IEE 572 DESIGN OF ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTS

FALL 2000
FINAL REPORT
TERM PROJECT
AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR IMPROVING THE ACCURATE
CLASSIFICATION OF THE IMAGES OF PRESENT AND ABSENT
COMPONENTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS WHEN INSPECTED
BY AN AUTOMATED VISUAL INSPECTION SYSTEM
By
PRAVEEN BABU
SREENIVASULA REDDY KATHA
LUIS MAR
0
INTRODUCTION
The current miniaturization of the assembly surface mounted devices (SMD) in
Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) makes it a difficult task for human insectors to
determine their correct ositionin! and even their resence in the board" This task
becomes even more difficult #hen the roduction cycle time for the PCBs is
small$ leavin! the insectors #ith not enou!h time to accurately comlete their
%ob"
Fi!"# $& Picture of a PCB" 'ote the size of
Comonents comared to a ten cents coin"
The tyical solution to this roblem is the introduction of an (utomated )isual
*nsection (()*) system to relace the human insectors" The imminent
advanta!e of these systems over human insectors is their caability of reliably
insectin! a lar!e number of small comonents at a fi+ed level of erformance for
lon! eriods of time ,-." /i!ure 0 describes a tyical PCB assembly line&
-
( bare PCB enters the !lue disenser #here !lue is laced to the ositions in the
board #here comonents #ill later be mounted" The ne+t oeration is the
lacement of the SMD to the board" This oeration is erformed by chi1shooters
#hich oerate in tandem (lacement machine)" The comonents are fed to the
chi1shooter by a feeder$ #hich is an array of rolls containin! the comonents to
be laced in the PCB" 2nce the comonents have been fed to the chi1shooter it
laces them on the board usin! vacuum nozzles" (fter the comonents have been
laced on the board the ()* machine insects the resence and correct lacement
of the comonents" ,0.
The 3lectronics (ssembly 4aboratory (3(4) at (rizona State 5niversity is
develoin! an inte!rated 6uality environment for SMD assembly" This
environment consists of several modules that interact #ith each other to determine
in real time the 6uality of the assembly rocess for SMDs and hence the 6uality of
the roduct" These modules are&
0
01D
*nsection
System
7lue
Disenser
Machine
Placement
Machine
/eeder
'ozzle
(Piette)
PCB
Fi!"# 2% PCB (ssembly 4ine
*nsection (llocation Module (*(M)
8uality Monitorin! Module (8MM)
*nsection Module (*M)
The *(M instructs the different insection systems as to #hich elements to insect
considerin! the total available insection time$ the insection time re6uired by
each comonent and the needs of the 8MM amon! others"
The 8MM uses the information rovided by the *M to determine if the SMD
assembly rocess is in state of statistical 6uality control"
The insection module (/i!ure 9) is in char!e of the ac6uisition$ in real time$ of
the rocess information" *t consists of four Pulini+ TM ::0 monochromatic
cameras #ith a resolution of ;-0+:<0 i+els$ t#o *(* actuators oerated by
servomotors controlled by a Pentium ** comuter to move the cameras and an
illumination system comosed of a set of ei!ht rails of aro+imately si+ty1si+
43Ds each"
The insection module receives from the *(M a list of comonents to insect and
an al!orithm to use to erform the insection" Since one of the ob%ectives of
insection allocation is to !et as much information as ossible #ithout increasin!
the insection cycle$ the comonents to be insected are only a fraction of the total
number of comonents of the board"
9
Set of 43Ds PCB

Fi!"# && Side vie# of ()* system
PROBLEM DEFINITION AND FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
The ima!es rendered by the insection system are the basis for the decision
makin! of the entire 6uality control system" *n order for these ima!es to be useful
they must rovide sufficient level of detail so that the location$ insection and
control chart lottin! al!orithms can make a decision" This decision consists of
determinin! #hether the comonents are resent or absent and if they are resent$
determinin! their location and an!le of rotation #ith resect to an ideal osition
#ithin the board" The 6uality of the ima!e rovided by the cameras in every
insection routine deends !reatly on three factors&
*ris oenin! of lenses"
(n!le of illumination of the 43Ds"
:
Set of cameras
Set of 43Ds
Servo
motors
PCB
Conveyor
)ariation of current to maniulate the frontal illumination intensity"
The resent set u of these factors is leadin! to an overla of the oulations of
resent and absent comonents as rendered by a classification al!orithm that uses
values such as ener!y$ correlation and diffusion of the ima!e catured by the
cameras" The al!orithm !enerates statistical values for resent and absent
oulations$ #hich can be lotted on histo!rams (/i!ure : = ;),9." >hen the
ima!e is not accurate there is an overlain! of these histo!rams that leads to a
comonent classification error$ that is$ the value obtained from the al!orithm falls
in the ran!e of both the resent and absent oulation (/i!ure ;)"
Fi!"# '( Classification (l!orithm
;
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

