NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
LECTURE ACTIVITY NO. 14
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Name: Yda Maxine Palma
I. INTRODUCTION
The extracellular fluid of the body is being regulated by the lymphatic system. This body
system also plays in the immunity of the body.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
14.01A. Describe the functions of the
lymphatic system.
14.01B. Explain how lymph is formed.
14.02A. Describe how lymph is
transported.
14.02B. Describe the structure and
function of tonsils, lymph nodes, the
spleen, and the thymus.
Section: 17 Date Submitted: 12/05/2020
ANSWERS
The lymphatic system maintains fluid
balance in tissues, absorbs lipids from the
small intestine, and defends against
pathogens.
Lymph is formed from the absorbed
fluids from cells in the capillary beds.
Lymph circulates to the lymph node via
afferent lymphatic vessels.
The lymph fluid drains into the node just
beneath the capsule of the node into its
various sinus spaces. These spaces are
loosely separated by walls,
so lymph fluid flows around them
throughout the lymph node.
1. Lymphatic tissue produces
lymphocytes when exposed to foreign
substances, and it filters lymph and
blood.
2. The tonsils protect the openings
between the nasal and oral cavities and
the pharynx.
3. Lymph nodes, located along
lymphatic vessels, filter lymph.
4. The white pulp of the spleen
responds to foreign substances in the
blood, whereas the red pulp
phagocytizes foreign substances and
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
14.03A. Define the concepts of specificity
and memory as they apply to immunity.
14.04A. Define innate immunity and
describe the cells and chemical mediators
involved.
14.04B. List the events of an inflammatory
response and explain their significance.
14.05A. Define antigen.
worn-out red blood cells. The spleen also
functions as a reservoir for blood.
5. The thymus processes lymphocytes
that move to other lymphatic tissue to
respond to foreign substances.
Specificity
The ability of adaptive immunity to
recognize a particular substance
Memory
The ability of adaptive immunity to
"remember" previous encounters with a
particular substance so it can destroy it
more efficiently
Innate immunity refers to nonspecific
defence mechanisms that come into play
immediately or within hours of an
antigen's appearance in the body. These
mechanisms include physical barriers
such as skin, chemicals in the blood,
and immune system cells that attack
foreign cells in the body.
Prequel: Bacteria enter tissue. Tissue
damage occurs.
1. Chemical mediators are released
2. Chemotaxis, increased vascular
permeability, increased blood flow
3. Increased # of white blood cells and
chemical mediators at site of tissue
damage
4. Bacteria are contained, destroyed, and
phagocytized.
5. Repeat 1-4 with more and more
chemical mediators until the bacteria is
gone
6. Tissue is repaired!
Antigens are molecules that stimulate
adaptive immunity
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
14.05B. Describe the origin, development,
activation, and proliferation of
lymphocytes.
14.05C. Define antibody-mediated
immunity and cell-mediated immunity,
and name the cells responsible for each.
1. B cells and T cells originate in red bone
marrow. T cells are processed in the
thymus, and B cells are processed in red
bone marrow.
2. B cells and T cells move to lymphatic
tissue from their processing sites. They
continually circulate from one lymphatic
tissue to another.
1. B cells and T cells have antigen
receptors on their surfaces. Clones are
lymphocytes with the same antigen
receptor.
2. Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecules present processed
antigens to B or T cells.
3. Costimulation by cytokines, such as
interleukins, and surface molecules, such
as CD4, are required in addition to MHC
molecules.
4. Macrophages present processed
antigens to helper T cells, which divide
and increase in number.
5. Helper T cells stimulate B cells to
divide and differentiate into plasma cells
that produce antibodies.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
1. Antibodies are proteins. The variable
region combines with antigens and is
responsible for antibody specificity. The
constant region activates complement or
attaches the antibody to cells. The five
classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA,
IgE, and IgD.
2. Antibodies directly inactivate antigens
or cause them to clump together.
Antibodies indirectly destroy antigens by
promoting
phagocytosis and inflammation.
3. The primary response results from the
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
14.05D. Diagram the structure of an
antibody, and describe the effects
produced by antibodies.
14.05E. Discuss the primary and
secondary responses to an antigen.
Explain the basis for long-lasting
immunity.
first exposure to an antigen. B cells form
plasma cells, which produce antibodies,
and memory B cells.
