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DUNG DCH
mCt
100
m dd
V d: Dung dch NaOH 20% ngha l c 100g dung dch th c 20g NaOH tan
trong .
Nng % theo th tch
Biu th s ml cht tan c trong 100ml dung dch.
V d: ancol etylic 70o ngha l trong 100ml dung dch ru ny cn c 70ml
C2H5OH nguyn cht v 30ml H2O.
b. Nng mol
S mol cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch:
CM =
nct
Vdd (l )
nct
1000
mdm
A =
nA
nB
; B =
n A + nB
n A + nB
74
e. Nng ng lng
Mt loi nng khc thng c s dng tnh ton trong cc phng
php phn tch th tch l nng ng lng c nh ngha l s ng lng
gam ca cht tan trong mt lt dung dch.
CN =
n'
V
V: th tch (l)
A + B C
10dC %
M
D: ng lng gam
10dC %
D
* Gia CM v CN:
CN = n.CM
75
Gii:
Khi lng ca 1 lt dung dch: 1000 x 1,230 = 1230g
Khi lng ca H2SO4 trong 1 lt dung dch: 3,75 x 98 = 368g
Khi lng ca H2O trong 1 lt dung dch: 1230 - 368 = 862g
Do :
C% =
368
100 = 29,9%
1230
C N = 3,75 2 = 7,5 N
Cm =
3, 75.1000
= 4,35m
862
mAn+
nBm-
Am Bn = [ An+ ]m [ B m ]n
[ Ba 2 + ][ SO42 ] = S .S = TBaSO4
76
77
S = K.Pi
k
O2 ( 10-5)
CO2 ( 10-5)
H2S ( 10-5)
273
67,45
3349,51
6825,24
275
63,48
3000,97
6397,08
277
60,52
2788,34
5998,05
298
38,76
1407,76
3332,03
H > 0
ndm
ndm + nct
79
0 1
=
0
0
Nhit
K0C.Kg/mol
Nc
100,0
0,51
1,86
CCl4
76,5
5,03
-22,99
3,00
CHCl3
61,2
3,63
-63,5
4,70
C6H6
80,1
2,53
5,5
5,12
CS2
46,2
2,34
-111,5
3,83
te etylic
34,5
2,02
-116,2
1,79
Camphor
208,0
5,95
179,8
40
80
= 0,34 0 C ;
Ks = 0,51
n gluco
0,34
= 0,67 mol/kg =
0,1500
0,51
18
= 180
0,1
5.2.3. h nhit ng c
Nhit ng c (kt tinh) ca cht lng l nhit m ti p sut hi bo
ho ca pha lng bng p sut hi bo ho ca pha rn.
Do p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung
mi nguyn cht nn cho p sut hi bo ho trn pha rn bng p sut hi bo ho
trn pha lng (ca dung dch) cn phi h nhit ng ca dung dch xung, ngha
l: nhit ng ca dung dch nh hn nhit ng ca dung mi nguyn cht.
V d: Vi nc nguyn cht c nhit ng c l 00C (chnh xc l
0,00990C) ng vi p sut hi bo ha ca nc v nc lng l 0,006atm. Vic
ha tan cht tan vo nc s lm cho dung dch c nhit ng c thp hn nc
nguyn cht, bi v s hin din ca cht tan trong nc s lm cho p sut hi ca
nc trong dung dch thp hn p sut hi ca nc , do ti nhit ny dung
dch khng th ng c v khng c s cn bng ca p sut hi gia pha lng v pha
rn. Nu ta h nhit , p sut hi ca pha rn gim nhanh hn pha lng, kt qu s
dn n s cn bng p sut hi ca 2 pha lng v rn v lc ny dung dch s ng
c.
Do cht tan lm h nhit ng c ca nc, nn cc cht nh NaCl, CaCl2
thng c ri trn cc va h hoc ng l trnh s ng bng trong ma ng
cc nc vng lnh gi, d nhin vi iu kin nhit bn ngoi khng qu thp.
