NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITY NO. 14
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle P. Section: 12 Date Submitted: December 7, 2020

I. INTRODUCTION

The extracellular fluid of the body is being regulated by the lymphatic system. This body system also
plays in the immunity of the body.

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS
14.01A. Describe the functions of the
lymphatic system.
14.01B. Explain how lymph is formed.
14.02A. Describe how lymph is
transported.
ANSWERS
Lymphatic system protects the body from illness-causing invaders, it helps
to maintain body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing
cellular waste.
Lymph is formed from fluid that seeps through the thin walls of capillaries
into the body's tissues. This fluid contains oxygen, proteins, and other
nutrients that nourish the tissues. Some of this fluid reenters the capillaries
and some of it enters the lymphatic vessels (becoming lymph).
Lymph circulates to the lymph node via afferent lymphatic vessels.
The lymph fluid drains into the node just beneath the capsule of the node
into its various sinus spaces. These spaces are loosely separated by walls,
so lymph fluid flows around them throughout the lymph node.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
14.02B. Describe the structure and
function of tonsils, lymph nodes, the
spleen, and the thymus.
14.03A. Define the concepts of
specificity and memory as they apply substance. Memory. § The ability of adaptive immunity to "remember"
to immunity.
14.04A. Define innate immunity and
describe the cells and chemical
mediators involved.
1. Tonsils - Because of their location at the throat and palate, they can stop
germs entering the body through the mouth or the nose. The tonsils also
contain a lot of white blood cells, which are responsible for killing germs.
Each tonsil consists of a network of crypts (pits) that store cells used to
fight infection. The tonsils contain B cells, a type of white blood cell that
fights infections.
2. Lymph Nodes - A lymph node is an organized collection
of lymphoid tissue through which the lymph passes on its way to
returning to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along
the lymphatic system. Lymphoid tissue contains lymphocytes and other
specialized cells and tissues that have immune system functions. It filters
harmful substances like bacteria and cancer cells from your body, and help
fight infections. They also play an important role in cancer diagnosis,
treatment and prognosis.
3. Spleen - the spleen is organized as a 'tree' of branching arterial vessels,
in which the smaller arterioles end in a VENOUS SINUSOIDAL SYSTEM.
The organ is surrounded by a fibrous capsule of connective tissue,
stemming from which are TRABECULAE that support the larger
vasculature. It recycles old red blood cells and stores platelets
(components of the blood that help stop bleeding) and white blood cells.
4. Thymus - The thymus gland is a pink, lobulated lymphoid organ,
located in the thoracic cavity and neck. In the adolescent, it is involved the
development of the immune system. After puberty, it decreases in size and
is slowly replaced by fat. Embryologically, the thymus gland is derived
from the third pharyngeal pouch. The thymus produces progenitor cells,
which mature into T-cells (thymus-derived cells). The body uses T-cells
help destroy infected or cancerous cells. T-cells created by the thymus also
help other organs in the immune system grow properly.
The ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular
previous encounters with a particular substance so it can destroy it more
efficiently.
Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into
play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.
The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the
antigen. Innate immune cells are white blood cells that mediate innate
immunity and include basophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, Langerhans
cells, mast cells, monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils and NK cells.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
14.04B. List the events of an
inflammatory response and explain
their significance.
14.05A. Define antigen.
14.05B. Describe the origin,
development, activation, and
proliferation of lymphocytes.
14.05C. Define antibody-mediated
immunity and cell-mediated
immunity, and name the cells
responsible for each.
14.05D. Diagram the structure of an
antibody, and describe the effects
produced by antibodies.
There are four typical signs of inflammation: erythema (redness), heat,
swelling, and pain. These serves as a defense mechanism against infection
and injury, and localizing and eliminating injurious factors and removing
damaged tissue components allows the healing process to begin. During
the healing process, damaged cells capable of proliferation regenerate.
An antigen is a molecule that initiates the production of an antibody and
causes an immune response. Antigenic specificity is the ability of host cells
to recognize an antigen by its unique molecular structure, such as the
relationship between antigen epitopes and antibody paratopes.
Lymphocytes arise from stem cells in bone marrow, and differentiate in
the central lymphoid organs (yellow), B cells in bone marrow and T cells in
