2

( )
:
http://uae.academia.edu/ChahbarAbdelaziz


01 : 0341 3 4103

1987

.


.
.


:
. ""
:


.
": " .


.
.

"" .

.
" "


.





.

.



""


:
" "


,
...


,

1

- 1 The language and culture of the jews of Sefrou,

Morocco : An Ethnolinguistic Study ; Louvin / University of Manchester 1988 Norman Stillman
The Jewish and muslim Dialects of Morocco Jeffery Heath 2002 Routledge
Linguistic arts and Literacy
1691 1690

Judeo arabic Literature 010 :024

8


.



:
"

".2

,

:1807

" ( ) :

"

- 2
,
-3 : , , , ,
, , ,



.4

5 ...


,

,
- 0 2020
:








-5 :

: Liturgical Poems of ribbi Yacob ,

Aben Zur 1699

10





,

( )...
(
)... (

)...
. :

,
: 6

.

-6
11

 ( ) 7

.


.

" " " ".8



.
"" ""
.
.

-7
20 1661 La Poesa de los Judos marroques bajo el influjo andalus y la ":
"idiosincrasia marroqu
-8 :

, , , , ,1621

12


:
"

.

"*.





"" : .

0344

5690 29 1042 40 20114901 :

13

FOREWORD

In the summer of 1987 I programmed a journey to the symbolic places for the
Jewish communities of Morocco. The aim was the verification of what remained from
the landmarks of Moroccan Jewish heritage. I suggested from the outset that I may
find some of the vestiges in a Mellah without Jews.
I supposed that my future in the Moroccan Jewish Studies will draw on specifically on
the number of texts that I can retrieve. Nothing of what was current about the
smuggling of an important part of this precious heritage to the outside of morocco
secretly and publicly prevented my desire of exploration.
In August of the same year, I met in Mogador a Jewish plumber; he was one of
the four souls that were still remaining in this city. He was setting on the doorstep of
his shop fighting drowsiness when I saluted him with his sacred tongue. Once my
words were pronounced, he woke up, his eyes were staring at this strange
spokesman, after he asked me from where and who I am, he occurred deep sorrow

14

for his community that was dispersed in the 'olam (the World). And in broken voice
he recited a part of the qasidat al ghurba:

We are strangers accustomed with our loneliness

When I asked him if he saves in memory something of his ancestor's poems, he
recited verses in praise of the Prophet Muhammad. Once he realized a sign in my
face, he said astonished: "really all the prophets have the same scent, Abraham, Job
Isaiah, Moses, Jesus, and the prophet of Muslims." He promised me to give me a
collection of rare texts on Sunday at the morning. My first meeting with him was on
the afternoon of Friday, few hours before the Sabbath. I stayed in Essaouira eagerly
waiting for Sunday, I woke up early, and I went to the old city market. All the shops
were closed, But the fragrance of the past fill the place. It has happened here in this
wondrous place, a real coexistence between Muslims and Jews. The king Sidi
Mohammed Ben Abdellah has assigned to Thodore Cornut a French Christian
engineer to re-build the city of Essaouira in 1760. Mogador had attracted a large
Jewish community, and it becomes an important commercial center. In this historic
space, I remembered the hagiographic tales of Rabbi Haim Pinto with his Servant
Aaron ben Haim and the tales of Ekan Souiri that I read fifteen years ago. While I
was busy meditating this serene atmosphere, David comes, and after a brief greeting,
he extracted papers from a black plastic bag. Those manuscripts were copies of
15

poems in Moroccan Judeo Arabic. They reproduced the story of Prophet Joseph in
Sefrioui Jewish dialect, the poem of the prophet Job, a poem of complaint of Time, a
part of Havdalah, a poem in David Shriqui elegy, and a printed poem of Yehuda
Ouahnoun about today's Jewish youth.
In Erfoud, near the famous Sijelmassa in south of Morocco, while visiting the
immense Jewish Cemetery, I met a Filali Canadian Jew visiting his ancestor's tombs.
He was very impressed when he saw me recording data from the tombstones. He
greeted me and started talking to me. When he knew that I am in a scientific
expedition to Mellahs of southern Morocco, he began talking about the large Jewish
community of Tafilalet, and the scientific glories of its Rabbis. On the road to the
hotel ASSALAM located between the Jewish cemetery and the city of Erfoud, he
recited a poem about Agadir earthquake; a poem that I repaired partially with an
audio recording of the Moroccan Jewish singer Sami al-Maghrebi.
In Tetouan the capital of Moroccan Sephardism, I found other texts of
Moroccan poetry in Judeo Arabic; In the rare books section of the Public Library and
Archives two manuscripts are of an excessive importance. The first mss number 19,
present poems of the great sefroui poet Rabbi Rafael Moses al-Baz, the second mss
20 present poems of Israel Nejara and Moroccan Qasidas of Judeo-arabic malhun,
this last mss was copied from original in 1910 in tangier.
16