81
23,3
= 12,5 mol/kg
1,86
82
n
m
=
V MV
Thay
C=
ta c:
V =
m
RT
M
1
= 1,47 10 3 atm ;
160
R = 0,082atm / 0 K .mol ;
T = 25 + 273 = 298 0 K
C=
1,47 10 3
= 6,02 10 5 mol / l ;
0,082 298
1,00 10 3
= 1,66 10 4
5
6,02 10
ng dng:
Hin tng thm thu c ngha sinh hc rt quan trng v mng ca cc t bo
l mng thm thu. Thm thu l nguyn nhn trc tip ca qu trnh ht nc t mi
trng v qu trnh vn chuyn nc trong c th sinh vt. Tuy nhin, Mi sinh vt ch
pht trin bnh thng trong mi trng c p sut thm thu thch hp. Do nu
bn phn vi nng qu ln c th lm cy cht v mt nc.
Dch t bo ca mi c th sng c nng cc cht dinh dng xc nh nn
c p sut thm thu xc dnh. Khi p sut thm thu ca dch t bo ln hn ca mi
trng s gy ra s thm thu nc mi trng vo t bo v lm cho nc di
chuyn t t bo n sang t bo kia.
Qu trnh thm thu c nghin cu th nghim sau: Khi cy ho t trong
nc th ti li. Khi nc thm vo t bo, n s to ra p sut d trong p sut
ny cng tng nh v t bo v gi n trng thi cng. Nu ct t cy, do nc
bay hi nn th tch ca cht lng bn trong gim xung v v t bo xp i, cy s
84
n
no
Yu
Trung bnh
Mnh
0 < 0,03
0,3 < 1
rt t
Mt phn
Gn hon ton
85
d. Phn loi cht in li: Cht in li mnh, cht in li yu, cht khng in li.
Cht in li mnh: l cht c kh nng cht in li hon ton thnh cc ion
ngha l trong dung dch khng cn phn t cha in li; gm: axit mnh, baz mnh
v mui ca chng.
Cht in li yu: l cht ch in li mt phn thnh ion (hoc ch c mt s phn
t in li ra ion); gm: axit yu, baz yu, mui ca baz yu v axit yu.
5.3.2. Cn bng trong dung dch cht in li yu
a. Hng s in li
S in li ca cht in li yu l mt qu trnh thun nghch nn ta c th p
dng nh lut tc dng khi lng.
HA H+ + A-
Gi s c cn bng:
Ta c:
[H + ] [ A ]
[ HA]
A+
B-
Nng ban u:
Nng cn bng:
C - C
C .C
C C
2
C
1
nH+ + An +
+ 3
86
Tnh axit ca dung dch l do tnh cht ca ion H+ quyt nh, cht no in li
cho cng nhiu ion H+ th tnh axit cng mnh.
- Axit mnh l axt in li gn nh hon ton, axit yu in li khng hon ton.
HA H+ + A-
- i vi axit yu:
A =
[ H + ][ A ]
[ HA]
A. Photphoric
A. Xucxinic
H3PO4
HOOC(CH2)2-COOH
pKa
Ka
7,5.10-2
1,27
5,4.10-5
4,27
7,5.10-3
2,13
6,2.10-8
7,21
2,2.10-2
11,66
6,3.10-5
4,20
2,4.10-6
5,63
A. Acrilic
CH2=CH-COOH
5,5.10-5
4,26
A. Fomic
HCOOH
1,8.10-4
3,74
A. Axetic
CH3-COOH
1,8.10-5
4,76
A. Lactic
CH3CH(OH)-COOH
1,4.10-4
3,86
A. Benzoic
C6H5-COOH
6,5.10-5
4,19
A. Malonic
HOOC-CH2-COOH
1,5.10-3
2,83
-6
5,70
2,0.10
b. Baz v s in li
Baz l cht trong dung dch in li ra anion OH- v cation kim loi (hoc +4 )
M(OH)n Mn+ + nOHTnh baz do ion OH- quyt nh, cht in li cng nhiu ion OH- th tnh baz
cng mnh.
Baz mnh l baz in li hon ton, baz yu in li khng hon ton.
87
[ +4 ][ ]
[ 4 ]
Kb
pKb
Dietylamin
(C2H5)2NH
9,6.10-4
3,00
Etylamin
CH3NH2
5,6.10-4
2,13
Amoniac
NH3
1,8.10-5
4,74
Hidroxilamin
NH2OH
1,1.10-8
7,97
Anilin
C6H5NH2
3,8.10-10
9,42
Ur
(NH2)2CO
1,5.10-14
13,82
88
Dng baz
- Nu mi trng axit th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch, cho n khi
[ HInd ]
10 th dung dch c mu dng axit.
