1

BI 1:NHNG KHI NIM C BN

I. Khi nim chung
1.1. Khi nim v tin hc
Tin hc l ngnh khoa hc cng ngh nghin cu cc phng php, cc qu trnh x l thng tin mt cch
t ng da trn cc phng tin k thut m ch yu l my tnh in t.

1.2. Cc lnh vc ca tin hc
Phn cng: Gm nhng i tng vt l hu hnh nh vi mch, bn mch in, dy cp ni mch
in, b nh, mn hnh, my in, thit b u cui, ngun nui,...Phn cng thc hin cc chc nng x
l thng tin c bn mc thp nht tc l cc tn hiu nh phn {0,1}
Phn mm: L cc chng trnh (program) iu khin cc hot ng phn cng ca my vi tnh
v ch o vic x l d liu. Phn mm ca my tnh c chia lm hai loi: Phn mm h
thng(System software) v phn mm ng dng( Applications software). Phn mm h thng khi c
a vo b nh chnh, n ch o my tnh thc hin cc cng vic. Phn mm ng dng l cc
chng trnh c thit k gii quyt mt bi ton hay mt vn c th p ng mt nhu cu
ring trong mt s lnh vc.
My tnh c nhn PC( Personal Computer). Theo ng tn gi ca n l my tnh c th s dng bi
ring mt ngi.

1.3. n v lu tr thng tin:
n v b nht dng lu tr thng tin l bit. Lng thng tin cha trong 1 bit l va nhn bit
mt trong 2 trng thi c xc sut xut hin nh nhau.Trong my vi tnh tu theo tng phn mm, tng ngn
ng m cc s khi a vo my tnh c th l cc h c s khc nhau, tuy nhin mi c s khc nhau u
c chuyn thnh h c s 2 ( h nh phn). Ti mi thi im trong 1 bit ch lu tr c hoc l ch s 0
hoc l ch s 1. T bit l t vit tt ca Binary Digit (Ch s nh phn).
Trong tin hc ta thng dng mt s n v bi ca bit sau y:
tn gi Vit tt Gi tr
Byte
Kilobyte
Megabyte
Gigabyte
B
KB
MB
GB
8 bit
1024 bytes = 2
10
B
1024KB = 2
10
KB
1024MB = 2
10
MB
II. H iu Hnh MS-DOS
2.1. H iu hnh l g?
H iu hnh l phn mm quan trng nht cho my tnh in t c nhim v iu khin mi hot
ng c s ca my tnh, gip phn mm ca ngi s dng c th chy c trn my tnh. Cc h
iu hnh thng dng: MS-DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux, OS/2, Macintosh

2.2. H iu hnh MS - DOS
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) l h iu hnh(HH) ca tp on khng l Microsoft. Phin bn
u tin ca MS-DOS c vit nm 1981.
MS-DOS l HH n nhim (ti mt thi im ch chy c mt trnh ng dng).
MS-DOS giao din vi ngi s dng thng qua dng lnh.

2
2.3. Khi ng h thng:
khi ng h thng, Chng ta phi c mt a mm gi l a h thng hoc a cng c ci t a
C l a h thng. a h thng cha cc chng trnh ht nhn ca h iu hnh DOS. t nht trn a phi c
cc tp tin IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS v COMMAND.COM.
Chng ta c th khi ng MS-DOS bng cc cch sau:
TH1: Khi ng t a cng ta ch vic bt cng tc in ca my tnh (Power).
TH2: Khi ng t a mm: t a khi ng vo gi ca a mm v bt cng tc in.
TH3: Khi ng t HH Windows 98: Start/ Run/ Command/OK
TH4: Khi ng t HH Windows 2000/ XP: Start/ Run/ CMD/ OK

Khi ng li h thng:
Ta chn 1 trong cc cch sau:
- n nt Reset trn khi h thng ( khi ng nng).
- Dng t hp phm CTRL + ALT + DEL (khi ng nng).
- Khi 2 cch ny khng c tc dng, chng ta phi tt cng tc khI h thng v ch khong 1 pht ri khi
ng li ( khi ng ngui)

2.4. Tp tin (File):
Tp tin (hay cn gi l Tp) l hnh thc, n v lu tr thng tin trn a ca H iu hnh.
Tp gm c tn tp v phn m rng (Phn m rng dng nhn bit tp do chng trnh no to ra
n).
TnTp tin c vit khng qu 8 k t v khng c du cch, + , - ,* , / . Phn m rng khng qu 3 k t
v khng c du cch. Gia tn v phn m rng cch nhau bi du chm (.).
Tp tin c th l ni dung mt bc th, cng vn, vn bn, hp ng hay mt tp hp chng trnh.

V d:
COMMAND.COM Phn tn tp l COMMAND cn phn m rng l COM
MSDOS.SYS Phn tn tp l MSDOS cn phn m rng l SYS
BAICA.MN Phn tn tp l BAICA cn phn m rng l MN
THO.TXT. Phn tn tp l THO cn phn m rng l TXT
Ngi ta thng dng ui biu th cc kiu tp tin. Chng hn tp vn bn thng c ui DOC, TXT,
VNS, ...
Tp lnh thng c ui COM, EXE
Tp d liu thng c ui DBF, ...
Tp chng trnh thng c ui PRG, ...
Tp hnh nh thng c ui JPG, BMP...
2.5. Th mc v cy th mc
c th t chc qun l tt tp tin trn a ngi ta lu cc tp tin thnh tng nhm v lu trong tng ch
ring gi l th mc.
Mi th mc c c trng bi 1 tn c th, quy tc t tn th mc ging nh tn tp. Cc th mc c th
t lng trong nhau v to thnh mt cy th mc.
Trong th mc c th to ra cc th mc con v c tip tc nhau do dn n s hnh thnh mt cy th
mc trn a. Nh vy cc th mc bn to ra c th l th mc cp1 hay th mc 2 ...
Th mc gc l th mc do nh dng a to ra v chng ta khng th xo c. Mi a ch c mt th
mc gc, t y ngi s dng to ra cc th mc con. K hiu th mc gc l du (\).
3

V d : Cy th mc



Trong C:\>_ l th mc gc. Sau l n cc th mc con cc cp v cc tp.

