MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT

OF PETITION FOR RULE MAKING

OR ACTION
Minnesota Board of Pharma!
"#"$ Uni%ersit! A%en&e SE' S&ite ()*
Minnea+o,is' MN ((-.-/)"(.
Memorandum in support of petition for rule making and action:
Cannabis does not meet the statutory requirement of a Schedule I substance under Minnesota Statutes.
K&rtis 0anna 1Petitioner2 s&3mits this Memorand&m in s&++ort of his Petition for R&,e Ma4in5 or
Ation' &rrent,! 3efore the Minnesota Board of Pharma! 1the 6Board62' .2 to en5a5e in r&,e/ma4in5
to e7em+t +,ants of the 5en&s anna3is 1referred to as 8mari9&ana: in some MN Stat&tes and R&,es2 and
materia,s nat&ra,,! ori5inatin5 from them' in,&din5 tetrah!droanna3ino, 1T0C2 and anna3idio,
1CBD2 from Shed&,e I of Minnesota R&,es' "2 to in,&de in their t;o man&a, ann&a, re+orts to the
Minnesota ,e5is,at&re the fat that anna3is is im+ro+er,! ,assified and )2 to +ass &+on the %a,idit! of
the Minnesota R&,es < =#**>-".* 1C21.?2 and < =#**>-".* 1C21"(2 if the! deide not to en5a5e in r&,e/
ma4in5 to e7em+t them from the ,ist of Shed&,e I s&3stanes in Minnesota R&,es>
It is im+ortant to 3e ,ear a3o&t ;hat is 3ein5 so&5ht 3! this Petition and ;hat is not> First' remo%in5
anna3is and materia,s nat&ra,,! ori5inatin5 from them 1hereafter 8anna3is2 from Shed&,e I from
Minnesota R&,es' as +etitioned herein' ;i,, not res&,t in the immediate aess to media, anna3is 3!
media, +atients in Minnesota> Rather' remo%a, ;i,, 5reat,! inrease the hanes that Minnesota
+atients ;i,, 3e a3,e to offer an affirmati%e defense in Minnesota Co&rts ;hen the! are in fat
+ossessin5 anna3is for mediina, reasons> Remo%a, from the R&,es 3! the Board and s&3se@&ent
remo%a, from the Stat&tes 3! the Le5is,at&re ;i,, restore rationa,it! to MinnesotaAs ,a;s' 3! remo%in5
o%ert onf,its that &rrent,! e7ist ;ithin them that e7ist d&e to MinnesotaAs +assin5 of C0APTER )..
B S>F> No> "-?* and the state ,a;s of )) other states> Additiona,,!' ;hen Minnesota forma,,! remo%es
anna3is from Shed&,e I in 3oth the R&,es and Stat&tes d&e to the fat that it has a 8&rrent,! ae+ted
media, &se in the United States:' Minnesota ;i,, then 3e standin5 on a +ro+er fo&ndation to
administrati%e,! +etition the DEA to remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I from the Federa, Contro,,ed
S&3stanes At in a %er! simi,ar ;a! as the Petitioner is &rrent,! +etitionin5 the Board> S&h a +etition
;o&,d ,i4e,! 3e s&essf&, d&e to the fat that the Federa, 1CSA2 simi,ar,! &rrent,! ,assifies anna3is
as a Shed&,e I s&3stanes and defines Shed&,e I ;ith the e7at same ,an5&a5e>
Chi,e )- states in the United States ha%e no; +assed ,a;s sa!in5 that anna3is is a mediine' none
ha%e remo%ed anna3is from their StateAs %ersion of the Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At ;ith the
rationa, that anna3is has a 8&rrent,! ae+ted media, &se in the United States:> In fat' on,! a %er!
,imited n&m3er of states ha%e remo%ed anna3is from Shed&,e I at a,,> D&e to the fat that Minnesota'
from the o&tset' has 3een %er! de,i3erati%e in their a++roah to +assin5 a media, anna3is ,a;' it is the
d&t! of the Board of Pharma! to dea, s@&are,! ;ith the +arts of the ,a; &nder their +&r%ie; that ;ere
o%er,oo4ed om+,ete,! d&rin5 this de,i3erati%e +roess> S&h an ation 3! the Board ;o&,d ,i4e,! res&,t
in +rotetin5 Minnesota +atients' state em+,o!ees' +harmaists' dotors' man&fat&rin5 om+anies'
their em+,o!ees' and man! more Minnesota itiDens from the threat of the federa, 5o%ernmentAs
interferene as this +ro5ram mo%es for;ard> To i5nore the im+at that this ,a;' and the ,a;s of )) other
states' has had on the Minnesota Contro,,ed S&3stanes At ;o&,d 3e irrationa, and re4,ess> Indeed'
no; is the +erfet time to ;ei5h in on this matter> The Board has 3efore it the a3i,it! to initiate the r&,e/
ma4in5 +roess to remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I of the Minnesota R&,es and deide to reommend
to the ,e5is,at&re that the! remo%e anna3is from the Minnesota Stat&tes 3efore a sin5,e state/s+onsored
anna3is seed is +,anted on the 5ro&nd' 3efore a sin5,e +harmaist dis+enses it' and 3efore a sin5,e
Minnesota +atient o3tains it>
Petitioners see4 to fo,,o; the o&rse harted 3! the Minnesota Le5is,at&re ;hen it enated MinnesotaAs
%ersion of the Uniform CSA> B! ;or4in5 ;ith the e7istin5 CSA str&t&re and +roed&res for remo%in5
or re,assif!in5 dr&5s from Shed&,e I' ;e an +ro%ide a hea,th! a,ternati%e to the methods of the other
states ;ith media, anna3is ,a;s 3! reso,%in5 inonsistent ,a;s in Minnesota and +ro%idin5 a +ath
for;ard to reso,%in5 the onf,it 3et;een state and federa, ,a;s on the to+i of media, anna3is>
Ke%in Riah' in The Minnesota State BarAs offiia, +&3,iation' Benh E Bar' had this to sa!F
Media, mari9&ana has arri%ed in Minnesota' and ,on5/s&fferin5 +atients ma! fina,,! find
re,ief> Last month' stron5 3i+artisan ma9orities in the Minnesota 0o&se and Senate ,e5a,iDed
the &se of media, mari9&ana> Des+ite ;ides+read s&++ort for the ne; ,a;' ho;e%er' its
s&ess is no s&re thin5>
The man&fat&re' distri3&tion' and &se of media, mari9&ana remain federa, rimes e%en
tho&5h Minnesota no; +ermits s&h ond&t> B&sinesses' 3an4s' dotors' +atients' and e%en
,a;!ers ris4 federa, +rose&tion for the sa,e and &se of media, mari9&ana' des+ite MinnesotaGs
ne; ,a;> F&rther' MinnesotaGs R&,es of Professiona, Cond&t +rohi3it a ,a;!er from
o&nse,in5 a ,ient to en5a5e in a rime or assistin5 a ,ient en5a5ed in a rime> A ,a;!er ;ho
+ro%ides 3asi 3&siness ad%ie or ,e5a, ser%ies to a mari9&ana/re,ated 3&siness' s&h as
draftin5 or+orate formation or transationa, do&ments' ma! %io,ate not on,! federa, ,a; 3&t
a,so MinnesotaGs ethis r&,es> Fina,,!' federa, 3an4in5 ,a; hamstrin5s those finania,
instit&tions ,oo4in5 to in%est in or ser%e MinnesotaGs ne; media, mari9&ana 3&sinesses>
MinnesotaGs media, mari9&ana 3&sinesses annot f&ntion' ,et a,one meet the needs of
Minnesota +atients' ;itho&t the +rofessiona, ser%ies of ,a;!ers and 3an4s> Het the threat of
federa, +rose&tion and other santion is a serio&s disinenti%e for +rofessiona,s to 5et
in%o,%ed in the media, mari9&ana ind&str!> The ne; ,a;Gs s&ess ;i,, t&rn in ,ar5e +art on
ho; MinnesotaGs U>S> Attorne!' the Offie of La;!ers Professiona, Res+onsi3i,it!' the
Minnesota S&+reme Co&rt' and Con5ress reso,%e these ontraditions>
htt+FIImn3enh3ar>omI"*.-I*=Ihi5h/ho+esI
The Minnesota Board of Pharma! has the ethia, and stat&tor! d&t! to at to he,+ reso,%e these
ontraditions and has the +o;er to do so>
Evidence in Support of Rulemaking: Cannabis as Currently !ccepted Medical "se in the
"nited States.
It is a matter of reord that a 5ro;in5 n&m3er of state 5o%ernments ha%e' ;ith inreasin5 fre@&en! in
the +ast deade' reo5niDed that anna3is has s&3stantia, %a,&e in mediina, a++,iations 3! enatin5
,a;s or re5&,ations a&thoriDin5 s&h &se> A +er&sa, of these %ario&s state re5&,ator! shemes a,so
demonstrates that' as a +rod&t of de3ate and de,i3eration 3! 5o%ernment a5enies' hea,thare
+rofessiona,s and onerned and affeted +atients' these states ha%e a,so esta3,ished ae+ta3,e safet!
standards for the &se of anna3is &nder media, s&+er%ision> The +assa5e and e7istene of these ,a;s'
in,&din5 MinnesotaAs o;n media, anna3is ,a;' s@&are,! and &ndenia3,! s&++ort the remo%a, of
anna3is from Shed&,e .>
The fo,,o;in5 state stat&tes or re5&,ations +ro%ide 5enera,,! for the derimina,iDed &se of anna3is
&nder state ,a; 3! @&a,ified +atients &nder media, s&+er%ision and onditionsF
A,as4a Stat&tes < .?>)? 1.$$#2J AriDona Re%ised Stat&tes' Tit,e )=' Cha+ter "#>.' << )=/"#*.
thro&5h )=/"#.$ 1"*.*2J Ca,ifornia 0ea,th E Safet! Code < ..)=">( 1.$$=2J Co,orado
Constit&tion Arti,e KLIII' Setion .- 1"***2J Conneti&t P&3,i At No> ."/((' Conneti&t
Genera, Stat&tes' Cha+ter -"*f 1"*."2J De,a;are Code' Tit,e .=' Cha+ter -$A' << -$*.A thro&5h
-$"=A 1"*..2J 0a;aii Re%ised Stat&tes < )"$/.". 1"***2J I,,inois P&3,i At $#/*."" 1"*.)2J ""
Maine Re%ised Stat&tes < ")#)/B 1.$$$2J Annotated Code of Mar!,and Setion .)B))*. thro&5h
.)B))*) and .)B))*? thro&5h .)B)).. 1"*.-2J Massah&setts Cha+ter )=$ of the Ats of "*."
1"*."2J Mihi5an Com+i,ed La;s' Cha+ter )))' << )))>"=-". thro&5h )))>"=-)* 1"**#2J
Minnesota SF "-?* // Si5ned into ,a; 3! Go%> Mar4 Da!ton on Ma! "$' "*.-' A++ro%edF B!
Senate -=/.=' 3! 0o&se #$/-*' Effeti%eF Ma! )*' "*.-J Montana Code Annotated < (*/-=/.*.
1"**-2J Ne%ada Constit&tion Arti,e - < )# / Ne%ada Re%ised Stat&tes Annotated < -()A>*.*
1"***2J Ne; 0am+shire Re%ised Stat&tes Annotated Cha+ter ."=/C 1"*.)2J Ne; Merse! P&3,i
La;s "**$' Cha+ter )*?' Ne; Merse! Stat&tes' Cha+ter "-F=I' << "-F=./. thro&5h "-F=I/.= 1"*.*2J
Ne; Me7io Stat&tes Annotated < )*/).C/. 1"**?2J Ore5on Re%ised Stat&tes < -?(>)** 1.$$#2J
Rhode Is,and Genera, La;s < "./"#>=/. 1"**=2J .# Lermont Stat&tes Annotated < --?. 1"**-2J
Re%ised Code Cashin5ton 1ARCC2 < =$>(.A>**( 1.$$#2> D>C> La; .#/".*J D>C> Offiia, Code'
Tit,e ?' Cha+ter .=B' << ?/.=?.>*. thro&5h ?/.=?.>.) 1"*.*2>
Additiona,,!' the fo,,o;in5 state stat&tes or re5&,ations +ro%ide 5enera,,! for the derimina,iDed &se of
8,o; T0C' hi5h anna3idio, 1CBD2: +rod&tsF
A,a3ama' Senate Bi,, .?-' Si5ned into ,a; 3! Go%ernor Ro3ert Bent,e! 1A+r> .' "*.-2J F,orida'
Senate Bi,, .*)*' Si5ned into ,a; 3! Go%ernor Ri4 Sott 1M&ne .=' "*.-2J Io;a' Senate Fi,e ")=*'
Si5ned into ,a; 3! Go%ernor Terr! Branstad 1Ma! )*' "*.-2J Kent&4!' Senate Bi,, ."-' Si5ned
into ,a; 3! Go%ernor Ste%e Beshear 1A+r> .*' "*.-2J Mississi++i' 0o&se Bi,, .").' Si5ned 3! Go%>
Phi, Br!ant 1A+r> .?' "*.-2J Misso&ri' 0o&se Bi,, "")#' Si5ned 3! Go%> Ma! Ni7on 1M&,! .-' "*.-2J
So&th Caro,ina' Senate Bi,, .*)(' The 3i,, 3eame ,a; 3ea&se Go%ernor Ni44i 0a,e! did not si5n
or %eto the 3i,, ;ithin fi%e da!s of its +assa5e 1Ma! "$' "*.-2J Tennessee' Senate Bi,, "().' Si5ned
into ,a; 3! Go%> Bi,, 0as,am 1Ma! .=' "*.-2J Utah' 0o&se Bi,, .*(' Si5ned into ,a; 3! Go%ernor
Gar! 0er3ert 1Mar> ".' "*.-2J Cisonsin' Assem3,! Bi,, ?"=' Si5ned 3! Go%ernor Sott Ca,4er
1A+r> .=' "*.-2>
Gi%en the s&3stantia, 3od! of states reent,! a&thoriDin5 anna3is for s&+er%ised media, treatments' it
is sim+,! im+,a&si3,e to s&55est that there is 6no6 ae+ted media, &se for anna3is in the United
States or that 6no6 safe,! ontro,,ed onditions ha%e 3een determined for s&h &se' as e%idened 3!
media, anna3is re5&,ator!Idis+ensar! +ro5rams that ha%e 3een de%e,o+ed in s&h states>
In addition to these state ,a;s' the Petitioner +resents the fo,,o;in5 s&++,ementa, e%idene' e%en
tho&5h it is 3e,ie%ed 3! the Petitioner that the on,! e%idene neessar! to sho; that anna3is doesnAt
3e,on5 in Shed&,e I is one state media, anna3is ,a; and has +resented the Board ;ith )- of them>
The U>S> De+artment of 0ea,th and 0&man Ser%ies +atent on the e7tration of nat&ra,,! o&rrin5
anna3inoids from mari9&ana for ,e5itimate media, +&r+oses> United State Patent No> ='=)*'(*? B.'
