1

SkillsGuide
HarvardReferencing
2
InclusiveProvision
ItisEdgeHillsaimtomakeourservicesandprovision
accessibletoallusers. Ifyouneedustopresentour
training/resources/informationinadifferentformat
(e.g.electroniccopy,largeprint),orneedanyother
modifications,pleasecontacttheEdgeAheadCentre:
LRC1
st
floor(Ormskirkcampus)
Tel.01695584372
Emaileac@edgehill.ac.uk
Wewilldoourbesttoaccommodateyourrequirements.
3
Contents Pageno.
Introduction 4
Learningoutcomes 4
Whatisreferencing? 5
Whybother? 5
Wheretolookforreferencedetails 5
Keepingresearchrecords 5
Bibliographyorreferencelist? 6
HowdoIreferenceinmyassignmenttext? 67
Books(singleauthor) 89
Books(multipleauthors) 910
Secondarycitations 10
Contributioninaneditedbook 11
Ebook 1112
Journal 1213
Electronicjournal 13
Officialpublicationsandreports 14
Thesisordissertation 15
Conferencepresentation 15
Conferencepaper 16
Interview 16
Newspaperarticle 17
Onlinenewspaperarticle 17
Televisionprogrammes 18
Radioprogramme 19
Film 19
Video 19
DVD 19
CDROMS 20
Websitehomepage 21
Email 22
Compilingabibliographyorreferencelist 23
Examplebibliography 2425
Usefulcontacts 26
4
Introduction
TheHarvardreferencingsystem,alsoknownastheauthordatesystem,hasno
singledefinitivesetofconventions.Thisisduetothemanychangesinavailable
sourcessinceHarvardwasfirstdesigned(especiallythegrowingrangeofelectronic
sources)andtothedifferentinterpretationsbyusersofHarvard.Youwillnotice
manydifferencesintheconventionsusedinstudyguidesandonotheruniversity
websites.Theexamplesgiveninthisguidearebasedonarangeofreliablesources,
mainlythatofBritishStandards,BS5605:1990.
Itisimportantthatyoucheckyourcoursehandbooksandaskyourtutors,ifyou
haveanyquestionsabouttheadvicegiveninyoursubjectarea/s.
Thisbookletisintendedonlyasabasicguide.Ithas:
a Examplesofreferencingwithintext
a Examplesofreferencingwithinabibliography/referencelist
a Adviceonhowtosetoutabibliography/referencelist
a Abibliography,usingtheexamplesfromthisguide
TheSTOPsignsaretheretoalertyoutousefulinformation.
Learningoutcomes
Afterreadingthisguide,youshouldbeableto:
a Understandwhatreferencingisandwhyitisimportant
a UseavarietyofwaysofintroducingHarvardreferencingwithinyour
assignment
a Compileabibliography/referencelist
5
Whatisreferencing?
Referencing(alsocalledciting)meanstakingideasorwordsfromsomethingyou
haveread,listenedtoorwatchedandputtingtheminyourassignmenttosupport
yourdiscussionandanalysis.Wheneveryouusetheworkofsomeoneelseinyour
coursework,youmustreferencethesourceinyourassignmenttextandinyour
bibliographyorreferencelist.
Whybother?
Youwillnotgetalltheinformationyouneedforindepthlearningaboutyour
subject/sfromyourlecturesandseminarsalone.Researchingothersourcesgives
youamuchwiderperspectiveandhelpsyoutoplanforseminars,lectures,
assignmentsandexams.Tutorswanttosee thatyouareabletousearangeof
sources.
Ifyoureferenceproperly,yourtutorswillbeabletocheckyoursourcesforaccuracy,
shouldtheyneedto,andyouwillalsoavoidplagiarism. Plagiarismmeanstaking
somebodysideas,wordsorinventionsandusingthemasyourown,without
referencingyoursource.ItisaveryseriousoffenceinHigherEducationandmust
beavoided. SeeTenTopTipsforAvoidingPlagiarism.
