THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM  Cells are surrounded and bundled

by connective tissue= great force,

Importance/Functions of Muscles
but tires easily (malakas pero
 Responsible for all type of body medaling mapagod)
movement- they contact or
Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
shorten and are the machine of
Muscle
the body.
 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat

3 basic muscle types are found in the

body
 Skeletal Muscle – lahat ng
nakakaattach sa bones
 Cardiac Muscle- heart
 Smooth muscle- hollow organs

Characteristics of Muscles
 Muscles cells are elongated Endomysium- around single muscle
 Muscle cell = Muscle Fiber fibers.
 Contraction of muscles is due to
the movement of microfilaments. Perimysium- around a fascicle (bundle)
(nagkakaron ng contraction and of fibers.
pagballik because of Epimysium- covers the entire skeletal
microfilaments) muscle.
Fascia- on the outside of the epimysium.
All muscles share some terminology
 Prefix myo refers to muscle
 Prefix mys refers to muscle Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 Prefix sarco refers to flesh  Epimysium blends into a
connective tissue attachments.
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Tendon- cord-like structure.
 LOCATION- Bones Aponeuroses- sheet-like
 Multinucleated structure.
 Striated- zigzag, stripes
 Voluntary
Sites of muscle attachment
 Bones
 Cartilages
 Connective tissue coverings
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
 LOCATION- Heart
 Striated
 Single Cell
 Joined to another muscle cell at
an intercalated disc- meron sa
cardiac wala sa skeleton and
smooth.
 Steady pace- (di pwede bumilis o
bumagal na heart beat) dapat
steady langs.

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Depende sa cut ang itsura ng cell

Cross-sectional view – circle
Longitudinal view- spindle like-
pahaba
 Multinucleated
 Nuclei are just beneath the
 LOCATION- Hollow Organs sarcolemma
(uterus, digestive tracts)
 No striations- walang mga zigzag Sarcolemma—specialized plasma
or stripes. membrane (bumabalot sa myofibril).
 Spindle shaped cells Sarcoplasmic reticulum- specialized
 Involuntary smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
 Slow, sustained and tireless
(mabagal ang contraction pero Myofibril- are aligned to give distinct
tuloy tuloy) bands.
o I band= light band
o A band- dark band
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Sarcomere- contractile unit of a muscle
fiber.
Organization of the Sarcomere Contractility- ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received.
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
 Skeletal muscles must be
stimulated by a nerve to contract
(motor neuron)
 Motor Unit
o Each muscle has one
neuron.
o Muscle cells stimulated by
2 MICROFILAMENTS that neuron.
o Thick filaments = myosin
filaments
- COMPOSED OF THE
PROTEIN MYOSIN
- Has ATPase enzymes
- Have heads and tails
(extension, or cross
bridges)
o Thin Filaments= actin
filaments
- COMPOSED OF THE
PROTEIN ACTIN
Myosin and Actin overlap
somewhat.
Neuromuscular junctions- association
site of nerve and muscle.
Synaptic cleft- gap between nerve and
muscle.
o Nerve and muscle do not
make contact.
o Area between nerve and
muscle is filled with
interstitial fluid- exchange of
Properties of Skeletal Muscle Activity ions.
(single cells or fibers)
Irritability- ability to receive and respond
to a stimulus.
  Activation by nerve causes
myosin heads (cross bridges) to
attach to binding sites on the thin
filament.
 Myosin heads then bind to the
next site of the thin filament.
 This continued action causes a
sliding of the myosin along the
actin.
 The result is that the muscle is
shortened (contracted).

Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle

 Neurotransmitter- chemical
released by nerve upon arrival of
nerve impulse.
o The neurotransmitter
for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine-
meaning
(neurotransmitter)
 Neurotransmitter attaches to
receptors on the sarcolemma.

 Sarcolemma becomes permeable
to sodium (Na+) - sodium ion.
 Sodium rushing into the cell
generates an action potential.
 Once started, muscle contraction
cannot be stopped.

The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle

Contraction
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Muscle fiber contraction is “all or
none”- it should be lahat mag
contract or not at all.

