Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 1

The Harvard author-date referencing system

Referencing is a standard practice for acknowledging information sources in academic writing
at university. Whenever you write an assignment that requires you to find and use
information, you are expected to reference all the sources of information and ideas included in
your writing.
This booklet provides guidelines for using the Harvard referencing system. There are two
components to a Harvard reference:
1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment:

2) full reference details in your reference list:

While there are many versions of the Harvard system, this guide presents one consistent
version for use at UniSA, which conforms to the Australian Government standard guidelines
presented in Snooks & Co (eds.) 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th
edn, Wiley & Sons, Australia.
This guide is divided into two parts. The first part (pp. 110) illustrates the basic rules for
Harvard referencing, answers some frequently asked questions, and provides a sample essay
extract which uses Harvard referencing. The second part (pp. 1118) contains specific rules
and examples for a variety of different reference types.
Why do we reference?
Most academic assignments require wide reading so that previous and current thinking about
a particular topic can be identified. It is important to show your reader that you have sought
out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking on your topic. The
learning module Evaluate your informationavailable through Infogate, found on the
Librarys websiteshows you how to decide if your sources are quality academic sources.
The referencing in your assignment:
demonstrates good research practice
shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about
acknowledges where those ideas came from
tells your reader where they can locate the sources you have used.
Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone elses ideas, and/or
the way they express their ideas, as if they are your own work, you are committing
plagiarism. Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are
always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this.
Chabon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas ...
Chabon, M 2008, Maps and legends, McSweeneys Books, San Francisco.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 2
In-text references

When to reference
Every time you include someone elses words, ideas or information in your assignment, an in-
text reference must be provided. Insert an in-text reference whenever you:
paraphrase someone elses ideas in your own words
summarise someone elses ideas in your own words
quote someone elses ideas in their exact words
copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material.

How to reference
An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another
source, and includes the following details:
the authors family name (do not include given names)
the year of publication
page numbers where available.
There are two main ways to present an in-text reference.
1. At the end of your sentence in brackets:


2. In the body of your sentence, with the authors name incorporated into the sentence
structure and the date in brackets:




Including page numbers
Page numbers are included when you:
use a direct quote from particular source
summarise an idea from a particular page
copy tables or figures, or present specific information like dates/statistics.








Habel (2007, p. 48) notes that Koch draws on an established tradition of appropriating the
wayang for various social and political purposes.
Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Filho 2010, p. 2).
Filho (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate
change.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 3
The reference list

What it does
The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referenced in your
assignment so that readers can easily locate the source. Each different source referenced in
your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list.
It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists
everything you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources
for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless
specifically requested by your lecturer.

How it looks
The reference list is titled References and must be:
arranged alphabetically by authors family name (or title/sponsoring organisation where a
source has no author)
a single list where books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together. Do not
divide into separate lists.
The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication
information. The basic reference formats are shown in the following examples. These should
be followed exactly, paying special attention to details of capitalisation, punctuation, use of
italics and order of information. A more comprehensive list of different reference types is
provided in the second part of this booklet (pp. 1118).

Example of a book
The basic format required for books is:
Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.












Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones
& Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Mass.

The authors
family name,
followed by a
comma and an
initial.

Year of
publication,
followed by a
comma.

Title in italics, followed by a
comma. Use upper case for the first
letter in the title and lower case for
the rest unless referring to names or
places, i.e. Lawrence of Arabia.

Publisher, followed by
a comma.
Place of publication. If more than one place
of publication is listed, give only the first
listed. If there is another place with the same
name, or if the place is little known, add the
state or country, i.e. Texas, Qld, or Tully,
Qld. Full stop at the end.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 4
Example of an academic journal article
The basic format required for journal articles is:
Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of article, Title of Journal, volume number, issue
number, page range.












Example of an electronic publication
The basic format required for electronic sources is:
Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of document or website, Publisher or authoring
body where known, date viewed, <URL>.













