GATE EE Vol-2 Sample Chapter

GATE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Vol 2 of 4
Second Edition
GATE
ELECTRI CAL ENGI NEERI NG
Vol 2 of 4
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia

NODI A & COMPANY
GATE Electrical Engineering Vol 2, 2e
RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
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SYLLABUS
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability : Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series.
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss
and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys
and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylors and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods
for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform,Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts;
ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenins, Nortons and Superposition and Maximum
Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Amperes and
Biot-Savarts laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of
continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers connections, parallel operation; auto-
transformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines performance, regulation
and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance;
cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit
quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-
current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit
breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission
and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors;
Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state
space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron,
dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy
and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJ T, FET; amplifiers biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/ D and D/ A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture,
programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
***********
PREFACE
This book doesnt make promise but provides complete satisfaction to the readers. The
market scenario is confusing and readers dont find the optimum quality books. This book
provides complete set of problems appeared in competition exams as well as fresh set of
problems.
The book is categorized into units which are then sub-divided into chapters and the
concepts of the problems are addressed in the relevant chapters. The aim of the book is
to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights only those concepts and techniques
which are absolutely necessary. Again time is a critical factor both from the point of view
of preparation duration and time taken for solving each problem in the examination. So
the problems solving methods is the books are those which take the least distance to the
solution.
But however to make a comment that this book is absolute for GATE preparation will be
an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the examination should be followed
from the standard books. But for a wide collection of problems, for a variety of problems
and the efficient way of solving them, what one needs to go needs to go through is there
in there in the book. Each unit (e.g. Networks) is subdivided into average seven number of
chapters on an average each of which contains 40 problems which are selected so as to avoid
unnecessary redundancy and highly needed completeness.
I shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments and suggestion from the users of
this book.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
CONTENTS
AE ANALOG ELECTRONI CS
AE 1
Diode Circuits
AE 3
AE 2
BJ T Biasing
AE 39
AE 3
BJ T Amplifiers
AE 79
AE 4
FET Biasing
AE 109
AE 5
FET Amplifiers
AE 134
AE 6
Output Stages and Power Amplifiers
AE 155
AE 7
Op-Amp Characteristics and Basic Circuits
AE 177
AE 8
Op-Amp Application
AE 210
AE 9
Active Filters
AE 250
AE 10
Gate Solved Questions
AE 281
DE DI GI TAL ELECTRONI CS
DE 1
Number System and Codes
DE 3
DE 2
Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification
DE 28
DE 3
The K-Map
DE 75
DE 4
Combinational Circuits
DE 101
DE 5
Sequential Circuits
DE 140
DE 6
Digital Systems
DE 168
DE 7
Logic Families
DE 191
DE 8
Microprocessor
DE 223
DE 9
DE 249
PE POWER ELECTRONI CS
PE 1
Power Semiconductor Devices
PE 3
PE 2
Diode Circuits and Rectifiers
PE 16
PE 3
Thyristor
PE 29
PE 4
Phase Controlled Converters
PE 48
PE 5
Choppers
PE 76
PE 6
Inverters
PE 94
PE 7
AC and DC Drives
PE 114
PE 8
PE 125
***********
PE 9 Phase Controlled Converters PE 1
EF 9 Phase Controlled Converters EF 1
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GATE EE vol-1
Electric circuit & Field, Electrical & electronic measurement
GATE EE vol-2
Analog electronics, Digital electronics, Power electronics
GATE EE vol-3
Control systems, Signals & systems
GATE EE vol-4
Electrical machines, Power systems
Engineering mathematics, General Aptitude
PE 1
PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS
Common Data For Q. 1 to 3:
A single phase 230 V, 50 Hz ac source is feeding a fully controlled bridge converter
shown in the figure. The firing angle is 30c.
PE 1.1 The dc output voltage will be
(A) 126.8 V (B) 96.6 V
(C) 179.3 V (D) 63.4 V
PE 1.2 If a freewheeling diode is connected across the load, then what is the value of dc
output voltage ?
(A) 193.2 V (B) 136.6 V
(C) 386.4 V (D) 273.2 V
PE 1.3 When the thyristor Th
3
gets open circuited, the value of dc output current
flowing through a load of 10W is _ _ _ A.
PE 1.4 In single-phase to single-phase cyclo converter, if
1
