Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cementing Services
and Products Catalog
Schlumberger 2003
Schlumberger
225 Schlumberger Drive
Sugar Land, Texas 77478
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without prior written permission
of the publisher.
TSL-4274
An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Schlumberger.
NExT
is a mark of NExT.
is a mark of Den norske stats oljeselskap a.s. (Statoil).
Netscape is a registered trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation.
Window is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
InstanSeal
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Reservoir solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
Quality, health, safety and environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Key cementing technology highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Deepwater cementing products and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Deepwater slurries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
FlexSTONE Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DeepCEM additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Well stress analysis software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CemCADE software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Advanced plug placement module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Offshore cementing skids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
DeepSea EXPRES offshore plug launching system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Surface dart launcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Subsea tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A gas migration control serviceGASBLOK service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gas flow risk analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Routes for gas migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CemCADE softwareplacement and postplacement risk analysis . . . . . . . . . . 10
Cement slurry design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
High risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Low risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Slurry properties for gas migration control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cement placement design and execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lost circulation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Lost Circulation Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Contents
iii
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
InstanSeal system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
InstanSeal Cement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ShearSEAL lost circulation fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERMABLOK system for plugging zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CemNET advanced fiber cement to control losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZONELOCK S sealing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ZONELOCK SC permanent system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mud removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WELLCLEAN II engineering solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipe centralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displacement regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fluids design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WELLCLEAN II simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WELLCLEAN II advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical washes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MUDPUSH spacers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
InterACT wellsite monitoring and control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stress analysis model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i-Handbook oilfield data handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CemCRETE concrete-based oilwell cementing technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LiteCRETE low-density slurry system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DeepCRETE deepwater cementing solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DensCRETE advanced cement technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SqueezeCRETE remedial cementing solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CemSTONE Advanced Cement Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FlexSTONE Advanced Cement Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DuraSTONE Advanced Cement Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cementing slurry systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lightweight cements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LiteCRETE cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D049 lightweight cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foamed cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CemSTREAK land cementing unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CPF-376 double-pump cement trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CPT-372 double-pump cement truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offshore cementing skids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optional equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAS liquid additive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CemCAT cementing computer-aided treatment software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SFM-C process control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonradioactive densitometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Execution analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postcementing analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cement evaluation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sonic services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SlimAccess tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCMT Slim Cement Mapping Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultrasonic services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents
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Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Marks of Schlumberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
viii
Preface
Reservoir solutions
Schlumberger has been supplying products and services to the oil and gas industry for more than
75 years. Our trained, highly qualified professionals team with operating companies to maximize
asset values with reservoir solutions that combine best practices and advanced oilfield technologies with service quality and environmentally sound operations.
As exploration and production activities have expanded, our relationships with operating
companies have evolved. Today, we provide many services which help in finding hydrocarbons,
constructing and completing wells to produce them, and stimulating the wells to maximize their
production. We do this from service locations in all oil- and gas-producing areas of the world. We
are committed to providing real-time solutions that make the finding and production of oil and
gas more cost effective and that maximize recoverable reserves.
With the movement toward a more holistic approach to oil and gas development, geoscientists
and engineers gain a thorough understanding of the reservoir by using exploration and production product technology, field services, and project management skills along with software and
information management services integrated with information technology (IT). Using this
approach, the value of the reservoir is increased and the capital expenditures and negative cash
flow are minimized.
Exploration
Delineation
Development
Maturity
Maximize
production
Accelerate
production
Maximize
recovery
Cash
flow
Time
Minimize
capex
Defer
abandonment
Minimize
opex
Reservoir optimization
Preface
Traditional development
ix
Cementing plays a role in this process by providing zonal isolation in the wellbore. Highquality zonal isolation allows more accurate well testing to define the reservoir, maximizes recovery at the least cost (reduced costs for produced water and its disposal), and provides more
effective stimulation through placement focused on the reservoir, more effective enhanced recovery and reduced abandonment costs.
Training
Schlumberger training is continuousemployees receive both formal and on-the-job training
throughout their careers. We periodically assess all our training programs for content, quality and
effectiveness, and we employ the latest technology to ensure that our training remains best in
class.
Our training emphasizes the use of IT. We have developed on-line and CD-ROM training modules
and achieve full use of IT by providing worldwide connectivity to the internal Schlumberger
communications network and to the Internet. Both new employees and those studying for
advancement can use the Internet for their training courses.
Schlumberger technical training programs sponsor on-line, in-house and field training in all
phases of equipment selection, application and operation, as well as effective design, execution
and evaluation. Structured training programs and seminars provide the latest information and
technical knowledge, and we conduct directed learning programs and seminars around the
world.
Within Schlumberger, no education is ever really complete. Methods and techniques change,
as do market conditions and regulatory guidelines. Following formal university and in-house
training, employees continue to gain knowledge through experience and pre- and postjob sessions in which principles and practices are continually improved.
The NExT Network of Excellence in Training, an alliance of Heriot-Watt University in
Scotland, Texas A&M University, the University of Oklahoma and Schlumberger, provides training
that fills a learning gap for working professionals, both within and outside the company, to help
them diversify their skill sets and learn about emerging technologies. Delivery methods include
traditional classrooms, mentor-supported on-line distance learning, CD-ROM self-study programs
and custom on-site courses.
Our policy is to attract the very best graduates, then train and develop them. The majority of
Schlumberger managers started in the field directly after graduating.
Preface
xi
xii
Introduction
Schlumberger provides high-quality services for well construction and remedial applications.
These services are based on best practices, environmentally sound wellsite operations and
innovative technology and always have safety as a first priority.
Cementing is a process used to support and protect the casings in a well and to achieve or
renew zonal isolation. Zonal isolation is required to prevent liquids or gases from flowing from
one zone to another within the wellbore. This isolation allows the completion and production
and subsequent abandonment of the well at the lowest possible cost. Isolation allows more
accurate well testing to define the reservoir, maximum recovery at the least cost (reduced costs
for produced water and disposal), more effective stimulation through placement focused on the
reservoir, more effective enhanced recovery and reduced abandonment costs. Without isolation,
the cost of each of these processes is increased and its effectiveness is reduced.
When isolation is not achieved by the primary cement job (cementation of the casing string)
a squeeze job is required to correct the deficiency. Squeeze jobs are also used during the wells
life to meet changing objectives as the well and field age.
Occasionally, cement plugs are set in the well to allow changes in drilling. Plugs are also used
to isolate intervals within the well when it is depleted and abandoned.
All these cementing treatments require careful design of the cement systems to provide the
required properties of the slurry before setting and of the cement once it is in place and set.
Designs must consider the conditions in the well at the time of cement placement as well as
conditions that may occur at any time during the life of the well. In addition to the design of the
slurry and set-cement properties, the mechanics of the placement process must be designed to
accomplish optimal mud removal and cement placement. On location, the cement must be
properly mixed to achieve the required properties and pumped into place, maintaining the
integrity of the well.
To achieve the cementing objectives, various additives can be used to modify the slurry and
set-cement properties. Specific cement slurry systems are employed to meet especially demanding applications. A new, innovative approach to cementing is Advanced Cement Technology. This
technology utilizes principles from the concrete industry, specially adapted for oilfield use, to formulate slurries with lower water content. These advanced principles eliminate the problems of
conventional slurries, which require high water content for optimal pumpability that ultimately
reduces the compressive strength of the set cement.
This Advanced Cement Technology has two families; CemCRETE* concrete-based oilwell
cementing technology and CemSTONE* technology. CemCRETE technology increases the solids
content of the slurry using a custom-designed particle-size distribution. More solids in the
cement mean greater compressive strength, reduced permeability and greater resistance to
corrosive fluids. CemSTONE technology uses this high solids content together with particles
having specific properties to modify the set-cement performance (such as durability, flexibility
and expansion) to the needs of the well. Using stress analysis modeling software, cements can
be designed with properties to provide isolation for the life of the well.
Introduction
Our cementing software is used worldwide by Schlumberger engineers. CemCADE* cementing design and evaluation software, which allows simulation based on well data and formation
conditions, is used to plan the proper placement of the slurries and ensure the integrity of the
well is not compromised. DESC* design and evaluation services for clients improves communications and solutions development by placing a dedicated Schlumberger engineer in the client's
office with access to information hubs, technology centers and the most complete family of
application software in the industry.
Purpose-built and highly specialized mixing and pumping equipment is employed to properly
execute the treatment, while the CemCAT* monitoring and recording system provides a record
of the treatment. Use of the CemCAT record, along with design parameters and placement and
isolation evaluations such as those provided by USI* UltraSonic Imager logs, allows the design
engineer and service team to make performance enhancements and use principles of continuous
improvement to enhance the value of the cementing process.
Services
Deepwater cementing products and services
Deepwater drilling poses unique challenges for cementing. Large-diameter casings are set in
poorly consolidated formations, frequently with a narrow pore-fracture pressure window and
high potential for shallow-flow hazards (water or gas). Compounding the problems is the low
temperature found at the sea bottom and the first few thousand feet below mudline. With subsea wellheads, launching cement wiper plugs is also more complicated. Logistically, the distance
from shore makes versatility in cement slurry design an important consideration. Add to this the
difficulty of remedial work in the deepwater environment, and annular sealing throughout the
life of the well becomes more critical.
Abnormally pressured sands, with a high probability of shallow-water or gas flow, characterize many deepwater geological environments. Such flows present problems in cementing operations, affecting the integrity of the well. Consequences of uncontrolled shallow flows include
subsidence, compromised seafloor stability, loss of well support and buckling of structural casing, and compromised wellbore integrity, resulting in well control problems and potential loss of
the well and supporting structures.
Schlumberger provides innovative products and services for solutions to deepwater cementing challenges. DeepCRETE slurries, DeepCEM additives and GASBLOK* gas migration control
slurries deliver the properties necessary to provide rapid setting, control of potential flows and
the long-term isolation needed to ensure the integrity of the well and protect the environment.
The DeepSea EXPRES* offshore plug launching system allows the efficient release of bottom and
top wiper plugs in subsea cementing heads to prevent cement contamination and control displacement. Engineers use CemCADE software, proven over two decades, for placement design
and to assure well security and control. Offshore cementing skids, built for performance and reliability, provide the means to efficiently mix and pump the high-quality slurries required in this
tough cementing environment.
Services
Deepwater slurries
DeepCRETE cement slurry systems are based on CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology.
DeepCEM additives minimize risk of shallow flow, enhance strength development, reduce WOC
time and provide low permeability of the set cement.
When needed, FlexSTONE* Advanced Cement Technology slurries can be employed to provide
set-cement durability, with annular cement sheaths able to withstand changing downhole
stresses without failing.
FlexSTONE Cement
FlexSTONE systems offer mechanical properties that can be engineered to meet the changing
stresses in the wellbore; excellent flexibility and chemical resistance while maintaining lower
permeability and good compressive strength. FlexSTONE systems, with these properties customized to the well, will resist stresses and maintain isolation. These slurries also expand to seal
any microannulus. FlexSTONE cements are engineered to be more flexible than the formation
they seal, and expansion of the cement sheath occurs both outwards (toward the formation) and
inwards (toward the casing), thus assuring complete hydraulic isolation.