Wheretolookforreferencedetails
Whenyouhavedecidedtouseaparticularsource,makearecordofallthe
informationyouwillneedtoreferenceit.Thisisusuallyfoundonthecoverandin
thefirstcoupleofpages.Ifyoucantfindit,checkthebackpagesandbackcover.
OnmediaitemssuchasvideosorCDROMS,youwillfindthedetails
somewhereonthecoverorontheinsert.
DetailsfromtheInternetwilldependonwhattypeofsourceitis.Thereis
moreadviceonthislaterintheguide.
Keepingresearchrecordssometips
a Keepanotebook,indexcardsordictaphonewiththedetailsofthe
sourcesyouuseforeachassignment.Thiswayyouwontlosethemandyou
willhavethemtoreferbacktoforfutureassignmentsandexams.
a Makearecordofthecallnumberonthespineofthebook,etc.soyoucan
finditagainquicklyifyouneedto.
a Saverecordsinthelibrarycataloguesystem,viewsavedrecordsande
mailthelisttoyourself.(UsetheHelptool,ifyoudontknowhowtodothis.)
a Placearequestforitemsinthelibrarycataloguesystem,iftheyareouton
loanwhenyouneedthem.(UsetheHelptool,ifyoudontknowhowtodo
this.)
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Bibliographyorreferencelist?
Traditionally,intheHarvardsystem,areferencelistisalistofallthesourcesyou
havecitedinyourassignmentandabibliographyisalistofsourcesyouhaveread
extensivelybuthavenotusedinyourassignment.
Pleasenote,thisguideusesthetermbibliographybecausemostsubject
areasatEdgeHillthatuseHarvard,usethatterm.Yoursubjectareamayusethe
termreferencelist. Pleasecheckyourhandbooksforguidelinesandconsult
yourtutorsifyouneedmoreinformation.
Thebibliography/referencelistisnotincludedinyourtotalword
count.
HowdoIreferenceinmyassignmenttext?
Themostimportantthingistousereferenceswithmeaning.Makesuretheyare
relevantinyourtextandyouintroducethemorcommentonwhyyouhaveused
them.
Themainwaystoreferencearebydirectquote,paraphraseor
summary.
Directquotation iswhereyoucopytextwordforword,encloseitin
quotationmarkstoshowitisadirectquoteandreferenceyoursource,
includingthepagenumber.
Paraphrasingiswhereyoutakethemeaningfromasourceand
expressitinyourownwords.Youhavestillusedtheideasorexamplesfrom
thesource,soyoumustreferenceit.Youdonotneedquotationmarksorthe
pagenumberforthismethodusuallybutyoumustaddthepagenumberif
youarereferringtoamodel,tableordiagram,incaseyourtutorneedsto
checkit.
Summarisingiswhereyoureferbrieflytothemainideafromaparticular
source,forexample:Dean(2002)haswrittenextensivelyontheneedfor
keenobservationbyteacherswhenmanagingaclassroom.
Thisguideshowsavarietyofexamples.Pleasereadthemcarefully
makingnoteofthepunctuationandotherconventionsused.
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Directquotations
Example1(Theauthorisnotmentionedbeforethequote.)
Groupworkisimportantwhenencouragingstudentstousecriticalthinkingbecause,
discussionreallydoesplayanabsolutelyvitalpartinthedevelopmentofthinking
(Cowley,2004:8).
Example2(Theauthorsnameappearsnaturallyintheflowofyourtext.)
AccordingtoCowley(2004:8)discussionreallydoesplayanabsolutelyvital
partinthedevelopmentofthinking.