Th mc hin hnh l th mc ang c m, v con tr ang nhp nhy ch lnh.
Khi thc thi, DOS s tm kim v thi hnh th mc hin hnh trc, sau mi tm cc th mc v a
c ch ra.
ng dn.
Khi cn tc ng n mt th mc hoc tp tin ta phi ch ra v tr ca th mc hay tp tin trn a hay l
phi ch ra ng dn, tn ng dn ca th mc hoc tp tin tc ng ti.
V d:
Mun truy xut ti tp d liu kyson.txt cy th mc trn ta phi tin hnh ch ra ng dn nh sau;
C:\>Nghean\kyson.txt
K t i din * v ?
K t i din *: N c th ng trong phn tn chnh hay phn tn m rng ca tp tin, n ng v tr no
s i din cho k t hoc nhm k t t v tr n k t sau n.
V d:
C:\>_NGHEAN\A*B.DOC : Ngha l ch ra tt c cc tp c trong th mc NGHEAN c phn m rng l
DOC m c tn bt u bng k t A v kt thc bng k t B
C:\>_NGHEAN\*.* : Ngha l ch ra tt c cc tp c trong th mc NGHEAN
C:\>_NGHEAN\*.TXT : Ngha l ch ra tt c cc tp c trong th mc NGHEAN m c phn m rng l
TXT
K t i din ?: N c th ng trong phn tn chnh hay phn tn m rng ca tp tin, n ng v tr no
s i din cho 1 k t ti v tr .
V d:
C:\>_?.TXT : Ngha l mun ch ra Cc tp c trong a C m c phn tn ch l mt k t bt k v c phn
m rng l TXT
2.6. a
Bao gm :
a mm - gi l a A: a mm c dung lng 1,44 MB.
a cng - Thng l C,D,E...: v n nm trong thng my, thng c dung lng ln gp nhiu ln
so vi a mm.
a CD - L dng c cc a quang. a quang thng c dung lng vi trm MB.
2.7.Mt s lnh ni tr v lnh ngoi tr
1. Lnh ni tr:
Lnh ni tr l loi lnh lu thng trc trong b nh trong ca my tnh. N c np vo khi np h iu
4
hnh.
Chng ta thng gp mt s lnh ni tr sau:
Lnh xem danh sch th mc v tp tin : DIR
Lnh to lp th mc: MD
Lnh hu b th mc rng: RD
Lnh chuyn i th mc: CD
Lnh thay i du nhc lnh : PROMPT
Lnh to lp tp tin: COPY CON
Lnh i tn tp tin: REN
Lnh sao chp tp tin: COPY
Lnh hin th ni dung tp tin: TYPE
Lnh xo tp tin: DEL
Lnh xo mn hinh: CLS
Lnh sa i gi ca h thng: TIME
Lnh sa i ngy ca h thng : DATE
Lnh hi nhn a: VOL
Lnh xem phin bn ca DOS: VER
2. Lnh ngoi tr:
Lnh ngoi tr l lnh nm trong b nh ngoi. Mun thc hin cc lnh ngoi tr th buc trn a phi c cc
tp ny. Nu khng c th phi COPY vo thc hin.
Chng ta thng gp mt s lnh ngoi tr sau:
Lnh t nhn a: LABEL
Lnh hin th cy th mc: TREE
Lnh to khun cho a (nh dng a): FORMAT
Lnh kim tra a: CHKDSK
Lnh gn thuc tnh :ATTRIB
Lnh in: PRINT
Lnh khi phc tp b xo: UNDELETE
BI 2: CC LNH H IU HNH CA MS- DOS

I. Cc lnh ni tr
Lnh ni tr l nhng lnh thi hnh nhng chc nng ca HH, thng xuyn c s dng, c lu
tr vo b nh ca my tnh t khi khi ng v thng tr trong cho ti khi tt my.
Cch vit chung:
[] []
1.1. Mt s lnh v h thng
. Lnh xem v sa ngy: DATE
Current Date is Sat 02-04-2000
Enter new Date (mm-dd-yy)
Lc ny c hai tu chn
Nu khng thay i ngy gi g Enter
Nu sa ngy hin hnh dng mt th sa theo khun mu (thng -ngy-nm).
Bn hy thay i ngy li cho my tnh v d 31/07/2004.
. Lnh xem v sa gi: TIME
5
Current time is 4:32:35.23a
Enter new time:
Lc ny c hai la chn:
-Nu khng sa gi hin hnh ca dng mt th g Enter
- Nu sa gi hin hnh th sa theo khun mu (gi: pht:giy.% giy)
Bn hy thay i gi li cho my tnh thnh 05 gi 05 pht.
. Lnh thay i du nhc lnh ca DOS: PROMPT
Lnh thay i du i lnh c th hin th mt s thng tin hin hnh theo ring ca Ngi s dng.
Prompt [Chui k t]
$P: Th mc hin hnh $D: Ngy hin hnh
$G: Du > $T: Gi hin hnh
$: Xung dng
V d: C>PROMPT $T $P$G
. Lnh xem phin bn DOS: VER
VER
Bn mun xem hin ti mnh ang giao tip vi HH MS-DOS l phin bn no.
V d: C:\VER
Windows 98 [Version 4.10.2222]
. Lnh xo mn hnh: CLS
CLS
Lnh xo ton b d liu trn mn hnh a con tr v gc trn cng bn tri mn hnh.
. Chuyn i a
G tn a v du hai chm, sau nhn ENTER.
V d: A: C:

1.2. Cc lnh v th mc
. Lnh xem ni dung th mc.
DIR [drive:] [Path] [Tn th mc] [/A][/S]{/P][W]}
Trong : /P : xem tng trang
/W: Trnh by theo hng ngang
/A : xem cc tp tin c thuc tnh n v h thng
/S: Xem c th mc con
V d:
DIR C:\WINDOWS /P /W
Lnh trn s hin th cc tp, th mc thuc th mc WINDOWS nm trong th mc gc a C thnh 5 hng
v dng li sau khi hin th ht mt trang mn hnh. Mun xem tip ch vic nhn mt phm bt k.
. Lnh chuyn v th mc gc v vo mt th mc no .
+ Chuyn t th mc hin thi v th mc gc ca a hin hnh.
CD\
+ Lnh chuyn v cp th mc cao hn mt bc.
CD..
+ Chuyn vo mt th mc
Lnh ny thay i th mc hin hnh cn lm vic ca a no
CD [drive:]\[path] ( tn th mc cn vo)
V d:
6
- T th mc C:\ chuyn vo th mc DAIHOC (Th mc DAIHOC nm trn a C)
C:\CD DAIHOC
C:\DAIHOC>_
- T th mc DAIHOC, chuyn sang th mc BAITAP( Th mc BAITAP nm trn a C)
C:\DAIHOC>CD BAITAP
C:\DAIHOC\BAITAP>_
. Lnh xem ngha ca cu lnh
C:\> [Tn lnh] /?
V d: Xem ngha ca cu lnh CD
C:\CD /?
. Lnh to th mc con(MD):
MD [drive:]\[path]
[drive:]\[path] : Ch ra ng dn n ni cn to th mc.
V d:
C:\MD HOC To Th mc HOC Trn th mc gc ca a C
C:\MD HOC\HOCDOS To th mc HOCDOS l th mc con cua th mc HOC
C:\MD A:\DAIHOC To th mc DAIHOC trn a A
.Lnh xo th mc con(RD)
Lnh hu b (xo) th mc:
RD [drive:]\[path]
Ch : th mc cn xo khng phi l th mc hin hnh v phi l th mc rng (Empty Directory) ( tc l
khng c mt tp hay mt th mc no nm trong n).
V d: C:\RD DAIHOC Xo th mc DAIHOC( L th mc rng) trn a C

