Biology 4

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Name: Bandelan, Cristine Kaye F. Rating:

Course & Year: BSED-3 Date: 03-10-2023

OUTPUT SHEET 2 – 1
Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry

A. Study and listen to the lecture with your instructor about Chapter 2 (Basic
Chemistry).
B. Watch the Video Lectures about Basic Chemistry: with this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI3dPWq6OoY and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jmo-AJq6Bs4

C. Answer the following questions:

(Note: Insert the LETTER of the correct inside the icons < > after each item. More than one choice
may apply.)

1. Which of the following is (are) true concerning the atomic nucleus?

a. It contains the mass of the atom.
b. The negatively charged particles are here.
c. Particles can be ejected.
d. It contains particles that determine atomic number.
e. It contains particles that interact with other atoms.

<a,c,d>

2. Pick out the correct match(es) of element and number of valence-shell electrons.
a. oxygen—6
b. chlorine—8
c. phosphorus—5
d. nitrogen – 3
e. carbon-4

<a,c,e>

3. Important functions of water include which of the following?

a. Provides cushioning
b. Acts as a transport medium
c. Participates in chemical reactions
d. Acts as a solvent for sugars, salts, and other solutes
e. Reduces temperature fluctuations.
 <a,b,c,d,e>

4. Alkaline substances include which of the following?

a. gastric juice
b. water
c. blood
d. lemon juice
e. ammonia

<c,e>

5. Glucose is to starch as:

a. a steroid is to a lipid
b. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
c. an amino acid is to a protein
d. a polypeptide is to an amino acid

<b,c>

6. What lipid type is stored in fat deposits beneath the skin?

e. triglyceride
f. steroid
g. vitamin D
h. phospholipid
i. prostaglandin

<e>

7. Absence of which of the following nitrogen-containing bases would prevent protein synthesis?

a. adenine
b. cytosine
c. guanine
d. thymine
e. uracil

<a,b,c,d,e>

8. ATP is not associated with?

a. a basic nucleotide structure.
 b. high-energy phosphate bonds.
c. deoxyribose.
d. inorganic phosphate.
e. reversible reactions.
<c>

9. The element essential for normal thyroid function is

a. iodine
b. iron
c. copper
d. selenium
e. zinc
<a>

10. Factors that increase the speed of chemical reactions include

a. increasing the temperature.
b. increasing the particle size.
c. increasing the concentration of the reactants.
d. catalysts.

<a,c,d>

D. Short Answer Essay

11. Why is a study of basic chemistry essential to understanding human physiology?
<Understanding basic chemistry is important for learning about human physiology
since it describes the chemical processes that underlie all body functions, including
movement, digestion, heartbeat, and even thought.>

12. Explain the relationship between kinetic and potential energy.

<While energy is the ability to do labor or create new matter, matter is defined as
occupying space and having mass.>

13. Name and provide the atomic symbols of the four elements that make up the bulk of all living
matter. Which of these is found primarily in proteins and nucleic acids?
<Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) are the four elements that make
up the majority of all living things (N). Proteins and nucleic acids are largely composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.>

14. All atoms are neutral. Explain the basis of this fact.
<All atoms are neutral because the nucleus is made up of positively and neutrally
charged subatomic particles, and this charge is thus neutralized with the negatively
charged electrons in the electron cloud.>
 15. Define molecule.
<The smallest unit formed by the bonding of two or more atoms is known as a
molecule. If the atoms are dissimilar, a compound's molecules are created.>

16. Explain the basis of ionic bonding.

<When electrons are entirely transported from one atom to another, ionic bonds are
created. The positive and negative charges of atoms are electrically neutral, but when
they add or remove electrons during bonding, their positive and negative charges get
out of balance, leading to charged particles known as ions.>

17. What are the hydrogen bonds, and how are they important in the body?
<Water molecules or different sections of the same molecule (intramolecular bonds)
are held together by weak hydrogen bonds, which don't use any electrons. These very
weak interactions play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of DNA,
the genetic information molecule, as well as protein molecules, which are necessary
functional molecules and ingredients for creating muscles. Large, intricate chemical
compounds like proteins and nucleic acids frequently contain them.>

18. Distinguish inorganic from organic compounds, and list the major categories of each in the body.
<Except for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, none of the inorganic substances
that make up biological things contain carbon. They consist of salts, water, and a few
acids and bases. Living matter is made up of organic substances, which contain
carbon. All lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids contain carbon, oxygen,
and hydrogen.>

19. Salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. What is an electrolyte?

<Ionic salts are electrolytes. They participate in a variety of processes, including
metabolism, blood clotting, hemoglobin transporting oxygen, neuronal transmission,
and muscle contraction.>

20. What is an enzyme?

<As biological catalysts, enzymes are useful proteins that speed up chemical
reactions without changing the substance being changed or becoming a component
of the end result. Because enzymes have distinct areas on their surfaces known as
active sites, they are able to perform this feat. These sites "fit" and interact
chemically with other molecules known as substrates that have comparable shape
and charge. The structure of the enzyme-substrate complex is altered, resulting in the
formation of the reaction's product, which is then released by the enzyme.>

(Note: Do not modify the FONT TYPE and FONT SIZE. After answering this output sheet, TURN-IN to our
Google Classroom Account on specified date.)

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