< +
+



-
0
0
-
0
?
0 -
-
-
?
-
0
-
-
0
?
0
-
-
?
-
-
0
-
- 0
-
0
?
0
-
-
?
-
-
0
-
- -
) - @ 0 (
0 @ -
ln
0
-
ln
0
-
?
0
-
&
?
0
-
&
p
p
c
c
c
k
c k R
c k R



) ) )
) ) )
Result
Energy
Correlation
Diffusion
0 00 :0 A0 <0 -00 -00 -:0
1-00
1;0
0
;0
-00
-;0
000
0
-000
-0 00 90 :0 ;0 A0 B0 <0
-;00
0000
0;00
9000
9;00
:000
:;00
Fi!"# 5( Cisto!rams of resent and absent oulations of comonents
>hen a comonent cannot be classified none of the 6uality control techni6ues can
be alied to decide #hether the rocess is in or out of statistical control" This
creates a !eneral failure of the system"
SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLE
The values obtained from the classification al!orithm for resent and absent
oulations
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
-
1
0
1
0
3
0
5
0
7
0
9
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
1
5
0
1
7
0
1
9
0
2
1
0
2
3
0
2
5
0
M
o
r
e
Present
Absent
0
50
100
150
200
250
Present
Absent
2verlain!
of
oulations
2verlain!
of
oulations
are calculated usin! three different inuts$ #hich are ener!y$ correlation and
diffusion all of #hich are obtained from the ima!e rendered by the insection" /or
the urose of this e+eriment and in comliance #ith the re6uest of the ()*
system administrator$ #e focused on the ener!y factor" (fter an insection routine
is erformed$ a reort file$ #hich contains information re!ardin! ener!y$ is
!enerated" Tables - and 0 sho# a samle of such reorts"

The comonent that #as used as basis for the e+eriment #as the most common
comonent in the PCB$ #hich is the <0; vertical comonent" The code for this
comonent is used to identify caacitors$ diodes and resistors that are laced in the
PCB in the vertical coordinate" The information of ener!y #as then used to
calculate histo!rams to reresent the ener!y distribution of the oulation of
resent and absent comonents" The overlain! of these oulations can be
B
Component type Orientation Energy
805 V 1
805 V 2
805 V 0
805 V 125
805 V 125
805 V 29
805 V 8
805 V !9
805 V 81
805 V 5
805 V 157
805 V 157
805 V 157
805 V 39
805 V !8
805 V 5
805 V 2
Table -& 3ner!y values for a
resent comonent"
Table 0& 3ner!y values for an
absent comonent"
Component Type Orientation Energy
805 V 1
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 15
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 0
805 V 10
805 V 0
805 V 13
805 V 0
estimated by subtractin! the mean of each oulation" The resonse variable to be
monitored #ill then be &
*+, M#-.,P/0M#-.,A//
>here&
DE Mean distance of resent and absent oulations
PE Present Comonents"
(E (bsent Comonents"
The desired resonse #ill be a lar!e (ositive) value of D" To obtain the values of
ener!y for the resent and absent oulations the e+eriments #ill be erformed
t#ice at each factor combination of the e+eriment$ one over a board #ith resent
comonents and one in a board #ithout comonents"