1.3. Cc lnh lm vic vi tp tin
. Lnh sao chp tp tin(COPY):
Lnh ny sao chp mt hay mt nhm tp t th mc ny sang th mc khc.
Copy [drive1:]\[path1]\[Filename 1] [drive2:]\[path2]\[Filename 2]
Copy [ a]\[ng dn]\[tn tp ngun] a ]\[ng dn ch]
V d1: Chp tp BAOCAO.VNS t th mc A:\BKED vo th mc gc ca a C:
v ly tn l BAOCAO.VNS.
C:\>COPY A:\BKED\BAOCAO.VNS
V d2: Sao chp tp TUHOC.TXT t th mc gc a C thnh tp HOCTHUOC.TXT th
mc HOC nm trong th mc g a A.
C:\COPY C:\TUHOC.TXT A:\HOC\HOCTHUOC.TXT
Lnh cng tp:
Cng ni dung file:
Copy [ a][ng dn][tn tp 1]+[ a][ng dn] [tn tp 2]+ ... [ a][ng dn][tn tp
mi]
Trong c php trn lnh s thc hin nh sau:
Ln lt cng ni dung ca cc tp: Tn tp 1, Tn tp 2, ... thnh mt tp duy nht c tn l Tn
tp mi.
Ch : Trc tn tp mi khng c du (+), cn trc tn tp mun cng phi c du cng.
V d: C:\COPY CD1.TXT+CD2.TXT+CD3.TXT C:\MYDOCU~1\CD.TXT
Lnh to tp tin(COPY CON):
To ra file lu tr ni dung ca mt vn no .
C:\COPY CON [drive:]\[path]\[File name]
.... Nhp ni dung ca tp
F6
7
1 file(s) is copied
C:\_
(Nu nh tp c to th sau khi nhn F6 s c thng bo: 1 file(s) is copied trn mn hnh, nu
nh tp khng c to v mt l do no th dng thng bo s l 0 file(s) is copied)
V d: C:\>COPY CON BAITHO.TXT To tp BAITHO.TXT trn a C
. Lnh xem ni dung tp tin (TYPE):
Lnh dng xem (hin th) ni dung mt tp tin trn mn hnh.
TYPE <ng dn>\<TP dung ni xem mun tin>
Sau khi nhp ng ng dn v tp tin th ni dung s c hin th trn mn hnh.
Nu nh trong c php trn khng ng hoc sai tn tp tin, ng dn th s c dng
thng bo li hin th v d nh:
- Bad command or filename
- Invalid drive Specification
- Path not found - ...
- Requirent parameter missing
V d: C:\>TYPE BAITHO.TXT Dng xem ni dung tp tin BAITHO.TXT
Trn a C.
. i tn tp tin(REN):
Thay i tn file cn ni dung th gi nguyn.
REN [d:][path][fileName]
V d: C:\REN VANBAN\THUVIEN.DOC \VANBAN\HOPDONG.TXT
i tn file THUVIEN.DOC thnh file HOPDONG.TXT nm trong cng mt th mc.

. Xo ni dung tp tin(DEL):
DEL [ a][ng dn][tn tp cn xo]
VD: C:\DEL C:\VANBAN\HOPDONG.TXT
Xo tn file HOPDONG.TXT trong th mc VANBAN a C:
II. Lnh ngoi tr
L nhng lnh thi hnh chc nng no ca HH nhng t c s dng v tn b nh ca
my ngi ta lu tr n trn a di dng cc tp tin c phn m rng l: COM hoc EXE
[d:] [path] [] [<TU chn>]
[d:] [path]: a ng dn n tn lnh
: l tn chnh ca tn tp tin chng trnh

Lnh nh dng a (FORMAT)
To dng cho a mm hay a cng ...
[d:] [path] Format [d1] [/tham s]
[d:][Path]: a ng dn n tn lnh
[d:]: Tn a cn nh dng
Tham s:
/s: To a h thng.
/u: format m sau khng th s dng lnh UNFORMAT ly li d liu.
/q: nh dng nhanh
V d: nh dng a mm trong a A theo ng dung lng ca a v sao chp cc tp cn
thit khi ng my vo a.
C\:FORMAT A: /S
Lnh sao chp cc tp tin h thng:
Tc dng: cho php chp cc tp tin h thng.
[d:][Path]sys [d1:]
V d: C:\sys A:
Lnh phc hi a(UNDELETE)
Phc hi a b xo bi lnh nh dng a FORMAT
[d:][Path] UNDELETE [d1][path1][file Name]
Lnh kim tra a(CHKDSK):
Kim tra a v thng bo tnh trng a.
CHKDSK[/F]
Tham s /F s hin th s Sector b hng khi kt thc qu trnh kim tra.
V d: CHKDSK C:
8
Lnh SCANDISK :
Lnh ny dng kim tra cu trc tp ca a v sau tin hnh kim tra cc li vt l trn b
mt a.
SCANDISK tn a
V d: SCANDISK A:
Tp lnh b:
Lnh b thc cht l mt tp trong lit k th t thc hin cc lnh c lit k trong tp. Trong
s cc tp lnh b, quan trng nht bao gm hai tp sau:
Tp AUTOEXEC.BAT Tp lnh Autoexec.bat l mt tp lnh c bit nm th mc gc a khi
ng. Khi khi ng h iu hnh, cc lnh trong tp Autoexec.bat s thc hin theo tun t.
V d:
@ECHO - Lnh hin th mt dng trng trn mn hnh
SMARTDRV.EXE - Gi tp to vng m cho a
MSCDEX /D:MSCD001 /V - Gi tp khi to chng trnh iu khin CD trn DOS.
SET BLASTER=A220 I5 D0 P300 - Lnh t ng iu khin m thanh trn DOS ra loa.
SET PATH=%PATH%;C:\PROGRA~1\COMMON~1\AUTODE~1 - Lnh thit t ng dn mc
nh khi tm tp.
Tp CONFIG.SYS
Tp lnh CONFIG.SYS l tp c gi chy u tin ca h iu hnh khi khi ng my. Sau khi
nhn c lnh khi ng my t ROM-BIOS, h iu hnh s ln lt gi chy cc tp
COMMAND.COM, MS-DOS.SYS, IO.SYS. Sau khi qu trnh trn kt thc, h iu hnh s tm kim
trn th mc gc a khi ng xem c tp CONFIG.SYS hay khng, nu c n s tun t thc
hin cc lnh trong tp , nu c/khng th sau vn tip tc kim tra xem c tp
AUTOEXEC.BAT hay khng, nu c th cng tun t thc hin cc lnh c trong tp ny, nu
c/khng th kt thc qu trnh khi ng v tr li quyn iu khin cho ngi s dng.
V d: Ni dung ca mt tp CONFIG.SYS
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\HIMEM.SYS - Np chng trnh khi to v iu khin b nh m rng
DEVICE=C:\CDPRO\VIDE-CDD.SYS /D:MSCD001 Np chng trnh khi to v iu khin CD
FILES=90 - Quy nh s tp c m ng thi ti a
BUFFERS=40 - Quy nh s b nh m cho mi ln m tp