Whittemore, R 2009, How can nursing intervention research
reduce the research-practice gap?, Canadian Journal of
Nursing Research, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 715.
The authors
family name,
followed by a
comma and an
initial.
Year of publication,
followed by a
comma.
Title of the article in single inverted commas,
followed by a comma. Use upper case for the
first letter of the title and lower case for the rest
unless referring to names or places.
Title of the
journal in
italics,
followed by a
comma. Use
capital letters
at the start of
all key words.
Volume of
the journal,
followed by
a comma.
Number of
the issue,
followed by
a comma.
Page numbers of the
article, with an En dash ()
between the numbers. Full
stop at the end.
Bettex, M 2010, Ecological balancing act, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
viewed 26 October 2010,
<http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/phytoplankton-0303.html>.

Date the
document was
viewed, with a
comma after
the year.
The full internet address (URL) enclosed
in angle brackets (< >). Full stop at the
end. The URL is not underlined.
Title of the document or
website in italics, followed
by a comma.
The authors family
name, followed by
a comma and an
initial.
The documents
publisher or
authoring body
where known.
Year of
publication,
followed by a
comma.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 5
What if your source does not exactly match any of
these examples?

Pages 1118 of this booklet contain a range of reference types and examples in the following
categories:
books
journals and periodicals
electronic publications
special publications and materials.
If you cannot find an exact example of the type of source you need to reference among these
examples, find examples for similar resources and combine the elements to create the desired
reference. For example, if you have to reference an electronic book which has an editor rather
than an author, you could refer to the example of how to reference an edited, revised or
compiled book (p. 11) and combine it with the example of how to reference an electronic
book (p. 13) in order to construct your reference.
If you cannot find comparable reference types, identify the following components of the
resource, and arrange them in the order below:
author, editor, or authoring body
year of publication
title
publication information.

Using citation management software
Citation management software such as RefWorks and EndNote enables you to establish and
store your own database of references and transfer them from this database to your
assignments. There is further information about this software in the Referencing link on the
UniSA Library homepage.
The versions of the Harvard system used in both EndNote and RefWorks are not the same as
the version outlined in this guide. You can download a Harvard (UniSA) style, which does
match the version illustrated in this guide, from the EndNote page on the UniSA Library
website. You may need to edit your references.
RefWorks users can choose the Harvard style and add the following note to their assignment:


This reference list has been compiled using the RefWorks version of the Harvard author-
date system.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 6
Frequently asked questions

1. How do I reference two or three authors?
When there are two or three authors for a reference, include all their family names in the in-
text reference, in the same order that they are listed in the original source. For example:








2. How do I reference more than three authors?
If there are four or more authors, you should only use the first authors family name in the in-
text reference followed by the abbreviation et al. For example:


However, all the authors names must be included in your reference list, in the same order
that they are listed in the original source.

3. How do I reference when there is no author and/or no date?
When no person is mentioned, include the title of the source or the authoring/sponsoring
organisation in place of the author. For example:




When no year of publication is given, use the abbreviation n.d. which stands for no date in
place of a year, or give an approximate date preceded by a c. which stands for circa.
However, be wary of using sources without dates.

4. How do I reference information from one author (Author 1) which I have found in a
book or journal article by another author (Author 2)?
Sometimes you will need to refer to authors whose work you encounter secondhand (i.e.
mentioned in other peoples work) rather than firsthand. You should mention both authors
(Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text reference, but would only list the actual item you read
(Author 2) in your reference list.
For example, if you read an idea by Bate (Author 1) in a source by McInnis (Author 2) you
would need to mention both authors in your in-text reference. For example:
Wahlstrom and Quirchmayr (2008) advocate for this system.

According to Campbell, Fox and de Zwart (2010, p. 11), students should tread carefully when
using internet resources.

Students should tread carefully when using internet resources (Campbell, Fox & de Zwart 2010,
p. 11).
This is observed by Solomon et al. (2008) in their climate change study.
Oral presentations, like written assessment tasks, should contain an introduction, body, and
conclusion (Making the most of oral presentations 2010).