FACTOR LEVELS AND RANGES
The factor levels and ran!es #ill be as follo#s&
-" *ris 2enin!& ($%1 2345 .!67#" ) 2%8 2345 .!67#") -"A hi!h level$ 0"< lo#
level
0" (n!le of illumination (90 '5) F0 hi!h level$ :; lo# level
9" )ariation of current to maniulate the intensity level of frontal illumination
(%1A I %&A) "A( hi!h level$ "9( lo# level"
<
The numbers !iven in the ran!e and levels of factor G- refer to sto numbers on
the 0;mm focal distance T) lenses that are used by each of the cameras in the
vision system #here the lo#er the sto number the !rater the oenin! of the iris"
(ccordin! to the ()* administrator the assumtion of linearity in the factor effects
is not clear secially in the *ris oenin! factor because #hen !oin! from one sto
number to the other the oenin! varies accordin! to a constant (:;'/<D
2
$ in other
#ords$ not linear" The use of center oints #ill allo# us to check for this
nonlinearly effect" The values for the center oints #ill than be& *ris oenin!& 0"0$
(n!le& AB";$ Current& 0":; (" /our center oints are used"
DESIGN OF TEST MATRIX
The desi!n of the e+eriment to find the aroriate settin!s of the arameters
described in the last section in order to obtain a otimum ima!e from the
insection machine re6uire the develoment of a test matri+ of the different factor
combinations" The desi!n of this matri+ involves the follo#in! main issues&
'umber of factors
4evels of factors
'umber of relications
Decision on Blockin!
Hun order
Po#er of the test (-1I )
F
Since the number of factors of interest for the e+eriment is 9$ #e have adoted 0
9
desi!n$ #ith 9 relications (refer to Table :) and : center oints"
The blockin! techni6ue #as not considered to this e+eriment because none of the
factors (or the e+eriment itself) #as affected by any nuisance source of variation"
The PCB boards belon! to the same batch$ no human interaction is related to the
insection routine that renders the ima!e of the oulation of comonents #ithin
each PCB"
The run order #as determined by Desi!n 3+ert soft#are$ the comlete test matri+
is sho#n in Table 9&
T-7=# && Test Matri+
-0
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Response
Std Run Block A:ris Opening B:Angle! "egrees C:Current! Amps O#erlap! pi$els
27 1 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5
22 2 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&!
3 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&3
17 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&!
1 5 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&!
8 ! "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&3
12 7 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&3
1 8 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&3
21 9 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&!
2! 10 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5
19 11 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&!
9 12 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&3
! 13 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&3
1! 1 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&!
3 15 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&3
2 1! "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&3
11 17 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&3
7 18 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&3
2 19 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&!
23 20 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&!
18 21 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&!
5 22 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&3
25 23 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5
10 2 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&3
20 25 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&!
13 2! "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&!
15 27 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&!
28 28 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5
The results table for a number of relicatesE9 is sho#n in Table :&
T-7=# '& Hesults table
The result table sho#s FF"A as the ercenta!e alha level of all effects at 0
standard deviations from the mean$ #hich is sufficiently accurate in terms of this
e+eriment"
PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENT
The run order (random) and combination of factor levels rovided by desi!n
e+ert #as follo#ed and the results rendered are sho#n in Table ; in the
(endi+" >hile runnin! the e+eriment the most difficult factor to vary #as the
current of the 43D anels because of the lack of accessibility resented by the
layout of the machine" >hile chan!in! the *ris oenin! an ad%ustment to the focus
of the camera #as also re6uired to rovide a clear ima!e in the monitor$ this
ad%ustment (or the check for a roer ima!e) #as re6uired each time the iris
oenin! #as chan!ed from one level to the ne+t" The variation of the an!le factor
--
%o&er at ' ( alp)a le#el *or e**ect o*
Term StdErr++ ,F Ri-S.uared 1/2 Std0 "e#0 1 Std0 "e#0 2 Std0 "e#0
A 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
" 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
C 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
A" 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
AC 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
"C 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
A"C 0&201 1 0 21&1 ' !3&3 ' 99&! '
#as the one that did not resent any ma%or difficulty" The comutation of the
resonse variable in each run #as erformed by the method described earlier in
this reort"
