Time Specific obj.

Content Teacher and AV- Evaluation

learner Aid
activity s

To introduce PLACENTA DEVOLPMENT Student introduce

the topic teacher will Developme
Only the eutherian mammals possess placenta. The human introduce the nt of
placenta is discoid, haemochorial and deciduatehe placenta is topic placenta
attached to the uterine wall and establishes connection between
the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord
Define the student Define the
Development DEFINITION teacher will term
of placenta Placental development starts with the first contact of the outer define the Developme
shell of a developing blastocyst with the uterine mucosa. This Development nt of
newly established contact zone of two organisms develops rapidly of placenta placenta
and continuously during pregnancy and controls fetomaternal
exchange. The functional purpose of fetomaternal exchange of
nutrients, gases, and waste substances is common to all placentas.
The structure, type of interdigitation, and grade of fusion of the
fetomaternal layers constituting the various placentas vary
considerably between mammalian species.

According to this definition, human placental development starts

with attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine surface epithelium
at the time of implantation around 6 to 7 days after conception
and progresses rapidly during invasion of the endometrium. At
this stage, the blastocyst consists of an outer single layered
epithelial cover, called the trophoblast, and of an inner cell mass,
called the embryoblast . The trophoblast is the direct precursor of
the epithelial parts of the fetomaternal barrier of the placenta,
whereas the embryoblast contributes placental mesenchyme and
 the fetal vascular system

Before adhesion to the uterine mucosa, the trophoblast

consists of a single layer of trophoblast cells (the student Explain the
student will cytotrophoblast). Trophoblastcells at the pole of the blastocyst teacher will elaborate
able to explain Developme
elaborate adhering to the uterine mucosa proliferate and form a locally elaborate nt of
Development double-layered trophoblast. The cells of the outer of the two Development placenta
of placenta layers fuse with each other while their lateral intercellular of placenta
membranes disintegrate

This intercellular fusion is the primary process of syncytial fusion

and establishes the first syncytiotrophoblast of the developing
placenta. Primary syncytial fusion is formally different from the
later occurring secondary cytosyncytial fusion process between
underlying cytotrophoblast and covering syncytiotrophoblast

Secondary cyto-syncytial fusion is the process responsible for

maintenance of syncytial integrity and syncytial growth
throughout all later stages of placentation. Continuous
proliferation of the inner cellular trophoblastic layer, together
with subsequent syncytial fusion of some of the daughter cells
with the covering syncytium, is responsible for a rapid and
enormous increase in volume of the syncytiotrophoblastic mass
(prelacunar period;
 he syncytiotrophoblastic mass first forms at the invading pole of
student will the blastocyst and enables the invasive entry of the blastocyst in Student Describe
able to the endometrial stroma. With increasing invading depth of the teacher will the
elaborate implanting blastocyst and within a few hours, the describe mechanism
mechanism syncytiotrophoblastic mass spreads along the whole outer wall of mechanism of of elaborate
of elaborate elaborate Developme
the blastocyst, which finally vanishes completely in the
Development Development nt of
of placenta endometrial stroma below the uterine surface epithelium of placenta placenta

At day 8 after conception and starting at the implantation pole, a

system of confluent vacuoles appears in the syncytiotrophoblastic
mass. Their appearance marks the beginning of the lacunar
period, which lasts from day 8 to day 13 after conception. These
lacunae appear only in the more central parts of the
syncytiotrophoblastic mass, not in the marginal zones directly
facing the endometrium or the blastocystic cavity

he lamellae and pillars of syncytiotrophoblast surrounding the

lacunae are called trabeculae . This system of trabeculae and
lacunae is covered by two syncytial layers free of lacunae:
the basal layer, facing the endometrium, is called
the trophoblastic shell; the superficial layer, facing the
blastocystic cavity, is called the primary chorionic plate

tarting at the primary chorionic plate at day 12 after conception,

proliferating cytotrophoblast grows into the syncytial trabeculae
and finally reaches the trophoblastic shell . Proliferation of
cytotrophoblast inside the trabeculae is responsible for
considerable longitudinal growth and for branching of the
trabeculae.

The branches that end blindly and protrude into the lacunae are
the primary villi (see Figure 10-1, D). The trabeculae, from which
they are derived, are called the anchoring villi because they
connect the villous system with the trophoblastic shell. With the
appearance of the first primary villi, the still-expanding lacunar
system is called the intervillous space

Extraembryonic mesodermal cells form a loose connective

tissue layer above the primary chorionic plate.

In parallel with these events, the trophoblast of the trophoblastic

shell erodes uterine glands and maternal endometrial vessels as
early as day 12 after conception . Although the walls of arteries of
the placental bed are eroded, the initial nutrition of the implanting
embryo seems to be mainly based on histiotrophic nutrition by
glandular secretion combined with—in their quantitative
dimension—unknown contributions of cell-free blood
components. Cellular trophoblast invasion (see later) is rapidly
progressing at this stage and trophoblast plugs can be observed
 in spiral arteries of the developing placental bed, which are
principally able to exclude the entry of blood cells—especially of
red blood cells—in the uteroplacental circulation at these early
stages of pregnancy
Generally, this type of perfusion without red blood cells seems to
establish a low-pressure and low oxygen perfusion of the lacunae
and the intervillous space during large parts of the first trimester.

Meanwhile, the blastocyst is completely embedded in the

endometrium and is surrounded by endometrial stroma from all
sides. The parts of the blastocyst surface that are implanted later
pass through the same developmental steps as for the implantation
pole. The data provided in this review primarily refer to the
processes at the implantation pole. As a rule, the other areas of the
blastocyst follow with a short delay.