the thymus. Lymphocyte proliferation is defined as the process
whereby lymphocytes begin to synthesize DNA after cross-linking of their
antigen receptor either following recognition of antigen or stimulation by a
polyclonal activator (mitogen). Lymphocyte activation occurs
when lymphocytes (B cells or T cells) are triggered through antigen-
specific receptors on their cell surface. This causes the cells to proliferate
and differentiate into specialized effector lymphocytes.
1. Antibody-mediated immunity - it involves the activation of B cells and
secretion of antibodies when in contact with a pathogen. Antibodies can
inactivate or destroy the antigen through a variety of mechanisms. For
example, antibodies can bind to their antigenic targets and form antigen-
antibody complexes. T cells are responsible for the cell mediated
immune response.
2. Cell-mediated immunity - is an immune response that does not involve
antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes,
antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various
cytokines in response to an antigen.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins.
Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two
light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. The amino acid
sequence in the tips of the "Y" varies greatly among different antibodies.
Antibodies have three main functions: 1) Antibodies are secreted into the
blood and mucosa, where they bind to and inactivate foreign substances
such as pathogens and toxins (neutralization). 2) Antibodies activate the
complement system to destroy bacterial cells by lysis (punching holes in
the cell wall).
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
14.05E. Discuss the primary and
secondary responses to an antigen.
Explain the basis for long-lasting
immunity.
14.05F. Describe the functions of T
cells.
14.06A. Explain the four ways that
adaptive immunity can be acquired.
14.07A. Explain how innate, antibody- Innate immune responses are activated directly by pathogens and defend
mediated, and cell-mediated
immunity can function together to
eliminate an antigen.
14.08A. Define and give examples of
immunotherapy.
Primary Immune Response is the reaction of the immune system when it
contacts an antigen for the first time. Secondary Immune Response is the
reaction of the immune system when it contacts an antigen for the second
and subsequent times. Active immunity refers to the process of exposing
the body to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response: the
response takes days/weeks to develop but may be long lasting—even
lifelong. Active immunity is usually classified as natural or acquired.
T cells (also called T lymphocytes) are one of the major components of the
adaptive immune system. Their roles include directly killing infected
host cells, activating other immune cells, producing cytokines and
regulating the immune response.
1. natural acquired active immunity - Naturally acquired active
immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops
the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the
primary immune response.
2. Natural acquired passive immunity - occurs during pregnancy, in which
certain antibodies are passed from the maternal blood into the fetal
bloodstream in the form of IgG. Antibodies are transferred from one
person to another through natural means such as in prenatal and postnatal
relationships between mother and child.
3. Artificial acquired active immunity - is protection produced by
intentional exposure of a person to antigens in a vaccine, so as to produce
an active and lasting immune response.
4. artificial acquired passive immunity - is an immediate, but short-
term immunization provided by the injection of antibodies, such as
gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells. These
antibodies are developed in another individual or animal and then injected
into another individual.
all multicellular organisms against infection. In vertebrates, pathogens,
together with the innate immune responses they activate, stimulate
adaptive immune responses, which then help fight the infection.
A type of therapy that uses substances to stimulate or suppress the
immune system to help the body fight cancer, infection, and other
diseases. Some types of immunotherapy only target certain cells of the
immune system. Others affect the immune system in a general way.
Researchers have launched a clinical trial to test an immunotherapy drug
in patients who have both cancer and an autoimmune disease, such
as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or multiple sclerosis. Immunotherapy
drugs enhance the ability of the immune system to detect and kill tumor
cells.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
14.09A. Describe how aging affects Both primary and secondary antibody responses decrease with age. More
the lymphatic system and immunity. antigen is required to produce a response, the response is slower, less
antibody is produced, and fewer memory cells result.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have learned on this
activity.

The lymphatic system is the major protector of our body - internal. The major regulator in protecting our
body from infections. It helps our body to fight against diseases.

©
Biofacultymember2020