Exercise 8 Simple Muscle Contraction

3 Phases
AB
- lag phase or latent phase
- (shortest) 0.00sec, usually less than 0.01sec
- brief period that exists beteen the application of the sti!ulus and the
start of contraction
B"
- contraction, 0.0#sec
- pea$
- shortening of the !uscle occur
"%
- relaxation period, 0.0# sec
- &ccurs hen "a
'
is transported bac$ in the sarcoplas!ic reticulu!
(ingle !uscle contraction) 100*ib+sec (tuning for$)) 0.10 sec
10*ib (result)
,euro!uscular -unction
- for!ed hen se*eral branches of axons for! a single !uscle fiber
- also called synapse
- connection beteen a !uscle fiber and ner*e
.All or none. la of !uscle contraction
- refers to the action potential that influences a !uscular fiber to sti!ulation
Exercise 9 Summation
A- /irst baseline
B- (econd baseline0 first pea$
"- (econd pea$
AB- first contraction
B"- second contraction
"%- relaxation
(u!!ation
- a result of addition of the excitatory and inhibitory effects of !any sti!ulus applied to a
neuron
- hen a sti!ulus is applied in rapid succession, increase strength of !uscle contraction
occurs
- hat happens during su!!ation1
o 2hen you apply a single sti!ulus, "a
'
ions are released causing the !uscles to
contract but hen to rapid successi*e sti!uli are applied before relaxation occurs,
the !uscle again ill contract
3reppe
- for!s a staircase !uscle contraction
3etanus
- sustained contraction hen the !uscle is sti!ulated repeatedly such that the inter*al
beteen the sti!uli is less than the contraction ti!e
1. co!plete+fused- sustained contraction ithout partial contraction,
40-100ti!es per sec contraction
5. inco!plete- sustained contraction ith partial relaxation, 50-30ti!es
per sec contraction
6efractory period
- ti!e hich an excitable cell cannot respond to a
sti!ulus that is usually ade7uate to e*o$e an action potential
Absolute refractory period
- ti!e during hich a second action potential cannot be initiated, e*en ith a *ery strong
sti!ulus
6elati*e refractory period
- period hich a second action potential can be initiated but only on a supra!axinal sti!ulus
Exercise 10 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
A. 8so!etric contraction (e7ual distance)
o length of !uscle does not change but the a!ount of force increases as contraction
occurs
o eg. holding an ob-ect, standing
B. 8sotonic contraction (e7ual tension)
o length of the !uscle changes but force is constant
o eg. al$ing, running, dancing9 !o*e!ents of the upper li!b exhibit predo!inant
isotonic contractions
1. "oncentric isotonic contraction
o contractions in hich !uscle tension increases as the !uscle shortens
o eg. bicep curling, straightening the ar!, !o*ing the hand fro! side to side
5. :ccentric isotonic contraction
o contractions in hich tension is !aintained as the !uscle lengthens
o eg. person letting a hea*y eight don sloly a person using his ha!string !uscles
hen running donhill, o*erloading the bicep so that it straitens, contractions of
7uadriceps !uscle hen descending the stairs
Exercise 11 Pithing
Pithing
- destruction of ",( to render the frog free fro! pain
(igns of successful pithing
- needle has destroyed branches of the sciatic ner*e
- frog;s legs to extend forard and 7ui*er a fe !o!ents
- ith the ithdraal of needle, frog should re!ain li!p throughout the experi!ent
Exercise 12 Muscle-Nere Preparation
Purpose of teasing thigh !uscles9 to expose the sciatic ner*e
Exercise 1! "pplications o# the $i##erent %orms o# Stimuli
%ifferent for!s of sti!uli
A. <echanical sti!ulus- single !uscle contraction
B. 3her!al sti!ulus
1. =ot ater- single !uscle contraction
5. "old+iced ater- single !uscle contraction
". "he!ical sti!ulus- series of !uscle contraction
%. :lectrical sti!ulus
1. %irect current- single !uscle contraction
With the permission of Ma'm Salvador. Prepared by 2AMT Class Secretary.
(et-up9 battery connected to si!ple $ey and electrode+sti!ulator
si!ple $ey connected to battery and electrode+sti!ulator
electrode+sti!ulator connected to battery and si!ple $ey
5. 8ndirect current- series of !uscle contraction
(et up9 battery connected to si!ple
$ey and inductoriu!
si!ple $ey connected to battery and inductoriu!
inductoriu! connected to si!ple $ey, battery and
electrode+sti!ulator
(ubthreshold sti!ulus
- does not cause action potential and no contraction occurs
3hreshold sti!ulus
- produces action potential, contraction occurs
Exercise 1& Complex Coordinated and 'ncoordinated (e#lex
6eflex9 68PP>- 6apid. 8n*oluntary. Progra!!able. Predictable. >nconscious. !otor response to a
specific sti!ulus
6eflex arc
1 receptor
5 sensory neuron
3 interneuron+association
? !otor neuron
# effector (!uscle+gland)
eg. Blin$ reflex
1 receptor9 (ensory organ (:ye)
5 (ensory+afferent neuron9 &ptic ner*e
3 interneuron9 brain
? !otor+efferent9 occulo!otor ner*e
# effector organ9 le*ator palpibrae
superioris or orbicular is oculi- closes
the eye
(pas!odic !o*e!ent
- strychnine solution9 destroys en@y!e acetylchlorinesterase
- acetylchlorinesterase9 sti!ulates excitatory neurotrans!itter inhibitor, binds ith a!ino
acid glycine hich is another neurotrans!itter for relaxation and contraction e7uilibriu!
hence the !uscle ill re!ain contacted in the diaphrag!
"o!plex reflexes
- both flexors and extensors !ay be sti!ulated hence also sends signals to the other unit
hich is contralateral to extend for the preser*ation of life
Exercise !& )he E##ect o# )emperature on Cardiac Contractions
intact !uscle - A0beats per !in
in hot ringer;s solution - increases (4?beats per !in)
in cold ringer;s solution - decreases (?0beats per !in)
effects of9
o "a- increase *igor
o B- decrease *igor
effects of9
o sy!pathetic cardia- increase
o parasy!pathetic cardia- decrease
o tachycardia- abnor!al excessi*e rapid heartbeat hich is o*er 100beats+!in
With the permission of Ma'm Salvador. Prepared by 2AMT Class Secretary.
o bradycardia- slo heart beat under C0beats+!in
contraction9 high te!perature- increase heart rate
lo te!perature- decrease heart rate
Dhu!an9 C0-40beats+!in
With the permission of Ma'm Salvador. Prepared by 2AMT Class Secretary.