See page 48 for additional information on FlexSTONE Advanced Cement Technology.
DeepCEM additives
DeepCEM liquid cementing additives were created for short transition time and early compressive strength development. Such properties are necessary for isolation and early casing release
to ensure successful cementation in the unconsolidated, low-temperature environment of the
surface and conductor casings in deepwater wells. When combined with Schlumberger GASBLOK
gas migration control technology, DeepCEM slurries provide the solution to shallow gas or water
flow control. These additives can be used in foamed cement slurries.
Use of these systems allows elimination of the special blends often needed to overcome challenges related to low temperature in deep ocean drilling.
DeepCEM additives include the nonretarding dispersant (D185) and cement set enhancer
(D186). The nonretarding dispersant provides the dispersion required for good slurry design
without retardation at low temperatures. Even at the low temperatures encountered in deepwater wells, D186 set enhancer is more effective for early strength development than standard
cement accelerators such as calcium chloride.
CemCADE software
CemCADE software can be used to design all primary cementing operations, from large-diameter
conductor casing to the deepest liners. Use of CemCADE software helps the engineer ensure that
well security is respected at all times and at all points in the well during the cementing treatment. By coupling centralization calculations with a numerical fluid placement simulator,
CemCADE software allows easy flow regime and annular flow rate selection. It also aids in design
of wash, spacer and slurry for optimum displacement of mud and cement placement.
Displacement optimization helps to prevent channeling, ensuring zonal isolation.
The program utilities and underlying physics are enhanced continually to reflect the latest
developments in cementing technology. Of particular interest for deepwater operations are the
temperature simulator, gas migration predictor, and swab and surge pressures calculator. The
temperature simulator allows a calculation of fluid and wellbore temperatures that considers
wellbore environment parameters such as seawater temperature and current. Better knowledge
of the temperature makes selection of retarder or accelerator concentration more accurate as
well as allows WOC time determination based on modeled wellbore temperatures.
Services
Cement mixing and pumping units are specially designed for use on offshore drilling rigs.
Liquid additive metering systems provide versatility in the ability to adjust cement slurry properties right up to the time of the cementing treatment. This is especially beneficial in deepwater
operations, because the requirements may not be known until the hole section is drilled. If dryblended cements were used, there would be considerable time spent waiting for testing, blending and delivery if requirements are not known until the section is drilled.
Applications
Benets
Features
DeepSea EXPRESS offshore plug launching system is a reliable tool for releasing cement wiper
plugs when subsea hangers are used.
Services
Subsea tool
The subsea tool (SST) retains the casing wiper plugs until they are released by the arrival of the
darts. Hydraulic pressure acting through the dart and a rod releases the plugs. The SST accepts
up to three plugs for 219- to 340-mm [858- to 1338-in.] casing or two plugs for 406- to 508-mm
[16- to 20-in.] casing.
The deepwater cementing products and services portfolio of Schlumberger provides all the
components required to provide zonal isolation for the life of the well.
Each of these phases requires careful analysis and design to achieve the desired overall
resulta well that is free of gas migration. The first step, that of achieving zonal isolation, is
accomplished by the cement, but only after the drilling fluid has been removed from the wellbore
to allow cement to fully occupy the annulus between the borehole and the casing. Mud removal
is accomplished by techniques that have been developed by Schlumberger through the years, culminating in the WELLCLEAN II* engineering solution for mud removal. This solution considers
the factors that impact mud removal and provides a systematic approach to removal of mud.
The second step is to design the placement process so that an overbalanced condition is maintained until late in the transition of the cement from a liquid to a solid. The nature of the setting
process makes it difficult to maintain overbalanced pressure; after placement, cement undergoes
a gradual gelation, resulting in loss of hydrostatic pressure. Ideally, the pressure is maintained
above formation pressure until the cement is set. In practical terms, this is extremely difficult to
do. Another option is to minimize the time between development of gel strength and setting while
maximizing the overbalanced pressure (without risking breaking the well down). This is done by
analyzing the pressures in the well and employing options that maximize the overbalanced pressure. Several tools in CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software assist in this step.
Obviously, a component of this step is the design of the slurry.
The third step, impeding propagation of the gas, depends on the use of slurries with special
properties so that gas cannot invade and migrate along the cemented annulus. Special properties, such as those provided by GASBLOK slurries, are required during the critical transition
period as well as after setting. Additionally, to maintain isolation for the life of the well,
CemSTONE Advanced Cement Technology may be required.
Applications
Benets
Features
Services
Gas migrates in a well when the pressure becomes underbalanced. If the cement is in place and
set when this occurs, the potential for flow depends on the integrity of the cement, both its complete filling of the annulus and its mechanical durability. Paths for gas flow develop as a result of
incomplete mud removal (a mud channel), free fluid development in the cement slurry, or an
interfacial gap (microannulus) at the cement-pipe or cement-formation interface. An additional
path can be created if the cement fails mechanically, producing a crack along its length. These
paths can also be created by changing mechanical stresses in the well.
A path can be created if the well becomes underbalanced before the cement has developed
sufficient strength to prevent its propagation through the column; that is, while the cement is
unset. In this case, gas can migrate through the unset cement, forming a channel.
CemCADE softwareplacement and postplacement risk analysis
CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software has two tools that aid in preventing gas
invasion of the cement before it has developed adequate strength to control gas flow. The first is
a tool common to most cementing simulators, an analysis of the fluids and pressures in the well
during and after the cementing process to determine well security and control. If an underbalanced condition develops during cement placement, a warning is given and the fluids and/or
placement process are redesigned.
A second tool, called postplacement analysis module, provides the design engineer with an
indication of the relative risk of gas migration based on the degree of overbalance and the well
geometry. The engineer can then assess variations in slurry placement and treatment execution
variables to propose the lowest-risk method of cementing the well. In cases where the risk is
judged to be small, less-aggressive solutions can be proposed; conversely, if the risk is judged to
be high, more aggressive solutions should be considered.
Very critical
25 Pa
50 lbf/100 ft2
Critical
Moderate
75 Pa
150 lbf/100 ft2
Low
150 Pa
300 lbf/100 ft2
Very low
250 Pa
500 lbf/100 ft2
Postplacement analysis provides the design engineer with a relative degree of risk for use in selection of
methods of controlling gas migration.
10
Schlumberger slurries for high-risk gas migration scenarios have very special properties. These
slurries are called GASBLOK slurries, proven for over two decades. GASBLOK slurries are part of
the overall GASBLOK technology, a systematic approach to solving the gas migration problem.
These slurries use either a specially designed and patented latex additive or a customized microgel polymer.
The latex provides unique properties to cement slurries and the set cement. Being a suspension of solids, the latex provides excellent rheological properties and control of gelation without
affecting the hydration process. Free fluid is easily controlled and setting is rapid. The finely
divided latex particles provide efficient pore-blocking in the developing cement matrix during the
transition from liquid to solid and in the set cement. This pore-blocking minimizes the invasion
of the cement by gas and prevents its movement. Microgels provide similar effects, but with specially designed hydrated polymer particles.
The GASBLOK family of additives includes D500 GASBLOK LT additive, D600G GASBLOK MT
additive, and D700 GASBLOK HT additive for low, moderate and high temperatures, respectively.
A surfactant, D701 GASBLOK stabilizer, is used to control transition time and setting in certain
cases. These additives, used so successfully in controlling gas migration for the past two decades,
have been modified to make them acceptable in more environmentally sensitive areas, such as
the North Sea.
Low risk
When the risk of gas migration is judged to be low, less-aggressive designs are required. Slurries
can be designed with more conventional fluid loss additives in place of the GASBLOK latices or
microgel. Besides fluid loss control, excellent slurry and set properties must still be maintained.
Slurry properties for gas migration control
Laboratory and field evaluations have demonstrated that several properties of cement slurries
are critical in controlling gas migration.
Services
11
Poor mud
removal
(rheology)
Free
fluid
High
fluid
loss
Bulk
shrinkage
Gas
channeling
along
interfaces
Gel
strength
development
Cement
hydration
Result
Interzonal
communication
Pressure-charged
formations
Gas to surface
Blowout
Chemical
contraction
Gas
channeling
within
cement
matrix
Unplanned costs
Remedial work
Lost production
Damage to
equipment
and facilities
Many slurry properties must be correctly designed for success in cementing across
gas-bearing formations.
Fluid loss control is important, because maintaining the proper ratio of water to solids is critical to maintaining the rheological properties for effective placement of the slurry as well as preventing premature gelation. Premature gelation will lead to long transitions to a set matrix and
result in unacceptably early hydrostatic pressure decay. Such hydrostatic pressure decay would
in turn lead to an underbalanced condition. If occurring before the cement develops a solid
matrix, this situation can easily lead to gas invasion of the cement and migration along the annulus to points of lower pressure.
Simultaneously, the proper water/cement ratio must be designed and maintained to control
slurry stability. An unstable slurry can allow the development of free fluid and/or solid sedimentation. Free fluid can create a water channel in the column of cement, leading to gas flow.
Sedimentation can lead to changes in density of the slurry and result in inadequate fluid pressure to control the formation pressure. An additional impact of the water/cement ratio is that of
the slurry and set-cement permeability. As the water/cement ratio increases, so does the permeability of the cement matrix. A permeable cement matrix makes control of gas more difficult; if
permeability is sufficiently high, there may be migration through the matrix after setting.
12
The setting behavior of the cement is important for several reasons. Initially, early setting
determines the relationship of strength development to hydrostatic pressure decay (and underbalance and gas flow initiation). Subsequently, permeability, shrinkage, expansion and long-term
durability are controlled by the setting behavior. As discussed previously, permeability must be
kept low to minimize or prevent gas flow through the set-cement matrix. Shrinkage can result
in the development of microannuli between the cement and pipe or wellbore wall. Shrinkage
can also result in radial cracking of the cement, which provides another path for gas to flow.
Long-term durability can be enhanced with CemCRETE and CemSTONE Advanced Cement
Technology.
CemCRETE and CemSTONE slurries are highly effective in achieving the properties necessary
for gas migration control. CemCRETE slurries provide low-permeability cement, even at very low
densities. They also have excellent slurry properties (stability, rheology, etc.). CemSTONE slurries have very high durability and, if required, can be designed to expand. When coupled with
GASBLOK technology, both slurry systems provide excellent properties to meet the demanding
requirements for gas migration control.
Services
13
To select the correct technique to effectively solve lost circulation, it is necessary to know the
reasons for the losses; i.e., the type of loss and the drilling history.
Very often lost circulation treatments fail because of a lack of information such as the types of
losses and their relative depths. A lack of knowledge can lead to selection of the wrong treatment,
which usually results in poor success, excessive costs and time, and the frustration caused by
repetitive failures.
Lost circulation can occur at any time in the life of the well. During construction, lost circulation can be encountered while drilling and while cementing. These problems are solved by different methods. A tool for identifying the best solution is the Lost Circulation Advisor.
Benets
14
Features
InstanSeal system
The InstanSeal system is a unique technology for combating high mud losses. It is often more
time- and cost-effective than other lost circulation control methods. The InstanSeal system uses
shear activation to trigger formation of a rigid gel. This unique activation method saves crucial
drilling time and money over other lost circulation methods.
