Protein Synthesis
To identify the complementary sequence of bases in the other strand of DNA, you
need to understand the base-pairing rules:
[Link] (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
[Link] (T) pairs with Adenine (A).
[Link] (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
[Link] (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
Given a DNA sequence, you can find the complementary sequence by replacing
each base with its complementary base according to these rules.
For example, if the original DNA sequence is:
Original strand: A T G C G A T C
Complementary strand: T A C G C T A G
You simply replace each base with its complementary base:
•Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
•Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A).
•Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
•Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
Therefore, the complementary strand to "A T G C G A T C" is "T A C G C T A G".
Here's an example illustrating how DNA code translates into RNA code:
DNA sequence: A T G C G A T C
RNA sequence: U A C G C U A G
Explanation:
Adenine (A) in DNA pairs with Uracil (U) in RNA.
Thymine (T) in DNA pairs with Adenine (A) in RNA.
Guanine (G) in DNA pairs with Cytosine (C) in RNA.
Cytosine (C) in DNA pairs with Guanine (G) in RNA.
So, the DNA sequence "A T G C G A T C" translates into the RNA sequence
"U A C G C U A G" by replacing each DNA base with its complementary
RNA base.
To identify the complementary sequence of bases in the other strand of DNA, you
need to understand the base-pairing rules:
[Link] (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
[Link] (T) pairs with Adenine (A).
[Link] (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
[Link] (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
Given a DNA sequence, you can find the complementary sequence by replacing
each base with its complementary base according to these rules.
For example, if the original DNA sequence is:
Original strand: A T G C G A T C
Complementary strand: T A C G C T A G
You simply replace each base with its complementary base:
•Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
•Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A).
•Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
•Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
Therefore, the complementary strand to "A T G C G A T C" is "T A C G C T A G".
Here's an example illustrating how DNA code translates into RNA code:
DNA sequence: A T G C G A T C
RNA sequence: U A C G C U A G
Explanation:
Adenine (A) in DNA pairs with Uracil (U) in RNA.
Thymine (T) in DNA pairs with Adenine (A) in RNA.
Guanine (G) in DNA pairs with Cytosine (C) in RNA.
Cytosine (C) in DNA pairs with Guanine (G) in RNA.
So, the DNA sequence "A T G C G A T C" translates into the RNA sequence
"U A C G C U A G" by replacing each DNA base with its complementary
RNA base.
Component
molecules
1. The DNA molecule is
composed of three types
of component molecule:
• phosphate group, the
• sugar deoxyribose, and
the bases
• adenine, thymine,
cytosine, guanine
• (A, T, C, G).
Nucleotides
2. There are three molecules that
form the basic building block of
DNA, the nucleotides. Each
nucleotide is composed of :
• one phosphate group,
• one sugar molecule, and
• one of the four bases – in the
example. Across the strands of
the helix, A always pairs with T,
and G with C.
Ribonucleic Acid, like DNA, is a nucleic acid.
However, RNA structure differs from DNA
structure in three ways, shown in Figure 2.
• First, RNA is single stranded – whereas
DNA is double stranded.
• Second, the sugar in RNA is ribose; DNA
has deoxyribose.
• Finally, both DNA and RNA contain four
nitrogenous bases, but instead of
thymine, RNA contains a similar base
called uracil (U). The uracil pairs with
adenine.
The major types of RNA include:
• messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), and
• transfer RNA (tRNA)
Replication
In 1953, James Watson and
Francis Crick worked out that
DNA is double helix like a
twisted staircase. The two
sugar-phosphate backbones
make up the sides and the
base pairs make up the rungs
or steps of the twisted
staircase.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is copied during interphase prior
to mitosis and meiosis. It is important that new copies
are exactly like the original molecule. The structure of the
DNA provides a mechanism for making accurate copies of
the molecule.
• The process of making copies of DNA is called
replication.
• When DNA replicates, two identical copies of DNA
molecules are produced, which are exactly the same
as the original.