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
The statistical analysis of the resonse variable and the interretation of the results
derived form this analysis #as erformed by usin! the Desi!n 3+ertJ soft#are"
Tables ; to < as #ell as !rahs - to B are resented in the (endi+" Table ;$ Table
A sho# the Hun matri+ #ith resonses and Desi!n summary resectively"
The hi!hest order interaction term #as assumed as the error term" The half normal
lot (7rah-) clearly sho#s that ($ C$ (C are the si!nificant factors" Takin! the
si!nificant terms as the main effects and the remainin! terms as error terms refines
the model" The de!rees of freedom for the model are 9$ for curvature - and for the
error are 0:"
The analysis of variance table (Table B) rovided by Desi!n 3+ert J sho#s the
values$ the / values$ De!rees of freedom$ Sum of s6uares and Mean s6uare terms"
The hi!h value of the model /1value is stron! evidence that it is si!nificant"
(ccordin! to the Desi!n 3+ert J reort$ there is only a 0"0-K chance that a
LModel /1)alueL this lar!e could occur due to noise" *t is imortant to mention
that as sho#n by 7rah ; (lot of residuals )s" current) the assumtion of
homo!eneity of variance seems not to hold" This haens even after data
transformation has been alied to the data (S6uare root transformation #ith
-0
constant kE0 as su!!ested by Desi!n 3+ertJ #hen observations seem to follo# a
Poisson distribution)" Co#ever$ due to the hi!h value of the / ratio
E
Model
MS
MS
(0;-0" 09)$ the effects of non1constant variance #ill be very unlikely to alter the
results obtained by the e+eriment" More over$ since the e+eriment #as a
balanced fi+ed effects model the results are only sli!htly affected #hen the
assumtion of constant variance is violated ,:."
The analysis also found that there is evidence of si!nificant second1order
curvature in the resonse as measured by difference bet#een the avera!e of the
center oints and the avera!e of the factorial oints over the re!ion of e+loration"
He!ression 36uation obtained from Desi!n 3+ertJ is as sho#n belo#"
-9
(inal E)uation in *er+s of Co,e, (a#tors-
.)rt/01erla2 3 2&004 5
3&!71378879
-1&192!518 6 A
1&330008522 6 C
-0&3!7902103 6 A 6 C
(inal E)uation in *er+s of A#tual (a#tors-
.)rt/01erla2 3 2&004 5
0&00!80250
-0&179315 6 7ris 02ening
17&85988!01 6 Current
-&08780118 6 7ris 02ening 6 Current
(ccordin! to Desi!n 3+ertJ the lack of fit is not si!nificant relative to the ure
error" This result su!!ests that this model is ade6uately fitted by the re!ression
e6uation"
Hesiduals and Model (de6uacy&
The 7rah 0 sho#s the lot of 'ormal robability vs studentized residuals "The
assumtion of normality is satisfied after the s6uare root transformation">e have
considered the s6uare root transformation since the observations in this model
follo#s the oisson distribution as our resonse deals #ith countin! the number of
comonents on the PCB board and this is also su!!ested by Desi!n 3+ertJ
B2MC2M lot" The 7rahs 9 and : sho#s the lots of residuals vs" redicted
values and residuals vs" run order" These !rahs sho# that the indeendence
assumtion on the errors has not been violated and also sho#s that there is no non1
constant variance" 7rahs A and B are the lots of resonse surfaces" These !rahs
su!!ests that the resonse increases #ith the increase of the increase in Current
and *ris oenin! "The interaction bet#een these si!nificant factors can be seen
from the curvature of the resonse surface"
The H1S6uared value of 0"FFAF sho#s that the roortion of the variability in the
data is mostly e+lained by the model" (lso$ the LPred H1S6uaredL and theL(d% H1
S6uaredL values of 0"FF;A and 0"FFAA resectively are in reasonable a!!reement
#ith each other" Because the L(de6 PrecisionL ratio (#hich measures the si!nal to
noise ratio) is --A"000 this model can be used to navi!ate the desi!n sace ,:."The
-:
PH3SS value of 0"9A su!!ests that the model for the e+eriment can be used in a
ne# e+eriment to redict the resonse confidently"
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The identification of the li!ht intensity of the 43D anels (current factor)$ the iris
oenin! of the lenses of the cameras and their interaction as the si!nificant factors
in controllin! the clarity of the ima!e used by the ()* system$ #ill lead to an
increase of accuracy and efficiency in the calibration rocess of the insection
machine"
The ma+imum value obtained for the difference in mean ener!y value for resent
and absent oulations (:0"< i+els) #as obtained #hen the *ris factor #as in the
hi!h level (-"A ste numbers) the Current factor #as in the hi!h level (0"A (ms)
and the an!le factor #as in the lo# level (:;N)" *t is then recommended to run the
insection machine at these levels" The si!nificance of the non1linearity bet#een
the hi!h and lo# levels of the factors (esecially iris oenin!) needs to be taken
into account #hen ad%ustin! the levels in future research to otimize the resonse
variable defined in this e+eriment and as su!!ested by 7rahs A and B"
-;
REFERENCES
-" MuOoz$ 4"$ et al$ Multivariate On-line Quality Monitoring of SMD Assembly$
>orkin! Paer$ The 5niversity of Te+as (t 3l Paso$-FFF
0" )illalobos$ P" and )erduzco$ ("$ Integration of Quality and rocess lanning
Activities in SMD Assembly$ >orkin! Paer$ The 5niversity of Te+as at 3l
Paso$-FFB
9" (rellano$ M" and )illalobos$ P"$ !ector "lassification of SMD Images$ >orkin!
Paer$ (rizona State 5niversity$-FFF
:" Mont!omery$ D"C" (0000)$ Design and Analysis of E#periments$;
th
3dn$ Pohn
>iley = Sons$ 'e# Qork"