III. VIRUS tin hc
3.1. Khi nim VIRUS
VIRUS tin hc l mt chng trnh my tnh do con ngi to ra nhm thc hin no . Cc chng
trnh ny c c im:
- Kch thc nh.
- C kh nng ly lan, tc l t sao chp chnh n ln cc thit b lu tr d liu nh a cng, a mm, bng
t ...
- Hot ng ngm: hu nh ngi s dng khng th nhn bit c s thc hin ca mt chng trnh
VIRUS v kch thc ca n nh, thi gian thc hin nhanh v ngi vit VIRUS lun tm cch che du s hin
din ca n. VIRUS nm thng tr b nh trong tin hnh ly lan v ph hoi. Hu ht cc VIRUS u
thc hin cng vic ph hoi nh ghi ln cc tp d liu, ph hng bng FAT, khng ch bn phm, sa i
cu hnh h thng, chim vng nh trong.
Tu theo nguyn tc hot ng, c th chia VIRUS thnh hai loi:
- Boot VIRUS l cc loi nhim vo Master Boot v Boot Sector. Nhng virus ny c th lm my tnh khng
khi ng c, lm mt ht d liu trn a cng, thm ch khng khi to c a cng.
-File virus l loi nhim vo cc tp chng trnh c ui EXE v COM. VIRUS ny lm cc chng trnh chy
sai hoc khng chy. VIRUS thng ni thn ca mnh vo u hoc cui tp chng trnh, nh vy kch
thc tp tng khi nhim.
- Nu mt a mm c VIRUS ta cho a ny vo my c cng sch th cng ca my ny s b nhim
VIRUS. Nu mt my tnh c cng b nhim VIRUS, ta cho mt a mm sch vo A v chy nhng
khng ng nt chng ghi li th a mm s b nhim VIRUS, t a mm ny khi ta mang a mm sang cc
my khc chy th VIRUS s lan sang my khc.
3.2. Nguyn tc phng nga VIRUS.
V vt trung gian ly VIRUS l a mm, phng VIRUS ta phi rt hn ch dng mt a mm l. Nu bt
buc phi dng th ta kim tra VIRUS a mm l bng cc chng trnh chng VIRUS trc khi s dng.
Song iu khng th hon ton tin tng v cc chng trnh chng VIRUS ch c kh nng pht hin v
dit nhng VIRUS m chng bit. Cc VIRUS mi khng pht hin c. Cc chng trnh chng VIRUS
9
ca nc ngoi khng th pht hin cc VIRUS sn xut trong nc. Cn kt hp nhiu chng trnh chng
VIRUS v lun cp nht chng trnh mi nht.
Khi mang a mm ca mnh i chy cc ni khc c cng th phi bt ly chng ghi trnh VIRUS xm
nhp vo a. Ht sc lu khi ghi thng tin t my khc vo a ca mnh.
Nu trn my c nhiu ngi s dng th trc khi lm vic ta nn s dng cc chng trnh chng VIRUS
kim tra VIRUS trn a cng.
phng chng nn c mt h thng sch (khng c virus) khi ng my t A, a ny ngoi cc tp
cn thit khi ng my cn cn c cc tp ca DOS nh: Format.com, Fdisk.exe, unformat.com,
Undelete.com, Scandisk.exe. ng thi ta phi c cc a mm cha cc chng trnh chng virus vi cc
phin bn mi nht b SCAN, FPROT, ATV, BKAV,D2 cc chng trnh ny cng phi ly t ngun ng tin
cy, cc a mm lun c dn nhn bo v.
3.3. Mt s triu chng khi my nhim virus
- Mt s tp c ui COM v EXE t nhin b tng thm s byte, khi ta ngh my nhim F-virus. bit iu
ta nh kch thc ca mt s tp quan trng: command.com 54645 byte (ca DOS6.22), foxpro.exe 411032
byte (forpro 2.6)
- Tp chng trnh ui COM hoc EXE khng chy hoc sai.
- My khng khi ng c t a cng hoc khng nhn bit c cng khi khi ng my t a mm,
khi ta nghi my b nhim B-virus.
- My chy b treo.
Tt nhin cc triu chng trn cn c th l do li phn cng.
3.4. Cch x l khi my b nhim virus.
Khi my b nhim VIRUS chng ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
1. Tt hon ton my tnh loi virus ra khi b nh trong. Khi ng li my bng a mm h thng t A.
2. Sau khi thc hin xong bc mt my nhn bit c C th thc hin bc 3. Nu my khng nhn c
C th thc hin bc 4:
3. Chy cc chng trnh kim tra v dit virus. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh trn th khi ng li my t cng
v lm vic bnh thng.
4. Chy chng trnh kim tra v sa a nu nh cn gi li thng tin trn a cng (NDD.EXE). Sau khi sao
lu d liu nn lm theo cc bc sau:
a. Chy FDISK.EXE khi to li bng Partition (FAT) cho cng.
b. Chy FORMAT.COM C: /S nh dng li a.
c. Ci li h iu hnh v ng dng cn thit.
d. Sao d liu li a v lm vic bnh thng.
Nu nh trn a khng cn sao lu d liu li th c th chy ngay FDISK.EXE m khng cn chy qua
NDD.EXE.
BI 3:Norton Commander (NC)

1. NC l g?
NC l phn mm qun l tp v th mc, cho php s dng cc lnh c bn ca DOS di dng nhanh
chng, hiu qu hn.
2.Phng php lm vic:
- S dng phm chc nng thi hnh lnh, S dng hp thoi giao tip vi ngi dng.
- S dng hnh nh trc quan.
- H tr vic s dng chut trong cc hot ng ca chng trnh.
- C phn hng dn s dng (F1).
s dng c NC t nht ta phi c cc tp tin sau:
NC. EXE
10
NCMAIN. EXE
NC.HLP
NC.INI
3. Khi ng v thot khi NC:
3.1. Khi ng NC: Chng trnh NC. EXE thng c t trong th mc NC ca a C
khi ng NC ta chy tp tin NC. EXE t du nhc lnh ca MS-DOS nh sau:
C:\>NC\NC

3.2. Thot khi NC: thot khi NC ta n phm F10 ri chon YES



3.3. Mn hnh lm vic ca NC:
Khi khi ng NC s hin th nh sau:

11


Dng di cng th hin mt s phm chc nng tt tng ng vi cc phm t F1 n F10
v t hp CTRL + Fn, ALT + Fn, (trong n = 1..10 ). trong :
Lnh F1: (Help)Lnh tr gip
Lnh F2: (Menu)Lnh to menu cho ngi s dng
Lnh F3: (View) Lnh xem ni dung tp
Lnh F4: (Edit)Lnh xem v sa ni dung tp
Lnh F5: (Copy)Lnh sao chp (copy)
Lnh F6: (RenMov)Lnh i tn v di chuyn tp tin
Lnh F7: (MkDir)Lnh to th mc
Lnh F8: (Delete)Lnh xo th mc v tp tin
Lnh F9: (PullDn)Truy cp thanh menu ca NC
Lnh F10: (Quit)Thot khi NC.