Sometimesyoumightnotwanttouseanentiredirectquoteandyoueither
wanttomissoutafewwordsfromasentenceorinsertawordofyourownto
makethequoteflow.Youcandothisasfollows:
Example3(3dotsshowwordsomittedandsquarebracketsarethestudents
ownwords,inserted,tomakethemeaningflow)
Itisimportanttogetstudentsintherightmoodtothink[by]gainingtheir
attentionencouragingthemtoconcentrate[andby]thinkingcarefully
abouttheatmosphereintheroom(Cowley,2004:8).
Paraphrasing
Youdonotneedtoaddpagenumberswhenyouparaphraseorsummarisean
authorsideasorwork(butyoumustaddpagenumbersifyouarereferringtoa
modelordiagramincaseyourtutorneedstocheckit).Also,makesureyou
donotchangethemeaningoftheinformationwhenyouparaphraseit.
Example1
Ifwewantourstudentstoengageintheprocessesinvolvedincriticalthinking,itis
crucialtoprovidetheopportunityforgroupdiscussionandtheexchangeofideas
(Cowley,2004).
Example2
Cowley(2004)arguesthatifwewantourstudentstoengageintheprocesses
involvedincriticalthinking,itiscrucialtoprovidetheopportunityforgroup
discussionandtheexchangeofideas.
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BOOKS
Singleauthor:directquote
Examplesintext
Theeffectivecriticalthinkeremploysanumberofdifferenttechniquesduringthe
thinkingprocess(Cowley,2004:114).
Cowley(2004:114)suggeststhat,theeffectivecriticalthinkeremploysanumberof
differenttechniquesduringthethinkingprocess.
Theeffectivecriticalthinker,accordingtoCowley(2004:114),employsanumberof
differenttechniquesduringthethinkingprocess.
Ifadirectquoteislongerthan2lines,separateitfromthetextwithacolonand
indentit.Usesinglelinespacingforthequote.Youdontneedtoputquotation
marksaroundityourtutorcantellitisaquotebythelayoutandsourcedetails.
Exampleintext
Ithasbeenarguedthat:
Theeffectivecriticalthinkeremploysanumberofdifferenttechniquesduring
thethinkingprocess.Comingtoadefinitionofcriticalthinkingisactuallyquite
hardbecausethetermencompassessuchawidevarietyoffeatures(Cowley
2004:114).
Exampleinbibliography
Authorssurname
Comma
Initial
Fullstop
Yearofpublication(inbrackets)
Titleofbookinitalics
Fullstop
Placeofpublication
Colon
Publisher
Fullstop
Cowley,S.(2004)GettingtheBuggerstoThink.London:Continuum.
Avoidpaddingessayswithtoomanylongquotestomakeuptheword
count.Yourtutorswanttoseeyourdiscussionandanalysis
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Ifyouusemorethanonereferencefromoneauthor(fromthesamebook),
youonlyneedtolistthebookonceinyourbibliography.
Ifyoucitefromdifferentbooksanauthorhaswritteninthesameyear,identifythem
inyourtextbyaddinglettersaftertheyear(Bloggs,2005a)(Bloggs,2005b)butyou
mustputallthebooksfromthatauthorinyourbibliography.
Singleauthorparaphrase
Exampleintext
Cowley(2004)believesthatcriticalthinkingisnotjustaboutoneskill:itisabout
usingawholerangeofcreativethinkingtechniques.
Ithasbeenarguedthatcriticalthinkingisnotjustaboutoneskill:itisaboutusinga
wholerangeofcreativethinkingtechniques(Cowley,2004).
Multipleauthors
Fortwoauthors,givebothnames.
Exampleintext
SpringerandDeutsch(1998:3)arguethat,theleftbrainandtherightbrainarenot
identicalintheircapabilitiesororganizations.
Exampleinbibliography
Springer,S.&Deutsch,G.(1998)LeftBrainRightBrain:Perspectivesfrom
CognitiveNeuroscience.5
th
ed.NewYork:W.H.Freeman&Company.
Dontforgettoputtheedition,ifitisntafirstedition.
Formorethantwoauthors,useetal.(whichisLatinforandothers)inyour
assignmenttext.