The base fluid for InstanSeal lost circulation control is an emulsion. The emulsion contains
gelling polymer and crosslinker in separate phases. The emulsion is converted when the slurry is
pumped through the nozzles in the bit, crosslinking the polymer. This results in rapid action and
excellent control of polymer placement into the loss zone.
Cement
Emulsion
Set gel
Activation of the InstanSeal system is by shearing force rather than chemical action.
This technology makes placement across the loss zone more certain.
Applications
Benets
Internally activated
Valuable rig time savings
Downhole mixing of fluids not required
Features
Services
Benets
Internally activated
Rig time savings
No downhole mixing of fluids
Features
16
CemNET bers are inert and require no special handling. They can be readily
dispersed in water-base uids such as cement. An interlocking network is formed,
allowing the cement to bridge and resume circulation.
Services
17
Applications
Benets
Features
Fibers added directly to the slurry during mixing, without dry blending
No effect on cement properties
Compatible with most cementing systems and additives
Forms bridging network in the slurry
18
Mud removal
WELLCLEAN II engineering solution
Effective mud removal is considered the most basic requirement for cementing success. Failure
to achieve removal of mud can result in failure to isolate productive intervals, allowing production of unwanted fluids, misapplication of stimulation treatments, and chronic issues of sustained
casing pressure and gas migration. When such conditions exist, additional costs and efforts are
incurred.
Applications
Mud removal in oil and gas wells, including deviated, extended-reach, horizontal and injection
wellbores
Oil-base mud (OBM) or water-base mud (WBM)
Benets
Features
Recognizing that effective mud removal cannot be achieved without considering the effect of
all relevant parameters, the WELLCLEAN II engineering solution utilizes innovative products
and tools to design cement placement for effective zonal isolation. These products and tools
include
optimized chemical wash systems
Pipe centralization
Because fluids in the annulus tend to flow more freely on the wide side, casing centralization is
critical to ensure continuous flow all around the annulus. Schlumberger engineers use the centralization module of CemCADE software to design the optimum degree of standoff to meet the
requirements for mud removal.
Services
19
Displacement regimes
Complete mud removal can be achieved using either laminar or turbulent flow regimes. The
choice between the two regimes depends on several parameters and conditions, including well
geometry and fluid properties. The design engineer must analyze all the relevant parameters to
make the right selection. The WELLCLEAN II simulator is a powerful tool for showing critical
results with the chosen fluids and flow regimes. These include such parameters as the percentage of cement coverage, the risk of leaving a mud film or channel at the end of the cement job,
and for turbulent flow, the contact timeall as a function of depth and time.
Fluids design
Knowledge of cement and spacer fluid properties is essential to ensure proper zonal isolation.
The effectiveness of each fluid to displace the fluid ahead of it can be checked using the
WELLCLEAN II simulator. Output will clearly predict channeling that exists between the fluids.
WELLCLEAN II simulator output guides the design engineer to improve mud displacement
through modification of spacer and cement properties and flow parameters.
WELLCLEAN II simulator
Ensuring complete zonal isolation is the ultimate goal of cementing operations. However, frequently this goal is not achieved. Because incomplete mud removal is a repeated source of unexpected costs for operators, every effort should be made to ensure critical zonal isolation on the
primary cement job.
A two-dimensional numerical simulator, the WELLCLEAN II simulator uses computational
fluid dynamics to predict the process of cement placement. Based on well geometry and trajectory, downhole fluid properties, volumes, pump rates, and casing centralization, Schlumberger
engineers predict the efficiency of mud removal and identify whether a mud channel will be left.
Using the WELLCLEAN II simulator, engineers can make the necessary design changes to optimize the operation and achieve zonal isolation.
The design engineer uses visually displayed displacement patterns produced by the
WELLCLEAN II simulator as a guide to the most efficient and complete form of mud removal.
Applications
Mud removal and cement placement to achieve zonal isolation in vertical, extended-reach and
horizontal wells
Benets
Features
20
Fluids
concentration
map
Depth
(ft)
Mud risk
on the
wall
Fluids
concentration
map
4600
4600
5000
5000
5400
Depth
(ft)
5800
6200
Mud risk
on the
wall
5400
5800
6200
Mud
Spacer
Cement
High
Medium
Low
None
Modeling allows the engineer to analyze various mud removal scenarios and
select the best one to achieve zonal isolation.
WELLCLEAN II advisor
The WELLCLEAN II advisor design tool greatly facilitates the selection and adjustment of additive concentrations in spacer fluids for the optimal rheological properties to achieve the ultimate
goal of mud displacement and zonal isolation. This software reduces engineering and laboratory
time through recommendation of additive concentrations for the specific mud removal scenario
(flow regime, required fluid properties) at the temperature of the well.
Chemical washes
Chemical washes are used if increased density is not needed for well control and turbulent flow
is required. These fluids have a density and viscosity close to those of water or oil. When pumped
ahead of the cement slurry, they assist in mud removal by diluting, thinning, and dispersing mud
and by water-wetting the casing surface, improving the quality of the bond between the cement
and the casing and formation.
When oil-base fluid is used for drilling, base oil is often the first preflush fluid and is followed
by chemical washes containing surfactants and/or solvents.
Schlumberger offers a comprehensive line of MUDCLEAN* chemical washes for all applications.
Function
MUDCLEAN WBM
WBM
MUDCLEAN OBM
OBM
Services
21
Applications
Benets
Features
Chemical washes are lightweight, thin uids that remove mud by turbulent ow.
MUDPUSH spacers
Spacers are weighted fluids that provide a compatible buffer between the drilling fluid and the
cement slurry and offer control of rheological and flow properties. They can be designed for turbulent or laminar flow regimes. Performance of the spacer is optimized using engineering tools
such as the WELLCLEAN II simulator. Their effective use results in displacement of drilling fluid
around and along the annulus for effective zonal isolation.
22
To provide effective mud removal, Schlumberger offers a wide range of MUDPUSH* spacer fluids to suit zonal isolation criteria under all well conditions.
Schlumberger offers a comprehensive line of MUDCLEAN chemical washes for all applications.
Depending on well conditions and on the fluid properties, the spacer is designed to be pumped
Table 3-2. Schlumberger Spacers
Name
Base Fluid
Density
(kg/m3 [lbm/gal])
Flow Regime
Temperature
Limit (C [F])
MUDPUSH II
12002400 [1020]
Turbulent or laminar
149 [300]
WBM or OBM
MUDPUSH WHT
15602400 [1320]
Laminar
232 [450]
WBM or OBM
in either turbulent or laminar flow. Performance of the spacer is optimized using engineering
tools such as the WELLCLEAN II simulator.
The MUDPUSH II spacer properties are specially formulated to address environmental concerns. Properties include lower toxicity, better biodegradation and lower bioaccumulation to produce a minimal impact on the environment.
MUDPUSH II spacers have less retarding effect on the cement than earlier versions of spacers. Any contaminated cement slurry is subject to less delay in strength development. This proves
critical, especially at tops of liners when relatively fast strength development is required.
In wells drilled with an oil-base drilling fluid, the proper surfactant and, in some instances, a
solvent, are tailored to the base oil. These surfactants and solvents are added to basic MUDPUSH
spacer to disperse the oil phase into water and provide a water-wet surface for better bonding to
the cement.
Services
23
Applications
Benets
Features
Density range from 1200 to 2400 kg/m3 [10 to 20 lbm/gal] or 1560 to 2400 kg/m3 [13 to 20 lbm/gal]
for MUDPUSH WHT spacer
Compatible with cement
Excellent suspension properties
Compatible with fresh water, salt water or seawater
Compatible with all drilling fluids (water- and oil-base)
Stable rheological profile with increasing temperature
Excellent reproducibility between laboratory and field performance
Extremely stable
Easy to mix in the field
In the upper log, a conventional spacer resulted in poor isolation in the permeable section
(140-mm [512-in.] liner at inclination of 55 with 1800-kg/m3 [15-lbm/gal]) cement. The lower
log shows a 178-mm [7-in.] liner in a horizontal well cemented with lightweight cement and
using MUDPUSH II spacer for mud removal.
24
Applications
Benets
Services
25
Features
26
System requirements
Services
27
Software
CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software
Cementing in todays challenging wells is a complex task. Wells may have depleted intervals,
resulting in narrow windows between pore and fracturing pressures. Deviations can make casing
standoff by centralizers hard to determine. Mud removal may be difficult as a result of the standoff and exotic drilling fluids.
CemCADE software provides tools to assist the engineer in evaluating all the parameters and
in designing cementing slurries and procedures to cement the well and achieve the required
zonal isolation. The software is used for all types of wells and casings, from land to offshore in
deepwater and from large-diameter conductor casing to the deepest production liner. Tools
assist in calculation of centralizer placement, pump rates and spacer properties to achieve mud
removal and cement placement; calculation of densities and pumping parameters help maintain
well control. Additional tools evaluate the risk of gas migration and allow the engineer to select
appropriate solutions to minimize this risk. A module assists engineers in designing plugs to minimize contamination during placement, resulting in much higher plug-setting success. A simulator aids in determining the temperatures to expect during cementing, providing better data for
cement slurry design and better schedules for thickening-time tests and compressive-strength
tests to determine optimum WOC.
A key use of CemCADE software is the optimization of the mud removal process for effective
mud displacement and zonal isolation using WELLCLEAN* mud removal technology. This
optimization requires knowledge of the stresses placed on the mud by displacing fluids. These
stresses, which contribute to displacement of the mud, depend on fluid densities, viscosities,
flow regimes and fluid velocities. An additional factor is the degree of casing standoff in the open
hole, which has a large effect on localized fluid velocity and flow regime. CemCADE software
provides tools that integrate the standoff calculation, the fluid properties, the pump rate and
the U-tube phenomenon to assess the ability of a combination of fluid properties and flow rates
to achieve the mud removal required for zonal isolation. A proprietary placement simulator,
WELLCLEAN II software, assists the engineer in evaluating the potential effectiveness of mud
removal by the chosen fluids.
Applications
Software
29
Benets
Features
The fluid placement simulator evaluates well control and pipe integrity by computing and comparing hydrostatic and dynamic pressures with the formation fracture and pore pressures, and
tubular burst and collapse ratings. This is done for all points in the well during the cementing
process.
30
Fluid test data (e.g., rheology and thickening time) are managed in a database.
Standoff is optimized using caliper and directional survey data and properties of the
centralizers.
Forces to run the casing in the hole are calculated.
WELLCLEAN technology and fluid-fluid displacement theory is used to predict mud removal
and help ensure zonal isolation.
Temperatures in the well during conditioning and cementing are determined, enabling slurry
design for specific conditions.
Schedules for thickening-time tests are constructed using temperature simulator.
Temperature schedules are generated to avoid premature setting or excessive WOC time
resulting from over-retardation.
Postplacement analysis aids in analysis and minimization of the risk of gas migration after
cement placement.
Postplacement analysis aids in selection of operational procedures and slurry properties for
minimization of risk of gas migration.
Surge and swab calculations check well security during running and moving casing.
Tables are generated to schedule and monitor foamed cement job.
Foamed cement job optimization.
Well data and cementing parameters are exported to external software, such as SoniCalc
acoustic log calculator.
Postjob evaluation is performed using quality assurance and quality control plots from data
recorded during the treatment.
Pressure signature evaluation of unanticipated events.
Designs for balanced plug minimize chance of contamination during placement.