a and
2
a are the trigger angles
of positive converter and negative converter, then
(A)
1 2
2
a a + =
p
(B)
1 2
a a p + =
(C)
1 2
2
3
a a + =
p
(D) 2
1 2
a a p + =
PE 1.5 A three-phase, half-wave controlled converter is fed from a 380 V (line), 50 Hz
ac supply and is operating at a firing angle of 45c. The thyristors have a forward
voltage-drop of 1.2 V. What will be the approximate average load voltage ? ( in V)
PE 1.6 In the given circuit, the thyristor is fired at an angle / 4 p in every positive half-
cycle of the input ac voltage. The average power across the load will be _ _ _ kW.
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GATE Electrical Engineering-2015
in 4 Volumes
by R. K. Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
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PE 1.7 A line commutated ac to dc converter is shown in the figure. It operates from a
three phase, 50 Hz, 580 V (line to line) supply. The load current I
0
is ripple free
and constant at 3464 A. For an average output voltage of 648 V, the delay angle
a is _ _ _ degree.
PE 1.8 In a 3-phase to 1-phase cyclo converter employing 6-pulse bridge circuit, if the
input voltage is 200 V per phase the fundamental rms value of output voltage
will be
(A)
600
p
V (B) 300 3 V
(C)
300 3
p
V (D)
300
p
V
PE 1.9 A single-phase half controlled bridge rectifier is operated from a source
sin V t 100 314
s
= . The average power drawn by a resistive load of 10 ohms at a
firing angle 45c a = is
(A) 295.5 W
(B) 500 W
(C) 267 W
(D) 454.5 W
PE 1.10 In a fully-controlled converter the load voltage is controlled by which of the
following quantity ?
(A) extension angle (B) firing angle
(C) conduction angel (D) none
PE 1.11 The fully controlled bridge converter shown in the figure is fed from a single-
phase source. The peak value of input voltage is V
m
, What will be the average
output dc voltage V
dc
for a firing of 30c ?
(A) . V 06
m
(B) . V 077
m
(C) . V 0155
m
(D) . V 0424
m
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GATE EE vol-4
PE 1.12 When the firing angle a of a single phase fully controlled rectifier feeding constant
d.c. current into the load is 30c, what is the displacement factor of the rectifier ?
(A) 1 (B) 0.5
(C) 3 (D)
2
3
PE 1.13 A single-phase ac voltage regulator is fed from a 50 Hz supply system. If it supplies
a load comprising a resistance of 2W connected in series with an inductance of
6.36 mH, then the range of firing angle a providing controlled voltage would be
(A) 0 180 < < c c a (B) 45 180 < < c c a
(C) 90 180 < < c c a (D) 0 45 < < c c a
PE 1.14 In a single phase full wave controlled bridge rectifier, minimum output voltage
and maximum output voltage are obtained at which conduction angles ?
(A) , 0 180 c c respectively
(B) , 180 0 c c respectively
(C) , 0 0 c c respectively
(D) , 180 180 c c respectively
PE 1.15 A half-controlled bridge converter is operating from an r.m.s input voltage of 120
V. Neglecting the voltage drops, what are the mean load voltage at a firing delay
angle of 0c and 180c, respectively ?
(A)
120 2 2
#
p
V and 0 (B) 0 and
120 2 2
#
p
V
(C)
120 2
p
V and 0 (D) 0 and
120 2
p
V
PE 1.16 In the single phase voltage controller circuit shown in the figure, for what range
of triggering angle ( ) a , the input voltage ( ) V
0
is not controllable ?
(A) 0 45 < < c c a (B) 45 135 < < c c a
(C) 90 180 < < c c a (D) 135 180 < < c c a
PE 1.17 A single-phase full-bridge converter with a free-wheeling diode feeds an inductive
load. The load resistance is . 1553W and it has a large inductance providing
constant and ripple free d.c. current. Input to converter is from an ideal 230 V,
50 Hz single phase source. For a firing delay angle of 60c, the average value of
diode current is _ _ _ A.
PE 1.18 A single phase fully controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive load. Assume
the load current to be constant and the firing angle is 45c, the input harmonic
factor is _ _ _
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PE 1.19 The most suitable solid state converter for controlling the speed of the three-
phase cage motor as 25 Hz is
(A) Cyclo converter
(B) Current source inverter
(C) Voltage source inverter
(D) load commutated inverter
PE 1.20 The fully controlled thyristor converter in the figure is fed from a single-phase
source. When the firing angle is 0c, the dc output voltage of the converter is 300
V. What will be the output voltage for a firing angle of 60c, assuming continuous
conduction? (in V)
PE 1.21 A single-phase half controlled converter shown in the figure feeding power to
highly inductive load. The converter is operating at a firing angle of 60c.
If the firing pulses are suddenly removed, the steady state voltage ( ) V
0
waveform
of the converter will become
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GATE EE vol-4
PE 1.22 A three pulse converter is feeding a purely resistive load. What is the value
of firing delay angle a, which dictates the boundary between continuous and
discontinuous mode of current conduction ?
(A) 0c a =
(B) 30c a =
(C) 60c a =
(D) 150c a =
PE 1.23 A single phase fully controlled bridge converter supplies a load drawing constant
and ripple free load current, if the triggering angle is 30c, the input power factor
will be _ _ _
PE 1.24 A 3-phase cycloconverter is used to obtain a variable frequency single-phase a.c.
output. The single phase a.c. load is 220 V, 60 A at a power factor of 0.6 lagging.
The rms value of input voltage per phase required is _ _ _ _ V.
PE 1.25 The total harmonic distortion (THD) of ac supply input current of rectifiers is
maximum for
(A) single-phase diode rectifier with dc inductive filter