Firstauthorssurname,etal.(year:pageno.ifitisadirectquote)
Chaffey,etal.(2003:85)statethatthosewithoutaccesstotheInternetoften
experiencesocialexclusion.
Notetheuseofpluralherebecauseyouare
citingmorethanoneauthor.
Youneedtoputalltheauthorsinyourbibliography.
Chaffey,D.,Mayer,R.,Johnstone,K.&EllisChadwick,F.(2003)InternetMarketing:
Strategy,ImplementationandPractice.2
nd
ed.Harlow:PrenticeHall.
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Ifyousummariseaparticulartheoryorissuethatmanypeoplehavewrittenabout,
butallindifferentbooks,referenceitasfollows:
Therehasbeenmuchdebateaboutparentsrighttosmacktheirchildren(Green,
1999Jones,2002Brown,2004andSmith,2004).
Youshouldputalltheauthorsandtheirworksinyourbibliography.
Asecondarycitation
Ifyoufindavaluablepieceofinformationfromoneauthorcited(i.e.mentionedor
usedasanexample)inanotherauthorswork,andyoucannotaccesstheoriginal
work,referenceitasfollows:
Examplesintext
Oliver(citedinVella,2001:42)describeshowlearnersneedto,constructknowing.
Bythis,hemeansthatinordertounderstandandlearnnewconcepts,skillsor
attitudesalearnerneedstoapplythemtorealexamplesoftheirown.
Itcouldbearguedthatlearnersneedto,constructknowing.Thismeansthatin
ordertounderstandandlearnnewconcepts,skillsorattitudes,alearnerneedsto
applythemtorealexamplesoftheirown(Oliver,citedinVella,2001:42).
Exampleinbibliography
VellanotOliverwillgointhebibliographybecauseyouhavenotreadOlivers
originalworkyoureadaboutitinVellasbook.
Vella,J.(2001)TakingLearningtoTask:CreativeStrategiesforTeachingAdults.
SanFrancisco:JosseyBass.
Awordofwarningaboutusingsecondarycitations
Itispooracademicpracticetotakeonlyoneortwosourcesandcitelotsof
secondaryreferencesfromthem.
Findtheoriginalsourceifyoucan.
Youwillfindthedetailsinthebibliographyorreferencelistofthebookthe
citationisin.
Youmightlearnsomethingnewfromtheoriginalsource.
Findmoresources.
Booka11skillssessionattheEdgeAheadCentre,ifyouneedhelpwith
research.
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Acontributioninaneditedbook
Writersoftentakeseveralchapterswrittenbyothersandeditthemintoonebook.If
youreferencefromacontributortoaneditedbook,youshouldreferencetheauthor
ofthecontributedchapterinyourassignmentandthedetailsoftheeditedbookin
yourbibliography.
Exampleintext
AccordingtoEyles(2002:219)infectiousdiseasesarethenthelensesthrough
whichtoexaminesomeofthehealthconsequencesofglobalization.
Exampleinbibliography
Authorofchapter
Yearofbookitisin(inbrackets)
Chaptertitleinsingleinvertedcommas
In
Colon
Editors/snames
(eds.)
Booktitleinitalics
Fullstop
Edition
Placeofpublication
Colon
Publisher
Fullstop
Pagenumbersofchapter(usep.orpp.)
Fullstop
Eyles,J.(2002)GlobalChangeandPatternsofDeathandDiseaseIn:Johnston,
R.J.,Taylor,P.J.&Watts,M.J.(eds.) GeographiesofGlobalChange:Remapping
theWorld.2
nd
ed.Oxford:BlackwellPublishing.pp.216235.
Electronicbook(ebook)
EdgeHillstocksawideselectionofebooks.Ifabookyouwantisoutonloan,itis
worthcheckingtoseeifwehaveanelectroniccopy.Alloftherulesaboveapplyto
referencinganebook.Theonlydifferencewillbeinyourbibliography.AddtheURL
(i.e.webaddress)andthedateyouaccessedtheebook.Youcanfindthedetails
foranebookbyclickingonthedetailsorshowdetailsbuttons.