Volumes for balanced fluids are calculated.
Well control and pipe integrity are checked during forward or reverse circulation following
plug cementing.
CemCADE simulator computes well security and control pressures experienced for
all depths during the cementing process.
Temperature plots show a prole of the temperature in the casing and in the
annulus at selected times during the cementing process.
Software
31
Using
stress
analysis
model
software,
set-cement
properties
are matched
to formation
properties and
future well conditions.
Mechanical properties
of FlexSTONE cement
are adjusted through
static testing.
32
Applications
Benets
Features
Applications
Benets
Software
33
Features
The Schlumberger i-Handbook tool retains the familiar appearance of a book, making use of
the program intuitive. A right click on the section tab displays a table of contents for the section.
Clicking on an item in the list opens that part of the book. Standard oilfield and metric units are
supported, and changing the units is as simple as clicking on the displayed unit and selecting the
alternate. Users can also save a particular units format under the custom units option, thus having the flexibility of using multiple units systems. Tubing and casing data tables can be expanded
so that additional physical properties may be viewed. Data entered in any calculator or wellbore
configuration can be saved and sent to another user, thus facilitating quick and accurate
exchange of information.
34
Information and calculations unavailable in printed handbooks can be found in the i-Handbook
tool. These include tubular data supplied by the vendors and several calculators for common fracturing and cementing computations. Presentation of comprehensive engineering data, complete
with source equations, and rapid interactive calculations offer substantial time savings throughout a project. For drilling and workover operations, pipe stretch, free point and critical buckling
forces can be calculated by the i-Handbook tool. Typical cementing calculations include slurry
formulation, volumes and properties of cement slurries, bulk plant load quantities, displacement
volumes, balanced plug volumes, and pressures to land the plug and casing lift forces. For fracturing operations, calculations can be made for slurry density and proppant fill, proppant gate
settings for blenders, proppant settling, screenout, sand plugs, and pressure drop. Acid density
and dilution tables, API density, and hydrostatic pressures for oils and brine density requirements can be calculated. Ovality of coiled tubing can be calculated as well. For general use, units
conversions can be made, and hydrostatic pressures and gradients and volumes in tanks (strap
conversions) can be calculated.
The i-Handbook tools interactive wellbore diagram enables the user to build a graphical view
of the wellbore by dragging and dropping data from the tubular tables. After drawing the wellbore, the user can define various flow paths in the well and the volumes of defined sections will
automatically be calculated and displayed on the diagram. Configurations can be saved and modified as conditions change during the operation.
Wellbore diagrams can be created by dragging and dropping the elements, and
the i-Handbook tool automatically calculates volumes.
Software
35
A thorough understanding of the treatment and effects of recommended actions are communicated through visual, sometimes animated, schematics. Using various input, the user can prepare diagrams illustrating the various combinations of strings and sizes, thus creating multiple
realistic design options in one session. With a zoom feature, wellbore features can be examined
closely. Wellbore elements are automatically labeled, and the user can color code volumes pertaining to different sections in the wellbore. The completed wellbore schematic can be presented
as a picture file pasted in a report by using copy feature.
In addition to providing views of various fluid positions during the job, the i-Handbook tool can
be used to generate configurations corresponding to hangers and wellbore geometries associated
with washouts and under-reaming.
An automated check corrects elements of the well scenario or alerts the user to an inconsistency so that corrections can be made. For example, the system issues an alert if the input for
the outer diameter of a pipe is greater than the wellbore diameter.
The i-Handbook tool includes data not included in printed versions of the engineering handbook and each section has been updated with new content. Supplier databases have also been
updated and expanded. New offerings include the following.
Enhanced casing and tubing database with a wide range of pipe diameters and with
mechanical properties
Drillpipe, drill collar and coiled tubing database
Calculator to compute effects of axial loading on collapse pressure
Connection interchange list for various thread types
Enhanced list of drill bits and clearance
Stretch and free-point tables
Buckling force calculations for deviated wells
Visual and tabular data on tanks of various geometries
Visual and tabular information on flange and ring specifications
Volume
Fracturing
36
Cement
The i-Handbook tool makes it easy to calculate volumes for a balanced cement plug.
Software
37
Materials
Introduction
In todays remote areas and extreme environments, exploration puts increasing demands on the
technology required for developing new reserves. No new technology is better tailored to these
demands than Advanced Cement Technology from Schlumberger. Incorporating 10 years of R&D,
Advanced Cement Technology provides a range of cement alternatives, tailored to the well, to
achieve zonal isolation for the life of the well.
CemCRETE Advanced Cement Technology decouples set-cement properties from slurry density. With CemCRETE systems, properties such as permeability and strength are superior to
those of conventional cements. Slurries can be lighter (or heavier) than ever, without compromising properties of the set cement.
CemSTONE systems, the newest generation of Schlumberger Advanced Cement Technology,
offer set-cement properties that can be adjusted to meet the requirements of the well. They are
purpose-built to withstand mechanical stresses and changes in temperature and pressure that
damage conventional cements. CemSTONE systems offer control over properties never possible
with conventional oilwell cement, allowing you to meet your requirements for such set properties as flexibility, expansion and impact resistance.
Standard cement slurries require water to ll the void between particles. CemCRETE slurries
ll the interparticle void with more solids, giving superior cement properties.
Materials
39
0.25
0.20
0.15
Permeability
(mD)
0.10
0.05
0.00
12.0 lbm/gal 12.0 lbm/gal 15.8 lbm/gal 17.5 lbm/gal
Conventional LiteCRETE Conventional DensCRETE
cement
cement
cement
cement
Foamed cement
LiteCRETE cement
3500
3000
2500
Compressive
strength
(psi)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
8
10
11
12
13
12
13
Density (lbm/gal)
3
2
1
Permeability
(log mD)
0
1
2
3
4
8
10
11
Density (lbm/gal)
Strength and permeability of LiteCRETE slurries are superior to properties
produced by foamed cement.
Materials
41
Low-density LiteCRETE slurry frequently eliminates stage cementing in long intervals. With
performance similar to higher-density slurries, you can get exceptional perforation quality without reducing cement integrity. LiteCRETE systems are even strong enough for hydraulic fracturing treatments or setting kickoff plugs.
In some cases, special properties may be built into CemCRETE slurry systems to meet specific
performance criteria. For instance, casing strings through permafrost zones must be cemented
with slurries having protection from freezing. For this application, Schlumberger developed
Arctic LiteCRETE cement.
Applications
Benets
Features
42
Applications
Placement of full columns of cement for complete coverage across weak, shallow formations
in deepwater
Potential shallow water or gas flows
Benets
Features
Materials
43
3500
DeepCRETE at 12.5 lbm/gal
Class G at 15.8 lbm/gal
3000
2500
2000
Pressure
(psi)
At 65F
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Time (hr)
At low temperatures, 1500-kg/m3 [12.5-lbm/gal] Deep CRETE slurry develops strength faster than conventional
Class G cement with density of 1895 kg/m3 [15.8 lbm/gal]. WOC time is reduced, saving rig time and reducing costs.
500
450
Conventional cement
DensCRETE cement
400
350
300
Friction
pressure
(lbf/1000 ft)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
5
7
Pump rate (bbl/min)
CemCRETE technology results in slurry formulations that have excellent ow properties. Friction
pressures are much reduced, so slurries can be placed at greater ow rates to reduce placement time and enable better mud removal.
44
High-pressure drilling can require sudden changes in mud weight. With DensCRETE technology, you can quickly increase the slurry density by 120 kg/m3 [1 lbm/gal] on location. With
reduced risks, shorter placement times and lower costs, DensCRETE systems offer the highdensity cementing alternative with higher performance.
Applications
Benets
Features
Materials
45
Syringe containing
the slurry to be injected
Transparent
plate
Filter paper
Spacer medium,
delimiting
a channel
Porous plate
Injection point
Injection point
SqueezeCRETE slurry
In this 120-micrometer [0.005-in.] slot test, well-dispersed microcement bridged immediately after
entering the slot. SqueezeCRETE slurry penetrated and lled the entire length of the slot, providing
a complete, effective seal.
Applications
Microannulus repair
Repair of leaking liner tops
Repair of leaking perforations
Squeeze of small channels
Plugging and sealing of old gravel packs
Benets
Features
46
Materials
47
Complicated completion
techniques such as multilaterals
shatter conventional cement.
CemSTONE systems provide
better durability.
48
Applications
Benefits
Materials
49
12
Conventional cement
FlexSTONE system
10
8
Well isolation
properties
6
4
2
0
T/E ratio
Bond strength
Permeability
(MPa after 4 weeks set time)
(D)
Properties of conventional cements are not adequate for difficult well isolation.
FlexSTONE systems have higher ratios of strength to Youngs modulus (T/E) and
higher bond strength while maintaining low permeability.
Features
50
Applications
Multilateral completions
Reentry wells
Sidetrack plugs, especially in hard formations
Across shoes where impacts are high during subsequent drilling
Benefits
Features
Materials
51
DuraSTONE Advanced Cement Technology systems are more durable and have better
impact resistance than conventional cements, so they provide better isolation under
rugged drilling and completion conditions. The conventional cement (top right) failed
after 6 impacts while the DuraSTONE cement (bottom right) held up to more than
82 impacts.
16
15X
14
12
10
DuraSTONE
system
performance
8
6
4
3.5X
3X
2
Conventional cement
performance
0
Drilling
resistance
Impact
Energy for
resistance flexural failure
DuraSTONE systems are tougher than conventional cement. They have better
drilling resistance and impact resistance, and significantly more energy is
required to cause flexural failure.
52
Lightweight Cements
Lightweight cements are used to control losses to weak or high-permeability formations. In most
cases, cement extended by the addition of water and additives to prevent water separation are
adequate to control the losses. These cements generally have low strength and high permeability. However, when low density with either high strength or low permeability is required, special
formulations are necessary to meet those requirements.
Applications for lightweight cements include very weak, fractured, and highly permeable or
vuggy formations. Such cements can be used in primary, squeeze or plug cementing.
Low-density LiteCRETE cement or foamed cement can float on water. After a short period,
the high-porosity foamed cement sinks as a result of water absorption. LiteCRETE cement
continues to float as a result of its low porosity and permeability, which is beneficial for
preventing gas flow and damage to the cement or casing by corrosive fluids.
Materials
53
LiteCRETE cement
LiteCRETE cement is a special formulation using patented technology to produce very low
permeability and high strength. LiteCRETE cement is discussed in detail in the section on
CemCRETE cements.
D049 lightweight cement
D049, TXI lightweight oilwell cement is a special cement with lightweight components interground to provide an economical low-density, high-yield slurry. Because of the composition, the
low specific gravity and the particle size of the grind, slurries can be mixed over a wide density
range without extenders. This feature gives high versatility and flexibility to D049 lightweight
cement. By varying the mix water-to-cement ratio, slurries can be mixed over a density range of
1440 to 1700 kg/m3 [12.0 to 14.2 lbm/gal] without excessive free fluid or high rheology.
Because of the chemical composition and particle size, D049 lightweight cement provides
excellent strength. Strengths at low densities are superior to those of conventionally extended
cements. In most cases, the strength of D049 lightweight cement is adequate for completion,
making a tail slurry unnecessary. Elimination of a separate tail slurry can simplify the cementing
operation and improve the quality of the isolation.