(B) 3-phase diode rectifier with dc inductive filter
(C) 3-phase thyristor with inductive filter
(D) Single-phase diode rectifier with capacitive filter
PE 1.26 A six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge is connected to a balanced 50 Hz three phase
ac source. Assuming that the dc output current of the rectifier is constant, the
lowest frequency harmonic component in the ac source line current is _ _ _ Hz.
PE 1.27 A single phase fully controlled converter bridge is used for electrical braking of a
separately excited dc motor. The dc motor load is represented by an equivalent
circuit as shown in the figure.
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in 4 Volumes
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Assume that the load inductance is sufficient to ensure continuous and ripple
free load current. The firing angle of the bridge for a load current of 10 I
0
= A
will be _ _ _ degree
PE 1.28 A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is feeding a load drawing a constant
and ripple free load current of 10 A at a firing angle of 30c. The approximate Total
harmonic Distortion (%THD) and the rms value of fundamental component of
input current will respectively be
(A) 31% and 6.8 A
(B) 31% and 7.8 A
(C) 66% and 6.8 A
(D) 66% and 7.8 A
PE 1.29 An AC voltage-regulator using back-to-back connected SCRs is feeding an RL
load. The SCR firing angle < a f (f is power factor angle of the load). If SCRs
are fired using short-duration gate pulses, the output load-voltage waveform will
be
(A) Full-wave rectified
(B) Sinusoidal
(C) Symmetrical chopped a.c. voltage
(D) half-wave rectified
PE 1.30 A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at a
firing angle of 25c and an overlap angle of 10c with constant dc output current of
20 A. The fundamental power factor (displacement factor) at input ac mains is
(A) 0.78 (B) 0.827
(C) 0.866 (D) 0.9
PE 1.31 A single phase full-wave half-controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive
load. The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common DC bus. The
converter has to have a freewheeling diode.
(A) because the converter inherently does not provide for free-wheeling
(B) because the converter does not provide for free-wheeling for high values of
triggering angles
(C) or else the free-wheeling action of the converter will cause shorting of the
AC supply
(D) or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is missed, it will subsequently
cause a high load current in the other SCR.
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GATE EE vol-4
PE 1.32 In the circuit shown in Figure, L is large and the average value of I
0
is 100A.
Then which of the following is true for the circuit ?
(A) The thyristor is gated in the positive half cycle of ( ) e t at a delay angle a
equal to . 1679c.
(B) The thyristor is gated in the negative half cycle of ( ) e t at a delay angle a
equal to 122. 5 2 c.
(C) The thyristor is gated in the positive half cycle of ( ) e t at a delay angle a
equal to 122. 5 2 c.
(D) The thyristor is gated in the negative half cycle of ( ) e t at a delay angle a
equal to . 1679c.
PE 1.33 When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode
(A) it draws both real and reactive power from the A.C. supply.
(B) it delivers both real and reactive power to the A.C. supply
(C) it delivers real power to the A.C. supply
(D) it draws reactive power from the A.C. supply.
PE 1.34 In a 3-phase controlled bridge rectifier, with an increase of overlap angle, the
output dc voltage.
(A) decreases (B) increases
(C) does not change (D) depends upon load inductance
PE 1.35 For a single phase a.c. voltage controller feeding a resistive load, what is the
power factor?
(A) Unity for all values of firing angle
(B)
sin
1
2
1
2
/ 1 2
p
p a
a
-
+ ^ h
: D
& 0
(C) sin
1
2
1
2
/ 1 2
p
p a
a
+
+ ^ h
; E & 0
(D)
sin
1
2
1
2
/ 1 2
p
p a a - -
^ h
; E
& 0
where a is firing angle measured from voltage zero.
PE 1.36 In a dual converter, the circulating current
(A) allows smooth reversal of load current, but increases the response time
(B) does not allow smooth reversal of load current, but reduces the response
time
(C) allows smooth reversal of load current with improved speed of response
(D) flows only if there is no interconnecting inductor.
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PE 1.37 A PWM switching scheme is used with a three phase inverter to
(A) reduce the total harmonic distortion with modest filtering.
(B) minimize the load on the DC side
(C) increase the life of the batteries
(D) reduce low order harmonics and increase high order harmonics
PE 1.38 A half controlled bridge converter feeds a resistive load of 10W with ripple free
current. If the input voltage is 240 V, 50 Hz and the triggering angle is 60c then
the value of rms input current is _ _ _ A.
PE 1.39 A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed from a 400 V (line to line)
ac source. A resistive load of 100W draws 400 W of power form the converter,
the input power factor will be _ _ _
PE 1.40 A single-phase half-wave controlled converter is fed from a sinusoidal source.
If the average output voltage is 25% of the maximum possible average output
voltage for a purely resistive load, then firing angle is
(A) / 4 p (B) / 2 p
(C) / 3 p (D) / 6 p
PE 1.41 What is the power factor of a single phase a.c. regulator feeding a resistive load?
(A) Per unit power
2
^ h (B) Per unit power
/ 1 2
^ h
(C)
2
Per unit power
2
^ h
(D)
2
Per unit power
/ 1 2
^ h
PE 1.42 A single-phase half-controlled bridge rectifier is feeding a load drawing a constant