PHISIOLOGY OF PLACENTA
The function of the human placenta is of interest from both a
student will student Explain the
scientific and a clinical point of view. Unfortunately, in vivo study
able to teacher will physiology
physiology of of the human placenta is very difficult because the methodology physiology of of placenta
placenta placenta
carries with it unacceptable risks to both mother and fetus.
Therefore, most of our knowledge about the function of the
placenta has been derived from animal models. The placentas of
higher primates are morphologically most comparable to that of
humans. Suitable primates, however, are small, with even smaller
fetuses. They have little tolerance for indwelling catheters and
often abort or deliver prematurely after intrauterine surgery. In
addition, these animals are prohibitively expensive and thus have
not been used extensively. Placental exchange has most
thoroughly been studied in the rabbit, guinea pig, and rat. The
ultrastructure of their placental barriers is comparable to that of
the human (i.e. hemochorial placenta). The most widely used of
all laboratory animals in this regard, however, is the sheep.
Pregnant ewes are of comparable size to humans, with equally
large fetuses that tolerate intrauterine surgery well. The exchange
barrier (i.e. epitheliochorial placenta) is quite unlike that of the
human, however. There is no good evidence that the placenta
hemodynamics of the sheep are comparable to those in humans;
however, there is also little evidence to the contrary.
Placentas have three functions: the exchange of nutrient and
waste materials between mother and fetus, the manufacture and
secretion of hormones, and the maintenance of an immunologic
barrier. Only the exchange function and the hormone function of
 the placental barrier are discussed in detail in this chapter.
Because the exchange function is so dependent on the rates of
maternal and fetal placental blood flows, we must first discuss
placental hemodynamics.

Hemodynamics
The placenta is the only organ in the body with two separate
blood supplies, each coming from a separate organism. We have
student will already discussed the morphologic organization and ultrastructure
able to student Explain the
of these two circulations. Because the placenta is a transient organ
describe teacher will Hemodyna
Hemodynami and the blood flows change rapidly with each stage of pregnancy, Explain mics
cs Hemodynami
we know less about the regulation of these blood flows than we
cs
do about the regulation of the blood flow to any other organ in the
body.

The uteroplacental circulation is a low-resistance system for the

maternal organism. Resistance to blood flow is defined as the
ratio of the driving pressure and flow, where the driving pressure
is the difference between the central arterial pressure and the
venous outflow pressure. There is some question regarding the
validity of using central arterial pressure in the calculation of the
driving pressure, however, because direct measurement of mean
pressures in the preplacental arteries of animals with hemochorial
placentas have been found to be approximately 8% to 20% of the
mean central arterial pressures. These findings indicate that the
physiologic regulation of maternal placental blood flow may be
complex and may depend on an arterial resistance to flow at a site
outside the organ itself.
As a low-resistance system, the uteroplacental circulation is
responsible for, or at least contributes to, marked changes in
maternal cardiovascular physiology. Uterine arterial blood flow in
the nonpregnant state averages 1% to 2% of the maternal cardiac
output. During pregnancy, uterine blood flow rises markedly until
at term it accounts for as much as 17% of the maternal cardiac
output . Some representative measurements of uteroplacental
blood flow are listed in Table Maternal cardiac output per
se increases 35% to 40% during pregnancy.15 Heart rate also
increases but does so disproportionately with cardiac output,
resulting in a significant increase in stroke volume. There is a
slight fall in mean arterial pressure resulting from a significant
decrease in systemic vascular resistance; this reflects not only the
development of the low-resistance uteroplacental vascular bed but
 also generalized systemic vasodilation. This explains the
necessity of the 30% to 40% expansion in blood volume
associated with normal pregnancy to maintain blood flow to other
organs. Other maternal physiologic adaptations to pregnancy are
described elsewhere in this text.

Regulation of Placental Blood Flows

One must consider first whether the pressure in the surrounding student Explain the
student will teacher will regulation
tissue and the adjacent circulation plays a role in the regulation of
Explain of placental
able to
either the maternal or the fetal placental blood flow. During labor, regulation of blood flows
describe placental
uterine contractions grossly impair maternal placental blood flow,
blood flows
regulation of
presumably by distortion or occlusion of the preplacental
placental
vessels.2 Whether or not mechanical factors play a role in flow
blood flows
regulation before labor, however, is open to question.

SUMMARY:
Today we discussed about the Development of Placenta. Also we
learn different types of Placenta Development and its physiology

CONCLUSION

From the above Discussion ,Development of placenta are likely

to be close, failure of correct placentation results in fetal growth
restriction, and an impaired nutrient supply or adverse fetal
endocrine environment may have non-specific effects on the
growth and differentiation of many organ systems
 BIO DATA

NAME OF THE STUDENT : POONAM TOMAR

COURSE : M.Sc Nsg Ist Year
TOPIC :
DATE
TIME:
VENUE
SUBJECT: OBG
GROUP INVOLVED
STUDENT STRENGTH
METHOD OF TEACHING: LECTURE CUM DISCUSSION
AV-AIDS
EVALUATOR: MRS. PINKY DEVI
GENERAL OBJECTIVE : After the end of the class the student will be able to gain the knowledge about characteristics of
new born
Specific Objectives : At the end of the class student will be able to :
 To define the characteristics of new born
 To enlist the part of characteristics of new born
 To discuss the characteristics of new born
 To Enlist the procedure of characteristics of new born
 To Enlist health issues of characteristics of new born
 To Recognize the important factors of Newborn

PANNA DHAI MAA SUBHARTI NURSING COLLEGE

 LESSON PLAN
ON
PLACENTA DEVOLPMENT

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY :-

Mrs Pinky Devi Poonam Tomar
Assot.Prof. of OBG Dept. M.Sc Nsg Ist Year
Batch 2018