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DNA: The Blueprint of Life Explained

The document discusses DNA and its structure and function. It explains that DNA contains genetic instructions encoded in genes and is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases that form base pairs. The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick to be a double helix. RNA is also discussed as being single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis, with mRNA carrying DNA instructions to the ribosomes. The genetic code is universal and some codons specify the same amino acids.

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80 views33 pages

DNA: The Blueprint of Life Explained

The document discusses DNA and its structure and function. It explains that DNA contains genetic instructions encoded in genes and is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases that form base pairs. The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Watson and Crick to be a double helix. RNA is also discussed as being single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis, with mRNA carrying DNA instructions to the ribosomes. The genetic code is universal and some codons specify the same amino acids.

Uploaded by

ryan valerio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DNA:

The Code
of Life
Renzel T. Santiago
Earth & Life Science
Carlos F. Gonzales High School
Blueprint
DNA: Blueprint of Life
•Hold information on how
cell works.
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Encodes genetic instructions.
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• GENES – units of DNA that
codes for a specific trait.
History of DNA
• X-ray crystallography
 Rosalind Franklin (1952)
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Double helix structure.

James Watson
and
Francis Crick
(1953)
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Made up of three important parts:
1. 5-carbon sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base

“Nucleotides “
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA Conserved
region

Variable
region
Nitrogenous bases
•4 nitrogenous bases:

• 1. Adenine (A)
• 2. Thymine (T)
• 3. Guanine (G)
• 4. Cytosine (C)
Base Pairing
Complementary Rule
THYMINE (T) - ADENINE (A)
30% 30%
T A

GUANINE (G) - CYTOSINE (C)

20% G C 20%
Complementary Base Pairs
A and T
A is linked by 2 hydrogen bonds to T
Complementary Base Pairs
G and C
G is linked by 3 hydrogen bonds to C
DNA Orientation
TOP = 5’ to 3’
v

BOTTOM = 3’ to 5’
DNA Orientation

Antiparallel
Example
• Writethe complementary base sequence for
the matching strand in the following DNA
section:

5′… A—G—T—C—C —A—A—T—C…3′

3′…T—C—A—G—G —T—T—A—G…5′
Learning
Check
Exercise
Learning Check Exercise
• Writethe complementary base sequence for
the matching strand in the following DNA
section:

5’..GCT AAG TAT TGC TCA AGA TTA GGA


TGA TAA ATA ACT GGC..3’
Learning Check Exercise
• Writethe complementary base sequence for
the matching strand in the following DNA
section:

5’..AGGTTGGATCCGCCGAATATAGAGAG
AGAGTAGGATGAACAATTTGGCGATCGA
TGGCCTATCCTCTCTAACCTTGTTGACTA
GCGACTAGCTAGCT..3’
RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
• Single-stranded

•3 types:
• 1. mRNA – carries info. from DNA
• 2. rRNA – becomes ribosomes
• 3. tRNA – transport of amino acids
RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
rRNA
tRNA

mRNA
RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
•4 nitrogenous bases:

• 1. Adenine (A)
• 2. Uracil (U)
• 3. Guanine (G)
• 4. Cytosine (C)
RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
ADENINE (A) - URACIL (U)

GUANINE (G) - CYTOSINE (C)


ACTIVITY
Base Pairing
Special codons:
 AUG (which specifies methionine)
= start codon

 UAA, UAG and UGA = stop codons


Characteristic of the
Genetic Code
1. The genetic code is universal

2. Degenerate codons specify the


same amino acids
- More than one codon can specify the same
amino acid

3. The genetic code is triplet


Decipher the Code
5’..START-GAA-AUG-CAC-ACA-CAG-GAC-CCA-ACU-UCA-
CCG-STOP..3’

Answer: SENIOR HIGH

3’.. START-GCU-AUG-GCG-AUG-UAG-CAA-CAC-STOP..5’

Answer: JEJEMON

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