Who is Latino? Who is Hispanic? Cultural Values Loyalty
Family
Respect for authority
Gendered stereotypes Statistics Hispanics are the fastest-growing ethnic minority One-third of Hispanic students perform below grade level 50+ percent of Hispanic dropouts have less than a 10th-grade education. 29% immigrant Latinos (18-25) say they plan to get a bachelors degree 60% of native-born young Latinos say the same. Achievement Gap
girls boys Latino 54 51 Native Americans 72 70 African Americans 73 71 Whites 84 83 Asian Americans 78 83 Percent of students who start elementary school that graduate high school (data from year 2000) (UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center report, 2006) (Cited in Arizona State Center for Community Development and Civil Rights 2007) Achievement Gap
girls boys Mexican Americans 47 44 Puerto Ricans 65 62 Cubans 63 63 Dominicans 51 51 Salvadorans 36 36 Percent of Latino students who start elementary school that graduate high school (data from year 2000) (UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center report, 2006) (Cited in Arizona State Center for Community Development and Civil Rights 2007) Achievement Gap Advanced Courses Financial pressure to support a family Limited English skills Different cultural backgrounds
Poverty Financial difficulties Lack of educational attainment Poor access and utilization of resources
Reasons for Achievement Gap -- Poverty Students lack confidence they can afford or otherwise attain a college education
Cultural pressure to financially support extended family
Families move to find work
Students attend resource-poor schools Gender Issues Young Mothers Modeling their parents Reasons for Achievement Gap Gendered Stereotypes
Cultural pressure for boys to prove independence early
Cultural pressure for girls to assume submissive and caretaker roles
Gender role expectations regarding extra-curricular activities
Immigration Foreign vs. Native born Sending money back to families Language barriers
Reasons for Achievement Gap Immigration Limited English proficiency
Low parental involvement in schools
How to Help Small learning communities / school-within-a-school
Culturally relevant curriculum
Academic/personal mentoring and student resilience
Manageable school reform
How to Help Community-School Support Cooperatives
Early-childhood programs with outreach to Latinos
Dual-language programs for English Language Learners
Support for parenting students
How to Help Talk early and often with students about their short and long-term aspirations.
Provide guidance on prerequisites for post-secondary education.
Expose students to the outside world.
References American Federation of Teachers: Challenges and Opportunities Facing Hispanics in America Today Retrieved from: http://www.aft.org/yourwork/tools4teachers/hispanic/challenges.cfm Arizona State Center for Community Development and Civil Rights. (2007). Pathways to prevention: The Latino male dropout crisis. Retrieved from http://cdcr.asu.edu/publications/publications-folder/latino_male_droput07wcoverb.pdf.1 "Countries Compared by Education > Duration of compulsory education. International Statistics at NationMaster.com", UNESCO. (2000). Aggregates compiled by NationMaster. Retrieved from http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Education/Duration-of- compulsory-education Cummins, J. (2000). Academic language learning, transformative pedagogy, and information technology: Towards a critical balance. TESOL Quarterly, 34. Garza, R.E. and Garza, E. (2010). Successful white female teachers of Mexican American students of low socioeconomic status. Journal of Latinos and Education 9(3), 189-206. Griggs, S. and Dunn, R. (1996). Hispanic American students and learning style. ERIC Digest. Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/1996-4/hispanic.htm Martinez, Domingo. (2012).The boy kings of Texas: A memoir. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, Globe Pequot. Marschall, M. (2006). Parent involvement and educational outcomes for latino students. Review of Policy Research, 23(5), 1053-1076. National Womens Law Center and Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. (2009). Listening to Latinas: Barriers to high school graduation. Retrieved from http://maldef.org/assets/pdf/ListeningtoLatinas.pdf Pew Research Hispanic Trends Project: Latinos and Education: Explaining the Attainment Gap Retrieved from: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/10/07/latinos-and-education-explaining-the-attainment-gap/ Rubinstein-Avila, Eliane. (2006). Connecting with Latino learners. Educational Leadership 63 (5), 38-43. Strategies for Improving the Educational Outcomes of Latinas. ERIC Digest. Retrieved from: http://www.ericdigests.org/2002- 2/latinas.htm