Lnh ATL + F1: Lnh chuyn i a bn ca s bn tri.
Lnh ATL + F2: Lnh chuyn i a bn ca s bn phi.
Lnh ATL + F3: Lnh xem ni dung tp tin
Lnh ATL + F4: Lnh son tho tp tin
Lnh ATL + F5: Lnh nn cc tp tin
12
Lnh ATL + F6: Lnh gii nn tp tin nn
Lnh ATL + F7: Lnh tm kim
Lnh ATL + F8: Lnh hin th cc dng lnh s dng gn y nht
Lnh ATL + F9: Lnh chuyn i mn hnh v dng 40 dng hoc 25 dng.
Lnh ATL + F10: Lnh hin th cy th mc ca a hin thi.
Lnh CTRL + F1: Tt m khung panel bn tri
Lnh CTRL + F2: Tt m khung panel bn phi
Lnh CTRL + F3: Sp xp tp v th mc theo tn
Lnh CTRL + F4: Sp xp tp v th mc theo phn m rng
Lnh CTRL + F5: Sp xp tp v th mc theo thi gian to
Lnh CTRL + F6: Sp xp tp v th mc theo kch thc tp
Lnh CTRL + F7: B ch Sp xp
Lnh CTRL + F8: So snh 2 th mc vi nhau
Lnh CTRL + F9: In tp
Lnh CTRL + F10: Chia hoc trn tp
Ngoi cc t hp phm trn, NC cn cha nhiu lnh khc
trn thanh menu tr xung khi bn nhn phm F9.
Tt c cc cng tc lm vic vi tp, trc tin bn phi
dng cc phm di chuyn di chuyn thanh sng n tp
cn lm vic. Dng phm TAB di chuyn thanh sng qua
li gia 2 khung Panel, dng phm Insert chn cc tp cn
lm vic vi cc lnh nh Copy, Move,Delete ... Dng phm
(+) bn phm s chn tt c cc tp v th mc trong th
mc hin thi, phm (-) b chn, phm (*) i chn. Cc
nguyn tc lm vic vi th mc ging nh trn MS-DOS,
tuy nhin cn ch rng chng trnh to ra mt giao
din thn thin hn ta lm vic v vy m c mt s
nguyn tc lm trong MS-DOS c th b qua trong NC. Vic
chuyn i th mc hin hnh rt n gin, bn ch vic di
chuyn thanh sng n th mc cn vo v nhn ENTER,
mun thot khi th mc tr v th mc cp cao hn, hy di
chuyn thanh sng v dng c hai du chm (..) v nhn
ENTER.

IV. Mt s v d v cch thc hin cc lnh trong NC
4.1. To mi mt th mc:

13

Di chuyn thanh sng n v tr cn to th mc
- Nhn F7
- Nhp tn th mc cn to sau nhn ENTER.

4.2. To mi tp:
- Di chuyn thanh sng n v tr cn to tp
- Nhn t hp phm SHIFT+F4 v nhp tn tp cn to


- NC s m ra cho bn mt khung hi thoi nhp ni dung tp, khi nhp xong bn nhn
phm F2 ghi li ni dung v n ESC thot.

4.3. Sao chp, di chuyn:
- Chn cc tp, th mc mun sao chp hoc di chuyn trn mt khung panel
- Trn khung panel cn li dng thanh sng di chuyn n v tr cn sao chp hoc di chuyn n.
- Di chuyn thanh sng v khung panel cha cc tp c chn
- Nhn F5 (copy) hoc F6 (move)

4.4. Nn cc tp tin:
- Chn cc tp cn nn trn mt khung Panel, trn khung panel cn li di chuyn thanh sng vo
trong th mc mun tp ch.
- Di chuyn thanh sng v khung panel c tp chn
- Nhn ALT + F5
- a tn tp ch vo (khng cn phn m rng)
4.5. Gii nn tp:
- Chn tp cn gii nn trn mt khung Panel, trn khung panel cn li di chuyn thanh sng vo
trong th mc mun cc tp sau khi gii nn.
- Di chuyn thanh sng v khung panel c tp chn
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- Nhn ALT + F6




. Chia mt tp thnh nhiu tp:
- Chn tp cn chia ra trn mt khung Panel, trn khung panel cn li di chuyn thanh sng vo trong th
mc mun cc tp sau khi chia.
- Di chuyn thanh sng v khung panel c tp chn
- Nhn CTRL + F10
- Sau khi a s tp cn chia ra trong mc Number of splids chn Splids.
Cc tp sau khi c chia s gi nguyn tn nh tp ch v phn m rng mc nh l *. 001, *.002, ...

4.7. Trn nhiu tp c chia ra thnh mt tp duy nht:
- Chn cc tp cn gp li trn mt khung Panel, trn khung panel cn li di chuyn thanh sng vo trong
th mc mun cc tp sau khi c gp li.
- Di chuyn thanh sng v khung panel c tp chn
- Nhn CTRL + F10
- Sau khi a ng dn, tn tp v phn m rng ca tp c gp trong mc Merge n files to sau chn
Merge. (trong n l tng s tp chn gp li).

4.8. Xo tp v th mc:
- Chn cc tp v th mc cn xo
- Nhn F8
- Mt hp hi thoi s m ra v hi xem chc chn bn mun xo cc tp hoc th mc hay khng, nu chc
chn cc bn chn DELETE.


4.9. In tp:
- Di chuyn thanh sng n tp cn in
- Nhn CTRL + F9
- Chn OK
15


4.10. Tm kim tp:

- Di chuyn thanh sng v a cn tm kim
- Nhn ALT + F7
- a tn tp cn tm trong Find Files v chn Start bt u. Nu tm thy tp th trn danh sch pha trn
s hin th tn tp, v tr ca tp.
BI 4:TNG QUAN


I. S dng Keyboard (Bn phm) v Mouse (Chut)
1.1 - Keyboard
Bn phm ph bin hin nay c t 101 phm n 105 phm. Trn bn phm c 3 vng t tri sang phi nh sau:
Nhm phm chc nng: Gm cc phm

F1,F2,F12 Mi phm c mt chc nng nht nh tu theo phn mm
Printscreen Dng in ni dung t mn hnh ra my in
Pause Tm ngng mt hot ng ca my
Capslock Tt m ch g ch in hoa
Shift tri v Shift Mt k t c g trong khi in n gi phm Shift s c in ra ch hoa
16
phi hoc in ra k t trn nu phm c 2 k t
Backspace Xo li v bn tri
Delete Xo k t ti v tr con tr
Enter Xung dng hoc kt thc mt cng vic hoc thc hin mt cng vic.

Nhm phm k t: Trn mi phm c th c in mt hoc hai k t. Trong trng hp trn phm c hai k t
nu mun c k t pha trn th gi SHIFT trong khi g k t .
Nhm phm iu khin:
Cc phm mi tn , Tab: iu khin con tr
Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Ctrl, Atl, Del,

1.2 - Mouse - Chut
Cc thao tc c bn ca chut - Mouse
Thao tc Cng dng
Con tr (Point) Di chuyn con tr Mouse ti ng v tr mong mun
Nhp (Click) Nhp nh nt tri ca chut, thng dng chn lnh cn thi
hnh
Nhp nt phi (Right Click) Nhp nh nt phi chut
Nhp p (Double Click) Nhp nh nt tri ca chut 2 ln vi tc nhanh
Ko (Drag) Tr chut ng v tr, bm gi nt tri ca chut ng thi di
chuyn chut sang mt v tr mi


II- Khi ng Windows 98
Khi Microsoft Windows 98 s hin ra lc y trn mn hnh ta s thy c dng tng t nh sau:


17

















- Desktop: Vng din tch lm nn cho cc mc trong Windows. C th to thm cc Folder v Shortcut khc
cng vic sau ny c thc hin nhanh hn.
- Shortcut: Cc biu tng c hnh dng ring vi mi tn en nh nm gc di bn tri tng trng cho
mt chng trnh ng dng, mt ti liu
- Folder: C th xem folder nh mt cp ti liu dng qun l mt chng trnh ng dng
- Taskbar: Thanh hin th cc ca s chng trnh ang c m.
V d: Taskbar cho bit c ba chng trnh ca s ng dng ang c m l MSWord Adoble Photshop
v MS Excel.


