Lecture Activities No. 6 Skeletal System: Guide Questions Answers

NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 6
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle P. Section: 12 Date Submitted: Oct. 10, 2020
I. INTRODUCTION
The skeletal system is a system which provides an internal framework for the human
body, protects organs and anchors skeletal muscles so that muscle contraction can
cause movement. The internal framework is mainly provided by the skeleton which is
divided into two parts: axial skeleton which consists of bones that form the longitudinal
axis of the body and the appendicular skeleton which forms the limbs and girdles.
Bone is a living vascular structure composed of organic tissue and mineral. It serves as a
support structure, site of attachment for skeletal muscles and site of blood cell
formation.
Bone is characterized by its hardness and strength. But despite its remarkable strength,
it is susceptible to fracture or breaks. A type of fracture in which the bone breaks clearly
but does not penetrate the skin is known as a closed fracture while if there is a
communication with the skin it is known as an open fracture.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
6.01A. Explain the functions of the skeletal The skeletal system works as a support structure
system. for your body. It gives the body its shape,
allows movement, makes blood cells, provides
protection for organs and stores minerals.
The skeletal system is also called the
musculoskeletal system.
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Biofacultymember2020
6.02A. Describe the components of the The extracellular matrix is a dynamic,
extracellular matrix and explain the function of physiologically active component of all living
each. tissues. In addition to providing structural
support for the cells embedded within a tissue,
the extracellular matrix guides their division,
growth, and development. In other words, the
extracellular matrix largely determines how a
tissue looks and functions.
The extracellular matrix is made up of
proteoglycans, water, minerals, and fibrous
proteins.
1. proteoglycan is composed of a protein core
surrounded by long chains of starch-like
molecules called glycosaminoglycans.
6.03A. Explain the structural differences between Structural unit of compact bone includes lamella,
compact bone and spongy bone. lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes.
While the spongy bone It has trabeculae, which
are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain
marrow.and it has no osteons.
Compact bone has more bone matrix and less
space due to osteons. Spongy bones have
less bone matrix and more space due to
trabeculae.
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6.03B. Outline the processes of bone ossification, Ossification is the formation of bone by
growth, remodeling, and repair. osteoblasts. Ossification is a process in which
bone tissue is created from cartilage. The steps
include the following:When bone forms from
cartilage, ossification begins with a point in the
cartilage called the primary ossification center.
This generally appears during fetal development,
although a few short bones begin their primary
ossification after birth. Ossification occurs toward
both ends of the bone from the primary
ossification center, and it eventually forms the
shaft of the bone in the case of long bones.
Secondary ossification centers form after birth.
Ossification from secondary centers eventually
forms the ends of the bones. The shaft and ends of
the bone are separated by a growing zone of
cartilage until the individual reaches skeletal
maturity.
Bone Remodeling is a lifelong process, mature
bone tissue is continually turned over, with about
10 percent of the skeletal mass of an adult being
remodeled each year. Bone remodeling is carried
out through the work osteoclasts, which are bone
cells that resorb bone and dissolve its minerals;
and osteoblasts, which are bone cells that make
the new bone matrix.
Bone repair, or healing, is the process in which a
bone repairs itself following a bone fracture. The
process of bone repair is mainly determined by
the periosteum, which is the connective tissue
membrane covering the bone. The periosteum is
the primary source of precursor cells that develop
into osteoblasts, which are essential to the healing
process. Bones heal as osteoblasts form new bone
tissue.
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6.04A. Explain the role of bone in calcium Bone is a major storage site for calcium. The
homeostasis. movement of calcium in and out of bone helps
determine blood levels of calcium. Calcium
moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone.
Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break
down bone. While Calcium homeostasis is
maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
calcitonin
6.04B. Describe how parathyroid hormone and Parathyroid hormone increases
calcitonin influence bone health and calcium blood calcium levels when they drop too low.
homeostasis. Conversely, calcitonin, which is released from the
thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels
when they become too high. These two
mechanisms constantly maintain
blood calcium concentration at homeostasis.
6.05A. List and define the major features of a
typical bone.
6.06A. Name the bones of the skull and describe Lateral view - The bones of the brain case
their main features as seen from the lateral, surround and protect the brain, which occupies
frontal, internal, and inferior views. the cranial cavity. The base of the brain case,
which forms the floor of cranial cavity, is
subdivided into the shallow anterior cranial fossa,
the middle cranial fossa, and the deep posterior
cranial fossa.
Frontal view - is the single bone that forms the
forehead. At its anterior midline, between the
eyebrows, there is a slight depression called
the glabella (see Figure 3). The frontal bone also
forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near
the middle of this margin, is the supraorbital
foramen, the opening that provides passage for a
sensory nerve to the forehead.