and ripple free load current at a firing angle / 6 a p = . The harmonic factor(HF)
of input current and the input power factor respectively are
(A) 30.80%, 0.922 (B) 4.72%, 0.6
(C) 60%, 0.827 (D) 96.6%, 0.477
PE 1.43 A full-wave controlled bridge rectifier is fed by an ac source of 230 V rms, 50
Hz . The value of load resistance is 15 ohm. For a delay angle of 30c the input
power factor is
(A) 0.840 (B) 0.70
(C) 0.985 (D) 0.492
PE 1.44 In the continuous conduction mode the output voltage waveform does not depend
on
(A) firing angle (B) conduction angle
(C) supply (D) load
PE 1.45 The rectification efficiency of a single phase half-wave controlled rectifier having
a resistive load and the delay angle of / 2 p is
(A) 24.28% (B) 45.04%
(C) 20.28% (D) 26.30%
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PE 1.46 A single phase ac voltage controller is controlling current in a purely inductive
load. If the firing angle of the SCR is a , What will be the conduction angle of
the SCR?
(A) p (B)
p a -
^ h
(C)
2p a -
^ h (D) 2p
PE 1.47 For a single phase half-controlled bridge converter having highly inductive load,
the delay angle is / 2 p . The harmonic factor will be _ _ _ _ _ %
PE 1.48 In the circuit shown in the figure, the SCRs are triggered at 30c delay. The
current through 100W resistor is _ _ _ _ A
PE 1.49 A three phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. It
is operated from 3-f star connected, supply transformer with a line to line ac
supply voltage of 440 volts rms, at 50 Hz. The thyristor are triggered at a delay
angle of 30c a = . Assume continuous ripple free current.
The average output current is _ _ _ _ _ A.
PE 1.50 In the circuit shown in figure, a battery of 6 V is charged by a 1-f one pulse
thyristor controlled rectifier. A resistance R is to be inserted in series with the
battery to limit the charging current to 4 A. The value of R is _ _ _ W .
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PE 1.51 A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed step down transformer (4:1) is
supplying power to a half-wave uncontrolled ac-dc converter used for charging
a battery(12 V dc) with the series current limiting resistor being 19.04 W. The
charging current is _ _ _ _ A.
PE 1.52 An integral cycle AC voltage controller is feeding a purely resistive circuit from
a single phase ac voltage source. The current waveform consists alternately burst
of N-complete cycle of conduction following by M-complete cycles of extinction.
The rms value of the load voltage equals the rms value of the supply voltage for:
(A) N M = (B) N 0 =
(C) N M 0 = = (D) M 0 =
PE 1.53 A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter with free wheeling diode is fed from
400 V, 50 Hz AC source and is operating at a firing angle of 60c. The load current
is assumed constant at 10 A due to high load inductance. The input displacement
factor (IDF) and the input power factor (IPF) of the converter will be
(A) 0.867; 0.828 IDF IPF = = (B) 0.867; 0.552 IDF IPF = =
(C) 0. 5; 0.478 95 IDF IPF = = (D) 0.5; 0.318 IDF IPF = =
PE 1.54 A solar cell of 350 V is feeding power to an ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz through a
3-phase fully controlled bridge converter. A large inductance is connected in the
dc circuit to maintain the dc current at 20 A. If the solar cell resistance is 0.5W
,then each thyristor will be reverse biased for a period of _ _ _ degree.
PE 1.55 A single-phase bridge converter is used to charge a battery of 200 V having
an internal resistance of .2 0 W as shown in figure. The SCRs are triggered by
a constant dc signal. If SCR
2
gets open circuited, what will be the average
charging current ? (in A)
PE 1.56 Consider a phase-controlled converter shown in the figure. The thyristor is fired
at an angle a in every positive half cycle of the input voltage. If the peak value
of the instantaneous output voltage equals 230 V, the firing angle a is close to
(A) 45c (B) 135c
(C) 90c (D) 83.6c
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PE 1.57 A single-phase ac regulator fed from 50 Hz supply feeds a load having 4W
resistance and 12 : 73 mH inductance. The control range of firing angle will be
(A) 0 to 180
(B) 45 to 180
(C) 90 to 180
(D) 0 to 45
PE 1.58 In the single phase diode bridge rectifier shown in figure, the load resistor is
50 R W = . The source voltage is ( ) sin V t 200 w = , where 2 50
#
w p = radians per
second. The power dissipated in the load resistor R is
(A)
3200
p
W (B)
400
p
W
(C) 400 W (D) 800 W
PE 1.59 A half-wave thyristor converter supplies a purely inductive load as shown in
figure. If the triggering angle of the thyristor is 120c, the extinction angle will
be _ _ _ degree.
PE 1.60 A single phase half wave rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The thyristor is
fired at 30c in each positive half cycle. The values of average load voltage and
the rms load voltage will respectively be
(A) 475.2 V, 190.9 V
(B) 237.64 V, 194.2 V
(C) 118.8 V, 197.1 V
(D) 237.6 V, 197.1 V
PE 1.61 A dc battery of 50 V is charged through a 10W resistor as shown in the figure.
Assume that the thyristor is continuously fired. The average value of charging
current is _ _ _ A.
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PE 1.62 A bridge converter is fed from a source sin V V t
s m
w = as shown in the following
figure. What will be the output voltage for a firing angle of a ? Assume continuous
conduction.
(A) cos
V 2
m
p
a (B) cos
V
2
1
m
p
a +
^ h
(C) cos
V
2
3
m
p
a +
^ h
(D) cos
V
m
p
a
************
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SOLUTI ONS
PE 1.1 Correct option is (C).
DC output voltage
V
dc
cos
V 2
m
p
a =

