NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 2
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Name: Yda Maxine Palma Section: Section 17 Date Submitted: 9/12/2020

I. INTRODUCTION
Different chemical reactions govern all processes in living organisms. These reactions
include conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes and elimination of resulting
waste products. These enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reactions allow organisms to grow and
produce offspring, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental cues.

II. BRIEFLY DESCRIBE A SYNTHESIS REACTION AND A DECOMPOSITION REACTION.

A synthesis reaction builds up new molecules therefore it is energy-requiring. On the
other hand, a decomposition reaction breaks down molecules and therefore it is energy-
releasing.

III. IDENTIFY THE FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC MOLECULES IN LIVING ORGANISMS. ENUMERATE
AT LEAST 2 FUNCTIONS FOR EACH.

Figure 2A. Carbohydrates

-One of the primary functions of carbohydrates is that is serves as an energy source.
-Glucose is required to make ATP.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
Figure 2B. Lipids
-Fats which are lipids can be used as important energy storage molecules and help insulate
the body.
-Phospholipids are components of cell membranes thus providing structure.

Figure 2C. Proteins

- Proteins can also be broken down and used as an energy source.
- Proteins can also help in the regulation of physiological processes in the body.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

Figure 2D. Nucleic Acids

- They help in the direction of activities in the cells.
- They are also involved in gene expression

IV. ASSESSMENT

Answer each item guided by the specific instructions for each question set.
A. True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

true 1. Our liver converts toxic ammonia to a harmless substance called urea through its
enzymes.

true 2. ATP is the high-energy fuel molecule that the cell needs in order to function.

true 3. Energy storage is the more common function of carbohydrates.

false 4. Enzymes are protein catalysts that block the chemical reaction.

true 5. Concerning the effect of temperature on diffusion, the higher the temperature the
faster the movement.

B. Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.

6. Approximately 60% to 80% of a cell is - water.

7. Carbon Dioxide - is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration.

8. Oxygen - is required by all organisms that breathe air.

9. Carbohydrates have two important functions: structural strengthening of the cell and - energy
storage.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
10. The smallest particle of an element that maintains all of the characteristics of that element is
a(n) - atom.

11. The area where an electron can be found is referred to as the electron’s - orbital.

12. Atoms combine chemically with one another to form – molecules.

13. About - 21% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.

14. Since the number of protons equals the number of electrons, an atom is electrically - neutral.

15. In 1808, John Dalton proposed the theory that all matter consists of atoms. This proposal led
to the development of the – atomic theory.

C. Matching Type

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. Osmosis d. atoms
b. Diffusion e. compound
c. Ion

e 16. the combination of the atoms of two or more elements

a 17. movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration

b 18. movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration

c 19. charged atoms

d 20. smallest particles of an element

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. covalent bond d. carbon
b. ionic bond e. water
c. acid

d 21. element found in all living matter

e 22. the most abundant substance in living cells

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

b 23. bond in which one atom gains electrons while another atom loses electrons

a 24. bond in which atoms share electrons to fill their outermost shells

c 25. substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H+ ions

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Biofacultymember2020