NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITY NO. 2
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Name: Section: Date Submitted: 2021

I. INTRODUCTION
Different chemical reactions govern all processes in living organisms. These reactions
include conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes and elimination of resulting
waste products. These enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reactions allow organisms to grow and
produce offspring, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental cues.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 2.

2.01A. Define chemistry and state its

relevance to anatomy and
physiology.
2.01B. Define matter, mass, and The matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
weight.
2.01C. Distinguish between an
element and an atom.
2.01D. Define atomic number and
mass number.
2.01E. Name the subatomic particles Neutrons are neutrally charged particles that can be found
of an atom and indicate their
location.
2.01F. Compare and contrast ionic
and covalent bonds.
Chemistry is the study of elements and their substances; is
concerned with the atomic composition and structure of
substances and the reaction they undergo. The relevance
of chemistry to anatomy and physiology is when knowing
how the cells and other bodily components produce energy
and proteins to help the body function.
The mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an
object.
The weight is the measure of the gravitational force acting
on an object of a given mass.
An element is the simplest type of matter that is made up
of atoms and cannot be split into separate substances.
Whilst an atom is the smallest particle of an element that
contains chemical characteristics of that element.
An atomic number is the unique number of protons in each
atom of an element. The mass number is the combined
number of protons and neutrons.
inside the nucleus.
Protons is a positively charged particle that can be found
inside the nucleus.
An electron is a negatively charged particle located outside
the nucleus.
The ionic bond and covalent bond both undergo
exothermic processes but an ionic bond is formed between
a metal and a non-metal; it occurs when there is an
attraction between two oppositely charged ions. While a

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
covalent bond occurs between two non-metals and shares
one or more pairs of electrons.
2.01G. Explain what creates a A hydrogen bond occurs when it forms when the positive
hydrogen bond and relate its end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the
importance. negative end of a different polar molecule. Hydrogen
bonding is important because it is responsible for the
water’s unique solvent capabilities and it also holds
together complementary strands of DNA which makes
them responsible for determining the structure of folded
proteins including the enzymes and antibodies.
2.01H. Differentiate between a A molecule has two or more atoms that are chemically
molecule and a compound. combined while a compound is a chemical mixture of two
or more different types of atoms.
2.01I. Describe the process of It is the process where chemical molecules have a
dissociation. formation or breakage of chemical bonds.
2.02A. Summarize the characteristics Synthesis is the building of a new molecule and requires
of synthesis, decomposition, and energy. Decomposition is the breakdown of molecules and
exchange reactions. releases energy. Exchange reaction is the combination of
Synthesis and Decomposition.
2.02B. Explain how reversible Reversable reactions occur when the reaction produces its
reactions produce chemical original reactants thus at equilibrium the concentrations of
equilibrium. those reactants and their products do not change.
2.02C. Distinguish between chemical Exothermic is the chemical reaction that releases energy.
reactions that release energy and An example of this is respiration. Endothermic is the
those that take in energy. chemical reaction that take energy. An example of this is
sweating.
2.02D. Describe the factors that can Concentration of the reactants suggested that the higher
affect the rate of chemical reactions. the concentration is the faster the rate. When the
temperature is higher the rate is faster. Catalyst increases
the rate of reaction without it being changed or depleted.
2.03A. Describe the pH scale and its pH scale is used to specify whether it is acid or base. When
relationship to acidic and basic it is acidic the pH scale is low range and when it is basic the
solutions. pH scale is high range.
2.03B. Explain the importance of Buffers are important to organisms because it helps
buffers in organisms. maintain a balance pH level.
2.04A. Distinguish between Inorganic molecules are molecules that does not contain
inorganic and organic molecules. carbon while organic molecules
2.04B. Describe how the properties of The human body needs oxygen to produce energy inside
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water the cells that requires oxygen. It also needs the carbon
contribute to their physiological dioxide to regulate the blood pH. As well as water to
functions. balance the hydration of the body.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
2.05A. Describe the structural
organization and major
functions of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic molecules that is essential in one’s body and they function
acids.
2.05B. Explain how enzymes work.
Nucleic acid are biopolymers or small biomolecules that is
essential to all known forms of life and they function as a
storage or a genetic material. Proteins are complex
to make skin, hair, nails, and muscles, as well as act as an
enzyme, immune system functions, contraction of muscles
and is part of the cell membrane. Lipids are complex
molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and
is insoluble in water. They function as a long-term energy
storage, works as an insulation, a cushion for the organs,
and is part of the cell membrane: cholesterol.
Carbohydrates are short-term energy storage and is
converted to glucose quickly and functions by making ATP
for the brain cells.
Cells rely on proteins called enzymes to help start chemical
reactions and speed them allowing cells to get the most of
the energy sources available to them. They work by binding
one or more specific molecules called substrates at the part
of the enzyme called the active site and once it forms is
called the enzyme-substrate complex. The chemical
reaction leads to the formation of a different molecule
referred to as the product. It is then released when a
reaction happens and the enzyme goes back to its original
form and the cycle is repeated.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.

I learned that Chemistry has a connection to the human body. Knowing how they function would
make me better understand how and what they need in order to work properly. I also learned
the characteristics of different organic molecules and their roles in the human body to survive.

©
Biofacultymember2020