D049 lightweight cement requires no blending and no special additives. Properties of D049
lightweight cement can be adjusted to meet almost any performance criteria needed to cement
a well.
Foamed cement
Cement is foamed by adding a gas (generally nitrogen) and surfactants. Foamed cement has been
very effective in controlling losses when very weak formations are cemented or where formations
are highly permeable. The thixotropic nature, in addition to the low density of the cement, makes
it highly effective in these scenarios. In addition to their low density, foamed cement slurries provide excellent strength and relatively low permeability compared with low-density cements prepared by conventional means. Foamed cement has greater durability than conventional cements.
This cement can be made at virtually any density, depending on the density of the base slurry
and the amount of gas. Virtually any cement used in the oil field can be used as the base slurry.
A further advantage of foamed cement is that the density at which it is mixed can be selected
immediately prior to the job, unlike the case of preblended cements. Additionally, by merely
adjusting the gas ratio, the density can be changed during the job to provide slurries with different properties in different parts of the well.
54
FlexSTONE cement systems provide mechanical properties that can be adjusted to match the
wellbore stresses. When designed with the assistance of stress analysis model software, flexibility and expansion properties provide permanent zonal isolation to seal wellbore fluids behind
casing. See page 48 for details on FlexSTONE cement.
WELBOND cementimproved bonding cement system
WELBOND* improved bonding cement systems were developed to improve zonal isolation
through better bonding. They improve the cement-to-pipe and cement-to-formation bonds by controlling fluid loss and by adhesion properties provided by latex additives. Furthermore, their low
permeability when set prevents fluid movement behind the casing.
For optimal bonding properties, the latex concentration is adjusted to control fluid loss below
70 mL/30 min. When bonding is not an issue but fluid-loss control is a necessity, the latex is
adjusted to control fluid loss to less than 100 mL/30 min. This formulation provides a costeffective alternative to polymeric fluid-loss agents, particularly at high temperatures.
WELBOND slurries can be used over the entire range of temperatures, densities and depths
that normally occur in oil and gas wells.
SALTBOND cementcement system for cementing across salt zones
The cementing of wells penetrating massive salt formations poses a number of problems.
Frequently, cementing across salt formations makes it necessary to use slurries containing high
concentrations of salt. Historically, salt-saturated cement slurries have had technical limitations.
Many additives cannot tolerate saline environments or are degraded in the presence of salt.
Other additives, which can tolerate the salt, often result in undesirable performance.
Effects of the salt and additives used with it have led to poor early strength development, especially when conventional fluid-loss additives were used. The unusually high plasticity of salt
causes it to deform, or flow, when it is subjected to stress. Thus, under normal overburden pressures salt zones will typically encroach upon a well drilled through them. The nonuniform nature
of this flow results in point-loading on casing strings, often causing their failure and collapse. To
reduce this risk it is essential that the cement slurry develops good early compressive strength,
thereby preventing the movement of the salt formation into the wellbore.
One of the key performance problems in high-salinity cements is obtaining sufficient control
of fluid loss. Many polymers do not perform well in high-salinity systems. Thus, standard fluid-loss
additives could not provide the level of fluid-loss control needed and drastically increased slurry
rheology. Additionally, formulations for cementing through salt greatly delayed strength development, leading to operational delays and exposure to hazards while waiting for the cement to set.
SALTBOND* slurries are specially designed for use across salt zones. They use a special additive that provides fluid-loss control and dispersion in salt-rich slurries. API fluid-loss values as low
as 40 mL/30 min are obtained as are good rheological characteristics, short controllable thickening times, and good early strength. The normal temperature range over which these slurries
can be applied is 49 to 121C [120 to 250F] BHCT.
SALTBOND slurries contain 18 to 37% (based on the weight of water) salt and exhibit the
following properties:
fluid loss as low as 40 mL/30 min
Materials
55
With a low rate of fluid loss and low rheology values at high salinities, the SALTBOND service
also provides controllable thickening times and high early compressive strengths. The result is
valuable protection against casing collapse.
SALTBOND slurry offers these advantages:
good fluid-loss control (less than 100 mL/30 min)
predictable slurry properties attained with only one additive (and one retarder, if required)
RFC* regulated fill-up cement slurries are highly thixotropic, forming a rigid gel structure shortly
after slurry movement has stopped. They also expand. RFC slurries provide a number of distinct
advantages over conventional cement slurries because of their thixotropic and expansive properties. Thixotropy minimizes losses and provides better bonding and zonal isolation through
expansion. RFC cement is a mixture of Portland cement and plaster.
With minimized losses, RFC slurries provide more predictable fill-up in the well. RFC slurries
are advantageous in any application in which it is desirable for the slurry to quickly become
immobile after placement. In addition to primary cementing where losses are minimized, these
systems can also be used to provide a gelled barrier to prevent further penetration during
squeeze cementing, thus improving success of squeeze cementing.
An important property of RFC cement is the expansion of the set cement. The plaster reacts
with the tricalcium aluminate in Portland cement to provide expansion during the early strength
development. This expansion acts to compensate for slight dimensional changes in the pipe
resulting from thermal or pressure changes following cement placement. Thus, the expansion
helps prevent microannulus development, resulting in improved zonal isolation.
SELFSTRESS expanding cement system
SELFSTRESS* expanding cement provides improved bonding. The maximum application temperature is 85C [185F] BHST. SELFSTRESS cements can be used where thixotropic properties
are undesirable. SELFSTRESS cement is composed of Portland cement, plaster and salt or dispersant, depending on the application. Other additives, such as retarders, fluid-loss agents, dispersants, and extenders may be used as required.
When cementing at shallow depths below the mudline in deepwater wells, rapid strength development is critical to prevent water flow and to provide adequate strength to continue operations,
avoiding costly waiting time.
DeepCEM cement additives provide the dispersion needed to minimize adverse gelation
effects, minimize friction pressure and to enhance compressive strength development. DeepCEM
dispersant D185, unlike most dispersants, does not retard at the very low temperatures encountered at shallow depths below the mudline. This property, coupled with the rapid set-enhancement offered by D186, the DeepCEM set enhancer, provides the rapid strength development
needed in this tough cementing environment. DeepCEM set enhancer provides much more rapid
strength development than standard accelerators.
56
Slurries formulated with DeepCEM additives are simpler and easier to design than other slurry
formulations for deepwater cementing. When used with DeepCRETE Advanced Cement
Technology slurries, these benefits are provided in a system that has low density, avoids losses
and sets rapidly.
This same technology is used in land operations where fast strength development at low
temperatures is required.
ARCTICSET cementcement system for use through permafrost
ARCTICSET* cements are designed for low-temperature applications across permafrost zones.
They will not freeze but will set and develop adequate strength in wells having temperatures as
low as 9C [15F]. ARCTICSET cements have low free-water separation, low permeability, excellent durability to temperature cycling, and controllable pumping times and gel strength properties.
To ensure that the mix water does not freeze before the cement hydrates, a freeze depressant is
used. Heat of hydration is low to prevent thawing of the permafrost.
ARCTICSET formulations are available for a variety of wellbore conditions including normal
density, lightweight and with lost circulation materials (LCM).
Right-angle set cement
At low temperatures, conventional accelerators like calcium chloride often do not provide either
early setting or rapid strength development. This is especially true below 20C [68F].
Right-angle set cement systems are designed for use at low temperature, between 0C [32F]
and 30C [86F], where short WOC time and/or short transition time are required. Application
at temperatures to 122F [50C] is possible. Regardless of the temperature, a compressive
strength of 500 psi can be obtained 1 to 2 hr after the setting begins, while the slurry transition
time from 30 to 100 Bc consistency is only a few minutes. The thickening time can be adjusted
easily between half an hour and several hours, without impairing this right-angle setting property.
Right-angle set cement is known by several names, depending on the application, including
surface-set cement and quick-setting cement.
Materials
57
In some situations, cement is exposed to acid. Portland cement is acid soluble, although in most
cases acid treatment does not cause failure to the cement sheath. When large volumes of acid are
pumped at high rates and expose old perforations that have been sealed with cement, the plugs
in the perforations sometimes fail. Acid-resistant cement can prevent such failures.
Acid-resistant cement is made from conventional API cement with a special formulation of
latex that reduces the permeability of the cement and imparts acid resistance. When used for
plugging perforations, this formulation has been effective in wells where acid treatments have
caused failure of the plugged perforations in other cement formulations.
When complete resistance to attack by acid or other chemicals is required, synthetic cement
can be used.
Carbon dioxide-resistant cement
Carbon dioxide-resistant cement was developed for completions in wet carbon dioxide environments. Applications include source, injection and production wells in carbon dioxide enhanced
oil recovery projects or oil and gas wells with high levels of carbon dioxide. Under these conditions, wet carbon dioxide chemically attacks cement. The end result is a loss of strength and
structural integrity in the casing sheath.
This cement is 45% more resistant to carbon dioxide leaching than either conventional cement
or typical fly ash-cement blends of equivalent density. Although the carbon dioxide corrosion rate
is dependent on the amount of water present and is difficult to predict, the use of carbon dioxide-resistant cement translates into improved performance with respect to completion life at
approximately the same cost per sack as conventional cement. These systems are applicable in
the temperature range of 16 to 93C [60 to 200F].
Because of their low permeability, the cements of Advanced Cement Technology, CemCRETE
and CemSTONE cements are well-suited for such use, either on their own or supplemented with
the special treatments used to prepare the acid-resistant cement or carbon dioxide-resistant
cement.
Synthetic cement
Synthetic cement is designed for completing waste-disposal wells. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance and high compressive and shear-bond strength. Synthetic cement is resistant
to attack by strong acids and bases, such as 37% hydrochloric, 60% sulfuric and 50% sodium
hydroxide, at elevated temperatures. However, it is not resistant to organic solvents such as acetone or chlorinated solvents. The system density can be adjusted from 1140 to 1560 kg/m3 [9.5 to
13.0 lbm/gal]. The upper temperature limit of synthetic cement is between 93 and 104C [200
and 220F], depending on the required pumping time.
Remedial cementing is another application for synthetic cement. Computer modeling shows
that it can enter microleaks and microannuli at low differential pressures.
58
Materials
59
Benets
Features
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
UNIFLAC L
(gal/sk)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
13.0 lbm/gal
16.2 lbm/gal
18.5 lbm/gal
0.1
0.0
50
150
250
Temperature (F)
350
450
Applications
Benets
Economical
Savings from less WOC time
Simplified slurry design
Simplified logisticsfew additives required
Features
12
10
D177 and D168
8
Thickening
time (hr)
6
D177
4
2
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Concentration (gal/sk)
Materials
61
Applications
Benets
Features
7
16-lbm/gal slurry
6
5
D121/D28
4
3
D121/D28
2
1
2
10
12
62
UNISET additives are available for low- to moderate-temperature and high-temperature applications. UNISET LT additive covers applications to about 120C [250F], and UNISET HT additive
can be used from about 80 to 260C [180 to 500F].
UNISET retarders are compatible with most other Schlumberger cementing additives.
