NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 2
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle P. Section: 12 Date Submitted: September 12,

2020

I. INTRODUCTION
Different chemical reactions govern all processes in living organisms. These reactions
include conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes and elimination of
resulting waste products. These enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reactions allow organisms
to grow and produce offspring, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental
cues.

II. BRIEFLY DESCRIBE A SYNTHESIS REACTION AND A DECOMPOSITION REACTION.

A synthesis reaction builds a new molecule and an energy-requiring. Example ADP+P
→ATP. Unlike synthesis the decomposition reaction break down molecule and it is energy
- releasing, example ATP+P→ATP.

III. IDENTIFY THE FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC MOLECULES IN LIVING ORGANISMS. ENUMERATE
AT LEAST 2 FUNCTIONS FOR EACH.

Figure 2A. CARBOHYDRATES. One of the primary functions of

carbohydrates is to provide your body with energy. It's estimated that when fueled
by carbohydrates, the brain needs roughly 110-145 grams of glucose (from the breakdown
of carbs you eat) per day in order to function optimally. In short it provides the brain with
glucose.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
Figure 2B. LIPIDS perform three primary biological functions within the body: they serve as
structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as
important signaling molecules.

Figure 2C. PROTEIN They help in metabolism by providing

structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones. And it is used to
make hair, nails, skin and muscles.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
Figure 2D. NUCLEIC ACID. The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and
expression of genetic information. They are the “energy currency” of the cell. In some cases,
they are signaling molecules, acting like hormones directly or as transducers of the information.
They provide the monomers for genetic information in DNA and RNA.

IV. ASSESSMENT
Answer each item guided by the specific instructions for each question set.
A. True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

TRUE 1. Our liver converts toxic ammonia to a harmless substance called urea through its
enzymes.

TRUE 2. ATP is the high-energy fuel molecule that the cell needs in order to function.

TRUE 3. Energy storage is the more common function of carbohydrates.

FALSE 4. Enzymes are protein catalysts that block the chemical reaction.

TRUE 5. Concerning the effect of temperature on diffusion, the higher the temperature the
faster the movement.

B. Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.

6. Approximately 60% to 80% of a cell is WATER.

7. CARBON DIOXIDE is produced as a waste product of cellular respiration.

8. OXYGEN/MOLECULAR OXYGEN is required by all organisms that breathe air.

9. Carbohydrates have two important functions: structural strengthening of the cell and ENERGY
STORAGE.

10. The smallest particle of an element that maintains all of the characteristics of that element is
a(n) ATOM.

11. The area where an electron can be found is referred to as the electron’s ORBITAL.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
12. Atoms combine chemically with one another to form BOND.

13. About 21% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.

14. Since the number of protons equals the number of electrons, an atom is electrically NEUTRAL.

15. In 1808, John Dalton proposed the theory that all matter consists of atoms. This proposal led
to the development of the ATOMIC theory.

C. Matching Type

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. osmosis d. atoms
b. diffusion e. compound
c. ion

E 16. the combination of the atoms of two or more elements

A 17. movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration

B 18. movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration

C 19. charged atoms

D 20. smallest particles of an element

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. covalent bond d. carbon
b. ionic bond e. water
c. acid

D 21. element found in all living matter

E 22. the most abundant substance in living cells

B 23. bond in which one atom gains electrons while another atom loses electrons

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
A 24. bond in which atoms share electrons to fill their outermost shells

C 25. substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H+ ions

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