Internal view -
6.06B. List the bones that form the majority of the The nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular
nasal septum. plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and
the septal cartilage. The paranasal sinuses are air-
filled spaces located within the frontal, maxillary,
sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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6.06C. Describe the locations and functions of the Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-
paranasal sinuses. filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The
maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes;
the frontal sinuses are above the eyes; the
ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes and the
sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes.They are
centered on the nasal cavity and have
various functions, including lightening the weight
of the head, humidifying and heating inhaled air,
increasing the resonance of speech, and serving as
a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the
event of facial trauma.
6.06D. List the bones of the braincase and the face. Maxillae, mandible, lacrimal bones, nasal bones,
zygomatic bones, palatine bones, vomer
and inferior nasal conchae are the facial bones.
6.06E. Describe the shape of the vertebral column The vertebral column, or spine, is the central axis
and list its divisions. of the skeleton, extending from the base of the
skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.
The vertebral column has four curvatures, the
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrococcygeal
curves. The thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves
are primary curves retained from the original fetal
curvature.
7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
Atlas:
• 1 st vertebra
• holds head
Axis:
• 2 nd vertebra
• rotates head
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6.06F. Discuss the common features of the A typical vertebra consists of a body and
vertebrae and contrast vertebrae from each region a vertebral arch. The arch is formed by the paired
of the vertebral column. pedicles and paired laminae. Arising from
the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous,
superior articular, and inferior articular processes.
The vertebral foramen provides for passage of the
spinal cord.
6.06G. List the bones and cartilage of the rib cage, The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum
including the three types of ribs. and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages.
The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the
12 thoracic vertebrae.
1. Ribs 1–7 are classified as true
ribs (vertebrosternal ribs).
2. The costal cartilage from each of these ribs
attaches directly to the sternum. Ribs 8–12 are
called false ribs (vertebrochondral ribs).
3. The last two false ribs (11–12) are also
called floating ribs. The costal cartilages from
these ribs do not attach directly to the sternum.
6.07A. Identify the bones that makeup the Scapula (shoulder blade) - it lies on the posterior
pectoral girdle and relate their structure and aspect of the pectoral girdle. It mediates the
arrangement to the function of the girdle. attachment of the upper limb to the clavicle and
contributes to the formation of the glenohumeral
joint. It has three sides called the medial, lateral
and superior borders
Clavicle (collar bone) - it is largely doubly curved
long bone that connects the arm to the trunk of
the body. It supports shoulder, encourages a full
range of motion, and protect your nerves and
blood vessel that pass between the trunk of the
body and upper limbs. The clavicle provides the
only direct connection between the pectoral girdle
and axial skeleton.
6.07B. Name and describe the major bones of the The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm,
upper limb. and the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally)
are the paired bones of the forearm. The base of
the hand contains eight bones, each called a carpal
bone, and the palm of the hand is formed by five
bones, each called a metacarpal bone.
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6.07C. Name and describe the bones of the pelvic The pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone.
girdle and explain why the pelvic girdle is more The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial
stable than the pectoral girdle. skeleton through its articulation with the sacrum.
The right nd left hip bones, plus the sacrum and
the coccyx, together form the pelvis. Why the
pelvic girdle is more stable than the pectoral
girdle is because the bones of the pelvis are
strongly united to each other to form a largely
immobile, weight-bearing structure. This is
important for stability because it enables the
weight of the body to be easily transferred
laterally from the vertebral column, through the
pelvic girdle and hip joints, and into either lower
limb whenever the other limb is not bearing
weight.
6.07D. Name the bones that make up the coxal It is the result of the fusion of three bones: the
bone. Distinguish between the male and female illium, ischium, and pubis. The female pelvis
pelvis. reflects modification for childbearing and is more
wider, more shallow, lighter, and rounder than
that of the male. The male pelvis has been
optimized for bipedal locomotion.
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6.07E. Identify and describe the bones of the lower Femur: The femur, or thigh bone, is the single
limb. bone of the thigh region. It is the longest and
strongest bone of the body, and accounts for
approximately one-quarter of a person’s total
height.
Patella: The patella (kneecap) is largest sesamoid
bone of the body. A sesamoid bone is a bone that
is incorporated into the tendon of a muscle where
that tendon crosses a joint.
Tibia: The tibia (shin bone) is the medial bone of
the leg and is larger than the fibula, with which it
is paired. The tibia is the main weight-bearing
bone of the lower leg and the second longest bone
of the body, after the femur.
Fibula: The fibula is the slender bone located on
the lateral side of the leg. The fibula does not bear
weight. It serves primarily for muscle attachments
and thus is largely surrounded by muscles. Only
the proximal and distal ends of the fibula can be
palpated.
Tarsals: The posterior half of the foot is formed by
seven tarsal bones. The most superior bone is
the talus. This has a relatively square-shaped,
upper surface that articulates with the tibia and
fibula to form the ankle joint.