It should be noted that the Judeo Arabic was extended in use between the Jews in
Morocco since the 10th century; Rabbi Yehudah ben Quraish an famous grammarian
wrote his epistle to the Jewish community of Fes in Judeo Arabic. This vernacular
dialect has built its own system of transliterating Arabic in Hebrew calligraphy. The
Judeo Arabic was the language of religion and literature and the other transactions
between the community and others.
We can also conclude from this corpus of Moroccan judeo Arabic Malhun,
that this poetry has in most a religious feature. This explain that the conception of
poetry by Moroccan jews, although the languages they used, was glued to the religion
and rituals. David ben aharon hassin, the poet of Meknes says:

"If our mouths are filled with poetry, if our tongues were in number
of waves, and if our lips were filled with praise to God as skies, and lit
up our eyes as the sun and moon, spreading our spindles as eagles in
the sky, and if our legs become swift as gazelles, we can't live up to
praise the Lord our God, eternal, and glorify his name in right praise."
The glorification of The Lord in poetry was the large title of the conception of
the poetic art between Moroccan Jews poets, this conception was based on a deep
religiosity and a cognition of essential branches of knowledge. David ben aharon

17

ben Hassin says in the introduction of one of his poems in his Divan printed in
Amsterdam 1807:

"I have organized this Piyyut on the seven sciences, namely: logic,
geometry, astronomy, singing, nature and science fundamentals of
religion. All of these sciences are included in our holy legislation, and
all are leading to the knowledge of the truth"
Rafael Moses el Baz, the poet of Sefrou has pointed the same meaning expressed by
David Hassin; the top of all speech is the glorification of the Lord of all creations in
words based on logic, grammar and poetic laws of tunes. The poetry of those
mentioned poets, as that of the other poets of the Jewish community in Morocco
such Jacob Abensur author of

, Solomon Heliwa, and David Al-Qayim ,

was built on measure of Arabic and Hebraic poems performed according to

Andalusian music and according to the traditions of Romance Sephardic music.
Now after the decline of the Moroccan Jewish heritage due to the large
emigration of a great number of the Jews of morocco for multiple reasons, its a
moment in time to save what can be saved from this important element of Moroccan
heritage. The malhun in Moroccan Judeo Arabic has reached a new life in the
context of the idea of return (virtual and physical) of jewish youth to the Land of the
sun: Morocco. The malhun is an open school of Moroccan Arabic dialect and is also a
big encyclopedia of Moroccan identity in his large concept.
18

This recompilation of Malhun text is a contribution in the promising reading

of our Moroccan heritage in the vast context of the new Moroccan constitution.

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36















































37














































38














































39














































40















































41
















































42















































43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50












:




:

:

51

52

:


:

53

54

55























































56

57























































58























































59

60

61













































62













































63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

:




:

72

73

74

75

76


:



:

77












:


:









:

:









:




:

78

79

80

81

82

83























































84























































85























































86























































87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94























































95























































96























































97

98

99

100

101

102

103























































104























































105

106

107

108

109

110

111

..............................................

112

113

.............................................

114

115

116

117

'

118


'

119













'

120


()

121

122

123

124

125

126

127



'




'




'








'


'

'







'
'

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135























































136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

..


..

145

146

147






..

148

'

149

150

151

'

152

153

154

155



























'

156

157

158

'

159

160

161

: :
:
:
:


:
:
: :

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

( )

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

( )

211























































212























































213























































214

215

216

( )

217

()

( )

()

218

()

()

219





( )

()

( )

220









()

--

( )






()

221












( )






()












()




()

222

( )






()












( )

223

224

225

226

227

228

61

61

77

606

667

621

632

631

660

663

661

661

653

651

616

611

673

610

611

612

617

200

202

201

262

265

226

227

229

300

300

261

266

261

253

210

306

()

310

319

Foreword

327

230

231