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Theebookdetailsmaystatethatthepersonnamedonthebookistheauthor,
wheninfacttheymightbetheeditor.Thiscouldcauseyoutoreferenceanebook
incorrectly.Toclarifywhetheritistheauthorortheeditor,youcanviewthebook
coverbyclickingon:
a Showdetails
a Viewthisbook
a Open
Exampleintext
Dean(2002:36)discussesegocentricityinfiveyearoldsandsuggeststheyneedto,
learnhowtogetonwithotherchildren.Sheclaimsthatchildrenwhohave,
experiencednurseryorplaygroupareatanadvantage.
Donotputthewebsiteaddressforanyelectronicsourcesintheassignmenttext.
Thiswillgoinyourbibliography.
Exampleinbibliography
Dean,J.(2002)ManagingthePrimarySchool:EducationalManagementSeries.
London:Routledge.http://www.netLibrary.com[accessed07April2004].
JOURNAL
Referencingjournalsissimilartoreferencingcontributionsineditedbooks.You
referencethecontributorinyourassignmentandputthefulljournaldetailsinyour
bibliography.
Exampleintext(Notethatdoublequotationmarksareusedinthisexample.Thisis
becausethequotesarefrominterviewsandareactualwordsthatthestudents
spoke.Onlyusedoublequotationmarksifquotingdirectspeech.)
Somestudentswithdisabilitieshavevoicedconcernoverdifficultiesencounteredin
lectures,forexample,lecturers,talkingtooquicklyorturningawayfromthe
audience,producing,muffledsound,lecturersremovingvisualmaterial,too
quickly(Fuller,etal.,2004:461).
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Exampleinbibliography
Author/sofarticle
Yearofjournalitisin(inbrackets)
Articletitleinsingleinvertedcommas
Journaltitleinitalics
Fullstop
Volume
Issue(inbrackets)
Pagenos.
Fullstop
Fuller,M.,Bradley,A.&Healey,M.(2004)Incorporatingdisabledstudentswithinan
inclusivehighereducationenvironmentDisabilityandSociety:theLeadingJournal
inDisabilityStudies.19(5)pp.455468.
Volume issuepage/s
Journalwithoutvolumeandissuenos.
Chalmers,J.andChaudhuri,U.(2004)SniffArtTheDramaReview:theJournalof
PerformanceStudies.Summer,pp.7680.
ELECTRONICJOURNALS(Donotputanyofthewebaddressinyour
assingmenttext.Seepage10.)
Author/sofarticle
Yearofjournalitisin(inbrackets)
Articletitleinsingleinvertedcommas
Journaltitleinitalics
Fullstop
Volume
Issue(inbrackets)
Pagenos.
Fullstop
URL(i.e.webaddress)
Dateyouaccessedthejournal,[insquarebrackets]
Fullstop
Exampleinbibliography
Holmes,S.(2004)Enteralfeedingandpercutaneousendoscopicgastronomy
NursingStandard.18(20)pp.4143.http://www.nursingstandard.co.uk[accessed
26July04].
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OFFICIALPUBLICATIONSANDREPORTS
GovernmentDepartmentorOrganisation
Exampleinassignmenttext
AnOfSTEDreport(2002:3)highlightsoneofthechallengesforEnglishteachers,
whichis,tomaintainabalancebetweenteachingpupilstouselanguageaccurately,
soastomaximisecommunication,andencouragingpersonalinterpretationand
sufficientchoiceororiginalityincomposition.