Oral presentations, like written assessment tasks, should contain an introduction, body, and
conclusion (Learning and Teaching Unit 2010).
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 7



However, in the reference list you should only list McInnis (Author 2, the source you read)
and not Bate (whose idea you read about in McInnis).

5. How do I reference multiple sources by the same author published in the same year?
If an author has published more than one item in the same year, place a lower case letter of
the alphabet next to the dates in your in-text referencing to distinguish between these separate
publications. For example:


You must also include these lower case letters in your reference list entries as well. The order
in which you attach the letters is determined by the alphabetical order of the titles of these
sources.

6. What if there are two authors with the same family name?
Occasionally you will need to reference two different authors who share the same family
name. To avoid ambiguity, include the authors first initial after their family name in the in-
text references. For example:






7. How do I present exact quotations?
Short quotations of fewer than thirty words should be enclosed in single quotation marks
(...) and be accompanied by an in-text reference including a page number (where possible).
For example:


Longer quotations of more than thirty words should be presented without quotation marks and
indented (using Tab key) at the left. A font one size smaller should be used. For example:




Bate (cited in McInnis 2010, p. 13) states that

One scholar (Bate, cited in McInnis 2010, p. 13) states that...
Hussin argues this point eloquently (2008a) and reiterates it elsewhere (2008b).
Shakespeares play uses the technique of externalisation to anatomise an inner emotional struggle
(Smith, E 2007, p. 17).

Lacans work grounds personal identity and its discontents in language (Smith, B 2010, p. 6).
Research indicates that over a thousand autobiographies of childhood have been published in
roughly the past fifteen years (Douglas 2010, p. 1).
According to Barnett (2009, p. 219):
While some authors respond to the rise of technologies in the lives of humans by articulating
anxieties through figures such as the mad scientist, or tropes such as the destruction of civilisation,
others see in technology a promise ... of new and exciting ways of being and expressing the human
in the face of co-evolution with technology.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 8
The three dots after the word promise (known as an ellipsis) show that a word or words have
been left out. Always introduce quotations in your own words.

8. Where exactly do I put the full stop when quoting and/or referencing?
Full stops must always be placed at the very end of a sentence, after the quotation and/or in-
text reference. For example:





9. Can I reference two or more sources at the same time?
Yes. Use a semi-colon to separate the items in the in-text reference, and list the items
alphabetically according to their authors family names. For example:


If referencing multiple sources by the same author, present the items in chronological order
(oldest to most recent) and separate them with commas. For example:


10. Can I paste the URL of a webpage into my essay as an in-text reference?
No. Follow the author-date in-text referencing conventions for all sources. If you are unsure
how to reference a website because there is no author or date information, follow the
guidelines provided above for referencing sources without authors or dates (FAQ 3).












Research indicates that over a thousand autobiographies of childhood have been published in
roughly the past fifteen years (Douglas 2010, p. 1).

According to Barnett (2009, p. 219), several authors see technology as providing new and
exciting ways of being and expressing the human in the face of co-evolution with technology.
Social networking has had a major impact on young people (Body & Ellison 2007; Lenhart &
Madden 2007).
Buzan (2005, 2006, 2007) is a mind-mapping expert and enthusiast.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 9
An extract from an essay using the Harvard author-date
referencing system
Essay extract
... The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically
impossible. As Stam (2005a, p. 4) suggests:
The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as the novel
to a multi-track medium like film, which can play not only
with words (written and spoken) but also with music, sound
effects, and moving photographic images, explains the
unlikelihood and ... undesirability of literal fidelity.
It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of
adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with
their source material.
Film adaptations of novels are frequently castigated and held to
an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity (Stam 2005b, p. 15). If
key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react
negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for
evaluating a film adaptations success, as numerous scholars
concur (Cartmell & Whelehan 2007; Desmond & Hawkes 2006;
Leitch 2008). Judging film adaptations is ultimately, Whelehan
(1999, p. 9) contends, an inexact science dogged by value
judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and film.
A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which alters
the original book in some fashion, but their response is highly
subjective and fails to take into account the practices and realities
of film production (McFarlane 2007, p. 26).
Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. Author Alan Moore
has witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted
into shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical
of filmmakers and the filmmaking process (Ashurst 2009).
However, this kind of attitude can be knee-jerk and reactionary.
Rather than being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is
best to approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their
source material (Hutcheon 2006, p. 8). Moreover, new modes of
production further complicate existing definitions of, and
approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR 2010, p. 180). So ...
References
Ashurst, S 2009, Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies,
Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010,
<http://www.totalfilm.com/features/exclusive-why-alan-moore-
hates-comic-book-movies>.
Cartmell, D & Whelehan, I (eds) 2007, The Cambridge
companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.