Oto3er ?' "**)> Canna3inoids as antio7idants and ne&ro+rotetantsF
htt+FIIfi,es>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionI"*.*.".?IdhhsN"**).**?>+df
In "*.*' after a fo&r month ,on5 in%esti5ation' the Io;a Board of Pharma! reommended that
anna3is 3e remo%ed from Shed&,e I of the Io;a Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At> The! +ro+osed
,e5is,ation to transfer anna3is from Shed&,e I to II on No%em3er "$'"*.*F
htt+FIIfi,es>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionI"*.*.".?Ii3+eN"*.**".?>+df
htt+FIIfi,es>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionI"*.*.".?IimsN"*.**-.#>+df
htt+FIIfi,es>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionI"*.*.".?Ii3+eN"*.*.."->+df
In "*.*' the Nationa, Assoiation of Boards of Pharma! a;arded the Io;a Board of Pharma! the
Fred T> Mahaffe! A;ard for reommendin5 remo%a, of anna3is from Shed&,e I of the Io;a CSA> The
a;ard statedF
8After a n&m3er of +&3,i hearin5s' man! ho&rs s+ent ,istenin5 to +atients' dotors' +harmaists'
and ,e5is,ators' as ;e,, as re%ie;in5 h&ndreds of media, arti,es and other state ,a;s' the Board
mo%ed for;ard in its deision to reommend that the Io;a state ,e5is,at&re re,assif! anna3is as a
Shed&,e II ontro,,ed s&3stane' ;hih ;o&,d a,,o; media, &ses of anna3is>: .*=th Ann&a,
Meetin5' he,d Ma! ""/"('"*.*' in Anaheim' CA>
htt+FIIfi,es>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionI"*.*.".?Ina3+N"*.**("(>+df
Monda!' No%em3er "' "*.*' the U>S> Dr&5 Enforement Administration +etitioned itse,f to +&t
nat&ra,,! e7trated T0C in Shed&,e III 1;here s!ntheti T0C has 3een ,isted sine .$$$2J Lo,> ?(
Federa, Re5ister' No> ".*' +a5es =?*(-/=?*($' sho;in5 that the DEA no; onsiders anna3is to 3e a
,e5itimate so&re of FDA/a++ro%ed +harmae&tia,sF
htt+FIIfi,es>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionI"*.*.".?IdeaN"*.*..*.>+df
The e7istene of these a3o%e re5&,ator! shemes' the 5ro;in5 ae+tane of media, anna3is in the
media, and sientifi omm&nit! e7em+,ified a3o%e' ;hen e7amined in ,i5ht of MinnesotaAs stat&tor!
e7+,iit re@&irements for ,istin5 a dr&5 in Shed&,e I of the CSA' &n@&estiona3,! esta3,ish that anna3is
no ,on5er @&a,ifies as a dr&5 that an 3e ,isted &nder Shed&,e I> Consistent ;ith the BoardAs mission of
re5&,atin5 the +ratie of dis+ensin5 of mediations in Minnesota' Petitioners res+etf&,,! s&3mit that
the Board m&st remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I>
#revious petitions
Petitioner has +re%io&s,! +etitioned the Board t;ie' on M&,! ")rd' "*.* and Marh .=th' "*..' to
en5a5e in the r&,e/ma4in5 +roess to remo%e anna3is from the ,ist of s&3stanes ,assified as Shed&,e
I in the Minnesota R&,es>
On M&,! ")rd' "*.* and Marh .=' "*..' Petitioner fi,ed administrati%e +etitions for r&,e/ma4in5 ;ith
the Board see4in5 the remo%a, of anna3is from the Minnesota R&,es> E,etroni o+ies of these t;o
+etitions and the BoardAs res+onses ha%e 3een in,&ded ;ith the s&3mission of the &rrent Petition>
Petitioner ar5&ed that the ,assifiation of anna3is &nder Minnesota Stat&te < .(">*" 1"21)2 and
Minnesota R&,es =#**>-".*1C21.?2 as ha%in5 8no ae+ted media, &se in treatment in the United
States: 1Minnesota Stat&te < .(">*" 1?21.22 ;as no ,on5er %a,id> 0anna ar5&ed that 3ea&se .- and .(
states had ae+ted the media, &se of anna3is as of M&,! ")rd' "*.* and Marh .=' "*..' res+eti%e,!'
anna3is had 8&rrent,! ae+ted media, &se in treatment in the United States:> 0anna ar5&ed the
Board had a stat&tor! d&t! to initiate the r&,e ma4in5 +roess to remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I
3ea&se it ;as 8&rrent,!: mis,assified as a matter of ,a;> 0e a,so ar5&ed that 3ea&se the ,e5is,at&re
in,&ded the ;ord 8&rrent,!: and that the Board of Pharma! had a mandator! ann&a, re%ie; of the
+,aement of a,, ontro,,ed s&3stanes' that the! had to at to remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I at the
time of the Petitions' e%en tho&5h anna3is 8&rrent,!: didnAt ha%e an 8ae+ted media, &se in
treatment in the United States: ;hen anna3is ;as +,aed in Shed&,e I 3! the Minnesota ,e5is,at&re in
.$?.>
Unfort&nate,!' after fi,in5 a Minnesota Go%ernment Data Praties At ;ith the Board of Pharma!As
Res+onsi3,e A&thorit!' it ;as determined that near,! a,, 5o%ernment data re,ated to these t;o +etitions
and the s&3se@&ent ,o33!in5 and ad%isin5 done 3! the Board in an attem+t to han5e the BoardAs
a&thorit! to remo%e s&3stanes from Shed&,e I has 3een either de,eted' ,assified as non/+&3,i' or has
5one 8missin5:> As an aside' Petitioner as4s that the Board serio&s,! onsider &+datin5 their data
retention shed&,e so as to ao&nt for the Information A5e and the da;n of e,etroni emai,>
$oard Minutes for %uly &'( )*&*
8The Board reei%ed a re@&est from Mr> K&rt 0anna' a itiDen of the state of Minnesota' re@&estin5 that
the Board en5a5e in the r&,e/ma4in5 +roess for the +&r+ose of reshed&,in5 mari9&ana from Shed&,e
I to Shed&,e II> After m&h dis&ssion' Ms> La&ra Sh;artD;a,d mo%ed and Dr> Stae! Masse!
seonded that staff has the a&thoriDation to den! en5a5in5 in the r&,e/ma4in5 +roess>:
M&,! .-' "*.*' Minnesota Board of Pharma! min&tes
htt+FIImn>5o%Ihea,th/,iensin5/3oardsIima5esI.*O"("*9&,!O"("*.->+df
It is ;orth notin5 that Ms> La&ra Sh;artD;a,d a++,ied and ;as ae+ted as a mem3er of the Tas4
Fore on Media, Canna3is Tas4> 0er a++,iation' ;hih is attahed' ited that' 8as a mem3er of the
Board of Pharma! for the ,ast - !ears' I ha%e some e7+eriene ;ith the histor! of the ,e5is,ation and
ha%e 3een fo,,o;in5 it ;ith interest sine some of the s&++orters of the ,e5is,ation initia,,! a++roahed
the Board of Pharma! ;ith +ro+osed r&,es han5es>: and 8the &se of media, anna3is to a,,e%iate
s!m+toms in ertain disease states is a3so,&te,! ;onderf&,>:
Reasons for &st petition denial:
The BoardAs a&thorit! to de,ete or reshed&,e s&3stanes from Shed&,e I' 3! r&,e' arti&,ated in
.(">*" s&3d> # is +ermissi%e' not mandator!' and therefore the Board ;as not re@&ired to
en5a5e in r&,ema4in5>
The Board does not ha%e an affirmati%e o3,i5ation in S&3d # to ma4e an! reommendations to
the Le5is,at&re onernin5 the shed&,in5 of ontro,,ed s&3stanes>
R&,e/ma4in5 is a ,on5 +roess that an 3e ost,! in terms of 3oth mone! and time' +arti&,ar,!
if the r&,es are si5nifiant,! ontro%ersia,>
There are three se+arate ste+s in the +roess that re@&ire re%ie; 3! the Go%ernorAs Offie' and
a,tho&5h not onfirmed' there is no reason to 3e,ie%e that Go%ernor Pa;,ent! ;o&,d a,,o; the
r&,e/ma4in5 +roess to mo%e for;ard>
S&h a r&,e ;o&,d &ndo&3ted,! 3e ontro%ersia, and ;o&,d re@&ire the e7+endit&re of
si5nifiant reso&res B in terms of 3oth mone! and time B that the Board did not ha%e at its
dis+osa,
The ,e5is,at&re has ne%er direted the Board to s+eifia,,! address the &se of anna3is
E%en if it did ma4e the r&,e han5e' the rimina, restritions onernin5 the &se of mari9&ana
;o&,d remain in MN Stat&tes> This ;o&,d +otentia,,! reate a onf,it 3et;een those setions of
Cha+ter .(" that ma4e it a rime to se,, and +ossess mari9&ana and Setions .(">.. and .(">."
;hih' res+eti%e,!' a,,o; for the dis+ensin5 and +resri3in5 of dr&5s in shed&,es II thro&5h L>
Federa, ,a;s that rimina,iDe the &se of mari9&ana ;o&,d remain in effet
The Board s&55ested that the +ro+er %en&e for reso,%in5 this ontro%ers! is the Le5is,at&re or
e%en Con5ress B not the Board of Pharma!
Second petition video:
htt+sFII;;;>!o&t&3e>omI;athP%QtN?3%MD3Lfo
Meetin5' Ma! ..' "*..
