Submitted by: Jay K Shrotriya

Aim: To implement the PING Command

Theory:
Ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet
Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to
a destination computer.
Ping operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to the
target host and waiting for an ICMP response. In the process it measures the time from transmission to
reception (round-trip time) and records any packet loss. he results of the test are printed in the form of a
statistical summary of the response packets recei!ed" including the minimum" ma#imum" and
the mean round-trip times" and sometimes the standard de!iation of the mean.
$epending on actual implementation" the ping utility may be e#ecuted with !arious command-line
switches to enable special operational modes. %or e.g." options include specifying the packet si&e of the
probe" automatic repeated operation for sending a specified count of probes" and time stamping.
%ig' PI() command in command prompt.
MESSAGE FOMAT
ICMP packet
IP Datagram
Bits 07 Bits 815 Bits 1623 Bits 2431
IP Header
(20 !tes"
Version/IHL Type of service Length
Identification flags and offset
Time To Live (TTL) Protocol Checksum
ource IP address
!estination IP address
ICMP Header
(8 !tes"
Type of message Code Checksum
Header !ata
ICMP Pa!#$ad
(optional"
Payload !ata
)eneric composition of an ICMP *+-byte packet
IP ,eader (in blue)'
Protocol set to - (ICMP) and ype of .er!ice set to /.
ICMP ,eader (in red)'
ype of ICMP message (0 bits)
Code (0 bits)
Checksum (-1 bits)" calculated with the ICMP part of the packet (the IP header is
not used). It is the -1-bit one2s complement of the one2s complement sum of the ICMP
message starting with the ype field
,eader $ata (*+ bits) field" which in this case (ICMP echo request and replies)"
will be composed of identifier (-1 bits) and sequence number (-1 bits).
ICMP Payload
Payload for the different kind of answers3 can be an arbitrary length" left to
implementation detail. ,owe!er" the packet including IP and ICMP headers must be less
than the ma#imum transmission unit of the network or risk being fragmented.
$ata ransportation
Program and Output:
4include 5fcntl.h6
4include 5errno.h6
4include 5sys7socket.h6
4include 5resol!.h6
4include 5netdb.h6
4include 5netinet7in.h6
4include 5netinet7ip8icmp.h6
4define P9C:;.I<; 1=
struct packet
>
struct icmphdr hdr3
char msg?P9C:;.I<;-si&eof(struct icmphdr)@3
A3
int pidB--3
struct protoent CprotoB(DEE3
7C--- checksum - standard -s complement checksum ---C7
unsigned short checksum(!oid Cb" int len)
> unsigned short Cbuf B b3
unsigned int sumB/3
unsigned short result3
for ( sum B /3 len 6 -3 len -B + )
sum FB CbufFF3
if ( len BB - )
sum FB C(unsigned charC)buf3
sum B (sum 66 -1) F (sum G /#%%%%)3
sum FB (sum 66 -1)3
result B Hsum3
return result3
A
7C--- display - present echo info ---C7
!oid display(!oid Cbuf" int bytes)
> int i3
struct iphdr Cip B buf3
struct icmphdr Cicmp B bufFip-6ihlC=3
printf(I----------------JnI)3
printf(IJnI)3
printf(IIP!Kd' hdr-si&eBKd pkt-si&eBKd protocolBKd EBKd srcBKs I"
ip-6!ersion" ip-6ihlC=" ntohs(ip-6tot8len)" ip-6protocol"
ip-6ttl" inet8ntoa(ip-6saddr))3
printf(IdstBKsJnI" inet8ntoa(ip-6daddr))3
if ( icmp-6un.echo.id BB pid )
>
printf(IICMP' type?Kd7Kd@ checksum?Kd@ id?Kd@ seq?Kd@JnI"
icmp-6type" icmp-6code" ntohs(icmp-6checksum)"
icmp-6un.echo.id" icmp-6un.echo.sequence)3
A
A
7C--- listener - separate process to listen for and collect messages--C7
!oid listener(!oid)
> int sd3
struct sockaddr8in addr3
unsigned char buf?-/+=@3
sd B socket(P%8I(;" .LC:8M9N" proto-6p8proto)3
if ( sd 5 / )
>
perror(IsocketI)3
e#it(/)3
A
for (33)
> int bytes" lenBsi&eof(addr)3
b&ero(buf" si&eof(buf))3
bytes B rec!from(sd" buf" si&eof(buf)" /" (struct sockaddrC)Gaddr" Glen)3
if ( bytes 6 / )
display(buf" bytes)3
else
perror(Irec!fromI)3
A
e#it(/)3
A
7C--- ping - Create message and send it. ---C7
!oid ping(struct sockaddr8in Caddr)
> const int !alB+OO3
int i" sd" cntB-3
struct packet pckt3
struct sockaddr8in r8addr3
sd B socket(P%8I(;" .LC:8M9N" proto-6p8proto)3
if ( sd 5 / )
>
perror(IsocketI)3
return3
A
if ( setsockopt(sd" .LE8IP" IP8E" G!al" si&eof(!al)) PB /)
perror(I.et E optionI)3
if ( fcntl(sd" %8.;%E" L8(L(QELC:) PB / )
perror(IMequest nonblocking I7LI)3
for (33)
> int lenBsi&eof(r8addr)3
printf(IMsg 4KdJnI" cnt)3
if ( rec!from(sd" Gpckt" si&eof(pckt)" /" (struct sockaddrC)Gr8addr" Glen) 6 / )
77printf(ICCC)ot messagePCCCJnI)3
b&ero(Gpckt" si&eof(pckt))3
pckt.hdr.type B ICMP8;C,L3
pckt.hdr.un.echo.id B pid3
for ( i B /3 i 5 si&eof(pckt.msg)--3 iFF )
pckt.msg?i@ B iF2/23
pckt.msg?i@ B /3
pckt.hdr.un.echo.sequence B cntFF3
pckt.hdr.checksum B checksum(Gpckt" si&eof(pckt))3
77printf(ICCCCI")3
if ( sendto(sd" Gpckt" si&eof(pckt)" /" (struct sockaddrC)addr" si&eof(Caddr)) 5B / )
perror(IsendtoI)3
sleep(-)3
A
A
7C--- main - look up host and start ping processes. ---C7
int main(int count" char Cstrings?@)
> struct hostent Chname3
struct sockaddr8in addr3
if ( count PB + )
>
printf(Iusage' Ks 5addr6JnI" strings?/@)3
e#it(/)3
A
if ( count 6 - )
>
pid B getpid()3
proto B getprotobyname(IICMPI)3
hname B gethostbyname(strings?-@)3
b&ero(Gaddr" si&eof(addr))3
addr.sin8family B hname-6h8addrtype3
addr.sin8port B /3
addr.sin8addr.s8addr B C(longC)hname-6h8addr3
if ( fork() BB / )
listener()3
else
ping(Gaddr)3
wait(/)3
A
else
printf(Iusage' myping 5hostname6JnI)3
return /3
A
Conclusion:
hus we successfully implemented the PI() command using Ra!a.