4. The secondary (memory) response
results from exposure to an antigen after
a primary response. Memory B cells
quickly form plasma cells and new
memory B cells.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
1. Exposure to an antigen activates
cytotoxic T cells and produces memory T
cells.
2. Cytotoxic T cells lyse virally infected
cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants.
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines,
which promote inflammation and
phagocytosis.
- Y-shaped antibody
- 2 arms
- arm can have variable region
- constant region can activate
complement, which will cause
inflammation, summon white blood cells,
and stimulate phagocytosis, lyse bacteria
Primary
- The primary response results from the
first exposure to an antigen.
- B cells form plasma cells, which
produce antibodies, and memory B cells.
- Memory T cells destroys one antigen
and produces daughter T cells and
memory T cells for next time
Secondary
- The secondary (memory) response
results from exposure to an antigen after
a primary response.
- Memory B cells quickly form plasma
cells and new memory B cells.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
14.05F. Describe the functions of T cells.
14.06A. Explain the four ways that
adaptive immunity can be acquired.
- Memory T cells (daughter) are like B
cells.
Cytotoxic T cells lyse virally infected
cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants.
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines,
which promote inflammation and
phagocytosis.
For example:
Active Natural - sick, sun
Active Artificial - vaccines
Passive Natural - breastfeeding
Passive Artificial - antibodies from
organism
1. Antigens are molecules that stimulate
adaptive immunity.
2. B cells are responsible for antibody-
mediated immunity; T cells are involved
with cell-mediated immunity.
Origin and Development of
Lymphocytes
1. B cells and T cells originate in red
bone marrow. T cells are processed in the
thymus, and B cells are processed in red
bone marrow.
2. B cells and T cells move to lymphatic
tissue from their processing sites. They
continually circulate from one lymphatic
tissue to another.
Activation and Multiplication of
Lymphocytes
1. B cells and T cells have antigen
receptors on their surfaces. Clones are
lymphocytes with the same antigen
receptor.
2. Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecules present processed
antigens to B or T cells.
3. Costimulation by cytokines, such as
interleukins, and surface molecules, such
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
as CD4, are required in addition to MHC
molecules.
4. Macrophages present processed
antigens to helper T cells, which divide
and increase in number.
5. Helper T cells stimulate B cells to
divide and differentiate into plasma cells
that produce antibodies.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
1. Antibodies are proteins. The variable
region combines with antigens and is
responsible for antibody specificity. The
constant region activates complement or
attaches the antibody to cells. The five
classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA,
IgE, and IgD.
2. Antibodies directly inactivate
antigens or cause them to clump
together. Antibodies indirectly destroy
antigens by promoting phagocytosis and
inflammation.
3. The primary response results from
the first exposure to an antigen.
B cells form plasma cells, which produce
antibodies, and memory
B cells.
4. The secondary (memory) response
results from exposure to an antigen after
a primary response. Memory B cells
quickly form plasma cells and new
memory B cells.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
1. Exposure to an antigen activates
cytotoxic T cells and produces memory T
cells.
2. Cytotoxic T cells lyse virally infected
cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants.
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines,
which promote inflammation and
phagocytosis.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern
University
14.07A. Explain how innate, antibody-
mediated, and cell-mediated immunity
can function together to eliminate an
antigen.
14.08A. Define and give examples of
immunotherapy.
14.09A. Describe how aging affects the
lymphatic system and immunity.
III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
I’ve learned that the lesser known lymphatic system plays a huge role in our daily lives. As
someone who bears with immunity problems and allergies, this made me much more
knowledgeable on how to handle it.
These categories are artificial divisions
used to emphasize particular aspects of
immunity. In actuality, there is only one
immune system, but its responses often
involve components of more than one
type
of immunity.
Immunotherapy alters, stimulates or
inhibits the immune system to treat
diseases.
1. Aging has little effect on the
lymphatic system’s ability to remove
fluid from tissues, absorb lipids from the
digestive tract, or remove defective red
blood cells from the blood.
2. Decreased helper T-cell proliferation
results in decreased antibody- mediated
and cell-mediated immune responses.
3. The primary and secondary
antibody responses decrease with age.
4. The ability to resist intracellular
pathogens decreases with age.
©
Biofacultymember2020