1.0
0.8
0.6
Concentration
(gal/sk)
0.4
0.2
0.0
180
200
220
240
260
Pump rate (bbl/min)
280
300
320
Cementing additives
The following paragraphs and tables describe the performance of cementing additives by functional group. Some materials are discussed in more detail in sections on specific functional
systems. The Cementing Additive Quick Guide and Cementing Additive List provide descriptions
of additives listed by functional group and by code, respectively. The list gives general application
conditions for each additive. These application conditions reflect those tested during product
development. In many cases, the products can be used outside the quoted conditions with testing
appropriate to specific applications.
Accelerators
Accelerators are materials that cause cement to hydrate and develop strength earlier and faster.
They are commonly used to provide improved strength at low temperatures and to counteract the
retarding effects of other additives. Accelerators also shorten the thickening time.
Antigelation agents
In some cases gelation is caused by the chemical makeup of the cement. Many times this gelation can be controlled by dispersants, but special materials may be required.
Materials
63
DeepCEM additives
DeepCEM liquid cementing additives were created for short transition time and early compressive-strength development. Such properties are necessary for isolation and early casing release
to ensure successful cementation in the unconsolidated, low-temperature environment of the
surface and conductor casings in deepwater wells. They are also useful in other low-temperature
situations. DeepCEM additives are discussed in detail on page 56.
Dispersants
Dispersants act to reduce the viscosity of cement by breaking up aggregates of the fine cement
particles. This reduction in viscosity allows mixing at lower water/cement ratios for higher
density, improved fluid-loss control and pumping at reduced pressures.
Expanding additives
Expanding additives react chemically after hydration (setting) to produce an increase in the bulk
volume of the cement. This reaction provides benefits in zonal isolation and protection of the casing. When used across soft formations, flexible systems may be required to prevent microannulus
formation.
Extenders
Extenders allow the production of a greater volume of slurry from the powdered cement. This feature can result in reduced cost and, where the extenders are lightweight (or they allow additional
water to be used), lower density. The advantage of reduced cost is obvious. Reduced density is
important where weak formations are to be cemented. Such weak formations could part and
allow loss of the slurry during the cementing operation. A variety of extenders are available to provide for different requirements of lower density, lower cost and other performance parameters.
Retarders
Retarders are used to lengthen the time that a cement slurry can be pumped or remains fluid so
that other operations (such as pulling pipe after spotting a cement plug) can be performed. They
are required at elevated temperatures or when large volumes of slurry require a long time to
pump at lower temperatures.
64
Surfactants
Surfactants are used in chemical washes and spacers with OBM and to create stable foam when
adding a gas to make foamed cement.
Special additives
There are a number of additives that do not fit neatly into functional groupings. Fibers are used
for controlling lost circulation (see section on CemNET advanced fiber cement). Special types of
fibers also improve the impact resistance and tensile strength of cement (see section on
DuraSTONE cement).
The flexibility of cement can be improved by the use of special additives. This increase in flexibility provides increased resistance to failure by mechanical stresses imposed on the cement
during well operation. (See section on FlexSTONE cement.)
Granular salt (sodium chloride) and potassium chloride are used primarily to change the ionic
nature of the water in the slurry, which helps to minimize adverse formation interactions. In
cases where the formation is salt, high concentrations of salt, up to saturation, are commonly
used to prevent leaching salt from the borehole wall.
Silica is used to combat strength retrogression. Strength retrogression is a change in the
hydration products that are formed when cement is exposed to high temperatures (>110C
[230F]). Silica is available in coarse or fine grades for cementing.
Thixotropic additives
Thixotropic additives produce an intentional gelation of the cement to aid in placement of the
cement. Thixotropic cement is discussed as RFC cement on page 56.
UniSLURRY additives
UniSLURRY additives have unique and synergistic properties. These additives have been purpose built to perform their function and have properties that distinguish them from other fluidloss or set-control (retarder) additives. UniSLURRY additives, UNIFLAC fluid-loss additive,
UNISET LT retarder and UNISET HT retarder are discussed on pages 5963.
Weighting agents
Weighting agents are used to increase the density of the cement when needed for well control.
Spacers
Spacers are generally thickened, weighted fluids used to aid in mud removal and to separate the
mud from the cement to prevent any compatibility problems.
Chemical washes
Chemical washes are generally thin fluids with surfactants to aid in mud removal and to separate
the mud from the cement to prevent any compatibility problems.
The following tables list additives by functional category (Cementing Additive Quick Guide)
and by additive code (Cementing Additive List).
Materials
65
Material and/or
Application
S
L
L
S
S
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Set enhancer
Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride
No limit
Below 55C [130F]
755C [45130F]
Below 55C [130F]
Below 55C [130F]
S
L
L
L
L
Foam preventer
Foam preventer
Defoamer
Defoamer
Defoamer
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
L
L
L
No Limit
Maximum 250C [482F]
No Limit
L
L
S
S
L
L
S
L
L
L
L
Freshwater systems
SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems
Liquid equivalent to D065
SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems
Dispersant, retarder, uid-loss additive
Low temperature
Low temperature; nonretarding
SALTBOND additive for high-salinity systems
Easy-to-disperse cement
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
Bentonite
Class F y ash
Class F y ash
Diatomaceous earth
Expanded perlite
Sodium silicate
Sodium metasilicate
LITEFIL* ceramic microspheres
Expanded perlite
Attapulgite
Class C y ash
Accelerators
D044
D077
D186
S001
S002
Antifoam Agents
D046
D047
D144
D175
M045
Chemical Washes
D122A
D191
D192
DeepCEM Additives
D185
D186
Dispersants
D065
D065A
D080
D080A
D121
D145A
D185
D604AM
D604M
Expanding Additives
D053
D174
D176
Extenders
D020
D035
D048
D056
D072
D075
D079
D124
D125
D128
D132
66
Material and/or
Application
S
S
L
S
Premium bentonite
Microsilica
Microsilica
Diatomaceous earth
S
S
S
L
S
S
L
L
L
85232C [185450F]
3893C [100200F]
About 121C [250F]
About 121C [250F]
493C [ 40200F]
0204C [32400F]
0204C [32400F]
Maximum 121C [250F]
About 121C [250F]
D500
D600G
L
L
D700
D701
L
L
121191C [250375F]
Maximum 191C [375F]
S
S
S
S
S
S
Gilsonite granules
Cellophane akes
KOLITE* LCM
CemNET ber
CemNET ber
Polyester akes
D008
54104C [130220F]
D013
D028
S
S
D081
D093
D110
L
S
L
Low temperatures
Retarder aid; high temperatures
High temperatures
D121
D150
S
L
D161
D177
D800
L
L
S
D801
Moderate temperatures
Extenders
D152
D154
D155
D602
Fluid-Loss Additives
D008
D059
D065A
D080A
D112
D167
D168
D300
D604AM
Gas-Control Agents
Retarders
Materials
67
Material and/or
Application
S
S
D030
D044
D053
D066
D111
D140
S
S
S
S
L
S
D606
J120
M117
S
S
S
Gelation suppressant
Polymer for polymer plug
Potassium chloride
No limit
No limit
Maximum 85C [185F]
No limit
Maximum 85C [185F]
Maximum 80C [176F]
107C [225F]
No limit
200F
No limit
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
S
L
Antisettling agent
Antisettling agent
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Ilmenite
Barite
Hematite
Calcium carbonate
Micromax
Additive for DensCRETE slurries
Additive for DensCRETE slurries
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
Maximum 232C [450F]
No limit
No limit
Spacers
D182
D190
Special Additives
Surfactants
D139
D607
F040
F057
F078
F103
F104
U066
U100
Suspending Agents
D153
D162
Thixotropic Agents
D053
D111
Weighting Agents
D018
D031
D076
D151
D157
D165
D166
68
Name
Application
Description
D008
Retarder/
uid-loss
additive
Moderate
temperatures
White powder
D013
Retarder
Low to moderate
temperatures
Brown powder
1.23
D018
Ilmenite
High-density slurries
Black granules
D020
Bentonite
Cement extender
Light tan to
gray powder
2.65
D024
Gilsonite
Lost circulation
control
Black granules
1.07
D028
Retarder
High temperatures
Dark brownish
Can be used
1.25
D029
Cellophane
ake
Lost circulation
control
1.45
D030
Silica
Strength
retrogression
control
2.65
D031
Barite
Weighting agent
4.33
D035
LITEPOZ 3
extender
Cement extender
2.48
D042
KOLITE lost
circulation
additive
Lost circulation
control
Black angular
granules
1.30
D044
Granulated
salt
Accelerator;
inhibit clay swelling;
facilitate bonding in
salt formations
White granules
2.16
D046
Antifoam
Control foaming of
cement slurries
Tan solid
1.50
Materials
SG
Primary Purpose
Used primarily with high-salinity slurries.
Strong viscosier; provides some uid-loss
control. Concentration: 0.051.0% BWOC.
Temperature: 54104C [130220F] as retarder;
to 232C [450F] as uid-loss additive.
Temperature: to 60C [140F] when used
alone and 85C [185F] with a dispersant.
Concentration: 0.10.5% BWOC. Can be
used in fresh water and seawater.
69
Name
Application
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
D047
Antifoam
Control foaming of
cement slurries
Colorless liquid
1.00
D048
LITEPOZ 6
extender
Cement extender
2.01
D053
White powder
2.70
D056
Extender
Cement extender
2.10
Diatomaceous earth.