E7er+t from Ma! ..' "*.. meetin5 min&tes 1f&,, min&tes attahed2F
Petition of K&rt 0anna re,ated to the remo%a, of anna3is from Shed&,e I
K&rt 0anna' +etitionerJ Rand! R&ast' E7e&ti%e Diretor of Minnesota Norma, 1MN Norma,2J Ms>
Me,issa Foss&m' a +harmaistJ Mr> Ma4sim To&ra!' a mem3er of MN Norma,J Mr> Dan Lae4'
mem3er of the +&3,iJ Mr> Sott Boh,er' mem3er of MN Norma,J and Mr> Nathan Ste%ens' mem3er
of the +&3,i' +ro%ided testimon! to the Board> After o%er t;o ho&rs of ,istenin5 to testimon!'
re%ie;in5 the staff ana,!sis and reommendation do&ment and dis&ssin5 the +etition' Mr>
Car,eton Cra;ford mo%ed and Mr> Mames Ko++en seonded that the +etition 3e denied and that the
E7e&ti%e Diretor sho&,d omm&niate the reasons for denia,> The motion +assed>
S>>>T
8Pro+osed stat&tor! han5es and ,e5is,ati%e iss&es> Dr> Ci3er5 +resented the Board ;ith an &+date
on ,e5is,ati%e ation in%o,%in5 the fo,,o;in5 iss&es> No ation ;as re@&ired>
Cha+ter .(. han5es
Cha+ter .(" han5es:
This 8+ro+osed stat&tor! han5es and ,e5is,ati%e iss&es' ;hih ha++ened at the same meetin5 at ;hih
m! +etition ;as denied' ;as re,ated to 0F(?' ;hih attem+ted to remo%e the BoardAs stat&tor!
a&thorit! to remo%e s&3stanes from Shed&,e I>
Reasons for )nd petition denial +letter attached,:
.2 The e%idene that the Petitioner +ro%ided re5ardin5 ae+ted media, &se of anna3is in the
United States is sti,, too inonsistent amon5 states and ontro%ersia, to 9&stif! reshed&,in5
anna3is>
"2 The ,e5is,at&re has a,read! ar%ed o&t an e7e+tion to mari9&ana rimina,iDation in the T0C
Thera+e&ti Researh At 18TRA:2 for 8aner +atients &nder5oin5 hemothera+! ;ho are
reei%in5 the dr&5 &nder the strit ontro,s of an a++ro%ed media, researh +ro5ram:> The! are
e7em+ted from rimina, santions> The MN Co&rt of A++ea,s has determined that the TRA
8sho;SsT on,&si%e,! that the +ossi3,e media, &ses of mari9&ana ha%e 3een 3ro&5ht to the
,e5is,at&reAs attention: and 8the ,e5is,at&re has s+eifia,,! addressed and determined the +ossi3,e
media, &ses of mari9&ana>: State %> 0anson 1Minn> A++> .$$.2
)2 Mari9&ana remains a Shed&,e I ontro,,ed s&3stane &nder the federa, Contro,,ed S&3stane
At 1CSA2> Mari9&anaAs Shed&,e I ,assifiation renders the man&fat&re' distri3&tion' or
+ossession of mari9&ana a rimina, offense &nder federa, ,a;' &n,ess the dr&5 is +art of a
5o%ernment/a++ro%ed researh +ro9et> ". USC #")1f2' #-.1a21.2' #--1a2> Sine the TRA is a 3ona
fide mari9&ana researh +ro5ram' ;hih is a&thoriDed &nder the CSA' the TRA is not +reem+ted 3!
the CSA> B&t if the Board ;ere to remo%e mari9&ana from Shed&,e I for +&r+oses other than
researh' the r&,e ;o&,d 3e in +ositi%e onf,it ;ith the federa, ,a; +rohi3itin5 Shed&,e I
+resri+tions> The U>S> Attorne! Genera, Eri 0o,der iss&ed a 5&ide,ine in "**$ notin5 that 8no
State an a&thoriDe %io,ations of federa, ,a;>:
It is im+ortant to note that the PetitionerGs ar5&ment didnGt s&55est that there ;as no; a ritia, mass of
states that had media, mari9&ana ,a;s' and th&s mari9&ana had 8ae+ted media, &se:' 3&t instead that
the Board ;o&,d ha%e 3een ;e,, ;ithin its a&thorit! to &nderta4e the re%ie; +etitioned herein at an!
time after the date' in .$$=' of the +assa5e of Ca,iforniaGs 8Pro+ ".(:' the first media, mari9&ana
aess ,a;> It is &n@&estiona3,! ;ithin that a&thorit! toda! ;ith the ado+tion of )- media, anna3is
,a;s in o%er t;o/thirds of the states> Th&s' in res+ondin5 3! sa!in5 that 0annaGs e%idene ;as 8too
inonsistent amon5 states:' PetitionerGs ar5&ment that one state is a,, that ;o&,d 3e needed ;as not
ade@&ate,! addressed 3! the Board in their denia, ,etter>
Changes in the underlying la- and circumstances surrounding the #etition in intervening years:
The Board a&thoriDed Dr> Ci3er5 to ma4e han5es to the ,a; fo,,o;in5 m! first +etition at a Man&ar! ('
"*.. meetin5 1min&tes attahed2F
8Dr> Ci3er5 ne7t as4ed the Board for +ermission to ;or4 on the fo,,o;in5
amendments to Minnesota Stat&tes Cha+ter .(">
SUT
)> Modif! the BoardGs a&thorit! to reshed&,e s&3stanes that are in Shed&,e I>
-> Remo%e a referene to a tas4 fore that is no ,on5er in e7istene>
After some dis&ssion' Ms> Karen Ber5r&d mo%ed that Dr> Ci3er5 3e a,,o;ed to
;or4 on these amendments> Mr> Mames Ko++en seonded the motion and it +assed> :
This t&rned into the fo,,o;in5 reommendations in the "*.* attahed do&mentF 8Re+ort to the
Le5is,at&re on Chan5es the Board has Made to the Contro,,ed S&3stane Shed&,es Maintained 3! the
Board in Minnesota R&,es :>
The re+ort s&mmar! ;as mis,eadin5 and did not +ro%ide an ao&nt of a,, reommended stat&tor!
han5es> It has s&mmaries ,i4e thisF
8The Board is +ro+osin5 that referenes to a ontro,,ed s&3stanes ad%isor! ommittee 3e
stri4en from Minnesota Stat&tes <.(">*"> The Le5is,at&re e,iminated that ad%isor! ommittee
in the .$$*Gs 3&t missed some referenes to it in <.(">*">
Chi,e the at&a, han5e ,oo4ed ,i4e thisF
8The state Board of Pharma!' after ons&,tin5 ;ith the Ad%isor! Co&ni, on Contro,,ed
S&3stanes' sha,, ann&a,,!' on or 3efore Ma! . of eah !ear' ond&t a re%ie; of the +,aement
of ontro,,ed s&3stanes in the %ario&s shed&,es> :
It a,so had this s&mmar!F
The Board is a,so +ro+osin5 the remo%a, of a re@&irement for the Board to do an ann&a,
8im+,ementation st&d!: ;hih the Board is not e@&i++ed to do>
Chih at&a,,! ,oo4ed ,i4e this f&rther do;n in the re+ortF
S&3d> .)> Im+,ementation st&d!> Ann&a,,!' the state Board of Pharma! sha,, st&d! the
im+,ementation of this ha+ter in re,ation to the +ro3,ems of dr&5 a3&se in Minnesota>
Lan5&a5e ;as a,so +ro+osed that ;o&,d a,,o; the Board to &se the e7+edited r&,e/ma4in5 +roess
;hen han5in5 the ontro,,ed s&3stane shed&,es 1;hih is a stran5e thin5 to do ;hen sim&,taneo&s,!
as4in5 that their a&thorit! to remo%e s&3stanes 3e remo%edF
.he $oard may use the e/pedited process described in section &'.012 -hen e/ercising its
authority under subdivisions 3( 1( 2 and &) of this section.
This si5nifiant stat&te han5e ;as s&55ested to 3e added ;itho&t an! mention in the re+ort s&mmar!F
8The Board of Pharma! ma! not reshed&,e a dr&5 that is in shed&,e I' e7e+t that the Board
ma! reshed&,e s&h dr&5 +&rs&ant to s&3di%ision ." of this setion> :
In addition to Board mem3er Ms> Sh;artD;a,dAs +,aement on the Tas4 Fore on Media, Canna3is'
Dr> Ci3er5 ;rote a memorand&m and ontri3&ted in the draftin5 +roess of the Minnesota anna3is
,a; 1memorand&m attahed2' and one of the BoardAs staff mem3ers' Mr> 0&ff' is ;or4in5 ro&5h,! .*
ho&rs a ;ee4 ;ith the Minnesota De+artment of 0ea,th on the to+i of media, anna3is> Additiona,,!'
+harmaists ;i,, 3e reommendin5 dosa5es and strain t!+es to +atients and ;i,, 3e the on,! +rofession
a,,o;ed &nder Minnesota ,a; to dis+ense the hash oi, &nder the ne; media, anna3is ,a;> It ;as said
3! Mann! M&nson/Re5a,a' an assistant ommissioner ;ith MD0' that 8Distri3&tin5 mari9&ana is
i,,e5a, &nder federa, ,a;: and that 8Pratitioners ;ho def! the ,a; o&,d 9eo+ardiDe the +resri3in5
a&thorit! iss&ed to them 3! the federa, 5o%ernment: A,so' Cod! Ci3er5 said that 8Man! +harmaists
share SUT onerns a3o&t S>>>T the +otentia, ris4 in%o,%ed in %io,atin5 federa, dr&5 ,a;s:>
htt+FII;;;>m+rne;s>or5Istor!I"*.-I*#I*$I+harmaists/+ot/dis+enser
E/empting cannabis from Schedule I instead of removing cannabis from Schedule I:
Petitioner as4s that the Board en5a5e in r&,e/ma4in5 to s+eifia,,! e7em+t +,ants of the 5en&s
anna3is from Shed&,e I of the Minnesota R&,es and to re+ort to the ,e5is,at&re that the! o&5ht
to do the same ;ith Minnesota Stat&tes d&e to the ana,o5&e ,an5&a5e that ;as added and the
s!ntheti anna3inoids that ;ere +,aed in Shed&,e I in reent !ears> It ;o&,d 3e an odd and
fr&stratin5 o&tome for anna3is to 3e remo%ed from Shed&,e I' rather than e7em+ted' 3&t to
ha%e it sti,, 3e treated as a Shed&,e I s&3stane 3ea&se it is an ana,o5&e to s!ntheti
anna3inoids>
4ederalism and the CS!
The states' and not the federa, 5o%ernment' deide iss&es of mediine> It is a +art of the state
+o,iin5 +o;ers> The Federa, dr&5 ,a;' the Contro,,ed S&3stanes At' ". U>S>C> Se> $*)' 5i%es the
states' and not the federa, 5o%ernment' the a&thorit! to determine ae+ted media, &se ;ithin the state>
See GonDa,es %> Ore5on' (-= U>S> "-)' "=$/?* 1"**=2F
The stat&te and o&r ase ,a; am+,! s&++ort the on,&sion that Con5ress re5&,ates media,
+ratie insofar as it 3ars dotors from &sin5 their +resri+tion/;ritin5 +o;ers as a means to
en5a5e in i,,iit dr&5 dea,in5 and traffi4in5 as on%entiona,,! &nderstood> Be!ond this'
ho;e%er' the stat&te manifests no intent to re5&,ate the +ratie of mediine 5enera,,!> The
si,ene is &nderstanda3,e 5i%en the str&t&re and ,imitations of federa,ism' ;hih a,,o;s the
States V5reat ,atit&de &nder their +o,ie +o;ers to ,e5is,ate as to the +rotetion of the ,i%es'
,im3s' hea,th' omfort' and @&iet of a,, +ersons>: Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr' (.# U>S> -?*' -?('
..= S> Ct> ""-* 1.$$=2 1citations omitted2>
The United States S&+reme Co&rt r&,ed that the federa, 5o%ernment' des+ite its ar5&ments' o&,d
not esta3,ish an! a&thorit! to re5&,ate the +ratie of mediine ;ithin the %ario&s states e7e+t in
re5&,atin5 the +resri+tion ;ritin5 +o;ers of +harma! +rofessiona,s> (-= U>S> at "?(> The Co&rt he,d
that the te7t and the str&t&re of the federa, CSA fai,ed to sho; an! Con5ressiona, intent to shift +o;er
of re5&,atin5 the State +ratie of mediine a;a! from the States themse,%es>
Bea&se anna3is no; has &rrent,! ae+ted and safe media, &se in )- states and the Distrit of
Co,&m3ia' 3ea&se federa, ,a; defines &rrent,! ae+ted media, &se in the United States to 3e
;hate%er the state re5&,ators define it as' and 3ea&se the DEAGs o;n Administrati%e La; M&d5e has
a,read! determined that anna3is is safe for &se &nder media, s&+er%ision' the Minnesota definition for
a Shed&,e I ontro,,ed s&3stane 1Minn> Stat> Se> .(">*"1"21)22 no ,on5er rationa,,! a++,ies to
anna3is and MinnesotaGs Stat&tes and R&,es m&st 3e amended to ref,et these han5es>
The ma9orit! of the states enatin5 media, anna3is ,a;s ha%e done so 3! &ti,iDin5 referend&m or
+&3,i initiati%es or ,e5is,ati%e ations ;hih ori5inated ne; and inde+endent ,a;s and not 3!