- Clock: ng h h thng bo cho chng ta bit gi hin hnh trong my.
- Start button: Nhp nt ny m Menu Start
- Menu Start: Gip khi ng chng trnh nhanh hn.

18
Ch : C th m Menu Start bng t hp phm Ctrt+ ESC

Thot khi Windows 98
Nhn nt Start m Menu start, nhn chon lnh Shutdow hoc dng t hp phm Alt-F4



Shutdown the computer?
Thot khi Windows bng cch ng tt c cc chng trnh ang
m, sau hin ra cu thng bo 'It's now safe to turn off your
Computer'(By gi c th an ton tt my tnh ca bn)
Restart the Computer?
Thot khi chng trnh bng cch ng tt c cc chng trnh
ang m, sau t khi ng li my tnh.
Restart the Computer in MS
DOS mode?
Thot khi Windows bng cch ng tt c cc chng trnh ang
m v tr v du nhc h th ng ca MS-D OS


IV. Ca s chng trnh ng dng
Cc chng trnh ng dng khi chy trong mi trng Windows s c th hin trong mt khung hnh
ch nht, l ca s chng trnh.
19

4.1- M ca s chng trnh ng dng
- Cch 1: Nhp p mt biu tng Shortcut trn nn Desktop
- Cch 2: Trn thanh Tasskbar, ta nhp nt Start m menu start, sau tr mouse vo tng Folder
(C k hiu hnh tam gic bn phi) m ra mt Sub menu (menu c c cha cc folder con v shortcut)
cui cng nhp chn tn mt chng trnh ng dng.


4.2 - Cc thnh phn chnh trong mt ca s
Mt ca s chng trnh s c c thnh phn c bn sau (hnh minh ho l ca s chng trnh paint
dng v hnh)

20





Thnh phn Chc nng
Title Bar Th hin tn ca s v tn ti liu ang c m. Nu kch thc ca ca s
nh hn khung nhn, c th ko n i di chuyn ca s
Borders ng vin bao quang ca s. ng vin ny ch hin ra khi kch thc ca
ca s nh, c th ko n thay i kch thc ca ca s
Control Menu Icon Nhp vo n s hin ra Menu gm cc lnh dng iu khin ca s
Close Button Nhp vo nt ny ng ca s
Minimize Button Nhp vo nt ny s thu nh ca s thnh biu tng nm trn Taskbar
Maximizer Button Nhp vo nt ny ca s s t kch thc ti a
Restore Button Nt ny ch xut hin sau khi ca s t n kch thc ti a, n c tc
dng tr li kch thc ban u ca ca s
Menu Bar Thanh cha cc lnh theo kiu lit k
Work Area Vng lm vic
Toolbar Cc biu tng lnh
Scroll Bar Thanh trt th hin vng lm vic

ng ca s chng trnh
- Cch1: Nhp Mouse vo biu tng Close Button
21
- Cch 2: Nhp Mouse vo Menu File chn lnh Exit
- Cch 3: Dng t hp phm ALT + F4
+ Nhp nt Yes - ng lu (Phi cho thm cc thng tin cn thit bit sn phm to ra ct u, mang
tn g)
+ Nt No - Khng mun lu sn phm do mnh to ra



+ Nt Cancel - Hu b lnh lu

V - Folder - Shortcut
5.1- To Folder - Th mc
Folder c to ra qun l cc Folder con v cc Shotcuts c trong Folder . Trong Windows 9X
Folder c biu tng (tng t nh cp ng ti liu)
a) To Folder trn nn Desktop



Nhp nt phi ca Mouse ngay trn nn Desktop s c ngay mt Menu nh hin ra, sau nhp vo
lnh New s c mt Flayout hin ra v chn lnh to Folder

22
Chn Folder ngay lp tc trn nn Desktop s hin ra biu tng




Sau t tn Folder bng cch xo'New Folder', g tn mi vo. V d: g 'baitap'
* To Folder mi trong mt Folder c trong nn Desktop
Bc 1: Nhp p vo biu tng Folder c trn nn Desktop m ca s Folder
Bc 2: Nhp menu File, tr vo New v nhp chn Folder
Bc 3: Trong ca s Folder(v d Folder'bitp') hin ra mt folder con c tn l New Folder. Xo b
tn ny v b tn mi vo(v d t l 'btwin').
b). To Folder trong My computer
m ra ca s ny, ca s s cho chng ta bit cc thng tin v chnh my tnh ang dng

Nhp menu File, tr vo New v chon Folder, trong ca s a A: s c thm mt biu tng Folder c
tn New Folder, xo b tn ny v g tn mi vo.

5.2 - Hiu chnh Folder
a). Di chuyn -Move
Ko biu tng ca Folder t ch ny sang ch kh.
b). i tn - Rename
23
Nhp nt phi ca Mouse vo biu tng ca Folder cho hin menu c bit, chn lnh Rename,
vng tn ca Folder s hin ra con tr Text chng ta co tn c v t tn mi.
c). Chp - Copy
Cch 1: Nhp nt phi ca mouse vo biu tng ca Folder ngun chn lnh copy(Chp Folder vo
b nh)
Nu mun thnh mt Folder cng cp th nhp nt phi ca mouse vo vng trng cho hin menu c
bit, sau chn lnh Paste (dn Folder t v tr chng ta cn). folder mi(folder ch) c chp s c tn
'Coppy of + tn Folder ngun' m bo tnh duy nht ca tn gi (Hai Folder cng tn khng c cng
mt ch) chng ta nn dng lnh Rename i tn cho Folder mi c chp.
Nu mun chp vo mt Folder khc th nhp nt phi vo biu tng , chon lnh Paste. Folder mi
c chp s l Folder con v c tn ging Folder ngun.
Cch 2: Gi phm Ctrl ng thi ko mouse t v tr ngun sang v tr ch (Biu tng khi c ko i
s c du +), nh mouse trc , phm Ctrl nh sau.
d). Xa
Cch 1: Chn Folder cn xo, g phm Delete
Cch 2: Chon Folder cn xo , ko th vo st rc Recycle Bin

Tr li bng cch nhp nt Yes xo hoc nt No khng xo
ng dn - PATH
Thng qua cch t Folder, chng ta bt u t ra cu hi: Folder c to ra u? trn Desktop,
trong My computer, trong a mm A:, trong a cng C: Nu Folder con c tao ra trong mt Folder m th
cu tr li li di hn, chng hn nh v d chng ta to mt Folder con c tn l btwin nm trong Folder
baitap ca Desktop chnh l khi nim v ng dn (path) - n c tc dng cho ta bit a ch ca mt
ch th ang u.