-A
A55#.>i)
-B
Table ;& Hun matri+ #ith resonse"
-<
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Response
Std Run Block A:ris Opening B:Angle! "egrees C:Current! Amps O#erlap! pi$els
27 1 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5 110234
22 2 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&! 2033
3 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&3 30351
17 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&! 2054
1 5 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&! 43011
8 ! "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&3 6031
12 7 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&3 30321
1 8 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&3 603'1
21 9 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&! 32062
2! 10 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5 16012
19 11 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&! 31011
9 12 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&3 10'6'
! 13 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&3 30212
1! 1 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&! 11036
3 15 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&3 1013
2 1! "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&3 6035
11 17 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&3 30252
7 18 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&3 1015
2 19 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&! 202
23 20 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&! 2036
18 21 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&! 2016
5 22 "lo#$ 1 2&8 5 0&3 30262
25 23 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5 15054
10 2 "lo#$ 1 2&8 90 0&3 30224
20 25 "lo#$ 1 1&! 90 0&! 43021
13 2! "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&! 42033'
15 27 "lo#$ 1 1&! 5 0&! 4206
28 28 "lo#$ 1 2&2 !7&5 0&5 11032
Table A& Desi!n Summary
.tu,y *y2e (a#torial E82eri+ents 28
7nitial Design 2 9e1el (a#torial "lo#$s :o "lo#$s
Center Points
Design Mo,el 3(7
Res2onse :a+e ;nits 0bs Mini+u+ Ma8i+u+ *rans Mo,el
<1 01erla2 Pi8els 28 0&2!2 3&27 .)uare root R2(7
(a#tor :a+e ;nits *y2e 9o= A#tual >ig? A#tual 9o= Co,e, >ig? Co,e,
A 7ris 02ening :u+eri# 1&! 2&8 -1 1
" Angle Degrees :u+eri# 5 90 -1 1
C Current A+2s :u+eri# 0&3 0&! -1 1
Table B& (nalysis of )ariance from Desi!n 3+ertJ
-F
Response: 01erla2 *ransfor+- .)uare root Constant- 2
A:0VA for .ele#te, (a#torial Mo,el
Analysis of 1arian#e table @Partial su+ of s)uaresA
.u+ of Mean (
.our#e .)uares D( .)uare Value Prob B (
7odel 79&8299798 3 2!&!09982!! 2512&229517 C 0&0001 signi*icant
A 3&12735!95 1 3&12735!95 3221&93972 C 0&0001
C 2&5105 1 2&5105 008&0!5513 C 0&0001
AC 3&28!983 1 3&28!983 30!&!835!!9 C 0&0001
Cur#ature 1&95708!139 1 1&95708!139 18&7!71089 C 0&0001 signi*icant
Resi,ual 0&23!20098 23 0&010592178
8ack o* Fit 0&0!0!8325 0&011517081 1&107!82007 0&3818 not signi*icant
Pure Error 0&197551773 19 0&010397!2
Cor *otal 82&030!522 27
.t,& De1& 0&102918308 R-.)uare, 0&99!95757
Mean 3&77931090! A,D R-.)uare, 0&99!5!0705
C&V& 2&723203008 Pre, R-.)uare, 0&995582908
PRE.. 0&3!233!9! A,e) Pre#ision 11!&000007!
Coeffi#ient .tan,ar, 95' C7 95' C7
(a#tor Esti+ate D( Error 9o= >ig? V7(
7nter#e2t 3&!71378879 1 0&021008112 3&!27920289 3&71837
A- 7ris 02ening-1&192!518 1 0&021008112 -1&23592377 -1&1901 1
C-Current 1&330008522 1 0&021008112 1&28!59932 1&373!7 1
AC -0&3!7902103 1 0&021008112 -0&113!0!93 -0&32 1