+etitionin5 the Pharma! Board' or orres+ondin5 a5en!' of the %ario&s states> In most ases' this has
res&,ted in some inonsistent res&,ts' as in' for e7am+,e' Ca,ifornia' ;here media, anna3is is hi5h,!
a%ai,a3,e in state/,iensed dis+ensaries' +&3,iiDed and a4no;,ed5ed' !et anna3is ontin&es to 3e
,isted in Ca,iforniaAs CSA Shed&,e .> ( A nota3,e e7e+tion is Io;a' ;hose Pharma! Board has ated
to remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I 3! reommendation to the Io;a Le5is,at&re' as re@&ired 3! the
Io;a Board r&,es> See referenes to Io;a Pharma! Board ati%it! a3o%e> The Io;a Board
reommendation and res&,tin5 ,e5is,ati%e ation ha%e' at the time of ;ritin5' sti,, not 3een ated &+on
3! the Io;a Le5is,at&re>
Petitioners an on,! s+e&,ate ;h! man! of the )- states enatin5 media, anna3is shemes ha%e
fai,ed to a,so modif! their o;n StateAs CSA Shed&,e I ,istin5 of anna3is> Ore5on has de,eted anna3is
from Shed&,e I 3&t most ha%e not> It is PetitionersA earnest 3e,ief that this re@&est to the Board to 3rin5
its definitions of anna3is as a shed&,ed dr&5 1or not2 &+ to date ;ith &rrent ae+tane standards in
the United States is a methodia, and ,e5is,ati%e,! endorsed %ehi,e to res+onsi3,! address this
im+ortant iss&e>
In the United States' it is the states / and not the federa, 5o%ernment / that define the 3o&nds of
ae+ta3,e media, +ratie and ;hat dr&5s or s&3stanes ha%e ae+ted media, &se> See GonDa,es %>
Ore5on' (-= U>S> "-)' ."= S>Ct> $*- 1"**=2 1ho,din5 that federa, Contro,,ed S&3stane At did not
5i%e Attorne! Genera, +o;er to deide standards of media, +ratie 3! +rosri3in5 &se of ertain
dr&5s for &se in +h!siian assisted s&iide2> Conse@&ent,!' the +ro+er ,assifiation of s&3stanes and
dr&5s on the 3asis of their media, &ti,it! is entire,! a f&ntion of deisions a3o&t media, +ratie
made 3! the indi%id&a, states> To date' )- states and the Distrit of Co,&m3ia ha%e reo5niDed 3!
stat&te that anna3is has &rrent,! ae+ted media, &se in the treatment of %ario&s media, onditions
and that it is ae+ta3,e for media, &se &nder media, s&+er%ision> Th&s' anna3is does ha%e 6ae+ted
media, &se in the United States6 and no ,on5er meets the stat&tor! riteria for ,istin5 in Shed&,e I of
the Minnesota Stat&tes or R&,es>
The Board has +re%io&s,! ta4en the +osition that GonDa,es %> Raih' (-( U>S> . 1"**(2' s&++orted
the BoardAs deision that re,assif!in5 anna3is o&t of Shed&,e I ;o&,d res&,t in an im+ermissi3,e
onf,it 3et;een federa, rimina, ,a;s and state re5&,ation of mediines> This +osition is no ,on5er
tena3,e 3ea&se the Minnesota Le5is,at&re has reent,! +assed ,a;s that res&,t in an im+ermissi3,e
onf,it 3et;een federa, rimina, ,a;s and state re5&,ation of mediine> The @&estion no; is ;hether
the Board ;i,, ;or4 to +&t Minnesota on a firm fo&ndation from ;hih o&r state an administrati%e,!
+etition the federa, 5o%ernment' in a manner simi,ar to this Petition to the Board' to reso,%e this
im+ermissi3,e onf,it> The tr&th of the matter is that it is the ,assifiation of anna3is in Shed&,e I in
Minnesota and in the Federa, Code that is im+ermissi3,e' not the media, anna3is ,a; that ;as +assed>
In Raih' the S&+reme Co&rt &+he,d Con5ressA a&thorit! &nder the Interstate Commere C,a&se of
the U>S> Constit&tion to +rohi3it the ,oa, &,ti%ation of anna3is in Ca,ifornia' e%en ;here Ca,iforniaAs
media, anna3is ,a;s e7em+ted s&h ati%ities from state rimina, ,a;s 3annin5 anna3is &,ti%ation>
A,tho&5h the Raih o&rt e7+ressed that it ;as tro&3,ed 3! Con5ressA enforement of the federa,
Contro,,ed S&3stanes At &nder the ir&mstanes 1i>e>' to +rohi3it media, treatment ati%ities that are
,a;f&, &nder Ca,ifornia ,a; ;here the effet ma! 3e to den! a +atient a treatment2' Con5ressA a&thorit!
&nder the Commere C,a&se ;as ,ear> Raih is sim+,! not ontro,,in5 nor e%en +ers&asi%e for se%era,
reasons> First' the Raih deision does not e7&se the Board from its ,e5a, d&t! to ma4e stat&tori,!
re@&ired determinations re5ardin5 ;hether s&3stanes ontin&e to meet the mandator! riteria for their
&rrent stat&tor! ,assifiations &nder the State of MinnesotaAs %ersion of the Uniform Contro,,ed
S&3stane At 1UCSA2 or Ca,iforniaAs %ersion of the UCSA> Nothin5 in the stat&tor! riteria for ;hih
dr&5s sha,, 3e +,aed into Shed&,e I of MinnesotaAs CSA a&thoriDes in,&sion of a dr&5 sim+,! 3ea&se
it is ,isted on the federa, CSAAs Shed&,e .> The determinin5 riteria for +&r+oses of this Petition are
;hether the dr&5 has ae+ted media, &se in the United States> As noted a3o%e' it is an odd res&,t that
man! states ha%e not modified their o;n UCSA Shed&,e I ,ists to de,ete anna3is' and an odd res&,t
that fe;' if an!' ha%e +etitioned the federa, 5o%ernment to simi,ar,! han5e the ,istin5 of anna3is in the
federa, CSA Shed&,e I> Petitioners s&3mit that it is ,o5ia, that if more states fo,,o; the +ath of &sin5
e7istin5 stat&tor! shemes' s&h as the BoardAs' to fo,,o; e7istin5 r&,es and methodia,,! +roeed
to;ard han5e rather than +ass s+eia, interest ,a;s ha+haDard,!' then more ;i,, fo,,o; the ,ead of
Io;a and Minnesota>
Con5ress has not demonstrated an! attem+t to +reem+t state ,a; res+etin5 the re5&,ation of
mediine and dr&5s> See GonDa,es %> Ore5on' s&+ra 1ae+ta3,e media, +raties and mediina, dr&5s
are determined 3! state ,a;' not federa, ,a;2> MinnesotaGs fai,&re to onform to the +attern of the
Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At onsistent ;ith the federa, Contro,,ed S&3stanes At a&ses a
fai,&re to +rotet the hea,th and ;e,fare of the itiDens of Minnesota' ontrar! to the intent of the UCSA
and the Minnesota Constit&tion' 8,e5itimate &se of ontro,,ed s&3stanes is essentia, for +&3,i hea,th
and safet!' and the a%ai,a3i,it! of these s&3stanes m&st 3e ass&red: 1Prefator! Note for Uniform
Contro,,ed S&3stanes At .$$*2J 8O39et of 5o%ernment> / Go%ernment is instit&ted for the se&rit!'
3enefit and +rotetion of the +eo+,e' in ;hom a,, +o,itia, +o;er is inherent>: 1MN Constit&tion Arti,e
I Se> .2
S.!.".5R6 7E4I8I.I58S
The meanin5 of the +hrase 8in the United States: in Minnesota Code < .(">*" 1?21.2 omes from the
Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At 1do&ment attahed2' ;hih in t&rn omes from the federa,
Contro,,ed S&3stanes At>
The meanin5 of the +hrase 8in the United States: is not s+eifia,,! defined 3! Con5ress in the federa,
Contro,,ed S&3stanes At> Grins+oon %> DEA' #"# F>"d ##.' ##= 1.st Cir> .$#?2F
The CSAGs definition of 8United States: +,ain,! does not re@&ire the on,&sion asserted 3! the
Administrator sim+,! 3ea&se setion #*"1"#2 defines 8United States: as 8all places s&39et to the
9&risdition of the United States>: ". U>S>C> < #*"1"#2 1em+hasis s&++,ied2> Con5ress s&re,!
intended the referene to 8a,, +,aes: in setion #*"1"#2 to de,ineate the 3road 9&risditiona, so+e
of the CSA and to ,arif! that the CSA re5&,ates ond&t o&rrin5 any place' as o++osed to every
place' ;ithin the United States> As +etitioner a+t,! notes' a defendant har5ed ;ith %io,atin5 the
CSA 3! se,,in5 ontro,,ed s&3stanes in on,! t;o states ;o&,d not ha%e a defense 3ased on setion
#*"1"#2 if he ontended that his ati%it! had not o&rred in 8a,, +,aes: s&39et to United States
9&risdition> Ce add' moreo%er' that the AdministratorGs ,e%er ar5&ment on%enient,! omits an!
referene to the fat that the +ertinent +hrase in setion #."1321.21B2 reads 8in the United States':
1em+hasis s&++,ied2> Ce find this ,an5&a5e to 3e f&rther e%idene that the Con5ress did not intend
8ae+ted media, &se in treatment in the United States: to re@&ire a findin5 of reo5niDed media,
&se in e%er! state or' as the Administrator ontends' a++ro%a, for interstate mar4etin5 of the
s&3stane>
F&rthermore' Con5ress did not s+eifia,,! define 8&rrent,! ae+ted media, &se: in the federa,
Contro,,ed S&3stane At> A,,iane for Canna3is Thera+e&tis %> DEA' $)* F>"d $)=' $)$ 1D>C> Cir>
.$$.2 18SnTeither the stat&te nor its ,e5is,ati%e histor! +reise,! defines the term V&rrent,! ae+ted
media, &seGJ > > >:2>
C,ear,!' the Board erred as a matter of ,a; on Ma! .=' "*..' ;hen it statedF 8The Board has
determined that the e%idene !o& +ro%ided re5ardin5 the ae+ted media, &se of mari9&ana in the
United States is sti,, too inonsistent amon5 states and ontro%ersia, to 9&stif! reshed&,in5 mari9&ana
to Shed&,e II at this time>:
There an 3e no do&3t that ,e5is,ation in e%en one state does onstit&te +roof that media, anna3is &se
has 3een ae+ted in the United States> GonDa,es %> Ore5on' (-= U>S> "-)' "(# 1"**=2 18The Attorne!
Genera, has r&,ema4in5 +o;er to f&,fi,, his d&ties &nder the CSA> The s+eifi res+ets in ;hih he is
a&thoriDed to ma4e r&,es' ho;e%er' instr&t &s that he is not a&thoriDed to ma4e a r&,e de,arin5
i,,e5itimate a media, standard for are and treatment of +atients that is s+eifia,,! a&thoriDed &nder
state ,a;>:2
Shed&,in5 of ontro,,ed s&3stanes &nder 3oth the federa, Contro,,ed S&3stanes At and the Uniform
Contro,,ed S&3stanes At is an administrati%e f&ntion that is aom+,ished 3! forma, r&,e ma4in5> As
the U>S> Co&rt of A++ea,s for the Ninth Cir&it +ointed o&t in Ore5on %> Ashroft' )=# F>)d ...# 1$th
Cir> "**-2F
Ce 3e5in ;ith instr&tions from the S&+reme Co&rt that the 8earnest and +rofo&nd de3ate a3o&t
the mora,it!' ,e5a,it!' and +ratia,it! of +h!siian/assisted s&iide: 3e,on5s amon5 state
,a;ma4ers> Washington v. Glucksberg' (". U>S> ?*"' ?)(' .)# L> Ed> "d ??"' ..? S> Ct> ""(#' ..?
S> Ct> ")*" 1.$$?2>
Id>' at ..")/.."->
The +rini+,e that state 5o%ernments 3ear the +rimar! res+onsi3i,it! for e%a,&atin5 +h!siian
assisted s&iide fo,,o;s from o&r one+t of federa,ism' ;hih re@&ires that state ,a;ma4ers' not
the federa, 5o%ernment' are 8the +rimar! re5&,ators of +rofessiona, Smedia,T ond&t>: Conant v.
Walters' )*$ F>)d ="$' =)$ 1$th Cir> "**"2J see a,so Glucksberg' (". U>S> at ?)? 1OAConnor' M>'
on&rrin52> The S&+reme Co&rt has made the onstit&tiona, +rini+,e ,earF 8O3%io&s,!' diret
ontro, of media, +ratie in the states is 3e!ond the +o;er of the federa, 5o%ernment>: Linder v.
United States' "=# U>S> (' .#' =$ L> Ed> #.$' -( S> Ct> --= 1.$"(2J see a,so arsky v. d. o!
"egents' )-? U>S> --"' --$' $# L> Ed> #"$' ?- S> Ct> =(* 1.$(-2 18It is e,ementa, that a state has
3road +o;er to esta3,ish and enfore standards of ond&t ;ithin its 3orders re,ati%e to the hea,th
of e%er!one there> It is a %ita, +art of a stateGs +o,ie +o;er>:2> The Attorne! Genera, 8ma! not > > >
re5&,ate Sthe dotor/+atientT re,ationshi+ to ad%ane federa, +o,i!>: Conant' )*$ F>)d at =-?
1KoDins4i' M>' on&rrin52>
Id>' at .."->
The CSA e7+ress,! ,imits federa, a&thorit! &nder the At to the 8fie,d of dr&5 a3&se>: P&3> L> No>
$./(.)' #- Stat> .")=J ". U>S>C> < #*.1"2/1=2> Contrar! to the Attorne! Genera,Gs harateriDation'
+h!siian assisted s&iide is not a form of dr&5 8a3&se: that Con5ress intended the CSA to o%er>
Sfootnote omittedT Ph!siian assisted s&iide is an &nre,ated' 5enera, media, +ratie to 3e
re5&,ated 3! state ,a;ma4ers in the first instane> Glucksberg' (". U>S> at ?)(' ?)? 1OAConnor' M>'
on&rrin52>
Based on the a&thorities and the dis&ssion set forth a3o%e' Petitioner res+etf&,,! re@&ests that the
Board 5rant Petitioners the re,ief so&5ht>
Tit,e ".' U>S>C> Contro,,ed S&3stane At' Setion $*)> A++,iation of State ,a;F
No +ro%ision of this s&3ha+ter sha,, 3e onstr&ed as indiatin5 an intent on the +art of Con5ress to
o&+! the fie,d in ;hih that +ro%ision o+erates' in,&din5 rimina, +ena,ties' to the e7,&sion of
an! State ,a; on the same s&39et matter ;hih ;o&,d other;ise 3e ;ithin the a&thorit! of the
State' &n,ess there is a +ositi%e onf,it 3et;een that +ro%ision of this s&3ha+ter and that State ,a;
so that the t;o annot onsistent,! stand to5ether>
http:99---.deadiversion.usdo:gov9)&usc92*0.htm.