 Within a skeletal muscle, not all

fibers may be stimulated during
the same interval.

 Different combinations of muscle

fiber contractions may give
differing responses.

 Graded responses – different

degrees of skeletal muscle
shortening, rapid stimulus =  Direct phosphorylation- no oxygen
constant contraction or tetanus. requirement
o Muscle cells contain
creatine phosphate
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli (CP) (CP is a high-
 Muscle force depends upon the energy molecule) .
number of fibers stimulated. o After ATP is depleted,
 More fibers contracting results in ADP is left.
greater muscle tension. o CP transfers energy to
 Muscles can continue to contract ADP, to regenerate
unless they run out of energy. ATP.
o CP supplies are
exhausted in about 20
Energy for Muscle Contraction seconds.

 Initially, muscles used stored ATP

for energy
o Bonds of ATP are
broken to release
energy.
 Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is
stored by muscles
o After this initial time,
other pathways must
be utilized to produce
ATP.

 Anaerobic glycolysis
o Reaction that breaks down
glucose without oxygen.
o Glucose is broken down to
pyruvic acid to produce
some ATP.
o Pyruvic acid is converted to
lactic acid.
o This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
- Huge amounts of glucose
are needed.
- Lactic acid produces
Types of Muscle Contractions
muscle fatigue.
 Aerobic Respiration
o Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in the
mitochondria- organelle.
o Glucose is broken down to
carbon dioxide and water,
releasing energy.
o This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen.
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
 When a muscle is fatigued, it is
unable to contract.
 The common reason for muscle
fatigue is oxygen debt.
o Oxygen must be “repaid” to
tissue to remove oxygen
debt.
o Oxygen is required to get
rid of accumulated lactic
acid (mas marami dapat
oxygen kesa lactid acid
kaya need e get rid).
 Increasing acidity (from lactic
acid) and lack of ATP causes the
muscle to contract less.
 Isotonic contractions-( continuous
ang pag interact) usual movement
o Myofilaments are able to
slide past each other
during contractions.
o The muscle shortens.
 Isometric contractions
o Tension in the muscles
increases.
o The muscle is unable to
shorten.
Muscle Tone
 Some fibers are contracted even
in a relaxed muscle.
 Different fibers contract at
different times to provide muscle
tone.
 The process of stimulating various
fibers is under involuntary control.
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
 Results of increased muscle use.
o Increase in muscle size.
o Increase in muscle strength.
o Increase in muscle efficiency.
o Muscle becomes more fatigue
resistant.

Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Muscles and Body Movements
 Flexion – decreases angle of joint
and brings two bones closer
together
 Extension- opposite of flexion
 Rotation- movement of a bone in
longitudinal axis, shaking head
“no”
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Circumduction

 Movement is attained due to a

muscle moving an attached
bone.
 Muscles are attached to at least
two points
o Origin – attachment to a
moveable bone.
o Insertion – attachment to
an immovable bone.
  Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
o Example: sterno (on the
sternum)
 Shape of the muscle
o Example: deltoid
(triangular)
 Action of the muscle
o Example: flexor and
extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)

Types of Muscles
 Prime mover – muscle with the
major responsibility for a certain
movement
 Antagonist – muscle that opposes
or reverses a prime mover
 Synergist – muscle that aids a
prime mover in a movement and
helps prevent rotation

Name of Skeleton Muscles

 Direction of muscle fibers
o Example: rectus
(straight)
 Relative size of the muscle
o Example: maximus
(largest)
 Location of the muscle
o Example: many
muscles are named for
bones (e.g., temporalis)
 Number of origins
o Example: triceps (three
heads)
MUSCLES IN THE BODY
Head and Neck

Trunk Muscles
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles

Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh

Muscles of the Lower Leg

Superficial Muscles: Anterior

Superficial Muscles: Posterior

Disorders relating to the Muscular

System
 Muscular Dystrophy: inherited,
muscle enlarge due to increased
fat and connective tissue, but
fibers degenerate and atrophy
 Duchenne MD: lacking a protein
to maintain the sarcolemma
 Myasthemia Gravis: progressive
weakness due to a shortage of
acetylcholine- energy receptors.