( )
30 179.3 cos V
2 2 230
c
p
= =
PE 1.2 Correct option is (A).
When free wheeling diode is present, Th
1
and Th
2
will conduct from a to p while
Th
3
and Th
4
will conduct for p a + to 2p.
V
dc
(230)
( )
(1 ) sin cos d
1
2
2 230
p
q
p
a = = +
a
p
#

( )
(1 30 ) 193.185 cos V
2 230
c
p
= + =
PE 1.3 Correct answer is 9.7 A.
When Th
3
gets open circuited, the circuit will work as a half wave rectifier, the
output dc voltage
V
dc
(230)sin d
2
1
2
p
q q =
a
p
#

( )
( ) ( ) cos cos
2
230
1
2
230
1 30c
p
a
p
= + = +
96.6V =
Average dc output current
I
dc

.
9.7A
10
966
= =
PE 1.4 Correct option is (B).
In practice, the firing angle
p
a of positive group cannot be reduced to zero,
for this firing angle corresponding to 180 180
n p
c a a = - = for negative group,
because of commutation overlap and thyristor turn off time problems. But
180
p n
c a a + = .
PE 1.5 Correct answer is 180.2 V.
Here V
m
310.3V
3
380 2
= =
Let the thyristor voltage drop is ( ) V
t
, then average dc voltage
V
dc
cos V V
2
3 3
m t
p
a = -
45 1.2 cos
2 3
3 3 380 2
#
c
p
= -
180.2V =
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PE 1.6 Correct answer is 1.1 kW.
RMS load voltage
V
( ) rms dc

sin
V
4 8
2
m
2
1
p
p a
p
a
=
-
+
: D

220 1 .
sin
V
4
4
8
2
0488
2
1
p
p
p
p
p
=
-
+ =
= G
Average power across the load
P
ac

( . )
. kW
R
V
10
10488
11
( ) rms dc
2 2
= = =
PE 1.7 Correct answer is 34.18.
Here 580 V V
Line
=
Average output voltage
V
dc
cos cos V V
3 3 3 2
ine m L
p
a
p
a = =
648 cos
3 2 580
# #
p
a =
or a 34.18c =
Given 3 phase 6 pulse bridge, thus m 6 = and V V 200
ph
=
The fundamental r.m.s output voltage
V
or
sin V
m
m
ph
p
p
= a a k k 9 C
sin 200
6
6
600
p
p
p
= = b a l k : D
PE 1.9 Correct option is (D).
V
s
, sin t 100 314 = R 10W = , 45c a =
RMS load voltage
V
( ) rms dc

sin
V
2 4
2
/
m
1 2
p
p a
p
a
=
-
+
: D
V
( ) rms dc
100 67.42
sin
V
2
4
4
2
/ 1 2
p
p
p
p
p
=
-
+ =
= G
The average power delivered to the load is
P
ac

R
V
( ) rms dc
2
=

( . )
454.5W
10
6742
2
= =
The average value of dc voltage i.e. load voltage can be varied by controlling the
phase angle(a) of firing pulses.
The average output dc voltage
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V
dc
( ) sin V td t
1
m
p
w w =
a
p a +
#
( ) cos
V
t
m
p
w = -
a
p a +
[ ( )] cos cos
V
m
p
a p a = - +
cos
V 2
m
p
a =
Given 30c a = , the average dc output voltage
V
dc
cos
V 2
m
p
a =
( ) cos
V 2
30
m
c
p
=
0.155132V
m
=
For a 1-f full converter the displacement factor is
DF cos cos30c a = =
2
3
=
We have R 2
L
W = , . mH L 636 = , Hz f 50 = ,

.
. Tan
2
2 50 636 10
4497
1
3
# # #
p
=
-
-
b l

min
a 45c f = =
For a single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier, the average output voltage is
given by
V
0
cos
V
1
m
p
a = +
^ h
Output voltage is minimum for 180c a = and maximum for 0c a = .
For half-controlled bridge rectifier, average output voltage
V
0
cos
V
1
m
p
a = +
6 @
For 0c a = , V
0
cos
120 2
1 0
120 2 2
#
c
p p
= + =
6 @
For 180c a = , V
0
cos
120 2
1 180 0 c
p
+ =
6 @
R jXL + j 50 50 = +
tanf
R
L
50
50
1
w
= = = or f 45c =
so, firing angle a must be higher the 45c, Thus for 0 45 < < c a , V
0
is
uncontrollable.
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Average output current
I
0
cos
R
V
1
m
p
a = +
^ h

.
cos
1553
230 2
1 60
#
c
p
+
^ h
Average current through diode
I
FW
( ) I d t
1
3
1
10
/
o
0
3
#
p
w = =
p
#
3.33A =
Input harmonic factor .
8
1 0482
/ 2 1 2
p
= - =
: D
Speed can be controlled by changing the frequency. Cycloconverter directly
converts ac power at input frequency to a different frequency.
PE 1.20 Correct answer is 150 V.
Given fully-controlled thyristor converter, when firing angle 0 a = , dc output
voltage V
dc0
300 V =
If a 60c = , then ? V
dc
=
For fully-controlled converter
V
dc0
cos
V 2 2
dc1
p
a =
Since a 0 = , 300 V
dc0
= V
300 0 cos
V 2 2
dc1
c
p
=
V
dc1

2 2
300p
=
At a 60c = , V
dc2
cos
2 2
2 2
300
60
#
c
p
p
=
300 150
2
1
V
#
= =
Output of this
Here the inductor makes T
1
and T
3
in ON because current passing through T
1

and T
3
is more than the holding current.
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PE 1.23 Correct option is 0.78.
Given 30c a = , in a 1-f fully bridge converter
we know that,
Power factor cos Distortionfactor
#
a =
D.f. (Distortion factor) / 0.9 I I
s s (fundamental)
= =
power factor . cos 09 30
#
c = . 078 =
PE 1.24 Correct answer is 266 V.
We have V V 220
or
=
For 3-phase to single phase cyclo converter
V
or
sin r V
m
m
ph
p
p
= a a k k 9 C
where V
ph
= perphase input voltage m 3 = for 3-phase pulse drive.
cos r
mm
a = is voltage reduction factor
Thus 220 sin V 1
3
3
ph
p
p
= b a l k : D
V
ph
. 26602 =
Single phase diode rectifier with capacitive filter has maximum THD.
PE 1.26 Correct answer is 250 Hz.
For six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge the lowest frequency component in AC
source line current is of 250 Hz.
PE 1.27 Correct answer is 129.
Here for continuous conduction mode, by Kirchoffs voltage law, average load
current
V I 2 150
a
- + 0 =
I
a