.he $oard has a duty to fi/ .he #roblem and has many methods -ith -hich it can do so.
The Board is %ested ;ith a stat&tor! d&t! to e%a,&ate ;hether a s&3stane &rrent,! ,assified as a
Shed&,e I s&3stane in MinnesotaAs R&,es sho&,d 3e de,eted from that ,ist >
S&3d> ?> Board of Pharma!J re5&,ation of s&3stanes> The Board of Pharma! is a&thoriDed to
re5&,ate and define additiona, s&3stanes ;hih ontain @&antities of s&3stane +ossessin5 a3&se
+otentia, in aordane ;ith the fo,,o;in5 riteriaF
1.2 The Board of Pharma! shall +,ae a s&3stane in Shed&,e I if it finds that the s&3stane hasF
A hi5h +otentia, for a3&se' no &rrent,! ae+ted media, &se in the United States' and a ,a4 of
ae+ted safet! for &se &nder media, s&+er%ision>
Petitioner see4s the remo%a, of anna3is from Shed&,e I 3ea&se it does not meet the re@&ired riteria>
Petitioner e7+ets that the r&,e/ma4in5 +roess andIor ,e5is,ati%e +roess s+rin5in5 from the BoardAs
deision to so remo%e anna3is ;i,, res&,t in de,i3erations to determine the a++ro+riate Shed&,e to
re,assif! anna3is to' if an!' fo,,o;in5 remo%a, from Shed&,e I> Petitioner a;aits the o&tome of s&h
a de,i3erati%e +roess 3efore ta4in5 a +osition on ;hih' if an!' Shed&,e of MinnesotaAs CSA is
a++ro+riate>
Bea&se it no ,on5er meets the riteria for 3ein5 so ,isted' as set forth 3e,o;' the Board an and sho&,d
remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I 3ea&se it no ,on5er satisfies t;o of the mandator! riteria for
in,&sion in that Shed&,e> Canna3is no ,on5er satisfies the re@&irement that itF has 8no &rrent,!
ae+ted media, &se in the United States: Minn> Stat> Se> .(">*"1?21.2> The &nontro%erted +&3,i
reord e%idene set forth herein demonstrates that the! do not' and m&st 3e remo%ed from Shed&,e .>
The a&thorit! of the Board is set forth at Minn> Stat> Se> .(">*= et se@> 1Po;ers and D&ties2' ;hih
onfers a 3road d&t! to re5&,ate the +ratie of +harma! and the man&fat&re and sa,e of dr&5s in
Minnesota> Id> at .(.>*=1a21,21"2> The Board is 3road,! a&thoriDed to 6+erform s&h other d&ties and
e7erise s&h other +o;ers as the +ro%isions of the at ma! re@&ire>6 Of +rime im+ortane to this
Petition' the Board is s+eifia,,! em+o;ered to de,ete andIor reshed&,e s&3stanes ,isted in
MinnesotaAs CSA>

The Minnesota S&+reme Co&rt has s+eifia,,! inter+reted and defined the stat&tor! mandate of the
,e5is,at&re to the Board to ma4e s&h han5es to the ,ist of shed&,ed s&3stanes in Minnesota R&,es
and r&,ed that the BoardAs +o;er to re,assif! is inde+endent of an! ation that ma! or ma! not 3e ta4en
3! the Minnesota Le5is,at&re as to s&h ,assifiation> In State of Minnesota %> Kin5' "(? N>C>"d =$)'
=$? 1Minn> S> Ct> .$??2' the o&rt &+he,d the re,assifiation +o;er of the Board as a onstit&tiona,,!
%a,id de,e5ation of +o;er to the Board to ma4e fat&a, determinations re5ardin5 the a++,ia3i,it! of a
stat&te to a +arti&,ar s&3stane at iss&e> The Co&rt f&rther o3ser%ed that s&h an inter+retation of
inde+endent a&thorit! ;as onsistent ;ith the sort of +rofessiona, e7+ertise that ;o&,d 3e neessar! to
fair,! and f&,,! e%a,&ate the stat&tor! standards a++,ia3,e to deisions re5ardin5 the remo%a, and
re,assifiation of s&3stanes> Id>
The Kin5 deision s@&are,! s&++orts the assertion that the Board has the a&thorit! to &nderta4e this
re@&ested ation' and that it need not' and indeed sho&,d not' defer f&,fi,,in5 its stat&tor! d&t! to
re,assif! s&3stanes to the Minnesota ,e5is,at&re> This 3ein5 said' the Board a,so has the d&t! to ma4e
the Minnesota Le5is,at&re a;are of this defa&,t in the stat&tes and r&,es &sin5 their ann&a, re+orts>
Petitioner is a;are that the Board has in the +ast ontended that the BoardAs +o;er to re,assif!
s&3stanes +&rs&ant to Minn> Stat> "(">*"' S&3d> # is mere,! a +ermissi%e +o;er and that the Board has
no affirmati%e o3,i5ation to &nderta4e s&h a re,assifiation as to an! +arti&,ar s&3stane' e%en if
re@&ested 3! +etition and s&++orted 3! e%idene> Petitioners res+etf&,,! disa5ree>
Including the Misclassification of Cannabis in the Mandatory !nnual Reports to the :egislature:
&'.012; #R5CESS 45R RE#E!:I8< 5$S5:E.E R":ES.
Petitioner as4s that the Board in,&de in their ann&a, re+ort to the 5o%ernor' the Le5is,ati%e
Coordinatin5 Commission' the +o,i! and f&ndin5 ommittees and di%isions ;ith 9&risdition o%er the
a5en!' and the re%isor of stat&tes' the fat that +,ants from the 5en&s Canna3is and materia, nat&ra,,!
ori5inatin5 from them an no ,on5er 3e in,&ded in the ,ist of s&3stanes that ha%e 3een ,assified as
Shed&,e I s&3stanes in Minnesota R&,es> Petitioner a,so as4s that the Board de%e,o+ a 3i,, for
s&3mission to the a++ro+riate +o,i! ommittee to re+ea, o3so,ete R&,es < =#**>-".* 1C21.?2 and <
=#**>-".* 1C21"(2> S&h a 3i,, m&st in,&de +ro+osed a&thoriDation to &se the e7+edited +roed&res of
setion .->)#$ to amend the o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or d&+,iati%e R&,es < =#**>-".* 1C21.?2 and <
=#**>-".* 1C21"(2 to s+eifia,,! e7,&de 8the 5en&s Canna3is and materia, nat&ra,,! ori5inatin5 from
them' in,&din5 tetrah!droanna3ino,s 1T0C2 and anna3idio, 1CBD2> The re+ort a,so m&st identif! the
stat&s of an! r&,es identified in the +rior !earAs re+ort as o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or d&+,iati%e>
&'.*; Subd. ;.Revie- and repeal of rules.
B! Deem3er . of eah !ear' an a5en! m&st s&3mit to the 5o%ernor' the Le5is,ati%e
Coordinatin5 Commission' the +o,i! and f&ndin5 ommittees and di%isions ;ith 9&risdition
o%er the a5en!' and the re%isor of stat&tes' a ,ist of an! r&,es or +ortions of r&,es that are
o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or d&+,iati%e of other state or federa, stat&tes or r&,es> The ,ist m&st a,so
in,&de an e7+,anation of ;h! the r&,e or +ortion of the r&,e is o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or
d&+,iati%e of other state or federa, stat&tes or r&,es> B! Deem3er .' the a5en! m&st either
re+ort a timeta3,e for re+ea, of the r&,e or +ortion of the r&,e' or m&st de%e,o+ a 3i,, for
s&3mission to the a++ro+riate +o,i! ommittee to re+ea, the o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or
d&+,iati%e r&,e> S&h a 3i,, m&st in,&de +ro+osed a&thoriDation to &se the e7+edited
+roed&res of setion .->)#$ to re+ea, or amend the o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or d&+,iati%e r&,e>
A re+ort s&3mitted &nder this s&3di%ision m&st 3e si5ned 3! the +erson in the a5en! ;ho is
res+onsi3,e for identif!in5 and initiatin5 re+ea, of o3so,ete r&,es> The re+ort a,so m&st identif!
the stat&s of an! r&,es identified in the +rior !earAs re+ort as o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or
d&+,iati%e> If none of an a5en!As r&,es are o3so,ete' &nneessar!' or d&+,iati%e' an a5en!As
Deem3er . re+ort m&st state that on,&sion>
&;).*) Subd. &). = !nnual report to the legislature
Petitioner a,so forma,,! re@&ests the Board to reommend +ro+osed ,e5is,ation in their "*.- 8Re+ort to
the Le5is,at&re on Chan5es the Board has Made to the Contro,,ed S&3stane Shed&,es Maintained 3!
the Board in Minnesota R&,es: in the fo,,o;in5 or simi,ar formF
1h2 Mari9&ana' tetrah!droanna3ino,s' and s S!ntheti anna3inoids> Un,ess s+eifia,,!
e7e+ted or &n,ess ,isted in another shed&,e' an! nat&ra, or s!ntheti materia,' om+o&nd'
mi7t&re' or +re+aration that ontains an! @&antit! of the fo,,o;in5 s&3stanes' their ana,o5s'
isomers' esters' ethers' sa,ts' and sa,ts of isomers' esters' and ethers' ;hene%er the e7istene of
the isomers' esters' ethers' or sa,ts is +ossi3,eF
1.2 mari9&anaJP,ants of the 5en&s Canna3is 1a,so 4no;n 3! s,an5 name 8mari9&ana2' and
materia, nat&ra,,! ori5inatin5 from them' in,&din5 tetrah!droanna3ino,s 1T0C2' anna3idio,
1CBD2' is s+eifia,,! e7e+t 3ea&se the +,ant has a 8&rrent,! ae+ted media, &se in the
United States:J
1"2 tetrah!droanna3ino,s nat&ra,,! ontained in a +,ant of the 5en&s Canna3is' sS!ntheti
e@&i%a,ents of the s&3stanes ontained in the anna3is +,ant or in the resino&s e7trati%es of the
+,ant' or s!ntheti s&3stanes ;ith simi,ar hemia, str&t&re and +harmao,o5ia, ati%it! to
those s&3stanes ontained in the +,ant or resino&s e7trat' in,&din5' 3&t not ,imited to' . is or
trans tetrah!droanna3ino,' = is or trans tetrah!droanna3ino,' and )'- is or trans
tetrah!droanna3ino,J
Chi,e it is tr&e that the stat&tes do not forma,,! 5i%e the Board the a3i,it! to ma4e reommendations on
han5es to the Minnesota Stat&tesF
8The state Board of Pharma! sha,, ann&a,,! s&3mit a re+ort to the ,e5is,at&re on or 3efore
Deem3er . that s+eifies ;hat han5es the 3oard made to the ontro,,ed s&3stane shed&,es
maintained 3! the 3oard in Minnesota R&,es' +arts =#**>-".* to =#**>-"(*' in the +reedin5 ."
months>:
It m&st 3e noted that the Board in,&ded a ,ar5e amo&nt of &na&thoriDed stat&te reommendations to the
Le5is,at&re in their "*.* re+ort' as ;as o&t,ined in detai, a3o%e>
A,so' in their "*.. re+ort' the! saidF
8The 3oard oasiona,,! iss&es inter+retations of Minnesota stat&tes and r&,es in%o,%in5 the
+ratie of +harma!> This t!+ia,,! o&rs ;hen either the ,an5&a5e of the stat&te or r&,e is
am3i5&o&s or ;hen some ne; de%e,o+ment is not ade@&ate,! addressed in e7istin5 stat&tes or
r&,es> Before iss&in5 s&h inter+retations' the Board &s&a,,! so,iits in+&t from the +rofession
and the +&3,i and a,so see4s ,e5a, ad%ie from the Offie of the Attorne! Genera,>: 1+> ."2
8The Board ma4es reommendations to the Le5is,at&re onernin5 stat&tor! han5es that ma!
3e neessar! to address e%o,%in5 standards of +ratie> The Board sometimes ma4es s&h
reommendations after 3ein5 as4ed 3! a ,e5is,ator for tehnia, assistane> Sometimes the
Board ma4es reommendations ;itho&t 3ein5 as4ed for s&h assistane' &s&a,,! ;hen the
Board 3eomes a;are of an iss&e that is not ade@&ate,! addressed in the &rrent stat&tes and
r&,es>:
It is f&rther re@&ested 3! the Petitioner that the Board remo%e the ,an5&a5e sa!in5 that the Board anAt
de,ete thin5s e7e+t %ia S&3di%ision ." 3ea&se it is dee+ti%e and d&+,iati%e> A,so' the Petitioner as4s
that the Board reommend that the Le5is,at&re reinstate the mandator! ann&a, re%ie; of a,, s&3stanes
in the CSA that the Board +re%io&s,! s&essf&,,! ,o33ied to ha%e remo%ed>
8Ce ho,d that the ,e5is,at&re intended 3! s&3ds> # and ." to de,e5ate r&,ema4in5 a&thorit! to the 3oard
to re%ise the stat&tor! shed&,es en&meratin5 ontro,,ed s&3stanes> 0ad the ,e5is,at&re intended
other;ise' there ;o&,d ha%e 3een no need to diret the 3oard to &nder5o the e,a3orate r&,ema4in5
+ro%isions ontained in the Administrati%e Proed&re At>:
State %> Kin5' "(? NC "d =$) / MinnF S&+reme Co&rt .$??
htt+FIIsho,ar>5oo5,e>omIsho,arNasePaseQ.(..(?)??*"(*#((==.