5.4 - Cch to Shortcut
Shortcut l mi lin kt vi 1 tp tin chng trnh khc, nh ta c th khi ng nhanh chng trnh.
cc bc to:


24


Bc 1: Nhp nt phi trn nn Desktop hin ra Menu tr Mouse vo New

Bc 2: Nhp chn Shortcut , mt hp thoi (Dialog Box) c tn Creat Shortcut hin ra


Trong mc Command line cn phi in y ng dn ti mt tp tin chng trnh, thc hin
iu ny cn sang Bc 3:




25

Bc 3: Nhp nt Browse m ra hp thoi Browse tm chn tn tp tin chng trnh

Trong mc Look in, nhp nt tam gic cho hin ra bng lit k chn mt a, sau nhp p vo
folder v chn File cn to Shortcut. Chn nt Open. Trong hp thoi Create Shortcut lc ny mc
Command line hin ln y ng dn v tn tp tin chng trnh
-Bc 4: Trong hp thoi Create Shortcut nhp nt Next hp thoi mi Select a Title for the program



Sau nhp nt Next v chn nt lnh Finish kt thc qu trnh to Shortcut

Nh vy mt Shortcut mi c to ra trn nn Desktop mang biu tng s c dng
VI - Chng trnh son tho Wordpad
Wordpad l mt chng trnh x l vn bn mc n gin
6.1 - Khi ng chng trnh
Nhp vo nt Start chn Programs chn Accessories nhp chut chn Wordpad mn hnh s hin ra
nh sau:


26

















Ngoi cc thnh phn chung nh nu trn Wordpad cn c thm mt thc o (Ruler) canh o
vn bn.

6.2 - Son tho vn bn

Mi khi chng ta g vo mt phm, trn mn hnh s hin ra mt ch - l phm k t
Nhiu k t hp li thnh mt t (word) cc t c phn cch nhau bng mt khong trng ( G phm Space
Bar)
Khi ang nhp vn bn m g phm Enter th l ngt dng v to ra mt Paragraph mi

6.3 Lu vn bn to vo a

27
Sau khi g vn bn xong nhp vo biu tng hnh a mm ( Save) hoc vo Menu File chn
Save mt h thoi hin ra:


Mc Save in c ngm nh l Folder My document (C th chn Folder khc)
Trong mc File name g tn ( v d tn : 'hocwin' sau nhn chut vo nt Save, nh vy on vn bn g
c lu vi tn l hocwin nm trong My Document
6.4 - M mt vn bn c trong a
Nhp chut vo biu tng Open hoc vo Menu File chn Open s hin ra hp thoi:






BI 5:
WiNDOWS EXPLORER

2.1. Khi ng
Windows Explorer
C th c khi ng bng nhiu cch:
Cch 1: Nhp nt Start, tr vo Programs v nhp chn Windows Exxplorer
Cch 2: Trn nn Desktop, nhp nt phi vo biu tng My computer m ra menu Object v chn lnh
Explorer
Sau khi khi ng xong mn hnh s c c nh sau:


28


2.2. Ca s Windows Explorer
a). Ca s Windows Explorer c chia thnh 2 vng tm gi l vng bn tri v vng bn phi ca
ca s. Ranh gii gia hai vng c gi l ng ct (Split) - Ko mouse ng ny thay i rng
gia 2 vng.
Vng bn tri - All Folders - cho thy cu trc th mc ca a cng cng vi cc ti nguyn c trong
my PC ca bn (My computer) bao gm a mm, a CD, cc Folder h thng, mng, print, Control
panel, Recycle Bin
Vng bn phi - Contents of (C:) - c th hin nh mt ca s Folder thng thng v n cng c
nhng chc nng tng t nh ca s Folder
b). Th hin ca s Windows Explorer
Ca s Windows c th thay i cch th hin cho vng bn phi bng cch nhp cc biu tng tng ng
trn Tool bar Hoc nhp Menu View chn cc lnh:


Small Icons
29

List

Details

- Cc lnh Edit
a) nh du chn Folder v File
Chn mt Folder hoc mt tp tin
- Nhp chut vo biu tng hoc tn ca biu tng
- G g k t u tin
- Dng mi tn di chuyn thanh sng
30


Chn mt nhm
- Chn ri rc: Gi phm Ctrl - nhp chn tng biu tng
- Chn lin tip: nhp biu tng u , gi Shift chn biu tng cui
- Chn tt c: Nhp Menu Edit chn Select All hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl +A
Ch : Dng trng thi s hin ln s ch c chn v tng dung ln ca n. nh chn ch cn nhp
chut vo mt biu tng.
b) To Folder mi
Vo Menu File chn New v chn Folder, xo tn New folder v g li tn mi v nhn Enter
To Folder con: to mt Folder con trc ht phi nhp vo Folder cha vng bn tri, sau nhp chut
vo Menu File chn New v chn lnh Folder.
c) i tn
- Cch 1: Nhp nt phi vo biu tng Folder ( hoc File) hin ra Menu Object chn lnh Rename, xo tn
c v g tn mi v nhn Emter kt thc
- Cch 2: Chn Folder v g F2, xa tn c v t tn mi.
d) Di chuyn (Move) sao chp (Copy) Folder, File, Shortcuts
nh du cc mc cn thit sau thc hin cc thao tc sau:
- Cch 1: t con tr v tr ngun, ko chut bng nut phi t ngun sang ch nh chut v tr ch, mt
Menu Object hin ra v chn lnh Copy here ( Copy ti y), Move here (di chuyn ti y) hoc Create
Shortcut Here ( to shortcut y).
- Cch 2: S dng nt tri ca chut: Nhp nt tri chut
+ Move: Gi phm Shift v ko biu tng chn t ngun ti ch
31
+ Copy: Gi phm Ctrl v kp biu tng chn t ngun ti ch
- Cch 3: Dng Toolbar ( hoc Menu Edit)
nh du cc folder hay File ngun: Thc hin lnh di chuyn, (sao chp): Nhp vo biu tng lnh Cut
( copy )hoc nhp vo Menu Edit chn Cut (Copy)) chuyn cc mc vo b nh, sau
chn Folder ch nhp vo biu tng Paste ( hoc nhp vo Menu Edit chn lnh Paste) dn cc
mc t trong b nh vo Folder ch.
Ch : Nu trong lnh sao chp mt mc m Folder ngun trng vi Folder ch th ch mi c sao chp
s c tn Copy of v chng ta nn i tn ny bng cch g tn mi vo ri n Enter. Nu vic thc hin
lnh Move, Copy, Rename l khng ph hp vi yu cu th ta c th dng lnh Undo b qua mt lnh va
thi hnh, bng cch nhp vo Menu Edit chn lnh Undo hoc nhp biu tng lnh Undo trn Toolbar

e) Xo Folder, File, Shortcut
Chn cc mc cn xo v thc hin cc thao tc sau:
- Cch 1: G phm Delete
- Cch 2: Nhp chut phi vo mc chn v chn lnh Delete
- Cch 3: Nhp chut vo Menu File chn Delete
- Cch 4: Ko cc mc chn vo biu tng st rc Recycle Bin



Ch : Khi xo cc i tng Windows s hin ra bng thng bo sau:

Nu chn Yes th xo, cn chn No th hu b vic xo
Phc hi Folder, File, Shortcut b xo trong a cng: Chn biu tng Recycle Bin ta s c dng sau:

32


Chn Folder, File, Shortcut cn phc hi, nhp chut vo Menu File chn Restore
- Lm rng thng rc:



Nhp vo Menu File chn Empty Recycle Bin, mt hp thoi hin ra , nu chn Yes th thng rc s l trng
rng cn chn No th hu b lnh.