V
2
150
=
+
10 I
1
` = A, So V 130 =- V
cos
V 2
m
p
a 130 =-
cos
2 2 230
# #
p
a 130c =-
a 129c =
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Total rms current I
a
10 8.16
3
2
A
#
= =
Fundamental current I
a1
0.78 10 7.8 A
#
= =
THD
1
1
DF
2
= -
where DF
.
.
0.955
I
I
0816 10
078 10
a
a1
#
#
= = =
` THD
.
3 %
0955
1
1 1
2
= - =
b l
In the case of RL load, the output voltage can be controlled for a in the range of
f p - . If < a f and triggered with short duration pulse, then one of the thyristor
will not come in to conduction. The resultant circuit act as half wave rectifier.
Firing angle a 25c =
Overlap angle m 10c =
so, I
0
[ ( )] cos cos
Ls
V
m
w
a a m = - +
20 [ ( )] cos cos
Ls 2 50
230 2
25 25 10
#
c c c
p
= - +
Ls 0.0045H =
V
0

cos V LsI 2
m 0
p
a
p
w
= -

. .
. . cos
314
2 230 2 25
314
2 314 50 45 10 20
3
# # # # # #
c
= -
-
. 18773 9 = - . 17874c =
Displacement factor
V I
V I
s s
0 0
=

.
230 20
17825 20
#
#
= . 078 =
Single phase full wave half controlled bridge converter feeds an Inductive load.
The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common dc bus. The converter
has to have free wheeling diode because the converter does not provide for free
wheeling for high values of triggering angles.
Assuming continuous conduction. We have
so V
0
I R E
0
= + 100 0.01 20 21
#
= + =
For a single-phase half-wave converter, average output voltage is
V
0

( ) cos V
21
2
1
m
p
a
= =
+
( ) cos 1 a + 122.25
2 200
21 2
&
#
#
c
p
a = =
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From the output waveform given below, we observed that the thyristor is gated
in positive half cycle.
In the inverting mode a line commutated converted operates for phase angles
90c to 180c. When the dc voltage is negative power flow is from dc to ac and the
converter functions as inverter. As dc power is fed back, it is real power.
For a 3-phase fully-controlled converter, output dc voltage is given as
V
dc
( ) cos
V
L
I
3 3
30 mph
s
d
p
a m
p
w
= + +
Where m is the overlap angle. So when the overlap angle is increased, the cosine
term in the above expression decreases and the output dc voltage also decreases.
P.F
V
V
or
S
=
r.m.s value V
or
sin V td t
1
/
m
2 2
1 2
p
w w =
a
p
< F #
sin
V
2
1
2
/
S
1 2
p
p a
a =
-
+ ^ h
: D
The circulating current helps in maintaining continuous conduction of both the
converters irrespective of load and the time response to change the operation
from one quadrant to other is faster.
In a three-phase inverter, the supply current consists of one pulse per half-cycle
and the lowest order harmonic is third. It is difficult to eliminate the lowest
order harmonic current. The lowest order harmonics can be reduced if the supply
current has more than one pulse per half-cycle. In PWM lowest order harmonic
can be eliminated and higher order harmonics can be increased.
V
dc
(1 ) cos
V
m
p
a = +

( )
(1 60 ) cos
2 240
c
p
= +
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,

V
o
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m
e
-
2
162.03V =
Load current I
.
16.203A
R
V
10
16203
L
dc
= = =
RMS input current
I
s
. I 1 16203 1
60
.
.
05
05
c
p
a
p
= - = -
a b k l

13.23A =
Load Current
I
L
2A
100
400
. 05
= =
b l
In a three-phase fully controlled bridge converter input rms current I
s
or the
current in each supply phase exists for 120c in every 180c.
Therefore rms value of input current
I
s
1.15A
180
2 120
. 05
#
= =
b l
Input apparent power 400 1.15 796.72VA 3
# #
= =
. cos 79672 q 400 =
Power factor cosq 0.5lagging =
Average output voltage
V
dc
(1 ) cos
V
2
m
p
a = +
The maximum output voltage is obtained when 0 a =
V
dcmax

V
m
p
=
Given V
dc
25% 0.25
V V
m m
p p
= =
b l
So 0.25
V
m
p
(1 ) cos
V
2
m
p
a = +
The Firing angle is
a 60c =
In a AC voltage controller P.f
V
V
or
S
=
Per unit power
/
/
Ratedpower
Present power
V R
V
R or
S
2
2
= =
^ h
Thus p.f
V
V
Per unit power
or
S
= =
Supply rms current
I
rms
I 1
/
dc
1 2
p
a
= -
a k

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,

V
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2
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4

/
0.91 I I 1
6
/
dc dc
1 2
p
p
= - =
c m
Now, the rms value of the supply fundamental component of input current.
I
rms1
/ 2 cos
I 2 2
dc
p
a = 15 0.869 cos I I
2 2
dc dc
p
= =
Harmonic factor (HF) on input current
HF
I
I
1
1
/
rms
rms
2 1 2
= -
b l ; E