.he need for fine distinctions and findings of fact suggest the $oard should -eigh in instead of
leaving this issue to the %udicial branch
6At the o&tset' it sho&,d 3e noted that the area of dr&5 ontro, is one in ;hih some form of
de,e5ation 3! the ,e5is,at&re of disretionar! a&thorit! to an a5en! is +e&,iar,! neessar!> To 3e
effeti%e' a dr&5 ontro, +ro5ram m&st 3e re%ie;ed ontin&o&s,!' and ad9&sted ;hen neessar!' in
the ,i5ht 3oth of ne; dr&5s omin5 on to the mar4et' and of ne; 4no;,ed5e onernin5 o,d dr&5s>
The ,e5is,at&re' 3! its nat&re' has neither the fai,ities nor the e7+ertise to ass&me this tas4>
F&rthermore' 3ea&se the ,e5is,at&re is not in ontin&o&s session' it annot 5i%e the dr&5 ontro,
+ro5ram onstant attention' the ,a4 of ;hih o&,d res&,t in a dan5ero&s dr&5 3ein5 ;ide,!
disseminated thro&5ho&t the state 3efore effeti%e ontro,s ;ere instit&ted> C!. United States v.
#astor, ((? F>"d $)* 1"d Cir>.$??2J Iske v. United States, )$= F>"d "# 1.*th Cir>.$=#2>6
State %> Ed;ards' (?" SC "d $.? / TennF S&+reme Co&rt .$?#
sho,ar>5oo5,e>omIsho,arNasePaseQ-)#)$)$=*$$$==$($##
6It sho&,d 3e a++arent that the Genera, Assem3,! is not onstant,! in session' and' therefore' e%en
if its mem3ers ;ere a,, trained hemists and +haramaists' ;hih the! are not' it is im+ossi3,e for
them to 4ee+ a3reast of the onstant,! han5in5 dr&5s and mediations and their inherent dan5ers
;hih a++ear on the +harmae&tia, sene>6
State %> Lis4' "*- SE "d #=# / NCF Co&rt of A++ea,s .$?- http$%%scholar.google.com%scholar&case'
case()*++),-.))-)/)*-).-0
o- the la- changes have effected the -ay that the $oard can fi/ .he #roblem
The Board of Pharma! is a&thoriDed to re5&,ate the s&3stanes in Shed&,e I and ma!' 3! r&,e'
de,ete or reshed&,e s&3stanes ,isted in Shed&,e I> In deleting or rescheduling Schedule I
substances by rule, they may only do so as provided in )/+.0+ subdivision )+.
1,an5&a5e added sine m! ,ast +etition are in ita,is2
Subd. 12.Coordination of controlled substance regulation with federal law and state statute.
If an! s&3stane is desi5nated' reshed&,ed' or de,eted as a ontro,,ed s&3stane &nder federa, ,a;
and notie thereof is 5i%en to the state Board of Pharma!' the state Board of Pharma! sha,,
simi,ar,! ontro, the s&3stane &nder this ha+ter' after the e7+iration of )* da!s from +&3,iation
in the Federa, Re5ister of a fina, order desi5natin5 a s&3stane as a ontro,,ed s&3stane or
reshed&,in5 or de,etin5 a s&3stane> S&h order sha,, 3e fi,ed ;ith the seretar! of state> If ;ithin
that )*/da! +eriod' the state Board of Pharma! o39ets to in,&sion' reshed&,in5' or de,etion' it
sha,, +&3,ish the reasons for o39etion and afford a,, interested +arties an o++ort&nit! to 3e heard>
At the on,&sion of the hearin5' the state Board of Pharma! sha,, +&3,ish its deision' ;hih
sha,, 3e s&39et to the +ro%isions of ha+ter .->
In e/ercising the authority granted by this chapter( the state $oard of #harmacy shall be
sub>ect to the provisions of chapter &'.
The state Board of Pharma! sha,, ann&a,,! s&3mit a re+ort to the ,e5is,at&re on or 3efore
Deem3er . that s+eifies ;hat han5es the 3oard made to the ontro,,ed s&3stane shed&,es
maintained 3! the 3oard in Minnesota R&,es' +arts =#**>-".* to =#**>-"(*' in the +reedin5 ."
months> The re+ort m&st in,&de s+eifi reommendations for amendin5 the ontro,,ed s&3stane
shed&,es ontained in s&3di%isions " to =' so that the! onform ;ith the ontro,,ed s&3stane
shed&,es maintained 3! the 3oard in Minnesota R&,es' +arts =#**>-".* to =#**>-"(*>
Chi,e the Board attem+ted to han5e the ,a; to +re%ent m! +ast +etition and f&t&re ones ,i4e it from
s&eedin5' the Board fai,ed to ao&nt for the fat that MN Stat&te .(">*" S&3d> ." has three
+ara5ra+hs instead of one> Bea&se of this' the Board an sti,, remo%e s&3stanes from Shed&,e I
3ea&se of the seond +ara5ra+h' ;hih is in 3o,d a3o%e' and does not ha%e to ;ait &nti, the DEA
remo%es anna3is from Shed&,e I 3efore s&3se@&ent,! remo%in5 anna3is from Shed&,e I in the state
r&,es> The Board has a,;a!s needed to &se Cha+ter .- to en5a5e in r&,e/ma4in5' so the amended ,a; is
d&+,iati%e>
M8 v. .hiel suggests that the la- change the $oard lobbied in favor of didn?t make the change
that they intended.
The Minnesota A++e,,ate Co&rts in MN %> Thie, A.)/.)-= revie1 denied 1Minn> A&5> (' "*.-2 re,ies
a,most e7,&si%e,! on the e7at same &nder+innin5 ar5&ment that ;as &sed in MN %> Lai, 1.$?$2 in
omin5 to the on,&sion that 8the ,assifiation of mari9&ana as a Shed&,e I s&3stane +asses
rationa,B3asis sr&tin!:> The! r&,ed that 8in %ie; of the ontin&ed de3ate o%er +ossi3,e short/ and ,on5/
term +h!sia, and +s!ho,o5ia, effets' it annot fair,! 3e said that ontin&ed a++rehension and
re,&tane of the state 3oard of +harma! to reshed&,e mari9&ana is so ar3itrar! and &nreasona3,e as to
render it &nonstit&tiona,>:
To @&ote Lai, at ,en5thF
MinnesotaAs ,assifiation sheme is 3ased on the .$?* Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At'
;hih ,isted mari9&ana in Shed&,e I 3ea&se ,itt,e ;as 4no;n a3o&t its ,on5term effets>
6Con5ress ,isted marih&ana in Shed&,e I +rini+a,,! on the reommendation of 0EC' ;hih
&r5ed Wthat mari9&ana 3e retained ;ithin Shed&,e I at ,east &nti, the om+,etion of ertain
st&dies no; &nder;a! toA determine the +h!sia, and +s!ho,o5ia, de+enden! effets of the
dr&5> See 0>R> Re+ort' s&+ra' note )' at -(?$' -="$/)*> A++arent,! the +otentia, for a3&se and
the a3sene of si5nifiant media, %a,&e ;ere the determinin5 5ro&nds for +,aement of
marih&ana in the first shed&,e> See ..= Con5>Re> ?$? 1dai,! ed> Man> "#' .$?*2 1remar4s of
Sen> 0r&s4a2>6 United States v. 2i!!er, -?? F>"d )-$' )(= 1" Cir> .$?)2' ertiorari denied s&3
nom>' 3armash v. United States, -.- U>S> #).' $- S>Ct> .=(' )# L>Ed>"d =( 1.$?)2>
The inter%enin5 !ears ha%e +rod&ed a 5ro;in5 3od! of sientifi ,iterat&re on the effets of
mari9&ana on the h&man +h!sio,o5! and +s!ho,o5!' 3&t mari9&ana has not 3een reshed&,ed 3!
either the state ,e5is,at&re or the state 3oard of +harma!' atin5 &nder its stat&tor! a&thorit!>
Minn>St> .(">*"' s&3d> #>
If indi%id&a,s in the state of Minnesota are sti,, 3ein5 har5ed ;ith fe,onies 3ea&se the Minnesota
Co&rts 3e,ie%e that the Board of Pharma! an sti,, remo%e s&3stanes from Shed&,e I' the Petitioner
ass&mes that the Board sti,, does ha%e the a&thorit! to remo%e anna3is from Shed&,e I and 3e,ie%es
that the Board sho&,d a5ree ;ith the Minnesota Co&rts> MN %> Thie, f&rther statesF
8Gi%en the ontin&in5 de3ate o%er the e7tent of the &se of mari9&ana for media, +&r+oses' there is
a ,e5itimate state +&r+ose in ,assif!in5 mari9&ana as a Shed&,e I s&3stane and treatin5
+ossessors of mari9&ana for media, &se different,! than +ossessors of Shed&,e II s&3stanes for
media, &se> :
Chen the! sa! 8treat +ossessors of mari9&ana for media, &se different,!: the! mean that the! ha%e the
d&t! to +&t +atients in a5es> The Board is res+onsi3,e for the fat that the Minnesota Co&rts thin4 that
there is a ,e5itimate state +&r+ose in ,assif!in5 anna3is as a Shed&,e I s&3stane 3ea&se the Board
fai,ed to at on the PetitionerAs +re%io&s t;o +etitions> Ci,, the Board fai, Minnesota a5ainP Thie, 5ot a
(th de5ree fe,on!> Man! others that ha%e media, onditions donAt ha%e the reso&res to a++ea, their
r&,in5s and so the! remain name,ess> Peo+,eAs ,i%es are in !o&r hands> MN %> Thie, ontin&edF
8The deision ;hether to reshed&,e mari9&ana sho&,d ,i4e;ise 3e ,eft to the ,e5is,ati%e and
e7e&ti%e 3ranhes> It is ina++ro+riate for this o&rt to inde+endent,! e%a,&ate ;hether
mari9&ana is +ro+er,! ,assified &nder Shed&,e I>:
8Moreo%er' the ,assifiation of mari9&ana as a Shed&,e I s&3stane +asses rationa,B3asis
sr&tin!> S>>>T
The Minnesota S&+reme Co&rt +re%io&s,! determined that the ,assifiation of mari9&ana as a
Shed&,e I s&3stane +asses rationa,/3asis sr&tin! and does not %io,ate the ri5ht to e@&a,
+rotetion> See 0anson' )=- N>C>"d at ?$*B$. 1ado+tin5 the rationa,e and ho,din5 of Fo5art!'
=$" F>"d at (-?B-#' and statin5 that 8the ,e5is,ati%e ,assifiation of mari9&ana in Shed&,e I
does not %io,ate the onstit&tion:2J Lai,' "?- N>C>"d at .)(B )= 18In %ie; of the ontin&ed
de3ate o%er +ossi3,e short/ and ,on5/term +h!sia, and +s!ho,o5ia, effets' it annot fair,! 3e
said that ontin&ed a++rehension and re,&tane of the state 3oard of +harma! to reshed&,e
mari9&ana is so ar3itrar! and &nreasona3,e as to render it &nonstit&tiona,>:2> Gi%en the
ontin&in5 de3ate o%er the e7tent of the &se of mari9&ana for media, +&r+oses' there is a
,e5itimate state +&r+ose in ,assif!in5 mari9&ana as a Shed&,e I s&3stane S>>>T:
If the $oard decides not to engage in the rulemaking provision pursuant to petition for
rulemaking( #etitioner formally requests that the $oard pass upon the validity of Minnesota
Rules @ A1**.')&* +C,+&3, and @ A1**.')&* +C,+);,( pursuant to &'.''( because #etitioner alleges
that the Rules -ould subsequently violate M8 statutory provisions in &;).*) and "S
constitutional provisions of Equal #rotection and 7ue #rocess and the follo-ing sections of the
Minnesota Constitution and case la-:
Arti,e I Se> .F 8O39et of 5o%ernment> / Go%ernment is instit&ted for the se&rit!' 3enefit and +rotetion of
the +eo+,e' in ;hom a,, +o,itia, +o;er is inherent' to5ether ;ith the ri5ht to a,ter' modif! or reform
5o%ernment ;hene%er re@&ired 3! the +&3,i 5ood>:
Arti,e I Se> "F 8No mem3er of this state sha,, 3e disfranhised or de+ri%ed of an! of the ri5hts or
+ri%i,e5es se&red to an! itiDen thereof' &n,ess 3! the ,a; of the ,and or the 9&d5ment of his +eers>:
Arti,e I Se> = F 8In a,, rimina, +rose&tions the a&sed sha,, en9o! the ri5ht SUT to ha%e om+&,sor!