D059
White powder
1.36
D065
TIC*
dispersant
Freshwater or low
salinity slurries
1.43
D065A
SALTBOND
additive
1.43
D066
Silica our
Strength
retrogression
control
2.65
D072
Perlite
Cement extender
2.40
D075
Colorless liquid
1.38
D076
Hematite
D077
Clear to straw
colored liquid
1.38
D079
Sodium
metasilicate
White solid
2.40
70
Weighting agent
Cement extender
Name
D080
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
1.24
D080A
SALTBOND
additive
1.24
D081
Brown liquid
1.26
D093
Retarder aid
Increase
performance range
of retarders
White powder
1.73
D095
CemNET ber
Lost circulation
control
Fibers
2.55
D096
CemNET ber
Lost circulation
control
Fibers
1.27
D110
Retarder
High temperatures
Brown liquid
1.13
D111
RFC additive
1.26
D112
Tan powder
1.15
D121
TIC III
tri-functional
additive
Dispersant, retarder
and aid for uid-loss
control
1.38
D122A
Chemical
wash
concentrate
Mud thinning,
dispersing and
removal
Brown liquid
1.03
D124
LITEFIL
extender
Ultralightweight
cementing additive
Gray powder
D125
Perlite
Extender
D128
Attapulgite
Light tan to
gray powder
2.65
D130
1.06
Materials
Application
Fluid-loss control
for salt slurries
71
Name
Application
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
D132
Cement
agent
2.67
D139
Foamed
cement
stabilizer
Foamed cement
Clear to hazy
yellow liquid
1.07
D140
Hardener
Hardener for
PERMABLOK lost
circulation plug
Yellow liquid
1.24
D144
Antifoam
additive
1.00
D145A
Liquid
dispersant
Low temperatures
Viscous liquid
1.24
D150
Retarder
High temperatures
1.11
D151
Calcium
carbonate
Weighting agent
for spacers
White powder
2.70
D152
Premium
bentonite
Extender
Light tan to
gray powder
2.65
D153
Antisettling
additive
Suspending additive
2.53
D154
Extender
Low temperatures
Gray powder
2.20
D155
Extender
Low temperatures
Gray liquid
1.40
D157
Weighting
agent
4.80
72
Name
Application
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
D161
UNISET HT
retarder
High temperatures
Clear liquid
1.08
D162
Liquid
antisettling
additive
0.84
D165
CemHD
DensCRETE slurries
Reddish powder
4.95
D166
CemD
DensCRETE slurries
White powder
2.65
D167
UNIFLAC S
additive
Fluid-loss control
White powder
1.32
D168
UNIFLAC L
additive
Fluid-loss control
Colorless to yellow
liquid
1.08
D174
Expanding
cement
additive
Low to moderate
temperatures
Tan powder
3.22
D175
Antifoam
additive
0.99
D176
Expanding
cement
additive
High temperatures
Tan powder
3.54
D177
UNISET LT
additive
Low to moderate
temperatures
1.10
D182
MUDPUSH II
spacer
additive
Low to moderate
temperatures
1.32
D185
Dispersant
Low temperatures
Colorless liquid
1.04
Materials
73
Name
Application
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
D186
Set enhancer
Low temperatures
Green liquid
1.35
D190
MUDPUSH
WHT additive
High temperatures
Colorless powder
1.23
D191
Surfactant
D192
Chemical
wash
concentrate
Mud thinning,
dispersing and
removal
1.18
D300
Fluid-loss
additive
Low to moderate
temperatures
Green liquid
1.00
D500
GASBLOK LT
additive
Gas migration
control at low
temperatures
Yellow liquid
1.01
D600G
White liquid
1.02
D602
2.10
D604AM SALTBOND
additive
1.21
D604M
Dispersant
Easy-to-disperse
cements
1.21
D606
Gelsuppressing
additive
Antigelling additive
White crystals
2.68
74
Name
Application
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
D607
Surfactant
Yellow liquid
0.99
D700
GASBLOK HT
additive
1.02
D701
GASBLOK
stabilizer
Stabilizer for
GASBLOK slurries
Clear yellow
viscous liquid
1.05
D800
Retarder
Low to moderate
temperatures
1.26
D801
Retarder
Low to moderate
temperatures
1.18
F040
EZEFLO*
surfactant
Clear liquid
1.04
F057
Surfactant
Yellow liquid
1.07
F078
EZEFLO
surfactant
0.89
F103
EZEFLO
surfactant
0.94
F104
Foaming
additive
Foamed cement
1.01
J120
Polymer
Polymer Plug
White powder
lost circulation system
1.00
J237A
Fluid-loss
additive
Fluid-loss control in
chemical washes
1.06
M045
Antifoam
additive
1.00
Materials
Creamy liquid
75
Name
Application
Description
SG
Primary Purpose
M117
Potassium
chloride
Clay stabilizer
White to gray
crystals
1.98
S001
Calcium
chloride
Accelerator
White solid
1.75
S002
Calcium
chloride
Accelerator
White solid
1.75
U066
Mutual
solvent
Colorless to
white liquid
0.90
U100
Mutual
solvent
Colorless to
white liquid
0.90
Note: Temperatures, concentrations and other conditions of application are typical. Testing may allow extension of ranges.
76
Equipment
Introduction
Cementing requires specially designed equipment. Equipment may be high-powered like the
CPF-376 double-pump cement trailer or CPT-372 double-pump cement truck or highly versatile
to accomplish numerous cementing operations each day, like the CemSTREAK cementing unit.
Even more specialized equipment is required for use offshore, with the skids designed to deliver
high power with high reliability. In many cases, offshore cementing is done using liquid additives
and LAS* liquid additive systems are used for precise delivery of the additives to the mixing system. When subsea heads are used, the DeepSea EXPRESS plug launching system is used for reliable wiper plug launching. Monitoring and recording of the cementing operation is done using
the CemCAT computer-aided treatment software and a portable computer. Innovative mixing
control is accomplished using the SFM* Solids Fraction Monitor.
Equipment
77
The CemSTREAK unit is equipped with one triplex pump and two 1.1-m3 [6.9-bbl] displacement tanks, one of which doubles as the mix tank. The hydraulically driven triplex pump allows
control of flow rates and pressures and delivers 127 kW [170 hhp] of power. Two centrifugal
pumps enable high-energy mixing, pressurizing the triplex pump as well as bringing water onto
the unit.
The unit carries 38 m [125 ft] of treating hose, rated to 20.7-MPa [3000-psi] working pressure,
to serve as the high-pressure conduit to the well. The hose is stored on an automated reel for fast
deployment and retrieval.
A nonradioactive mass-flow meter provides accurate measurements of slurry density, flow rate
and fluid volume even during U-tubing of fluids in the well.
Cleaning of the unit starts with the displacement tanks, which minimizes wastewater and
hence environmental impact.
Applications
Cementing services
Low- and intermediate-range pumping services
Remedial cementing operations requiring very low pump rates
Low-range pressure testing
Benets
Features
78
Four-wheel drive
127-kW [170-hhp] triplex pump
Rating of 20.7-MPa [3000-psi] working pressure
38 m [125 ft] of 50.8-mm [2-in.] hose rated to 20.7-MPa [3000-psi] working pressure
Powered reel for hose storage, deployment and retrieval
1.11-m3/min [7-bbl/min] pump rate
Nonradioactive densitometer
SLURRY CHIEF Mark III cement mixer
Oilfield or metric gauges
Integrated data-acquisition system
Two 1.1-m3 [6.9-bbl] displacement tanks
CemCAT real-time monitoring
Four separate systems for pressure relief
Self-sufficient unit, including cement head and extra treating iron
The CPF-376 double-pump cement truck delivers high reliability in high-pressure pumping operations.
0.95-m3 [6-bbl] mixing tub and a 2.2-m3 [14-bbl] averaging tank. This arrangement produces
superior density control and separates the critical mixing stage from downhole pumping. It also
provides the ability to mix 3.2 m3 [20 bbl] of cement in batch mode for squeeze and plug operations.
The CemCAT system is used to monitor and record treatment parameters and to provide a job
report.
Applications
Cementing services
High-power pumping services
Remedial cementing operations
Benets
Equipment
79
Features
194-kW [260-hhp] power per triplex pump, for a total of 388 kW [520 hhp]
2.7-m3/min [17-bbl/min] pump rate
Working pressure rating to 137.9 MPa [20,000 psi]
Fully redundant for high reliability
SLURRY CHIEF Mark III cement mixer
Automatic density control system
Two nonradioactive densitometers
Oilfield or metric gauges
Underdrive for pumping at low rates
Direct drive centrifugal pumps for reliability
Integrated data-acquisition system
CemCAT real-time monitoring
Self-sufficient unit, including treating iron
80
A SLURRY CHIEF mixer is used in conjunction with a 0.95-m3 [6-bbl] mixing tub. This arrangement produces superior density control and separates the critical mixing stage from downhole
pumping. It also provides ability to mix a maximum of 3.2 m3 [20 bbl] of cement in batch mode
for squeeze and plug operations.
The CemCAT system is used to monitor and record treatment parameters and to provide a job
report.
Applications
Cementing services
High-power pumping services
Remedial cementing operations
Benets
Features
Equipment
81
CPS cement pumping skids are available in a number of congurations to t any requirement.
Offshore cementing skids are fitted with all sensors necessary for direct connection to the
CemCAT data-acquisition and monitoring system. The CemCAT system monitors and records
the critical job parameters including rate, pressure and slurry density.
Batch mixers, such as the CBS-961 twin 50-bbl mixer, are available for mixing of cement
slurries or other fluids. The CBS-961 unit features two centrifugal pumps for picking up fluids
from remote tanks, recirculating for mixing and for delivering fluid to high-pressure pumps.
Standard equipment
Optional equipment
82
SFM package
Automatic density control
Zone II-certified engine package
Remote control package
Split skid with bulkhead
Optional loose equipment skid
Marine cool kit
Liquid additive metering system
Soundproof enclosure (for CPS-601 and CPS-665 units)
Applications
CPS 601
CPS 665
CPS 763AC
CPS 763DC
CPS 2000
6,511 [256]
7,710 [304]
7,863 [310]
8,180 [322]
7,823 [308]
7,164 [282]
2,578 [102]
3,011 [119]
2,898 [114]
3,007 [118]
3,150 [124]
3,841 [151]
3,043 [120]
3,467 [136]
3,333 [131]
3,339 [132]
3,323 [131]
3,267 [129]
32,180 [70,960]
33,840 [74,600]
37,360 [82,380]
38,010 [83,810]
46,795 [103,180]
CPS 601
CPS 665
CPS 763AC
CPS 763DC
CPS 2000
410 [550]
626 [840]
1044 [1400]
1194 [1600]
1194 [1600]
1490 [2000]
Max. rate at
41.4 MPa [6000 psi]
(m3/min [bbl/min])
1.6 [10]
3.1 [19.7]
at 46.9 MPa
[6800 psi]
2.9 [18.3]
2.9 [18.3]
2.9 [18.3]
3.8 [24.0]
Applications
Benets
Equipment
83
Features
Applications
Benets
Features
84
85
Slurry density
Slurry rate
Solid fraction
Solid
fraction
(%)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Slurry density
(lbm/gal)
Slurry rate
(bbl/min)
45
Time (min)
Volume
(%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
The SFM-C system is a complementary technology, designed to provide QC for very low density
LiteCRETE slurry systems. Although SFM-C technology was developed specifically for lightweight-cement operations, it is effective for slurries of any density.
This new SFM-C technology allows cementing crews to maintain slurry properties while continuously mixing and pumping large slurry volumes. The system requires a slurry flow meter, such
as the nonradioactive densitometer already available on cementing units, a residence tank sensor, a water flow meter and process-controlled valves. These retrofits can be added easily to land
or offshore mixing equipment.
User-friendly software helps cementing crews monitor and easily switch between automatic
and manual control.
Applications
86
Benets
Excellent QC
Features
Continuous-mixing control of all slurries, even at densities equal to or lower than that of water
More sensitive method for controlling cement mixing than by density measurement
Independent of specific gravity of components
Automatic control of slurry quality
Real-time monitoring
Complete compatibility with all data-acquisition systems
Easy installation on conventional mixing equipment
Nonradioactive densitometer
Density measurement and control in the oil industry have traditionally been accomplished by
using radioactive densitometers, mainly because they are nonintrusive, durable and easy to use.
Unfortunately, the radioactive technique has several major drawbacks; the radioactive source
presents safety and environmental concerns, and the required accuracy (12 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal])
is difficult to attain.
Because of the deficiencies of radioactive densitometers, Schlumberger uses a nonradioactive
densitometer that employs a proven method; poses no health, safety, or environmental hazard;
and provides direct density measurements with an accuracy of better than 12 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal].
The nonradioactive densitometer is extremely reliable, easy to use and requires no on-site calibration. Additionally, it measures flow rate with an accuracy of 0.5% of reading and can be used
as a flow-measurement instrument for acidizing service. The vibrating tube principle governs the
density measurement in the nonradioactive densitometer.