2.4 - nh dng a mm
Nhp nt phi vo biu tng a mm v chn lnh Format
Chn Start tin hnh Format.
- Capacity: Dung lng a mm
- Format Type: CHn cch nh dng a
- Quict B qua cc bc kim tra a v ch thc hin vic xo tt c cc tp tin c trn a mm.
- Full: nh dng a v thc hin vic kim tra i cho bit s sector b hng trn a.
- Label: t tn ring cho a mm
33
- Display summary when finished: cho hin ra bang r tng kt v tnh trng ca u khi nh dng
xong
- Copy system files: chp cc tp tin h thng vo a



Ch : Khng th s dng lnh ny nh dng a cng khi a ang cha h iu hnh.( V bn
thn Windows cng ang c lu tr trong a cng).
BI 6: CONTROL PANEL

Chng trnh dng iu khin h thng trong Windows
Nhp nt Start, tr vo Settings v nhp chn Control Panel m ra ca s Control Panel, trong ca s
ny c nhiu biu tng tng trng cho mt chc nng iu khin h thng khc nhau cho my PC cng nh
cho Windows


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Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt n vi tnh nng iu khin c trng, cn thit m mi my PC
u c.
3.1 - Date/Time
y l tnh nng dng t ngy gi h thng trong my, nhp p vo biu tng Date/time
Date: Tin hnh cc bc chn ngy, thng, nm


Time: iu chnh ng h , nhp chut vo tng v tr, gi , pht, giy v chnh bng cch nhp nt tng,
gim

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Ngoi ra cn c th chn mi gi cho thch hp

Nhp nt OK kt thc

3.2 Display
Tnh nng iu khin mn hnh, nhp p biu tng ny s m ra mt hp thoi c nhiu lp, trong
mi lp l c mt chc nng iu khin khc nhau:
Background
Chn cch trang tr cho nn ca Desktop gm:
- Pattern: Trang tr cho nn Desktop bng cch th hin mu hnh li, Nu chn - - None th nn ch c mt
mu xanh l (m)
- Wallpaper: Mt dng nh Bitmap, nh ny c th t gia Desktop, khi dng lnh - Center, cn nu dng lnh
Tile th nh c kh nng t lp li che kn ht nn Desktop.
Sau khi chn xong nhp nt Apply lnh c hiu lc v chn sang lp iu khin khc.
Screen Saver
- Screen Saver: chn mu hnh nh di ng ( nu chn None l khng dng n chc nng ny).
- Wait: t khong thi gian nhn bit mn hnh tnh (n v l pht)
- Password protected: t mt khu bo mt cho cng vic
Ngoi ra c th nhp vo mc Settings t thm mt s ch cho nh ng nu c t Password
Protected th phi nhp ng Password
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Appearance:
Chn cch th hin mu cho ca s
- Shechem: Chn mt tn b mu th hin cho cch t mu cho tt c cc thnh phn trong ca s.
Thng dng mu Windows Standar
Ch : Cc mc cn li l thuc vo Card iu khin mn hnh trong mi my m chng ta s c cch
t khc nhau

-Keyboard
iu khin bn phm gm cc mc
- Repeat delay: Khong thi gian nhn bit mt k t c g lp li
Dng Mouse ko thanh trt trong khong Long ... Short
- Repeat rate: tc lp li ca phm c iu chnh bng cch ko chut trong khong Slow ... fast


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3.4 - Mouse- Chut
- iu khin chut:
- Button Configuration thay i v tr nt iu khn ca mouse.




Trong lp Motion chng ta c th dng thm lnh:
- Pointer speed: iu chnh tc di chuuyn con tr chut trong khong Slow .. Fast


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- Pointer trail: Nu chn lnh (chn) Showpointer trail th con tr chut l i vi t tr n ng di
chuyn c thc hin trong khong Short ... Long

3.5 -Regionnal settings

Regional Settings: Chn tn nc, khi chn ci ny s nh hng n cc cch chn sau:
Number






Thng thng my tnh c ngm nh dng dng h ting anh nn du chm l du phn cch thp
phn cn du phy l du phn cch nhm 3 ch s, trong khi ngi Vit Nam li dng theo h ting php c
quy nh ngc li.
Nu cn thit chng ta c th thay i li quy nh ny bng cc lnh:
- Decimal symbol: G li du chm thay cho du phy
- Digit grouping symbol: g du chm thay cho du phy
Time
Thng dng theo dng hh:mm:ss (gi:pht:giy)
Date
H ting Anh dng: MM/DD/YY
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Ngi Vit dng: DD/MM/YY
Chng trnh PAINT
Trong Windows 98 c mt chng trnh ng dng dng v hnh theo dng Bitmap, la
Paint, lm vic vi chng trnh ny chng ta phi m ca s chng trnh bng cch nhp vo
nt Start chn Programs chn Accessories v chon Paint


Ca s Paint xut hin






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Tool box
Cc cng c v hnh

Biu tng Tn gi Chc nng

Free-form select To mt mu ct c dng tu

Select To mt mu ct hnh ch nht

Eraser Xo hnh

Fill with color T mu trong ng bao khp kn

Pick Color
Ly mu mu trong mt phn hnh
v

Magnifier Phng lp mt phn hnh v

Pencil V ng t do

Brush C v t do

Airbrush To hiu qu phun mu

Text V ch

Line V on thng

Curve V on cong hnh dc

Rectangle V hnh ch nht

Polygon V hnh a gic

Ellipse V hnh Elip

Round Rectangle V hnh ch nht trn bn gc

C th chia cc cng c trn thnh hai nhm:
- Cc cng c dng v hnh: Pencil, Brush, Airbrush, Text, Line, Curve, Rectangle,
Polygon, Ellipse, Rounded Rectangle
- Cc cng c dng hiu chnh v: Free-form select, Eraser, Select, Pick Color, Magnifer.

Color box
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- Nhp chn mu bng nt tri ca chut: mu Foreground
- Nhp chn mu bng nt phi ca chut: Mu Background

V hnh
* Cc bc v hnh
- Bc 1: Chn mt cng c v thch hp. mi cng c v s c mt hiu qu ring bit
Ch : Hnh dng con tr chut c th thay i theo cng c v ang chn
- Bc 2: Chn dy ca nt v, dng c v hoc hinhf ch nht t nhm biu tng
di Tool box
- Bc 3: Chn mu Foreground
- Buc 4: Chn mu Background nu mun p dng v bng cng c Rectangle hoc
Ellipse
- Bc 5: V hnh bng cch kp chut trong vng v
Ch : Nu v hnh khng thch hp c th dng lnh Undo bng cch g t hp phm Ctrl+Z

S dng cc cng c v
Cc cng c v u c th s dng nt tri hoc nt phi ca chut v. V bng nt tri
hnh s c mu ca Foreground, v bng nt phi hnh s c mu Background

Lu bn v vo a cng
Vo Menu File Chn Save hp thoi Save As hin ra:
G tn bn v vo File name v chn Save.