+roess for o3tainin5 ;itnesses in his fa%or:
Arti,e I Se> ?F 8No +erson sha,, 3e he,d to ans;er for a rimina, offense ;itho&t d&e +roess of ,a; SUT
nor 3e de+ri%ed of ,ife' ,i3ert! or +ro+ert! ;itho&t d&e +roess of ,a;>:
Arti,e I Se> #F 8E%er! +erson is entit,ed to a ertain remed! in the ,a;s for a,, in9&ries or ;ron5s ;hih he
ma! reei%e to his +erson' +ro+ert! or harater' and to o3tain 9&stie free,! and ;itho&t +&rhase'
om+,ete,! and ;itho&t denia,' +rom+t,! and ;itho&t de,a!' onforma3,e to the ,a;s>:
Arti,e I Se> .=F 8The en&meration of ri5hts in this onstit&tion sha,, not den! or im+air others retained 3!
and inherent in the +eo+,e>:
If the Board deides not to en5a5e in the r&,ema4in5 +ro%ision +&rs&ant to +etition for r&,ema4in5'
Petitioner forma,,! re@&ests that the Board +ass &+on the %a,idit! of Minnesota R&,es < =#**>-".* 1C2
1.?2 and < =#**>-".* 1C21"(2' +&rs&ant to .->--' 3ea&se Petitioner a,,e5es that the R&,es ;o&,d
s&3se@&ent,! %io,ate MN stat&tor! +ro%isions in .(">*" and MN and US onstit&tiona, +ro%isions of
E@&a, Protetion and D&e Proess 1and others2
Chi,e this is not s+eifia,,! s+e,,ed o&t' the Board o&,d +rod&e a .->.). STATEMENT OF NEED
AND REASONABLENESS on the R&,es in @&estion>
Does the Board 3e,ie%e that there is a ,e5itimate state +&r+ose in ,assif!in5 +,ants of the 5en&s
Canna3is as a Shed&,e I s&3staneP
8An ar5&ment mi5ht +erha+s 3e made that in the a3sene of om+e,,in5 9&stifiation' the +o,ie
+o;er does not e7tend so far as to +ermit the Go%ernment to +rotet an indi%id&a, a5ainst himse,f
and that the onern for +&3,i hea,th and safet! is re,e%ant on,! insofar as the ations of one
indi%id&a, ma! threaten the ;e,,/3ein5 of others> See id> at ..-$/((> Chi,e s&h an ana,!sis ;o&,d
3rin5 into @&estion the +rohi3ition a5ainst +ri%ate +ossession and &se of marih&ana' see' e> 5>'
Peo+,e %> Sin,air' )#? Mih> $.' .).' .$- N>C>"d #?#' #$(/#$= 1.$?"2 1o+inion of Ka%ana5h' C>
M>2' SUT S&h an ar5&ment does not &ndermine the a&thorit! of the Go%ernment to +re%ent some
from aidin5 or ind&in5 others to ommit ats detrimenta, to their o;n hea,th>:
8!ppellants? second argument is that the statutory assignment of marihuana to Schedule I(
together -ith such concededly dangerous narcotic drugs as heroin( is arbitrary and
unreasonable in light of the criteria for classification established by the statute and -hat is
kno-n about the effects of these substances>:
8A++e,,ants atta4 their sentenes as the +rod&t of an irrationa, s!stem of dr&5 ,assifiation>
The! assert that the stat&tor! +ena,ties are not 9&stified 3ea&se sientifi e%idene sho;s that
marih&ana is not near,! as dan5ero&s as heroin' and the! s&55est that marih&ana sho&,d 3e
,assified' if an!;here' in Shed&,e L>:
8Con5ress ,isted marih&ana in Shed&,e I +rini+a,,! on the reommendation of 0EC' ;hih
&r5ed 6that mari9&ana 3e retained ;ithin Shed&,e I at ,east &nti, the om+,etion of ertain st&dies
no; &nder;a! to6 determine the +h!sia, and +s!ho,o5ia, de+enden! effets of the dr&5> See
0>R> Re+ort' s&+ra note )' at -(?$' -="$/)*> A++arent,! the +otentia, for a3&se and the a3sene of
si5nifiant media, %a,&e ;ere the determinin5 5ro&nds for +,aement of marih&ana in the first
shed&,e> See ..= Con5>Re> ?$? 1dai,! ed> Man> "#' .$?*2 1remar4s of Sen> 0r&s4a2> A,tho&5h ;e
are in no +osition at this time and on this reord to determine ;hether marih&ana ;o&,d 3e ,isted
most a++ro+riate,! ;here it is or in some other ate5or!' ;e an on,&de that the &rrent stat&tor!
arran5ement is not so &nreasona3,e or ar3itrar! as to endan5er the %a,idit! of the sentenes
im+osed on a++e,,ants>
The reasona3,eness of the +ro%isions in @&estion is 5ro&nded on t;o onsiderations> As indiated
in Part II of this o+inion' there is a 3od! of sientifi o+inion that marih&ana is s&39et to serio&s
a3&se in some ases' and re,ati%e,! ,itt,e is 4no;n a3o&t its ,on5/term effets> Con5ress ;as
ad%ised 3! 0EC that determination of the serio&sness of these +otentia, haDards ;o&,d re@&ire
f&rther st&d!' and in the meantime Con5ress ;as ertain,! not +re,&ded from ta4in5 a a&tio&s
a++roah> It is apparently true that there is little or no basis for concluding that marihuana is
as dangerous a substance as some of the other drugs included in Schedule I. B&t the fo&s of
a++e,,antsA atta4 is on the +ena,t! +ro%isions aom+an!in5 the shed&,e' and in this res+et
Con5ress has made a si5nifiant distintion> The +ena,ties for +ossession of a Shed&,e I s&3stane
;ith intent to distri3&te differ s&3stantia,,! de+endin5 &+on ;hether the s&3stane in @&estion is
,assified as a naroti dr&5> Marih&ana is not so ,assified> See ". U>S>C> << #*"1.=2' #."12'
Shed&,e I121.*2> Conse@&ent,!' the ma7im&m +ena,t! for +ossession of it ;ith the re@&isite intent
is fi%e !ears in +rison and a X.('*** fine' om+ared ;ith a +ossi3,e .(/!ear sentene and X"('***
fine for simi,ar +ossession of s&h Shed&,e I and II dr&5s as heroin and oaine> See ". U>S>C> <<
#-.1321.21A2' 1B2>
In %ie; of these dis+arities in the stat&tor! santions and the on5oin5 dis+&te re5ardin5 the
+otentia, effets of marih&ana' ;e annot sa! that its +,aement in Shed&,e I is so ar3itrar! or
&nreasona3,e as to render it &nonstit&tiona,> Moreo%er' a fina, o3ser%ation is a++ro+riate. .he
provisions of the !ct allo-ing periodic revie- of the control and classification of allegedly
dangerous substances create a sensible mechanism for dealing -ith a field in -hich factual
claims are conflicting and the state of scientific kno-ledge is still gro-ing. .he question
-hether a substance belongs in one schedule rather than another clearly calls for fine
distinctions( but the statutory procedure at least offers the means for producing a thorough
factual record upon -hich to base an informed >udgment. Tr&e' the +osition ta4en th&s far 3!
the Attorne! Genera,As desi5nate 1the +ro+riet! of ;hih is no; 3ein5 ,iti5ated2' see Part I s&+ra'
has ha,ted this +roed&re at the o&tset for marih&ana> $ut the very e/istence of the statutory
scheme indicates that( in dealing -ith this aspect of the BdrugB problem( Congress intended
fle/ibility and receptivity to the latest scientific information to be the hallmarks of its
approach. .his( -hile not necessary to the decision here( is the very antithesis of the
irrationality appellants attribute to Congress.:
United States %> Kiffer' -?? F> "d )-$ / Co&rt of A++ea,s' "nd Cir&it .$?)
htt+FIIsho,ar>5oo5,e>omIsho,arNasePaseQ.)(*#)?")-?-?(=*$?"#
6It sho&,d 3e noted that &nder Setion #.. Con5ress has +ro%ided a om+rehensi%e re,assifiation
sheme' a&thoriDin5 the Attorne! Genera, to re,assif! mari9&ana in %ie; of ne; sientifi
e%idene> In esta3,ishin5 this sheme' Con5ress +ro%ided an effiient and f,e7i3,e means of
ass&rin5 the ontin&ed rationa,it! of the ,assifiation of ontro,,ed s&3stanes' s&h as mari9&ana>6
United States %> Fo5art!' =$" F> "d (-"
htt+FIIsho,ar>5oo5,e>omIsho,arNasePaseQ-=#=.)?"(=#=-.(-*(#
8In .$?*' the Federa, B&rea& of Narotis and Dan5ero&s Dr&5s drafted ,e5is,ation a++ro%ed 3! the
Nationa, Conferene of Commissioners on Uniform State La;s as the Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes
At> Minnesota ado+ted m&h of the ne; &niform at' in,&din5 the definition of 6mari9&ana6 in iss&e
in this a++ea,> L>.$?. > $)?' < ->:
8MinnesotaAs ,assifiation sheme is 3ased on the .$?* Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At' ;hih
,isted mari9&ana in Shed&,e I 3ea&se ,itt,e ;as 4no;n a3o&t its ,on5term effets>
Con5ress ,isted marih&ana in Shed&,e I +rini+a,,! on the reommendation of 0EC' ;hih
&r5ed Wthat mari9&ana 3e retained ;ithin Shed&,e I at ,east &nti, the om+,etion of ertain
st&dies no; &nder;a! toA determine the +h!sia, and +s!ho,o5ia, de+enden! effets of the
dr&5> See 0>R> Re+ort' s&+ra' note )' at -(?$' -="$/)*> A++arent,! the +otentia, for a3&se and
the a3sene of si5nifiant media, %a,&e ;ere the determinin5 5ro&nds for +,aement of
marih&ana in the first shed&,e> See ..= Con5>Re> ?$? 1dai,! ed> Man> "#' .$?*2 1remar4s of
Sen> 0r&s4a2>6 United States v. 2i!!er, -?? F>"d )-$' )(= 1" Cir> .$?)2' ertiorari denied s&3
nom>' 3armash v. United States, -.- U>S> #).' $- S>Ct> .=(' )# L>Ed>"d =( 1.$?)2>
The inter%enin5 !ears ha%e +rod&ed a 5ro;in5 3od! of sientifi ,iterat&re on the effets of mari9&ana
on the h&man +h!sio,o5! and +s!ho,o5!'
S.)T
3&t mari9&ana has not 3een reshed&,ed 3! either the state
,e5is,at&re or the state 3oard of +harma!' atin5 &nder its stat&tor! a&thorit!> Minn>St> .(">*"' s&3d> #>
In res+onse to 5ro;in5 +&3,i and sientifi o+inion a5ainst im+osin5 Shed&,e I +ena,ties on
mari9&ana &sers' the ,e5is,at&re has re+eated,! amended Minn>St> .(">.( to red&e +ena,ties> :.&23&' c>
203' < .?J L>.$?)' c> =$)' << .*/.)J L>.$?=' c> -"' << .' ">:
8In %ie; of the ontin&ed de3ate o%er +ossi3,e short/ and ,on5/term +h!sia, and +s!ho,o5ia, effets'
it annot fair,! 3e said that ontin&ed a++rehension and re,&tane of the state 3oard of +harma! to
reshed&,e mari9&ana is so ar3itrar! and &nreasona3,e as to render it &nonstit&tiona,>:
State %> Lai,' "?- NC "d ."? / MinnF S&+reme Co&rt .$?$
htt+FIIsho,ar>5oo5,e>omIsho,arNasePaseQ.)"#=-("#-*($$.?*=($
6The e@&a, +rotetion standard a++,ia3,e in re%ie;in5 the Minnesota mari9&ana ,a;s re@&ires a demonstration that the ,assifiation is
reasona3,e' not ar3itrar!' and 3ears a rationa, re,ationshi+ to a +ermissi3,e state o39eti%e> SUT
State %> Lai,' "?- NC "d ."? / MinnF S&+reme Co&rt .$?$
htt+FIIsho,ar>5oo5,e>omIsho,arNasePaseQ.)"#=-("#-*($$.?*=($
"8I45RM C58.R5::E7 S"$S.!8CES !C. +&22',
Drafted 3! the NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LACS
and 3! it APPROLED AND RECOMMENDED FOR ENACTMENT IN ALL T0E STATES at its
ANNUAL CONFERENCE MEETING IN ITS ONE/0UNDRED/AND/T0IRD HEAR IN C0ICAGO'
ILLINOIS MULH "$ B AUGUST (' .$$-
htt+FII;;;>io;amedia,mari9&ana>or5I+etitionsI+dfsI&sa$->+df
#refatory 8ote for "niform Controlled Substances !ct +&22*,
8This Uniform At ;as drafted to maintain &niformit! 3et;een the ,a;s of the se%era, States and those
of the federa, 5o%ernment> It has 3een desi5ned to om+,ement the federa, ,a; and +ro%ide an
inter,o4in5 tre,,is of federa, and state ,a; to ena3,e 5o%ernment at a,, ,e%e,s to ontro, more
effeti%e,! the dr&5 a3&se +ro3,em>:
8To ass&re the ontin&ed free mo%ement of ontro,,ed s&3stanes 3et;een States' ;hi,e at the same
time se&rin5 s&h States a5ainst dr&5 di%ersion from ,e5itimate so&res' it 3eomes ritia, to
a++roah not on,! the ontro, of i,,iit and ,e5itimate traffi in these s&3stanes at the nationa, and
internationa, ,e%e,s' 3&t a,so to a++roah this +ro3,em at the state and ,oa, ,e%e, on a &niform 3asis>:
8.he "niform !ct updates and improves e/isting state la-s and ensures legislative and
administrative fle/ibility to enable the States to cope -ith both present and future drug
problems. $ecause of the emphasis on controlling drug use( members of the medical profession
may hesitate to prescribe narcotic drugs -here use of such drugs is -arranted. .his !ct
addresses this concern. :egitimate use of controlled substances is essential for public health and
safety( and the availability of these substances must be assured. At the same time' the i,,e5itimate
man&fat&re' distri3&tion' and +ossession of ontro,,ed s&3stanes m&st 3e &rtai,ed and e,iminated> It
is reo5niDed that ,a; enforement ma! not 3e the &,timate so,&tion to the dr&5 a3&se +ro3,em> It is
ho+ed that +resent researh efforts ;i,, 3e ontin&ed and %i5oro&s,! e7+anded' +arti&,ar,! as the!
re,ate to the de%e,o+ment of reha3i,itation' treatment' and ed&ationa, +ro5rams for addits' dr&5
de+endent +ersons' and +otentia, dr&5 a3&sers>:
SEC.I58 )*&. !".5RI.6 .5 C58.R5:.
