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C12 1 (2 im).
13 Phn loai cac cht sau y theo ban cht cua lc tng tac gia cac n vi cu trc
trong !ang tinh th" cua chng# $u% &i! cng% 'g(% $
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23 'au trong c th" ng0i c1 !2u 3 v4 ch5a he!oglobin 6cht v7n chuy"n o8i
ch5a s9t:. 'au cua !;t s< => ng v7t nhuy?n th" &h=ng c1 !2u 3 !2 c1 !2u
&hac v4 ch5a !;t &i! loai &hac 64:. @A b2o n vi 6= !ang c sB: l7C Chng
t! DiEn cua tinh th" 4 6h4nh bFn:% c1 canh bGng H%),.+I
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c!. Lh<i lMng riFng
cua nguyFn t< n2y l2 KN,I &gO!
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53 @Pnh th" tPch cua cac nguyFn tQ trong !;t tA b2o v2 ChRn trS! th" tPch cua tA b2o bi chiA! bBi
cac nguyFn tQ.
63 Tac inh nguyFn t< 43
Hng dn gii:
13 J @ng tac &i! loai J &i! loai# $u% Pb.
J @ng tac tUnh iEn gia cac ion tPch iEn trai Du# 'g(% /a*.
J @ng tac bGng lc liFn &At c;ng hoa tri# &i! cng% ./.
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23 a. @rong + tA b2o n vi cua tinh th" 4 6!ang l7C Chng t! DiEn: c1 V n vi cu
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C12 2 (2 im).
13 dQ D^ng != h4nh ve s fy nhau cua cac cS >C electron h1a tri 6!= h4nh WdgPh:% D
oan Dang h4nh hic cua cac ion v2 Chn tQ sau# .e*
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theo tr^c thnng 5ng% H obitan lai hoa nG! trong ![t Chnng 8Pch ao 6vu=ng g1c v]i tr^c:
Mc Dwng " ch5a H c[C electron &h=ng liFn &At. -on c1 Dang 0ng thnng.
23 $ v2 di cwng nG! trong nh1! Vl 6hay nh1! +V trong .ang tuRn ho2n Dang D2i: nFn c1
nhieu s tng cng ve tPnh cht hoa hic. @uy nhiFn% hai nguyFn t< n2y th" hiEn &ha nSng
tao th2nh liFn &At Z &hac nhau trong s tao th2nh liFn &At cua cac n cht v2 hMC cht.
J x Dang n cht# $acbon tcn tai D]i Dang &i! cng 6chr c1 liFn &At n $J$:
v2 graChit% cacbin...6ngo2i liFn &At n cyn c1 liFn &At b;i $X$ v2 $z$:% nghUa l2 tao
th2nh ca liFn &At { v2 liFn &At Z. dilic chr c1 Dang thw h4nh gi<ng &i! cng% nghUa l2 chr tao
th2nh liFn &At {.
J x Dang hMC cht# @rong !;t s< hMC cht cwng loai% i"n h4nh l2 cac o8it# cacbon
tao th2nh $( v2 $(
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!2 Chn tQ cua chng eu c1 liFn &At Z% trong &hi silic &h=ng tao
th2nh di(% cyn trong di(
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chr tcn tai cac liFn &At n di|(.
Gii thch:
miFn &At Z Mc tao th2nh Do s 8en Chu cua cac obitan C. /guyFn tQ cacbon 6$hu
&} ,: c1 ban &Pnh nh3 hn nguyFn tQ silic 6$hu &} H: nFn !7t ; electron trFn cac obitan
cua nguyFn tQ $ cao hn !7t ; electron trFn cac obitan tng 5ng cua nguyFn tQ di. Lhi
&Pch th]c cua cac obitan b~ hn v2 !7t ; electron l]n hn th4 s 8en Chu cua cac
obitan hiEu \ua hn% ; ben cua liFn &At cao hn. o 1% cacbon c1 th" tao th2nh liFn &At
Z ca B Dang n cht v2 hMC cht% trong &hi silic hRu nh &h=ng c1 &ha nSng n2y.
C12 7 (2. im).
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C12 8 (2 im).
@rong thc tA th2nh ChRn cua \u[ng cro!it c1 th" bi"u Di?n \ua h2! lMng cua
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73 Lhi cho !;t !u \u[ng n2y tac D^ng v]i a8it *$l th4 chr c1 cac cht &h=ng ch5a cro!
!]i tha! gia Chan 5ng. WiAt cac Chng tr4nh Chan 5ng B Dang Chn tQ v2 Dang ion Ry u.
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';t Dung Dich !onoa8it *l ncng => I%H_H` c1 &h<i lMng riFng bGng +%III gO!l v2
C* X +%_I. Lhi Cha long gC =i th4 C* X +%KN.
13 Tac inh hGng s< ion h1a L
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23 Tac inh &h<i lMng !ol v2 c=ng th5c cua a8it n2y. @h2nh ChRn nguyFn t< cua a8it l2#
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/Au n X + th4 '6T: X H%) gO!ol 6T l2 $l:
n X ,# '6T: X +_%K gO!ol 6&h=ng c1 nguyFn t< tng 5ng:
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n X V# '6T: X K%N gO!om 6.e:
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13 Tac inh cac cht A% B% D% =% G v2 ho2n th2nh cac Chng tr4nh Chan 5ng#
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