Center Point 0&75552183 1 0&055582239 0&!0535!1 0&870505 1
(inal E)uation in *er+s of Co,e, (a#tors-
.)rt/01erla2 3 2&004 5
3&!71378879
-1&192!518 6 A
1&330008522 6 C
-0&3!7902103 6 A 6 C
(inal E)uation in *er+s of A#tual (a#tors-
.)rt/01erla2 3 2&004 5
0&00!80250
-0&179315 6 7ris 02ening
17&85988!01 6 Current
-&08780118 6 7ris 02ening 6 Current
Table <& Dia!nostics Case Statistics
00
Standard Actual %redicted Student Cook9s Outlier Run
Order ,alue ,alue Residual "istance t Order
1 3&217297002 3&1!59333 0&0513!357 0&1!!!!!!7 0&5!705153 0&011955! 0&53819!! 8
2 3&218!95388 3&1!59333 0&0527!195 0&1!!!!!!7 0&5!1589335 0&012!153 0&5530501 1!
3 3&11929792 3&1!59333 -0&0!!38! 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&9!138 0&00985707 -0&8812 15
1&5385057!9 1&51!80728 0&021!989 0&1!!!!!!7 0&23095508 0&002133!1 0&22!109 3
5 1&510!29008 1&51!80728 -0&00!1783 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&0!57!09 0&00017298 -0&0!321 22
! 1&509!35718 1&51!80728 -0&007171! 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&07!3329 0&00023307 -0&07!!5 13
7 3&1209987 3&1!59333 -0&01833! 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&52!9 0&00793059 -0&37371 18
8 3&2202838 3&1!59333 0&05315 0&1!!!!!!7 0&57811973 0&0133!89 0&5!95!57 !
9 3&0959!511! 3&1!59333 -0&0!99!83 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&773098 0&0221897 -0&737305 12
10 1&51595!5! 1&51!80728 -0&002211! 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&023501! 2&21!!E-05 -0&023023 2
11 1&50399!81 1&51!80728 -0&012812! 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&13!37515 0&0007393 -0&13331 17
12 1&52382852 1&51!80728 0&00!!7557 0&1!!!!!!7 0&071053!57 0&0002019 0&0!9995 7
13 !&!35887281 !&5!175!85 0&07132! 0&1!!!!!!7 0&7890582 0&02903 0&7823729 2!
1 !&539877!75 !&5!175!85 -0&021877 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&23285521 0&0021!88! -0&22800! 5
15 !&!93280212 !&5!175!85 0&13152553 0&1!!!!!!7 1&399935528 0&07839278 1&315109 27
1! 3&!578!8232 3&1020118 0&21!8811 0&1!!!!!!7 2&3080979 0&21309205 2&5752153 1
17 3&11722 3&1020118 -0&0292757 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&311!0557 0&00388392 -0&30502
18 3&32200! 3&1020118 -0&0088197 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&0938795 0&0003525 -0&091829 21
19 !&30!3!01 !&5!175!85 -0&255087 0&1!!!!!!7 -2&71852!8! 0&295!1553 -3&227371 11
20 !&7282988 !&5!175!85 0&1!!537! 0&1!!!!!!7 1&772!!3718 0&125!937 1&8!583!7 25
21 !&!!8388! !&5!175!85 -0&0991!2 0&1!!!!!!7 -1&01027202 0&0082598 -1&0107! 9
22 3&3!!00!53! 3&1020118 -0&075013! 0&1!!!!!!7 -0&7983191 0&025997 -0&79193 2
23 3&328!!3395 3&1020118 -0&11235!7 0&1!!!!!!7 -1&19590! 0&057207!5 -1&207773 20
2 3&9!37!!2 3&1020118 0&008!175 0&1!!!!!!7 0&091723!88 0&00033!53 0&0897239 19
25 &3170!!29 &2!9030!2 -0&1099! 0&25 -1&228503! 0&100!18! -1&2297 23
2! &559!052! &2!9030!2 0&13270218 0&25 1&888!321! 0&1778091 1&53182! 10
27 &!1389918 &2!9030!2 0&038!8! 0&25 0&38!928155 0&00998089 0&379!!09 1
28 &3!921055 &2!9030!2 -0&057!92! 0&25 -0&!728701 0&02793203 -0&!38905 28
Residual 8e#erage
DE.7E:-EFPER* Plot
.)rt/01erla2 3 2&004
A- 7ris 02ening
"- Angle
C- Current
>alf :or+al 2lot
GEffe#tG
0&00 0&!7 1&33 2&00 2&!!
0
20
0
!0
70
80
85
90
95
97
99
A
C
AC
Calf 'ormal
K Probability
7rah-& Calf 'ormal Plot of the factor effects
0-
DE. 7E:- E FPE R* Pl ot .)rt / 01er l a23 2 &00 4
.tu,enti H e, R es i ,ual s
:
o
r
+
a
l