Exampleinbibliography
Organisation(ifthereisnodiscernableauthor)
Yearofpublication(inbrackets)
Titleofreportinitalics
Fullstop
Referencenumber,i.e.HMIorsometimescalledcommand(Cmorcmd)number
(NotesomeauthorsusecmdothersuseCm.(youwillneedtocheckthedocument
youareusing)
Fullstop
Placeofpublication
Colon
Publisher
Fullstop(Alsoseetheonlineexamples)
OfficeforStandardsinEducation(2002)GoodTeaching,EffectiveDepartments:
FindingsfromaHMISurveyofSubjectTeachinginSecondarySchools.HMI337.
London:OfSTEDPublications.
AnonlineGovernmentreport
Exampleinassignmenttext(Note,thereisanauthorforthiscitation.Ifthereisno
author,puttheorganisationinyourbrackets,i.e.forthiscitationitwouldhavebeen,
(DfES,2004:5).
TheSecretaryofStateforEducation,CharlesClarke(2004:5)hasarguedthatKey
Stage3testresultsforDecember2003were,thebestonrecord,withincreasesin
everysubjectandatalllevels.
Exampleinbibliography
Clarke,C.(2004) DepartmentalReport:Cm6202.London:DfES.
http://www.dfes.gov.uk/deptreport2004/[accessed03August2004].
Ifyourefertoadocumentpublishedmorethanonceinthesameyear,use
letterstoindicatethis,forexample(2004a),(2004b).
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THESIS(ordissertation)
Exampleinbibliography
Author
Year(inbrackets)
Titleofthesisordissertationinitalics
Fullstop
Degreeawarded
Fullstop
Universityawardingthethesis/dissertation
Fullstop
Forsyth,M.(2001)Lightinga'FrugalTaper':WorkingClassWomenPoets1830
1890:ACriticalAnthology.PhDThesis.UniversityofLancaster.
CONFERENCEPRESENTATIONORPAPER
Conferencepresentation
Exampleinbibliography
Presenter
Year(inbrackets)
Titleofpresentation,insingleinvertedcommas
Titleofconference,initalics
Fullstop
Organisersofconference
Comma
Placeofconference
Fullstop
Dateofconference(inbrackets)
Fullstop.
Rabikowska,M.(2004)EatingMelonOverShakespeare:orHowtoTeachCritical
ThinkinginAdvertisingTeachingforLearninginPostCompulsoryEducation:
SharingPracticeandThinking.CentreforLearningandTeachingResearch,Edge
HillCollegeofHigherEducation,Ormskirk,U.K.(23January).
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Conferencepaper
Author
Year(inbrackets)
Titleofpaperinsingleinvertedcommas
Titleofconference,initalics
Fullstop
Organisersofconference
Comma
Placeofconference
Fullstop
Dateofconference(inbrackets)
Fullstop.
Jones,M.(2004)Slidingintotheswamp?AstudyofNewlyQualifiedTeachers
EngaginginCriticalReflectionuponTheirPracticeHawaiiInternationalConference
onEducation.UniversityofHawaii,Honolulu,U.S.(36January).
INTERVIEW
Exampleinbibliography
NameofInterviewee
SubjectofInterview,initalics
Fullstop
Interviewedby
Colon
Nameofinterviewer
Locationofinterview
Fullstop
Fulldateofinterview(inbrackets)
Fullstop
Keen,J.OnlineInteractiveStudySkills. Interviewedby:Norburn,L.EdgeHill
CollegeofHigherEducation,Ormskirk,U.K.(01August2004).
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NEWSPAPERARTICLE
Exampleintext
FormerOfSTEDchief,ChrisWoodhead,hascreatedmorecontroversybyclaiming
thatGovernmentfundingwillnotsavestateeducationandthatifprivateschools
weretojoininpartnershipwithstateschools,theywouldonlybeproppingupa
failingsystem(Smithers,2005:7).
Exampleinbibliography
Author/s
Year
Titleofarticle,insingleinvertedcommas
Titleofnewspaper,initalics
Fullstop
Dayandmonth
Comma
Pageno/s
Fullstop
Smithers,R.(2005)ExOfstedchiefsparksnewrowTheGuardian.13May,p.7.