.
.
30.80%
0869
091
1
/ 2 1 2
= - =
b l ; E
Input power factor / 2 0.922( ) cos lagging
I
I
1
rms
rms
a = =
The rms load voltage,
V
rms

sin
V
2 4
2
/
m
1 2
p
p a
p
a
=
-
+
: D
230
sin
2
2
6
4
6
2
/ 1 2
p
p
p
p
p
#
=
-
+
> H

226.713V =
Input power factor
V
V
rms
s
=
.
230
226713
=
cosf 0.985lag =
Average load voltage is given by
V
( ) 0 av
( ) cos
V
2
1
m
p
a = +
. cos
V
V
2
1
2
0159
m
m
p
p
= + =
a k
Average load current
I
( ) 0 av

.
R
V
R
V 0159 ( )
m
0 av
= =
RMS load voltage
V
0( ) rms

sin
V
4 8
2
m
2
1
p
p a
p
a
=
-
+
: D

/
0.353
sin
V V
4
2
8
2
2
m m
2
1
#
p
p p
p
p
=
-
+ =
a k
> H
RMS load current
I
0( ) rms

.
R
V
R
V 0353 0( ) rms
m
= =
To obtain rectification efficiency
h
P
P
V I
V I
( ) ( )
0( ) 0( )
rms rms ac
dc
0 0
av av
= =

.
.
.
.
.
V
R
V
V
R
V
0353
0353
0159
0159
02028
m
m
m
m
#
#
= = or 20.28%
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in 4 Volumes
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a
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p
l
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,

V
o
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2
In AC voltage controller feeding purely inductive load, then each thyristor
conducts for 2a . The range of firing angle is 90 to 180. If 90c a = , then each
SCR conducts for 180.
Let the average load current is I
dc
Fundamental RMS current
I
rms
I 1
/
dc
1 2
p
a
= -
a k
The fundamental component of RMS current
I
rms1
cos
I 2 2
2
dc
p
a
=
The harmonic factor (HF) is given as,
HF
I
I
1
rms
rms
1
2
2
= -
Putting values in above equation,
HF
cos
I
I
8
2
1
dc
dc
2
2
2
2
p
a
p
p a
=
-
-
a k

( )
cos 8
2
1
2 a
p p a
=
-
-
For / 2 a p = , HF
( / )
.
cos 8
4
2
1 123 1
2 p
p p p
=
-
- = -
0.4834 =
PE 1.48 Correct is 184.4 V.
This is a fully controlled bridge. The average value of output voltage.
V
0( ) av
( ) cos
V
1
m
p
a = +
( ) cos
230 2
1 30c
p
= + 184.8V =
This voltage is applied to the load. The equivalent circuit is shown in the figure
Applying KVL to above circuit,
V
0( ) av
50 I R
0( ) av
= +
` 184.8 100 50 I
0( ) av #
= +
I
0(av)
1.348A =
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,

V
o
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2
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
The average output voltage for continuous ripple free output current is,
V
( ) av 0
cos
V
2
3 3
m
p
a =
Here V
m
is peak value of supply phase voltage. We have
V
line rms ( )
440V =
` V
( ) rms ph
254V
V
3 3
440
line
= = =
` V
m
V 2
( ) rms ph
=
. V 2 254 35926
#
= =
` V
( ) av 0

.
30 257.3 cos V
2
3 3 35926
#
c
p
= =
Average output current I
( ) av 0
I
( ) av 0

.
12.86A
R
V
20
2573 ( ) av 0
= = =
PE 1.50 Correct answer is . 2544W .
Let the supply is sin V V t
S m
w = and battery emf is E . For the circuit voltage
equation is
sin V t
m
w E I R
0
= +
or, I
0

sin
R
V t E
m
w
=
-
Since the SCR is turn on when sin V E
m 1
q = and is turned off when sin V E
m 2
q =
, where
2 1
q p q = - .
`
1
q . sin sin
V
E
30
6
1153
m
1 1
c = = =
- -
b b l l
The battery charging requires only the average current I
0
given by:
I
0
( ) ( ) sin
R
V t E d t
2
1
m
1
1
p
w w = -
q
p q -
> H
#
[2 ( 2 )] cos
R
V E
2
1
m 1 1
p
q p q = - -
` 4 Amp 2 2 30 11.53 6
180
2 11.53
cos
R 2
1
p
p
p
# #
#
= - -
b l ; E
4 Amp [ . . ]
R 2
1
8313 19172
p
= -
[ . ]
R 2
1
6395
p
=
or R [ . ]
2 4
1
6395
#
p
W =
. 2544W =
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in 4 Volumes
S
a
m
p
l
e

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

o
f

G
A
T
E

E
l
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r
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a
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n
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i
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,

V
o
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2
PE 1.51 Correct answer is . 1059 / A W .
V
s
.
4
230
575 = =
Here charging current I =
sin V
m
q 12 =

1
q 8.486 0.148 radian = =
V
m
. 81317 = V
e 12 V =
There is no power consumption in battery due to ac current, so average value of
charging current.
I
av(charging)

.
[ ( )] cos V
2 1904
1
2 2
m 1 1
#
p
q e p q = - -

.
[ ( )] cos V
2 1904
1
2 12 2
m 1 1
#
# #
p
q p q = - -
1.059 / A W =
For N-on cycles, M-off cycles
rms value of output voltage
N m
N
V
s
=
+
c m
If M 0 = , V V
or s
=
Given that
400 V, 50 Hz AC source, a 60c = , 10 I A
L
=
so,
Input displacement factor . cos 05 a = =
and, input power factor cos D.F.
#
a =
distortion factor
I
I
s
s(fundamental)
=

