The scope of Legal Medicine includes:
a. Anatomy
b. Physiology
c. Physics
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

12. Types of medical evidence EXCEPT:
a. Autoptic or real evidence
b. Testimonial evidence
c. Experimental evidence
d. Documentary evidence
e. Photographic evidence


13. The most prominent sign of death is:
a. Progressive fall of the body temperature
b. Cessation of heart action and circulation
c. Cessation of respiration
d. Insensibility of body and loss of power to move

14. One example of a smooth bore firearm is
a. Armalite
b. Smith and Wesson handgun
c. Heretta
d. Paltik

15. The identification of firearm or ballistics is important in firearm
injuries since it helps in the:
a. Differentiation between entrance and exit gunshot wounds
b. Determination of the relative position of the victim to the
assailant
c. Determination of the distance fired
d. Identification of the weapon used

16. That kind of evidence necessary for conviction which proves the
fact in dispute without the aid of any inference of presumption
and which correspond to precise or actual point at issue:
a. Circumstantial evidence
b. Direct evidence
c. Preponderance of evidence
d. Documentary evidence

17. Reasons for the inadmissibility to the court on the result of Lie
Detector Examination are the following EXCEPT:
a. Polygraph techniques are still in the experimental stage.
b. There is no way to assure that a qualified examiner
administered the test.
c. The test cannot be relied upon because of many errors.
d. A person may unwillingly waive his/her right against self-
incrimination.
e. The test has gained a degree of development beyond
experimental stage.

18. Increases of lactic acid, phosphoric acid, and the reaction become
acidic in the muscles after death is found in
a. Postmortem rigidity
b. Cadaveric rigidity
c. AOTA
d. NOTA

19. It is found in the most dependent portion of the body involving
the superficial layer of the skin, color is dull red purplish, uniform
not elevated which appear after death:
a. Postmortem lividity
b. Postmortem suggilation
c. Livor mortis
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

20. The different test to determine cessation of heart action and
circulation are the following:
a. Magnus test
b. Icards test
c. Diaphanous test
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

21. In a fight, a man received a kick which damaged the right testis
and required its surgical removal. The offender may be held liable
for:
a. Less serious physical injury
b. Serious physical injury
c. Mutilation
d. Frustrated homicide

22. Killing of a father, mother, or child is
a. Homicide
b. Infanticide
c. Parricide
d. Murder

23. The following officials of the government are authorized to make
death investigations, EXCEPT:
a. Provincials of City Fiscals
b. Judges of regional trial court
c. Director of the Philippine National Police
d. Director of the National Bureau of Investigation
e. Justices of the Supreme Court

24. In the strict sense of the word FORENSIC MEDICINE means:
a. Application of medicine to legal cases
b. Application of medical science to elucidate legal problems
c. Knowledge of law in relation in the practice of medicine
d. NOTA
e. AOTA

25. The commonly used method of deception detection are the
following EXCEPT:
a. Se of polygraph or lie detection machine
b. Administration of truth serum
c. Hypnotism
d. Use of electro-encephalogram machine

26. Things demanded in a medical witness:
a. Unbiased in his/her testimony
b. Expected his/her field of specialty
c. Experienced in his/her field of specialty
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

27. A physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medico-
legal duties is known as:
a. Medico-legal officer
b. Medical examiner
c. Coroner
d. AOTA
e. Except letter C

28. Distinction between an ordinary physician and a medico-legal
officer are the following:
a. Ordinary physician sees an injury on the view point of
treatment, while a medico-legal officer sees injury on the
point of view of cause
b. The purpose of an ordinary physician examining a patient is
to arrive at a definite diagnosis so that proper treatment
can be administered while the purpose of a medico-legal
officer is to make a report and testify before a court
c. Minor injuries are ignored by an ordinary physician, while a
medico-legal officer records all bodily injuries
d. AOTA
e. Except letter C

29. A physician witness who testifies in court on matters he perceive
from his patient in the course of physician/patient relationship is
considered as an:
a. Expert witness
b. Ordinary witness
c. Paid witness
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

30. In actual interrogation and recording in polygraph examination,
the following standard test question are pro founded EXCEPT:
a. Irrelevant question
b. Relevant question
c. Control question
d. Silent answer test

31. Reasons for the inadmissibility to the court of the result of lie
detector examination:
a. Polygraph technique are still in the experimental stage
b. There is no way to assure that a qualified examiner
administered the test
c. The test cannot be relied upon because of many errors
d. All of the above

32. It is an expressed acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal
case of the truth of his guilt as to the crime charged:


a. Confession
b. Admission
c. Interrogation
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

33. The scope of LEGAL MEDICINE includes:
a. Anatomy
b. Physiology
c. Physics
d. AOTA
e. NOTA

34. The following are the different types of Physical Evidence EXCEPT:
a. Corpus delicti evidence
b. Documentary evidence
c. Associative evidence
d. Tracing evidence

35. Fractured skull recovered ring exhumation is:
a. Autoptic evidence
c. Circumstantial evidence
d. Experimental evidence

36. This is a medical evidence known or address to the senses of the
court not limited to the sense of vision, but it is intended to that
of hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
a. Experimental evidence
c. Autoptic or real evidence
d. Corpus evidence

37. To find out the truth is an essential requirement for the
administration of justice. Which of the following is the commonly
used method of deception detection?
a. Lie detection method
b. Use of drugs
c. Hypnotism
d. Confession

38. Presidential Decree No. 169 mandates all physicians to report all
cases involving:
a. Slight and less serious physical injuries
b. Less serious and serious physical injuries
c. Mutilation
d. Child abuse

39. The medical witness who refuses to answer questions
propounded to him may be cited for:
a. Dishonorable conduct
b. Perjury
c. Indirect contempt
d. Direct contempt

40. As a witness in court, a physician may refuse to answer a question
propounded to him if his answer:
a. Will not be relevant to the case at issue
b. Will be self-incriminatory
c. Will antagonize the judge
d. Will blacken the reputation of a friend

41. The odds in two persons having the same set of fingerprints is:
a. 1 to 64,000
b. 1 to 64 million
c. 1 to 64 billion
d. 1 to 64 trillion

42. A lacerated wound is caused by:
a. Sharp object
b. Blunt object
c. Sharp pointed object
d. Any of the above

43. An incised wound is caused by:
a. Sharp edged instrument
b. Sharp pointed object
c. Blunt object
d. Any of the above

44. Contusion is also known as:
a. Hematoma
b. Sprain
c. Bruise
d. NOTA

45. Abrasions are caused by:
a. Blunt object
b. Sharp edged object
c. Friction
d. Blunt object

46. Which statement is NOT valid?
a. Cadaveric spasms may or may not appear after death
b. Rigor mortis involves all muscles of the body
c. Rigor mortis develops early in cold weather
d. Rigor mortis sally appears 3 6 hours after death

47. A person lost one eye after being physically assaulted. The
offender is liable for:
a. Mutilation
b. Slight physical injury
c. Less serious physical injury
d. Serious physical injury

48. The product of combustion produced by a firearm that will
produce a physical finding in the point of entry of gunshot
wounds, the following EXCEPT:
a. Singeing
b. Tattooing
c. Contusion collar
d. Smudging

AS REQUESTED by *****.

Bonus!!

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TRANSCRIBED BY: Jorap Rosal & Rika De Borja Page 1 of 16

COPYREAD AND COMPILED BY: Mhyko

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