ONLINENEWSPAPERARTICLE
Exampleintext
FormerOfSTEDchief,ChrisWoodhead,hascreatedmorecontroversybyclaiming
thatGovernmentfundingwillnotsavestateeducationandthatifprivateschools
weretojoininpartnershipwithstateschools,theywouldonlybeproppingupa
failingsystem(Smithers,2005:1).
Exampleinbibliography
Author/s
Year
Titleofarticle,insingleinvertedcommas
Titleofnewspaper,initalics
Fullstop
Pageno/s
URL,i.e.webaddress
Dateyouaccessedthearticle[insquarebrackets]
Fullstop
Smithers,R.(2005)ExOfstedchiefsparksnewrowEducationGuardian.p.1.
http://education.guardian.co.uk.[accessed13May,2005].
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TELEVISION
Inbibliography
Titleofprogramme,initalics
Fullstop
Episodenumber
Fullstop
Titleofepisode,insingleinvertedcommas
Channel
Fullstop
Fulldateoftransmission
Fullstop
Timeoftransmission,basedon24hourclock
Fullstop
Example1
MessiahIII. Episode1.ThePromiseBBC1.30August2004.2100hrs.
Example2(programmewithonlyoneepisode)
(Doublequotationmarksareusedbecausethesewordswerespokeninthe
programme.)
ExampleIntext
TouristsinThailandarebeingencouragedtovisitEuropeanandAmericanprisoners
atthenotoriousBangKwangprisoninBangkok.Inmatesdubbedthesebanana
visitsandsaidtheyfeltlikecagedmonkeys(TheRealBangkokHilton,2004).
Exampleinbibliography
TheRealBangkokHilton. BBC2.22July2004.2100hrs.
ATelevisionInterview
Exampleintext(Doublequotationmarksareusedbecausethesewordswere
spokenintheprogramme.)
SuziLeather(2004),ChairoftheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAuthority
(HFEA),defendedtheHFEAsdecisionallowingembryoscreeningtofindcell
matchesforasickchildas,embryoselectionforaveryimportantmedicalreason.
Exampleinbibliography
Leather,S.InterviewIn:SixOClockNews.BBC1.21July2004.1800hrs.
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RADIO
Exampleintext
Inarecentradiodebate,StuartMaconiechallengedrecordcompanyrepresentatives
ontheirviewthattheyarelosingvastamountsofmoneytoInternetdownloading
(TheGreatBritishMusicDebate,2004).
Exampleinbibliography
Programmetitle,initalics
Fullstop
Radiostation
Fullstop
Fulldateoftransmission
Fullstop
Timeoftransmission,basedon24hourclock
Fullstop
Example:TheGreatBritishMusicDebate.BBCRadio2.21July2004.1900hrs.
FILM,VIDEOANDDVD
Titleoffilm,initalics
Dateofrelease,inbrackets
Directedby
Directorsname
Fullstop
Regionofpublication
Colon
Productioncompanyname
Fullstop
Mediumandformat,[insquarebrackets]
Fullstop
FILM
WhateverHappenedtoBabyJane?(1962)DirectedbyRobertAldrich.USA:
WarnerBros.[Film:35mm].
VIDEO
ReadingWithColour:AFilmAboutMearesIrlenSyndrome.(2000)Essex:Sylva
ProductionsincollaborationwithUniversityofEssexVisualPerceptionUnit.
[Video:VHS].
DVD
BladeRunner:theDirectorsCut.(1992)DirectedbyRidleyScott.USA:Warner
Bros.[DVD].
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CDROM/MUSICCD
ArticlefromafulltextCDROMdatabase
Exampleinbibliography
Author/s
Titleofarticle,insingleinvertedcommas
Titleofnewspaperorjournal,initalics
Fullstop
Medium[insquarebrackets]
Fulldate
Fullstop
Pageno/s
Fullstop
Lascalles,D.OilstroubledwatersFinancialTimes. [CDROM]11January1995.
p.18.