'

2
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
:o r +a l 2 lo t o f r e s i, u a ls
-2& 72 -1& ! -0& 21 1& 05 2& 31
1
5
10
20
30
50
70
80
90
95
99
7rah 0& 'ormal Probability Plot of Hesiduals
DE. 7E:- E FPE R* Pl ot .)rt / 01er l a23 2 &00 4
P r e,i # te,
.
t
u
,
e
n
t
i
H
e
,

R
e
s
i
,
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a
l
s
Re s i, u a ls 1 s & Pr e , i# t e ,
-3& 00
-1& 50
0& 00
1& 50
3& 00
1& 52 2& 78 & 0 5& 30 !& 5!
7rah 9& Hesiduals vs" Predicted
00
DE .7 E:- E FP ER* P lot .)r t/ 01er l a2 32& 004
R un : u+ber
.
t
u
,
e
n
t
i
H
e
,

R
e
s
i
,
u
a
l
s
Re s i, u a ls 1 s & Ru n
-3& 00
-1& 50
0& 00
1& 50
3& 00
1 10 19 28
DE .7 E:- E FP ER* P lot .)r t/ 01er l a2 32& 004
C ur r ent
.
t
u
,
e
n
t
i
H
e
,

R
e
s
i
,
u
a
l
s
Re s i, u a ls 1 s & Cu r r e n t
-3& 00
-1& 50
0& 00
1& 50
3& 00
0& 30 0& 37 0& 5 0& 52 0& !0
7rah ;& Hesiduals vs" Current
7rah :& Hesiduals vs" Hun 'umber
09
DE .7 E:- E FP ER * Pl ot .)r t/ 01er l a2 3 2&00 4 F 5A - 7r is 02eni ng < 5C - Cu r rent Desi gn Po in ts A#t ual (a #t or "- A ngl e5 ! 7&50
. ) r t / 0 1 e r la 2 3 2 & 0 0 4
A- 7r i s 0 2eni ng
C
-

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
1& !0 1& 90 2& 20 2& 50 2& 80
0& 30
0& 37
0& 5
0& 52
0& !0
2 & 35 7 ! 3
3 & 19 8 !
& 0 3 9 2 8
& 88 0 1 1
5 & 72 0 9 3

7rah B& 9D Hesonse Surface Plot

7rah A& Contour Plot #ith *ris 2enin!
DE.7E:-EFPER* Plot
.)rt/01erla2 3 2&004
F 5 A- 7ris 02ening
< 5 C- Current
A#tual (a#tor
"- Angle 5 !7&50
1&51!81
2&7780
&03928
5&30052
!&5!175
.)rt/01erla2
3 2&004
1&!0
1&90
2&20
2&50
2&80
0&30
0&37
0&5
0&52
0&!0
A- 7ris 02ening
C- Current