CHAPTER 3

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

3.1: Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass

Jisim atom relatif dan jisim molekul relatif
3.2: The mole and the number of particles
Bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah
3.3: The mole and the mass of substances
Bilangan mol dan jisim bahan
3.4: The mole and the volume of gas
Bilangan mol dan isipadu gas
3.5: Chemical formulae
Formula kimia
3.6: Chemical equations
Persamaan kimia

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3.1: Relative atomic mass and relative molecular
mass
Jisim atom relatif dan jisim molekul relatif

 3.1.1: Meaning of relative atomic mass

 Maksud jisim atom relatif
 3.1.2: Meaning of relative molecular mass
 Maksud jisim molekul relatif
 3.1.3: Why Carbon-12 is used??
 Mengapa karbon-12 digunakan
 3.1.4: Calculate the relative molecular mass
 Pengiraan jisim molekul relatif.

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3.1.1: Meaning of relative atomic mass
Maksud jisim atom relatif

 Relative atomic mass is the average mass of one atom of the

element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon-12.
 Jisim atom relatif – jisim purata satu atom unsur berbanding dengan
1/12 jisim satu atom karbon-12

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Contoh pengiraan:

 Example 1
Calculate how many times greater is the mass of a carbon atom
compared to that of an helium atom ?
[Ar : He, 4 ; C, 12]
Kirakan berapa kali besarkah jisim atom karbon berbanding jisim helium?
[JAR; He, 4; C, 12]

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Contoh pengiraan

 Example 2
Mass of a sulphur atom is 2 times greater than that of the mass of an
oxygen atom. What is the relative atomic mass for sulphur?
[ AR : O,16]
Jisim satu atom sulfur adalah 2 kali lebih besar berbanding jisim satu
atom oksigen. Berapakah jisim atom relatif bagi sulfur? [JAR; O,16]

Solution:
Mass of a sulphur atom = 2 x mass of an oxygen atom
 AR sulphur = 2 x AR oxygen
= 2 x 16
= 32

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Contoh pengiraan
 Example 3
How many magnesium atoms will have the same mass as two
silver atom?
[AR : Mg,24 ; Ag,108 ]
Berapa banyak atom magnesium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama
dengan dua atom argentum?
[JAR; Mg,24; Ag,108]

Solution:
Let the number of magnesium atom = n
Mass of n magnesium atom = mass of 2 silver atoms
n x 24 = 2 x 108
n = 2 x 108
24
=9
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 3.1.2: Meaning of relative molecular
mass
Maksud jisim molekul relatif
 The relative molecular mass of a substance is the average mass of a
molecule of the substance when compared with 1/12 of the mass of
an atom of carbon-12
 Jisim molekul relatif sesuatu bahan adalah purata jisim satu molekul
bahan berbanding 1/12 jisim satu atom karbon-12

average mass of
one molecule of substance
Mr 
1
 the mass of an atom of carbon  12
12

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3.1.3: Why Carbon-12 is used??
Mengapa karbon-12 digunakan

 Because it is a solid and can be easily handled.

Pepejal dan mudah dikendalikan
 Also used as a reference standard in the mass
spectrometer.
Digunakan sebagai rujukan piawai dalam spektrometer
jisim
 Is assigned a mass of exactly 12 units.
Jisim tepat 12 unit

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3.1.4: Calculate the relative molecular
mass
Pengiraan jisim molekul relatif.

 The term ‘relative molecular mass, Mr’ can only be used for
substances that are made up of molecules.
 Istilah jisim molekul relatif hanya digunakan untuk bahan molekul.

 For ionic compound, the term ‘relative formula mass, Fr’ is used
 Untuk sebatian ionik, istilah jisim formula relatif digunakan

 Mr or Fr can be calculated by adding up the relative atomic masses of

all the atoms present in a molecule of the substance.
 JMR dan JFR boleh dikira dengan menambahkan semua JAR atom
yang terdapat di dalam bahan tersebut.

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 1:
Calculate the relative molecular mass of water.
[ AR : H,1 ; O, 16]
Kirakan jisim molekul relatif bagi air
[JAR; H,1 ; O,16]

Solution:
The formula of water is H2O
Mr H2O = 2H + O
= 2(1) + 16
= 18

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 2:
Calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonia.
[ AR: N,14 ; H,1 ]
Kirakan jisim molekul relatif bagi ammonia.
[JAR: N,14; H,1]

Solution:
Formula of ammonia is NH3
Mr of NH3 = N + 3H
= 14 + 3(1)
= 17

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 3:
Calculate the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
[AR : C, 12 ; O,16 ]
Kirakan jisim molekul relatif bagi karbon dioksida.
[JAR : C, 12 ; O,16 ]

Solution:
The formula of carbon dioxide is CO2
Mr CO2 = C + 2O
= 12 + 2(16)
= 44

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 4:
Calculate the relative molecular mass of ethanol, C2H5OH.
[ AR: C, 12; H, 1; O,16 ]
Kirakan jisim molekul relatif bagi etanol, C2H5OH
[ JAR: C, 12; H, 1; O,16 ]

Solution:
Mr of C2H5OH = 2C + 5H + O + H
= 2(12) + 5(1) + 16 + 1
= 46

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 5:
Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride
[ AR : Na,23 ; Cl,35.5 ]
Kirakan jisim formula relatif bagi natrium klorida.
[ JAR : Na,23 ; Cl,35.5 ]

Solution:
The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl
AR of NaCl = Na + Cl
= 23 + 35.5
= 58.5

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 6
Calculate the relative formula mass of aluminium sulphate.
[ AR : Al,27 ; S, 32 ; O,16 ]
Kirakan jisim formula relatif untuk aluminium sulfat.
[ AR : Al,27 ; S, 32 ; O,16 ]

Solution:
The formula of aluminium sulphate ialah Al2(SO4)3
Mr of Al2(SO4)3 = 2 Al + 3 SO4
= 2(27) + 3[ 32 + 4(16) ]
= 342

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Contoh pengiraan

Example 7:
Calculate the relative molecular mass of hydrated copper(II)sulphate.
[ AR : Cu,64 ; S, 32 ; O,16 ]
Kirakan jisim molekul relatif bagi kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat.
[JAR; Cu,64 ; S, 32 ; O,16 ]

Solution:
The formula of hydrated copper (II) sulphate is CuSO4.5H2O
Fr of CuSO4. 5H2O = Cu + S + 4O + 5H2O
= 64 + 32 + 4(16) + 5[2(1) +16]
= 250

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