Metatarsals:The anterior half of the foot is formed
by the five metatarsal bones, which are located
between the tarsal bones of the posterior foot and
the phalanges of the toe. These elongated bones
are numbered 1–5, starting with the medial side of
the foot. The first metatarsal bone is shorter and
thicker than the others. The second metatarsal is
the longest.
Phalanges: The toes contain a total of 14 phalanx
bones (phalanges), arranged in a similar manner
as the phalanges of the fingers. The toes are
numbered 1–5, starting with the big toe (hallux).
6.08A. Describe the two systems for classifying There are two ways to classify joints: (1) on the
joints. basis of their structure, and (2) on the basis of
their function.
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6.08B. Explain the structure of a fibrous joint, list Fibrous joints are where adjacent bones are
the three types, and give examples of each type. strongly united by fibrous connective tissue. The
gap filled by connective tissue may be narrow or
wide. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures,
gomphosis, and syndesmoses.
1. Sutures - All the bones of the skull, except for
the mandible, are joined to each other by fibrous
joints called sutures. The fibrous connective tissue
found at a suture (“to bind or sew”) strongly
unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to
protect the brain and form the face.
2. Gomphosis - A gomphosis (“fastened with
bolts”, plural = gomphoses) is the specialized
fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into
its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper
jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull. A
gomphosis is also known as a peg-and-socket
joint and is considered a joint even though teeth
are not bones.
3. Syndesmosis - is a type of fibrous joint in which
two parallel bones are united to each other by
fibrous connective tissue. The gap between the
bones may be narrow, with the bones joined by
ligaments, or the gap may be wide and filled in by
a broad sheet of connective tissue called
an interosseous membrane.
4.
6.08C. Give examples of cartilaginous joints. The joint between manubrium and the sternum
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6.08D. Illustrate the structure of a synovial joint Synovial joints are the only joints that have a
and explain the roles of the components of a space between the adjoining bones. This space,
synovial joint. referred to as the synovial (or joint) cavity, is filled
with synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the
joint, reducing friction between the bones and
allowing for greater movement. The ends of the
bones are covered with articular cartilage, a
hyaline cartilage. The entire joint is surrounded
by an articular capsule composed of connective
tissue. This allows movement of the joint as well
as resistance to dislocation. Articular capsules
may also possess ligaments that hold the bones
together. Synovial joints are capable of the
greatest movement of the three structural joint
types; however, the more mobile a joint, the
weaker the joint. Knees, elbows, and shoulders
are examples of synovial joints. Since they allow
for free movement, synovial joints are classified as
diarthroses.
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6.08E. Classify synovial joints based on the shape Synovial joints are subdivided based on the
of the bones in the joint and give an example of shapes of the articulating surfaces of
each type. the bones that form each joint. The six types
of synovial joints are pivot, hinge, condyloid,
saddle, plane, and ball-and socket-joints
1. Pivot - An example of a pivot joint is the joint of
the first and second vertebrae of the neck that
allows the head to move back and forth.
2. Hinge - A hinge joint, also known as a
ginglymus, is a joint in the bones of an animal or
person that allows movement in one direction.
Consider how our elbows bend when we lift a
glass.
3. Condyloid - it allow biaxial movement.
Example, forward and backward, or from side to
side, but not rotation.
4. Plane - Examples are the joints between the
metacarpal bones of the hand and those between
the cuneiform bones of the foot.
5. Saddle - Examples of saddle joints in the human
body include the carpometacarpal joint of the
thumb, the sternoclavicular joint of the chest, and
the incudomalleolar joint of the middle ear.
6. Ball-and socket joints - The human hip is a good
example of a ball and socket joint. It is formed
from the femoral head (the ball) and the
acetabulum (the socket).
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6.08F. Demonstrate the difference between the Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the
following pairs of movements: flexion and angle between two body parts. While the
extension; plantar flexion and dorsiflexion; extension, refers to a movement that increases the
abduction and adduction; supination and angle between two body parts.
pronation; elevation and depression; protraction Plantar flexion refers extension at the ankle, so
and retraction; opposition and reposition; that the foot points inferiorly unlike dorsiflexion
inversion and eversion. it refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot
points more superiorly.
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Abduction is a movement away from the
midline – just as abducting someone is to take
Eversion involves the movement of the sole away
from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a
lateral direction.
6.09A. Describe the effects of aging on bone It decreases the collagen production. The lose of
matrix and joints. bone density that it will become more brittle and
may break more easily and there will be
generative changes.
III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
Each part, even the smallest part have their function that largely contributed especially to our
movement. The skeletal system is a true blessing that we could do or go even move what we
want. And I also learn that the skeletal system is able to make blood cell.
©

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NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

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