Comments
Always provide author, year
and page number(s) when
quoting.
Quotes longer than thirty
words are indented, and are
one font size smaller.
Ellipsis (...) shows one or
more words have been
omitted.



The letters a and b have
been added to the years here
and above to distinguish
between different sources by
the same author (Stam)
published in the same year.

Several sources cited at once.

Quotes shorter than thirty
words are enclosed in single
quotation marks.

Always provide author, year
and page number(s) when
paraphrasing.

Internet documents require
the same information for the
in-text reference (author and
year). No page number for
electronic sources unless
available.


If authors or subjects have
similar surnames, include
first initials in reference to
avoid confusion.


Online newspaper or
magazine article


Edited book with two editors


Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 10

Desmond, J & Hawkes, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and
literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Hutcheon, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Routledge, New York.
Leitch, T 2008, Adaptation studies at a crossroads, Adaptation,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 6377.
McFarlane, B 2007, Reading film and literature, in D Cartmell
& I Whelehan (eds), The Cambridge companion to literature on
screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1528.
Moore, MR 2010, Adaptation and new media, Adaptation, vol.
3, no. 2, pp. 179192.
Stam, R 2005a, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the
art of adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden.
Stam, R 2005b, Introduction: the theory and practice of
adaptation, in R Stam & A Raengo (eds), Literature and film: a
guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell
Publishing, Malden, pp. 152.
Whelehan, I 1999, Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas, in
D Cartmell & I Whelehan (eds), Adaptations: from text to screen,
screen to text, Routledge, London, pp. 319.

Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the
Humanities. Please refer to published work in your field for
clarification on different disciplinary conventions.



















Book with two authors

Book

Journal article

Chapter in an edited book

Journal article

Book

Chapter in an edited book


Chapter in an edited book
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 11
Examples of referencing using Harvard
Books
Basic format for books: Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.
Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list
Book with single author Chabon (2008, p. 108) discusses Chabon, M 2008, Maps and legends, McSweeneys Books, San Francisco.
Book with two or three
authors
Campbell, Fox and de Zwart (2010, p. 46) argue
OR
... alternatives are preferable (Campbell, Fox & de Zwart
2010, p. 46).
Campbell, E, Fox, R & de Zwart, M 2010, Students guide to legal writing, law exams
and self assessment, 3rd edn, Federation Press, Sydney.
Book with four or more
authors
As suggested by Sandler et al. (1999, p. 14) Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB
1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
Book with no author ... is probably the best approach (Networking essentials
plus 2009, p. 30).
Networking essentials plus 2009, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.
Book with no date or an
approximate date
This is emphasised by Seah (n.d.) when
OR
This is emphasised by Seah (c. 2005) when
Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.