/
sin
10 2 3
2
4 10
60
#
#
#
c
p
=
0.955 =
so, input power factor . . 0955 05
#
=
. 0478 =
Let we have
R
solar
0.5W = , 20 I A
0
=
so V
s
350 20 0.5 340 V
#
= - =
` 340 cos
3 440 2
# #
p
a =
cosa 55c =
So each thyristor will reverse biased for 180 55 c c - 125c = .
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i
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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
2
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
In this circuitry if SCR gets open circuited, than circuit behaves like a half wave
rectifier.
So
I
avg
Averagevalueof current =
( ) sin
R
V t E d
2
1
m
1
1
p
w q = -
q
p q -
#
a
I
0(avg)
( ) cos
R
V E
2
1
2 2
m 1
p
q p q = - -
6 @
[ ( ) ( )] cos
2 2
1
2 230 2 200 2
1
#
# #
p
q p q = - -

1
q sin
V
E
m
1
=
-
b l

38 0.66 sin
230 2
200
Rad
1
#
c = = =
-
c m
` I
( 0 avg)
[2 230 38 200( 2 0.66)] cos
2 2
1
2
#
# #
c
p
p = - -
11.9 A =
We know that V
rms
230 V =
so, V
m
230 2 V
#
=
If whether a 90c 1
Then V
peak
sin V 230
m
a = =
sin 230 2 a 230 =
sina
2
1
=
angle a 135c =
For controlling the load,
Minimum value of firing angle a = load phase angle f .
Thus f tan
R
L 1 w
=
-
w
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c
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in 4 Volumes
S
a
m
p
l
e

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

o
f

G
A
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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
2

.
tan
4
2 50 1273 10 1
3
# # #
p
=
-
-
c m
. tan 09993
1
=
-
^ h
. 4497 45 c c . =
The maximum possible value of a is 180.
Firing angle control range is 45 to 180.
Given that, V sin t 200 w =
f 50 Hz =
Power dispatched in the load resistor R ? =
First we have to calculate output of rectifier.

( ) ( ) sin
cos
sin
V t d t
t
d t
t
t
1
200
200
2
1 2
200
2
1
2
2 200
2
1
2
200
/ /
/ /
0
2
0
1 2
0
1 2
0
1 2 1 2
rms
#
p
w w
p
w
w
p
w
w
p
p
= =
-
= - = =
p p
p
b
b
l
l
: ;
; :
D E
E D
# #
Power dissipated to resistor
P
R

R
V
0
2
rms
=
^ h

400
50
200 2
W
2
= =
e o
Given a half wave Thyristor converter supplies a purely inductive load where
triggering angle is a 120c =
First we have to draw its output characteristics as shown below
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,

V
o
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m
e
-
2
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Output is given by
i
0
( ) ( ) sin sin exp
Z
V
t
Z
V
L
R
m m
w f a f
w
a = - - -
-
-
b l
...(1)
We know at extinction angle i.e. t w b = , i 0
0
=
from equation (1), at ( ) t w b =
0 ( ) ( ) sin sin
Z
V
Z
V
e
m m
c b f a f = - - -
or ( ) sin b f - ( ) sin a f = -
or b f - a f = -
or b 120c a = =
Peak value of secondary voltage
V
m
400
2
800
V = =
and a 30c =
Average dc voltage is given by
V
dc
(1 ) cos
V
2
m
p
a = + (1 30 ) 118.8 cos V
2
400
c
p
= + =
RMS voltage
V
rms

sin
V
4 8
2
/
m
1 2
p
p a
p
a
=
-
+
b l
400 197.1
sin
V
4
30
8
60
/ 1 2
c c
p
p
p
=
-
+ =
b l
SCR will conduct when the instantaneous value of ac voltage is more than 50 V
or
sin t 100 w 50 =
or t w
6
p
= and
6
5p
i
sin
sin
t
t
10
100 50
10 5
w
w =
-
= -
Average current ( ) ( ) sin t d t
2
1
10 5
/
/
6
5 6
p
w w = -
p
p
#
cos t t
2
1
10 5
/
/
6
5 6
p
w w = - -
p
p
cos cos
2
1
10
6
5
10
6
5
6
5
5
6
# #
p
p p p p
= - + - +
b l
1.09A =
In positive half cycle Th
1
and D
2
conduct from a to p. During negative half
cycle D
3
and D
4
are forward biased and conduct from p to 2p. From t 0 w = to
t w a = , Th
1
is off but D
2
is forward biased. D
4
continues to conduct during this
interval because it was conducting prior to t 0 w = i.e. during previous negative
half cycle. Therefore from 0 to a, D
2
and D
4
conduct, the load is short circuited
and load voltage is zero.
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w
w
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n
o
d
i
a
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c
o
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i
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in 4 Volumes
S
a
m
p
l
e

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

o
f

G
A
T
E

E
l
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t
r
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a
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n
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i
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,

V
o
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u
m
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-
2
The input output voltage waveforms are shown as below
Output voltage
V
0
( ) ( sin sin V td t V td t
2
1
m m
2
p
w w w w = +
a
p
a
p
> H
# #
(3 ) cos
V
2
m
p
a = +
************

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