Equipment
87
Applications
Cementing operations with slurry density over 1200 kg/m3 [10 lbm/gal]
Land and offshore (including Zone II)
Process controlled operations
Can be used for acidizing service
Benets
Features
88
No radioactive source
Superior accuracy and field-proven reliability for measuring density and flow rate
Accuracy greater than 12.0 kg/m3 [0.1 lbm/gal]
Virtually maintenance-free
Easy configuration; easily drained and cleaned in place
Output (density, rate) independent of changes in temperature, pressure, flow profile
or viscosity
Fast response time
Evaluation
Introduction
Cement evaluation plays an important role in the cementing process. By cement evaluation, the
quality of zonal isolation is confirmed. In cases where zonal isolation is not achieved, the evaluation helps diagnose the problems that led to the poor zonal isolation. Consequently, methods
and slurry design used for the primary cementing are reviewed and improved for the next well.
Results also help in deciding whether remedial work is required. Cement evaluation and QC are
processes completed during and after every step of primary cementing.
During the design, using Schlumberger CemCADE design software, the design engineer uses
well data and cementing parameters to predict the results with selected cement systems, selecting the one providing the desired zonal isolation. During execution, the operation is monitored
and analyzed. Finally, in the evaluation, cement evaluation logs are acquired for final confirmation
of hydraulic zonal isolation.
Thus, cement evaluation is a continuous process beginning with the design and continuing
with execution analysis, post-treatment analysis and analysis of cement evaluation logs to determine zonal isolation.
Design
In the design the well data are entered into CemCADE software to ensure optimum WELLCLEAN
mud removal, pipe centralization, cement slurry for downhole conditions, flow rate, etc. The
execution, as designed, is simulated and theoretical mud removal and zonal isolation are
assessed. If results are not satisfactory, the design is revised and the simulation is rerun.
See page 29 for more information on CemCADE software and WELLCLEAN mud removal.
Execution analysis
The purpose of primary cementing is to achieve zonal isolation. The slurry composition and the
execution procedure are designed to provide complete zonal isolation. The properties of the
cement sheath are optimized to isolate all productive zones, as well as those containing water
and nuisance gas.
The first QC step and evaluation during the execution determines if the materials were mixed
according to the design and if the displacement process followed the prescribed procedure. This
evaluation is made using plots of the slurry density, solids fraction, flow rate and pumping
pressure during the execution.
See page 84 for more information on CemCAT monitoring software.
Postcementing analysis
If the execution analysis indicated abnormal values of any monitored parameters, a thorough
analysis is performed after the operation. The data acquired during the cementing operation are
loaded into CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software and the execution data can be
overlaid and compared with the simulation run during the design. The simulation can also be
rerun using density and volumes of fluid mixed and pumped to determine if mud removal parameters were met.
Evaluation
89
Cement evaluation logs are acquired for final confirmation of hydraulic zonal isolation and
tops of cement.
Using the analysis from both steps, any problem areas can be highlighted with special attention
to the depths on the evaluation logs where isolation is a concern.
Sonic services
CBLs, with amplitude and/or attenuation and Variable Density waveform data, have been the primary method for cement quality evaluation for many years. The principle of the cement bond
measurement is to record the transit time and amplitude (or attenuation) of a 20-kHz acoustic
wave after propagation through the well fluid and the pipe wall.
The measurement is the amplitude in millivolts of the tubular first arrival (E1) at a receiver
with 0.91-m [3-ft] or shorter spacing. The amplitude of the signal is a function of the attenuation
by the shear coupling of the cement sheath to the pipe. The attenuation rate depends on the
cement acoustic impedance, cement thickness, pipe diameter, pipe thickness and percentage of
bonded circumference.
A receiver with 1.52-m [5-ft] spacing is used to record the Variable Density waveform for better discrimination between sonic waves traveling through pipe and those through formation. This
measurement is generally used to qualitatively assess the cement-to-formation bond.
SlimAccess tool
The SlimAccess* wireline logging tool is designed for slim, complex-geometry boreholes. It generates, records and digitizes acoustic waves and provides CBL amplitude, Variable Density measurement and attenuation measurement for cement bond evaluation. It is also used for openhole
applications such as seismic correlation, porosity measurement and evaluation of lithology. It has
a short-spacing 0.30-m [1-ft] transmitter-receiver for cement evaluation in fast formations.
Besides the primary transmitter-receivers used for CBL and Variable Density measurement, the
SlimAccess tool also uses a second set of transmitter-receivers for backup. It is a monopole sonic
tool with a diameter of 6.35 cm [212 in.], which enables it to be run in 14-cm [512-in.] casing.
90
The SlimXtreme* tool is the version of the SlimAccess tool for use in slim, complex-geometry
boreholes under HPHT conditions.
Applications
Benets
Features
The SCMT* Slim Cement Mapping Tool is a sonic tool that provides a radial cement attenuation
variation map from a 0.61-m [2-ft] eight-segment receiver, as well as conventional 0.91-m [3-ft]
amplitude (attenuation) and 1.52-m [5-ft] Variable Density data. In addition, the 0.61-m [2-ft]
mapping receivers are effective for cement evaluation in fast formations where the 0.91-m
receiver might give ambiguous results. Because of its slim size (4.29-cm [11116-in.] diameter), the
tool can be run through tubing. The SCMT tool can be run in combination with the PS Platform*
new-generation production services platform or the RST* Reservoir Saturation Tool for complete
well and reservoir evaluation in one trip.
The principal application of the SCMT log is cement quality and integrity evaluation around
the entire circumference of the pipe.
Applications
Benets
Tubing does not have to be removed from well (no rig required).
Interpretation is valid, even in fast formations.
Time is saved when the tool is run in combination with other tools.
Features
Evaluation
Combinable with PS Platform suite or RST tool for well, reservoir and cement integrity
evaluation in the same run
Combinable with PipeView* multifinger caliper tool for PS Platform tool string, for cement
and pipe integrity evaluation in the same run giving complete well integrity diagnosis
4.29-cm [11116-in.] diameter
8-segment receiver for bond variation mapping
0.61-m [2-ft] receiver
91
A SCMT log showing possible channel and its position aids in decision to squeeze and
in design of the squeeze cementing treatment.
Ultrasonic services
USI UltraSonic Imager
The USI UltraSonic Imager provides an accurate and reliable high-resolution, comprehensive,
real-time answer product revealing pipe-to-cement bond quality and downhole pipe condition.
Using ultrasonic technology, the USI tool sends ultrasonic pulses between 200 kHz and 700 kHz
that travel through the well fluid and strike the casing, providing 360 azimuthal coverage using
a single rotating transducer. The transducer receives reflected signals that have undergone multiple reflections between the casing internal and external interfaces. The signal decays at a rate
dependent on the acoustic impedance of the material in the annulus.
USI log maps of the acoustic impedance of the material in the annulus are generated using
very advanced processing techniques. From the acoustic impedance values, the material in the
annulus is identified and maps are prepared showing the nature (gas, liquid, solid) of the material in the annulus. High-resolution maps of pipe wall thickness, internal radius and inner wall
rugosity are provided for accurate evaluation of the pipe condition. The results are displayed in
real time as quantitative, self-explanatory interpreted cement and pipe integrity maps.
The combination of the USI tool with CBL and Variable Density tools provides enhanced
assessment of cement-to-pipe and cement-to-formation bond quality.
Applications
Cement integrity
92
Pipe integrity
Quantification of internal and external corrosion, wear, metal loss and/or scale buildup
Identification and quantification of pipe distortion
Selection of optimal packer setting depth
Benets
Features
A USI log with optional Variable Density data provides the best identication of uncemented
channels and aids in decisions to squeeze and in design of the squeeze cementing treatment.
Evaluation
93
The USI log provides several presentations reflecting different applications. The easily readable, color-coded images make cement coverage in the annulus easy to interpret. Problems such
as channels in cement and tubular damage can be seen directly on the images, thus revealing
the status of zonal isolation for decisions about remedial work. Enhanced field products allow
visualization of the cement distribution and quality, as well as a 3D view of pipe condition to further
facilitate remedial work decisions. QC log presentations are used for data validation.
Cement integrity evaluation is essential, not only for zonal isolation confirmation and help in
the remedial work decision and design, but also for the determination of the causes of poor
cementing procedures. All acoustic logs are sensitive to cement-to-pipe bond. Some measurement methods are affected by downhole conditions more than others and in different ways. For
this reason, a USI log and CBL combination is advisable to help diagnose zonal isolation problems
at the cement/pipe interface and the cement/formation interface. A full analysis of the cement
evaluation logs will assist in diagnosing the problem and provide information to improve the
cementing.
Thus, USI logs and CBLs with Variable Density data should be acquired together because their
responses area complementary, especially in the presence of
microannulus (liquid or gas)
thin cement sheath
fast formation
double strings of casing
heavily corroded casing
inside deposits (cement, rust)
high-attenuation mud
lightweight cement.
The table shows the USI log and the CBL response under the different conditions.
Effects on Evaluation Logs
USI Log
CBL
Resolution
Well-bonded cement
Lightweight cement
Complicates interpretation
Complicates interpretation
Mud layer
Slightly affected
Complicates interpretation
Wet microannulus
Slightly affected
Complicates interpretation
Contaminated cement
Complicates interpretation
Mud channel
Complicates interpretation
Gas channel
Complicates interpretation
Formation bond
Not discriminated
Outer casing/
hard formation
Slightly affected
Casing condition
94
The USI log measures the bonding between the pipe and the cement, and the Variable Density
display indicates the bonding between the cement and the formation. The advantage of the USI
log over the traditional CBL is at the cement-pipe interface. The USI log
identifies liquid-filled microannulus
identifies microdebonding
identifies channels as small as 3.05 cm [1.2 in.]
evaluates thin cement sheath.
The processed USI log and CBL with Variable Density data can be displayed side by side for
complete visual cement evaluation in real time at the wellsite. This feature helps the completion
engineer make sound decisions on remedial actions. The combination also helps cementing
companies in the continuous improvement and enhancement of their cementing systems and
methods for best hydraulic isolation and cement integrity results.
Nonstandard environment
The evaluation of ultralightweight cement systems or logging in heavy mud or nonstandard casing
sizes may require advanced interpretation.
For further information about cement evaluation services, please refer to www.slb.com/oilfield.
Evaluation
95
Glossary
Glossary
97
98
Glossary
99
100
Marks of Schlumberger
Mark
Identier
ARCTICSET
CemCADE
CemCAT
CemCRETE
CemNET
CemSTONE
CemSTREAK
CPS
DeepCEM
DeepCRETE
DeepSea EXPRES
DensCRETE
slurry system
DESC
DuraSTONE
EXPRES
EZEFLO
surfactant
FLAC
FlexSTONE
GASBLOK
i-Handbook
InterACT
KOLITE
LAS
LiteCRETE
slurry system
LITEFIL
MudCLEAN
MUDPUSH
PERMABLOK
PipeView
PS Platform
Marks of Schlumberger
101
Mark
Identier
RFC
RST
SALTBOND
SCMT
SELFSTRESS
SFM
SFM-C
ShearSEAL
SlimAccess
SlimXtreme
SLURRY CHIEF
SOS
slurry/oil squeeze
SqueezeCRETE
ThermaSTONE
THIXOLITE
TIC
TORNADO
UNIFLAC
UniMIX
UNISET
unied retarder
UniSLURRY
cement systems
USI
UltraSonic Imager
Variable Density
WELBOND
WELLCLEAN
WELLCLEAN II
Engineering Solution
ZONELOCK
102
TSL-4274