Seah, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond,
Washington.
Second or later edition
of a book
... components of filmmaking (Bordwell & Thompson
2009, p. 33).
Bordwell, D & Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th edn, Mc-Graw Hill,
New York.
Translated book Kristevas work (1995) has achieved great currency
since its translation.
Kristeva, J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Guberman, Columbia University
Press, New York.
Edited (ed.), revised
(rev.) or compiled
(comp.) book
Morrison (ed. 2010) questions whether Morrison, D (ed.) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Edited book with four
or more editors
In their collection of essays, Barnett et al. (eds 2006)
explore ...
Barnett, T, Bierbaum, N, Harrex, S, Hosking, R & Tulloch, G (eds) 2006, London was
full of rooms, Lythrum Press, Adelaide.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 12
Book sponsored by an
institution, corporation
or other organisation
... towards a better tomorrow (Deni Green Consulting
Services 2008, p. 5).
Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realising value from
environmental and social performance, Deni Green Consulting Services, North
Carlton, Victoria.
Dictionaries and
encyclopaedias
The Hutchinson encyclopaedia (2007, p. 233) defines ... [If the name and date of the encyclopaedia or dictionary are included in the body of the
assignment, you do not need to include a further reference in the reference list, unless it
is a discipline-specific publication or a publication with listed authors]
Chapter in an edited
book
... changes in global media (Burt 2010, p. 85). Burt, R 2010, All that remains of the Shakespeare play in Indian film, in YL Lan & D
Kennedy (eds), Shakespeare in Asia: contemporary performance, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp. 73108.
Journals and periodicals
Basic format for journal articles: Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of article, Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, page range.
Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list
Journal article with
single author
... have received some support (OHara 2009, p. 1548). O'Hara, MJ 2009, Flood basalts, basalt floods or topless bushvelds? Lunar
petrogenesis revisited, Journal of Petrology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 15451651.
Journal article with two
or three authors
Wolff and Perry (2010, p. 294) acknowledge
OR
... has been acknowledged (Wolff & Perry 2010, p. 294).
Wolff, H & Perry, L 2010, Trends in clean air legislation in Europe: particulate matter
and low emission zones, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, vol. 4,
no. 2, pp. 293308.

Journal article with four
or more authors
The fact that alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins are not
derived from edited mRNAs (Chang et al. 2008, p. 3971)
suggests

Chang, L, Lin, S, Huang, H & Hsiao, N 2008, Genetic organisation of alpha-
bungarotoxins from Bungarus multicinctus (Taiwan banded krait): evidence showing
that the production of alpha-bungarotoxin isotoxins is not derived from edited
mRNAs, Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 39705.
[The use of italics for Bungarus multicinctus in the article title above is a scientific
convention with species and genera]
Journal article with no
author
... strategy is already in use (Building human resources
instead of landfills 2000, p. 28).
Building human resources instead of landfills 2000, Biocycle, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 28
9.
Newspaper article As Higson (2010, p. 15) illustrates Higson, R 2010, Conceptual artists war on complacency, Australian, 16 November,
p. 15.
[The initial The in English language newspaper titles i.e. The Australian is omitted]
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 13
Newspaper article with
no author
[If a newspaper article has no author, it is most likely not
appropriate to use in academic work]

Article in a popular
magazine
Gray (2010, p. 17) reports in his article on Oliver Stone
that ...
Gray, F 2010, When Stone gets stick, The Spectator, 16 October, pp. 1617.