1a2 The Sa++ro+riate +erson or a5en!T In MN it is the Board of Pharma! sha,, administer this SAtT
and ma! add s&3stanes to or de,ete or reshed&,e s&3stanes ,isted in Setion "*- This means
Shed&,e I s&3stanes' "*=' "*#' ".*' or "." +&rs&ant to the Sinsert a++ro+riate state administrati%e
+roed&res ode setionT> MN Stat&tes Cha+ter .-
132 In ma4in5 a determination re5ardin5 a s&3stane' the Sa++ro+riate +erson or a5en!T sha,, onsider
the fo,,o;in5F
1.2 the at&a, or re,ati%e +otentia, for a3&seJ
1"2 the sientifi e%idene of its +harmao,o5ia, effet' if 4no;nJ
1)2 the state of &rrent sientifi 4no;,ed5e re5ardin5 the s&3staneJ
1-2 the histor! and &rrent +attern of a3&seJ
1(2 the so+e' d&ration' and si5nifiane of a3&seJ
1=2 the ris4 to the +&3,i hea,thJ
1?2 the +otentia, of the s&3stane to +rod&e +s!hi or +h!sio,o5ia, de+endene ,ia3i,it!J and
1#2 ;hether the s&3stane is an immediate +re&rsor of a ontro,,ed s&3stane>
12 The Sa++ro+riate +erson or a5en!T ma! onsider findin5s of the federa, Food and Dr&5
Administration or the Dr&5 Enforement Administration as +rima faie e%idene re,atin5 to one or
more of the determinati%e fators>
1d2 After onsiderin5 the fators en&merated in s&3setion 132' the Sa++ro+riate +erson or a5en!T sha,,
ma4e findin5s ;ith res+et to them and ado+t and +&3,ish a r&,e ontro,,in5 the s&3stane &+on findin5
the s&3stane has a +otentia, for a3&se>
Comment
The At %ests the a&thorit! to administer its +ro%isions in the a++ro+riate +erson or a5en! ;ithin the
State> The 8a++ro+riate: +erson or a5en! sho&,d ha%e e7+ertise in ,a; enforement' +harmao,o5!'
and hemistr!> The a++ro+riate +erson or a5en! ma! 3e one or more +ersons' or one or more a5enies'
or a om3ination> The enatin5 State sho&,d desi5nate that +erson or a5en! that has the means to
im+,ement' enfore' and re5&,ate the +ro%isions of the At> For e7am+,e' a&thorit! o&,d 3e %ested in
the Offie of the Attorne! Genera,' a De+artment of 0ea,th' a Di%ision of P&3,i Safet!' or s&h other
a5en! ;ithin the State res+onsi3,e for re5&,atin5 and enforin5 the dr&5 ,a;s> An a,ternati%e mi5ht 3e
a di%ision of a&thorit! ;here3! one a5en! mi5ht 3e res+onsi3,e for ontro,,in5 dr&5s &nder this
arti,e' another a5en! mi5ht 3e desi5nated to re5&,ate the ,e5itimate ind&str! &nder Arti,e )' and sti,,
another a5en! mi5ht 3e har5ed ;ith enforement> In an! e%ent' the &,timate a&thorit! for
determinin5 the a++ro+riate +erson or a5en! is %ested in the enatin5 State>
This setion sets o&t the fators to 3e onsidered for the ontro, and ,assifiation of dr&5s into fi%e
shed&,es> This ,assifiation ahie%es one of the main o39eti%es of the At' ;hih is to reate a
oordinated' odified s!stem of dr&5 ontro, and re5&,ation> The At fo,,o;s the federa, Contro,,ed
S&3stanes At and ,ists a,, of the ontro,,ed s&3stanes in fi%e shed&,es that are identia, ;ith the
federa, ,a;> Thro&5ho&t the At 8,isted: is &sed to refer to the ontro,,ed s&3stanes ,isted in the At'
;hi,e 8in,&ded: is &sed to refer to s&3stanes ontro,,ed &nder a&thorit! of the At 3&t not neessari,!
8,isted: in the At. .he !ct is not intended to prevent a State from adding or removing substances
from the schedules( or from reclassifying substances from one schedule to another( provided the
procedures specified in this section are follo-ed.
The o%era,, intent of this setion is to reate reasona3,e f,e7i3i,it! ;ithin the At so that' as ne;
s&3stanes are diso%ered or fo&nd to ha%e an a3&se +otentia,' the! an s+eedi,! 3e 3ro&5ht &nder
ontro, ;itho&t onstant resort to the ,e5is,at&re> This f,e7i3i,it! a,,o;s the ,a;s to 4ee+ in ste+ ;ith
ne; trends in dr&5 a3&se and ne; sientifi information> States sho&,d onsider esta3,ishin5 a
Sientifi Ad%isor! Committee onsistin5 of ,eadin5 media, and +harmae&tia, +rofessiona,s to
ad%ise the a++ro+riate +erson or a5en! on ontro, of s&3stanes>
S&3setion 1a2 a,,o;s federa, findin5s ;ith res+et to the s&3stane to 3e the e%idene of onsideration
of the re,e%ant fators en&merated in s&3setion 1a2>
S&3setion 1d2 +ro%ides a +roess of ation ;itho&t resortin5 to norma, administrati%e +roed&re> The
s&3setion +ro%ides that a r&,e is re@&ired to 3e ado+ted and +&3,ished to simi,ar,! ontro, a s&3stane
;itho&t o39etion and that the deision of the administerin5 a5en! is fina, ;ith res+et to
administrati%e ation 3&t is s&39et to 9&diia, re%ie; as +ro%ided 3! Setion =*=> The +roed&re a,so
a++,ies to federa,' tem+orar! shed&,in5 of a ontro,,ed s&3stane> States that ;o&,d ha%e a de,e5ation
of ,e5is,ati%e a&thorit! +ro3,em ma! ;ant to re+,ae s&3setion 1d2 ;ith a sentene to this effetF 8If a
s&3stane is desi5nated' reshed&,ed' or de,eted as a ontro,,ed s&3stane &nder federa, ,a; and notie
thereof is 5i%en to the Sa++ro+riate +erson or a5en!T' the Sa++ro+riate +erson or a5en!T sha,, initiate
+roeedin5s to ontro, the s&3stane &nder this SAtT +&rs&ant to the +roed&res of Sinsert a++ro+riate
state administrati%e +roed&res ode setionT>: Chan5es to the shed&,es sho&,d 3e +&3,ished so as to
afford notie' and this is eno&ra5ed 3! the re@&irement in s&3setions 132 and 1d2 that the a5en! is to
a&se the r&,es to 3e +&3,ished>
Essentia,,!' ;hat the! are sa!in5 is that the At +ro%ides a +roed&re or frame;or4 ;ith ;hih eah
,e%e, of 5o%ernment ma! ontro, their res+eti%e +ro3,ems> A3sent a federa, +o,ie +o;er' the feds are
on,! onerned ;ith the Commere C,a&se iss&es of i,,iit traffi4in5 and man&fat&re> Cith +o,ie
+o;er' the states a++ear to ha%e their o;n disretion as ,on5 as the +roed&res are &sed>
C!#.ER ;0==.4.8o. ;3
https$%%111.revisor.mn.gov%la1s%'id(/*4doctype(Chapter4year(+0))4type(0
Setion ( e,iminates the Board of Pharma!As o3,i5ation to &nderta4e an ann&a, re%ie; of the
ontro,,ed s&3stane shed&,es and +rohi3its the 3oard from de,etin5 or reshed&,in5 a dr&5 that is in
Shed&,e I e7e+t as other;ise +ro%ided in ,a;>
B! +assin5 this ,a;' The Minnesota Le5is,at&re de%iated from the intent of the Uniform Contro,,ed
S&3stanes At' of ;hih the! +re%io&s,! ado+ted' and in doin5 so' the! are %io,atin5 m! onstit&tiona,
ri5ht of d&e +roess> 8.he "niform !ctC ensures legislative and administrative fle/ibility to
enable the States to cope -ith both present and future drug problems.D E:egitimate use of
controlled substances is essential for public health and safety( and the availability of these
substances must be assured.D The administrati%e f,e7i3i,it! that ass&res the a%ai,a3i,it! of s&3stanes
that are 8essentia, for +&3,i hea,th and safet!: has 3een remo%ed' th&s the 5enera, +&r+ose of the
Uniform Contro,,ed S&3stanes At has 3een %io,ated>
7on?t make the #roblem -orse this time
Petitioner as4s that the Board not s&3%ert the Minnesota %ersion of the Contro,,ed S&3stanes At an! f&rther in
res+onse to this +etition as it has done +re%io&s,! after o3tainin5 m! +ast +etitions>
Instead of remo%in5 anna3is from Shed&,e I' the 3oard has s&3se@&ent,! added tons of st&ff to shed&,e I>
Petitioner as4s that the Board &se its inf,&ene for 5ood and rationa, ,a;s rather than &nonstit&tiona, and e%i,
ones>
8Board staff +ro%ides o39eti%e' non+artisan tehnia, assistane to ,e5is,ators and their staff and to the
Offie of the Attorne! Genera,> In addition' staff has 3een ons&,ted 3! the Minnesota De+artments of
0ea,th' 0&man Ser%ies' Corretions' P&3,i Safet! and LeteranGs Affairs and 3! the Minnesota Po,,&tion
Contro, A5en! on a %ariet! of +harma! or dr&5/re,ated iss&es>:
1+> .=2 The Board ;or4s' as neessar!' ;ith the United States Dr&5 Enforement Administration 1DEA2 in
the in%esti5ation of ases in%o,%in5 the di%ersion and a3&se of ontro,,ed s&3stanes>
SUT
1+> .=2 The BoardGs staff is ontated re5&,ar,! 3! ,oa, ,a; enforement a5enies and o&nt! attorne!
offies that ha%e @&estions a3o&t the stateGs shed&,es of ontro,,ed s&3stanes>
1+> .?2 Ser%in5 as a reso&re to the +rofession and the +&3,i onernin5 iss&es in%o,%in5 the +ratie of
+harma!' the distri3&tion of dr&5s and the a3&se of ontro,,ed s&3stanes Board staff res+onds to @&estions
reei%ed from the +&3,i and from the indi%id&a,s and 3&sinesses that the Board ,ienses and re5isters> The
Board reei%es man! s&h @&estions e%er! da!> The @&estions t!+ia,,! onern the ,a;s and r&,es enfored
3! the Board> Liensees and re5istrants a,so fre@&ent,! as4 the BoardGs +rofessiona, staff to re%ie;
+ro+osed +o,iies and +roed&res' +harma! onstr&tion +,ans and inno%ati%e +ratie ideas> The
E7e&ti%e Diretor and the +harma! s&r%e!ors o,,eti%e,! ha%e o%er "** !ears of e7+eriene ;or4in5 in a
%ariet! of +harma! +ratie settin5s> That e7+eriene' +,&s a thoro&5h 4no;,ed5e of the federa, and state
,a;s and r&,es a++,ia3,e to dr&5 distri3&tion and +harma! +ratie' ma4e the BoardGs +rofessiona, staff a
%a,&a3,e reso&reS>>>T>
1+> "=2 A,so' ;hi,e Minnesota Stat&tes <.(.>*= doesnGt s+eifia,,! em+o;er or diret the Board to +ro%ide
ons&,tation to these other a5enies' the Board ass&mes that the Le5is,at&re ;o&,d ;ant state a5enies to
share e7+ertise ;ith one another> Other than +ro%idin5 s&h assistane and ad%ie' the Board does not
en5a5e in an! ati%ities that are not s+eifia,,! +ermitted +er the Stat&tes>
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