MusicCD
Exampleinbibliography
Nameofartist/s
Fullstop
Releasedate(inbrackets)
Producedby
Nameofproducer/s
Fullstop
TitleofCD,initalics
Fullstop
Placeofrelease
Colon
Nameofrecordcompany
Fullstop
Medium[insquarebrackets]
Fullstop
Kraftwerk.(1978)ProducedbyRalfHutter&FlorianSchneider.TheManMachine.
Dusseldorf:CapitolRecordsInc.[MusicCD].
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WEBSITEHOMEPAGE
(Donotputanyofthewebaddressinyourassignmenttext.You
shouldputtheauthorororganisationinyourbrackets.Seetheexamplesin
thisguide.)
IfyoucannotfindanauthoronthepageyouarereferencingfromtheInternet,you
needtogiveasmuchinformationasyoucanfind.Gotothehomepagetofind
relevantinformation.Usethefollowinglistasaguideline.
Lookfor:
Constructor,personororganisation
Titleofpage
Titleofarticle
Datecreated
Dateupdated
URL(webaddress)
Pageno/s
Makeanoteofthedateyouaccessedthesite
Exampleintext
Amindmap,harnessesthefullrangeofcorticalskillsword,image,logic,rhythm,
colourandspatialawareness(BuzanCentres,2004:1).
Exampleinbibliography (Theexamplegivenhereactsinasimilarwaytoan
articleinajournalorachapterinaneditedbook.,apartfromhavingnoauthor.)
Organisation
Date(inbrackets)
Titleofarticle,insingleinvertedcommas
Titleofpageorsectionitisininitalics
Fullstop
URL(i.e.webaddress)
Dateaccessed[insquarebrackets]
Fullstop
BuzanCentres(2004)DefinitionofMindMaps:WhatisaMindMap?MindMaps.
http://www.mindmap.com[accessed29July2004].
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Notethereisnodatecreatedorupdatedontheexamplewehavegiven.
Somesiteshavethis,othersdont.Also,beverycarefultocopythewebaddress
correctly.Ifyouuseasiteregularly,saveitinyourFavourites.
Referencingawholewebsitewithintext
Metacrawler(http://www.metacrawler.com)isametasearchtoolusedforconducting
basicsearchesandquicklylocatingdocumentsontheWorldWideWeb.The
statementabovedoesnotrefertoanyspecificpageorpartofthatsite,soyouwould
notneedtoputitinyourbibliography.
EMAIL
Exampleinbibliography(Thisexampleisfictitious.)
Authorofemail
Dateofemail(inbrackets)
Subject,initalics
Emailtorecipientsname[insquarebrackets]
Online[insquarebrackets]
Availableemail
Colon
Recipientsemailaddress
Bloggs,J.(03August2004)HarvardReferencing. [emailtoBlah,R.][Online]
Availableemail:blahr@blah.ac.uk
Wesuggestyougainpermissionfromtheotherperson/sinvolvedbeforecitingan
email(particularlyifyouaregoingtocitetheiremailaddress).
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COMPILINGABIBLIOGRAPHY(orreferencelist)
a Compileyourbibliography/referencelistinalphabeticalorderbyauthor/s
surnameorbyorganisation(seetheexampleonthefollowingpages).
a Attachittothebackofyourassignmentonaseparatepage.
a YoudontneedtoseparateyourInternetreferences,unlessyoursubjectarea
tellsyouto.
a Somesubjectareas(suchasEnglish)willaskyoutolistyourprimaryand
secondarysourcesseparately.PLEASECHECKyourhandbooks.
Pleasenote,theexamplebibliographyshownhereisverylongbecausewehave
includedalltheexamplesfromthisguide. Askyourtutorshowmanysourcesthey
expectyoutouseinassignmentsthiswillvaryaccordingtowordlengthandsubject
area.
24
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26
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