Electronic publications
Basic format for electronic publications: Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of document or website, Publisher or authoring body where known, date viewed,
<URL>.
Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list
Electronic book Trochim (2006) maintains that Trochim, WM 2006, The research methods knowledge base, 3rd edn, Web Centre for Social
Research Methods, viewed 25 November 2010, <http://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/index.htm>.
Journal article from
an electronic journal
... poses a formidable challenge (Anderson
2008).
Anderson, KJ 2008, Doing translation history in EEBO and ECCO, Early Modern Literary
Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, viewed 25 November 2010, <http://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/14-
2/Andetran.html>.
Journal article
accessed using an
electronic database
Strayer (2010, p. 197) links this idea with Strayer, K 2010, Reinventing the inhuman: avatars, cylons, and homo sapiens in contemporary
science-fiction television series, Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 194204.
[When the article is accessed using a database (e.g. Academic Search Premier, ProQuest), there is no
need to refer to the database or date viewed in the reference]
Journal article with
a Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)
... arguably the best approach (Jones & Tukey
2000, p. 412).
Jones, LV & Tukey, JW 2000, A sensible formulation of the significance test, Psychological
Methods, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 411414, DOI: 1037/1082-989X.5.4.411.
[A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique string of numbers and letters which provides a
persistent link to an article or source. If the DOI is known, this can be used in place of the viewing
date and URL]
Epub ahead of print
journal article
According to McKibben et al. (2010) ...
McKibben, JM, McKay, RT, Freeman, AG, Levin, LS, Pinney, SM & Alshaikh, E 2010,
Redefining spirometry hesitating start criteria based on the ratio of extrapolated volume to timed
forced expiratory volumes [published online ahead of print 24 November], Chest, DOI:
10.1378/chest.09-2198.
Online newspaper
or magazine article
Perkins (2009) states that Perkins, M 2009, Unis fail to make gains on equity, Age, 10 November, viewed 25 November
2010, <http://www.theage.com.au/national/education/unis-fail-to-make-gains-on-equity-20091102-
hth3.html>.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 14
... and was voted person of the year (Grossman
2010).
Grossman, L 2010, Person of the Year 2010: Mark Zuckerberg, Time, 15 December, viewed 22
December 2010,
<http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2037183,00.html>.
Website The Department of Immigration and
Citizenship (2010) offers information about
Department of Immigration and Citizenship 2010, Department of Immigration and Citizenship,
Canberra, viewed 25 November 2010, <http://www.immi.gov.au/>.
Document on a
website
... must be included (Stevenson & Sankey
2004).
Stevenson, M & Sankey, O 2004, Preparing and writing an exegesis, Learning and Teaching Unit,
University of South Australia, viewed 25 November 2010,
<http://www.unisa.edu.au/ltu/students/study/specific/exegesis.asp>.
Document on a
website with no
author
... overview of the universitys aims (Horizon
2020 2010, p. 7).
Horizon 2020 2010, University of South Australia, viewed 25 November 2010,
<http://www.unisa.edu.au/horizon2020/files/HORIZON_2020_highRes.pdf >.
Document on a
website with no
author but with a
sponsoring body
... related to the universitys future (University
of South Australia 2010, p. 7).
University of South Australia 2010, Horizon 2020, viewed 25 November 2010,
<http://www.unisa.edu.au/horizon2020/files/HORIZON_2020_highRes.pdf >.
Document on a
website with no date
This is clarified by desJardins (n.d.) who
identifies
desJardins, M n.d., How to succeed in postgraduate study, Institute for Applied Ecology, University
of Canberra, viewed 25 November 2010, <http://aerg.canberra.edu.au/jardins/t.htm>.
Document on a
website with no
author and no date
[If a resource from the web has no author and no date,
it is most likely not appropriate to use in academic work]
Electronic thesis
(Australian Digital
Theses collection)
Price (2005) argues that Price, K 2005, Exploring what the doing does: a poststructural analysis of nurses subjectivity in
relation to pain, PhD thesis, University of South Australia, Adelaide, viewed 8 February 2010,
Australian Digital Theses Project, <http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/adt-root/public/adt-SUSA-
20030501-145110/index.html>.
Cochrane Library
systematic review
Millward et al. (2009) review ... Millward, C, Ferriter, M, Calver, SJ, Connell-Jones, GG 2009, Gluten- and casein-free diets for
autistic spectrum disorder, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, art. no. CD003498, DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3.
Media release on a
website
... dynamic and innovative art (Young &
Chamberlain 2010).
Young, MS & Chamberlain, H 2010, Meet Big Mother!, media release, Art Gallery of South
Australia, Adelaide, 18 February, viewed 25 November 2010,
<http://artgallery.sa.gov.au/agsa/home/Media/docs/Current_media_releases/Meet_Big_Mother.pdf>.

Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 15
Discussion boards,
lists, newsgroups
Patterson (2009) acknowledged this in a
posting on the
Patterson, S <patters@rockets.com.au> 2009, Somethings got to give, online posting, 29 January,
National Association of Sceptics, viewed 8 February 2010, <http://www.nsa.net.au/listserv/>.
Blog

... echoed in another blog post (Alford 2009). Alford, D 2009, Stormy Mondays: Zen Tricksters salute, Hidden track, blog posting, 26 October,
viewed 25 November 2010, <http://www.glidemagazine.com/hiddentrack/#>.
Email Carter confirmed this by email on 1 August
2010.
[Emails are mentioned in the body of your assignment, but no reference is provided in the reference
list. It is important to get permission from the emails author before referencing it]
Podcast ... identified as his strongest films (McWeeny
& Weinberg 2010).
McWeeny, D & Weinberg, S 2010, Motion/captured podcast: John Carpenter special, podcast,
HitFix, 26 October, viewed 25 November 2010, <http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/motion-
captured/posts/listen-a-special-podcast-tribute-to-john-carpenter-with-guest-scott-weinberg>.
YouTube A short video by the Business Writing Centre
and Technology Centre (2008) provides
Business Writing Centre and Technology Centre 2008, Your writing, not someone elses, video,
YouTube, 23 January, viewed 25 November 2010,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQGBhZ0ov6o>.
Social networking
(Twitter tweets,
Facebook updates)
On 10 September, Behrendt (2010) tweeted
that ...
On 8 November, Organizing for America
(2010) updated their Barack Obama Facebook
page with ...
Behrendt, L 2010, Am still trying..., LarissaBehrendt, Twitter, 10 September, viewed 25
November 2010, <http://twitter.com/LarissaBehrendt/status/24166998628>.
Organizing for America 2010, Its time to focus..., Barack Obama, Facebook, 8 November,
viewed 25 November 2010, <http://www.facebook.com/#!/barackobama/posts/156721571036235>.
[Think carefully before including Twitter or
Facebook messages in your assignment, as
they might not be appropriate for academic
work]
[As tweets and Facebook updates do not have titles, use the first few words of the message as a title,
followed by ellipses as illustrated above]

Special publications and other materials
Basic format for special publications and materials: Authors family name, Initial(s) year, Title of item, description of item, Publisher, Place of publication.
Example An example of an in-text reference The entry in the reference list
Unpublished
conference paper
... in important new directions (Hussin 2009). Hussin, V 2009, Content and context: parts meet whole in pharmacy education
simulations, paper presented at the 11
th
International Pragmatics Conference,
University of Melbourne, 1217 July.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 16
Conference
proceedings
Goodall (ed. 2009) has assembled Goodall, P (ed.) 2009, Refereed proceedings of the 2009 AULLA conference: the
human and the Humanities in literature, language and culture, Australasian
Universities Language and Literature Association.
Unpublished thesis ... self-fashioning practices (Kooyman 2009, p. 78). Kooyman, B 2009, Cinematic self-fashioning through Shakespeare: from Olivier to
Kaufman, unpublished PhD thesis, Flinders University, South Australia.
Lecture notes ... remember to smile, make eye contact, and avoid standing
in front of their slide shows (Kooyman 2010).
Kooyman, B 2010, INFS 1014: Giving Oral Presentations lecture notes, University
of South Australia, Adelaide, 22 October.
[Verify with your tutor or topic coordinator whether or not it is appropriate to use
lecture notes in academic work]
Manuscripts and
archival material
The first folio of Shakespeare (1623) is held at ... Shakespeare, W 1623, Comedies, histories, and tragedies (first folio), The British
Library, London.
Government report ... arrived at this conclusion (Human Rights and Equal
Opportunity Commission 1997, p. 19).
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, Bringing them home:
report of the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander children from their families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, Sydney.
Australian Bureau of
Statistics
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010),
Australia has ...
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Measures of Australias progress 2010, cat.
no. 1370.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 3 November 2010,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0>.
[See the Australian Bureau of Statistics website for guidelines on referencing
different types of ABS records and resources]
Legislation: Acts,
Ordinances,
Regulations
... to establish the Commonwealth of Australia (Constitution
Act 1900).
... inconsistent legislation was overridden (Racial
Discrimination Act 1975).
Constitution Act 1900 (Cwlth)

Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cwlth)
Legal case ... brought the action before the High Court (Mabo and
Others v Queensland 1992).
Mabo and Others v Queensland (no.2) 1992 175 CLR1.
Film (cinema) The new film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (Wright 2010)
features ...
Wright, E (dir.) 2010, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, motion picture, Universal
Pictures.
Program on TV The new telemovie Hawke (Freeman 2010) depicts ... Freeman, E (dir.) 2010, Hawke, television program, Channel 10, 18 July.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 17
Episode of a program
on TV
In the latest episode, titled The Eleventh Hour (Smith
2010), we are introduced to ...
Smith, A (dir.) 2010, The Eleventh Hour, Doctor Who, television program, ABC
Television, 18 April.
Film or TV program on
video or DVD
The film Scott Pilgrim vs. The World (Wright 2010) is now
available ...
Wright, E (dir.) 2010, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, DVD, Universal Pictures.
Episode of a TV
program on video or
DVD
The set includes The Eleventh Hour (Smith 2010), in
which ...
Smith, A (dir.) 2010, The Eleventh Hour, Doctor Who: the complete fifth series,
DVD, British Broadcasting Corporation.
Compact disk (CD) In a recent audio play (Doctor Who: a death in the family
2010), the Doctor
Doctor Who: a death in the family 2010, audio CD, Big Finish Productions,
Berkshire.
Patent

Tadayuki, Kazuhisa and Atsushi (1999) took out a patent in
Japan ...
Tadayuki, O, Kazuhisa, Y & Atsushi, N 1999, Hard butter composition and its
production, Japanese Patent 9978710.
Pamphlet or brochure ... and other useful tips (Sleeping well 2010). Sleeping well 2010, pamphlet, Beyondblue: the national depression initiative,
Hawthorn West, Vic.
Standard ... standard covering colour in chocolate (Standards
Association of Australia 1996).
Standards Association of Australia 1996, Colour standards for general purposes:
chocolate, AS 2700S-1996 (X64), Standards Australia, North Sydney.
Personal
communication
It has been confirmed by Horrocks (2010, pers. comm. 3
September) that this practice is widespread.
[Like emails, personal communications such as conversations, group discussions,
letters and faxes are mentioned in the body of your assignment, but no reference is
provided in the reference list. It is important to get permission from the person
being referred to before mentioning them]
Computer program

... program was developed (MathWorks 2010). MathWorks 2010, MATLAB, ver. 7.11, computer program, The MathWorks Inc.,
Natick, Mass.
Image: Artwork or
painting
Big Mother (Piccinini 2005) depicts Piccinini, P 2005, Big Mother, sculpture, held at Art Gallery of South Australia,
Adelaide.
Image in another
source: Artwork in a
book
Theaden in Kensington, an oil painting by Bowen from
1946, is identified by Wilkins (2002, pp. 2021) as ...
[In the reference list, reference the source where the image was located]
Wilkins, L (ed.) 2002, Stella Bowen: art, love and war, Australian War Memorial,
Canberra.
Developed by Learning Advisers and Librarians UniSA, January 2011 18
Maps According to the map (Department of Employment,
Economic Development and Innovations Queensland 2010),
there are
Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovations Queensland
2010, Queenslands mineral, petroleum and energy operations and resources,
Department of Mines and Energy Queensland, Brisbane, viewed 3 November 2010,
< http://www.dme.qld.gov.au/zone_files/General_PDFs/mpeormap_ed13.pdf >.
Graph or diagram
Modes of support (Hussin 2007, p. 365)
[In the reference list, reference the source where the table or graph was located]
Hussin, V 2007, Supporting off-shore students: a preliminary study, Innovations
in Education and Teaching International, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 363376.

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