[ Ind ]
- Nu mi trng baz th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun, cho n khi
[ Ind ]
10 th dung dch c mu dng baz.
[ HInd ]
Khong i mu ca cht ch th
L khong pH t khi ch th bt u chuyn mu n chuyn mu hon ton.
Bng 13. Khong i mu ca mt s cht ch th
Cht ch th
Khong i mu
Mu dng axit
Mu dng baz
Metyl da cam
3,1 - 4,4
cam
Vng
Metyl
4,4 - 6,2
Vng
Qu tm
5-8
Hng
Xanh
Phenolftalein
8 - 10
Khng mu
Hng
Timolftalein
9,4 - 10,6
Khng mu
Xanh
89
d. pH ca mt s dung dch
* pH ca dung dch axt mnh mt nc
Axt mt nc l axt m mt phn t ( hoc mt ion ) ch c th nhng mt H+
pH = - lgCa
* pH ca dung dch baz mnh mt nc
Baz mt nc l axt m mt phn t ( hoc mt ion ) ch c th nhn mt H+
pH = 14 + lgCb
* pH ca dung dch axt yu mt nc
Xt dung dch axt yu CH3COOH nng Ca mol/l:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
nng ban u
Ca
Ca x
nng cn bng
a =
x.x
x 2 + a x a Ca = 0
Ca x
T ta c:
Cb
nng cn bng Cb x
b =
x.x
x 2 + b x bCb = 0 vi 0 < x < Cb.
Cb x
x = K bCb
90
+ Ch c gc axt yu v baz yu trong mui mi b thy phn. Axt cng yu, baz
cng yu th gc ca n trong mui mi b thu phn cng mnh.
+ Khi tng nhit th thu phn cng mnh.
+ Nu ho tan mt mui c gc axt yu v mt mui cp gc baz yu vo cng mt
dung dch th s thy phn mui tng cng ln nhau v c th b thy phn hon
ton.
Cc loi mui thy phn
- Mui ca baz yu vi axt mnh: Thu phn to baz yu v pH < 7.
1
pH = 7 ( pK b + lg C m )
2
1
( pK a + lg C m )
2
91
92
+ H 2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O
Fe(OH)2+ + H+
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O
Fe(OH)3
+ H+
Fe3+
+ 3H2O
Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
+ 3H2O
nFe3+ ;
xCl- }(3n - x)
Lp ion cng
du b hp ph
Lp ion b
hp ph
Ht nhn keo
H2S
H+
+ HS-
- Trng hp ny nhn keo l As2S3: Lp ion cng du b hp ph: HS- Lp ion b hp ph: H+; lp ion khuych tn H+.
- B mt ca tp hp hp th ion HS- to thnh nhn ht keo:
[As2S3]m + nHS- { [As2S3]m . nHS-}
- Nhn ht keo tch in dng: (n)- s ht cc ion H+ thnh lp ion b hp ph:
{ [As2S3]m . nHS-} + xH+ { [As2S3]m . nHS- . xH+}(n - x)- Ton b ht keo tch in m: (n - x)-
93
nHS- ;
xH+ }(n - x) ;
Lp ion cng
du b hp
Nhn
(n - x) H+
Lp ion
khuych tn
Lp ion b
hp ph
Ht nhn keo
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Fe3+
Nha n keo
Cl
Cl
Cl
L p ion b ha p phu
Cl
Cl
H+
H+
- Cl
Cl
Fe(OH)3
H+
+
H+ H
Lp ion khue ch ta n
Cl
H+
H+
HS-
H+
H+ +
H
As2S3
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
- Phng trnh:
KI
K+
+ I-
Mi trng phn tn
Cht phn tn
Loi h
Sng m
Kh
Lng
aerosol lng
Khi
Kh
Rn
aerosol rn
Sa
Lng
Lng
Nh tng
Sn
Lng
Rn
Hp kim
Rn
Rn
Kem
Lng
Kh
Bt
94
3 H2O
t0
Fe(OH)3
3 HCl
FeCl3 thu c khng tan trong nc nhng khng b lng xung thnh kt ta,
trong dung dch di dng keo trong sut c dng mu nu .
- Ngng t bng cch thay th dung mi: v d: dung dch keo S
S tan trong ancol nhng khng tan trong nc. Ly mt t dung dch S trong
ancol, cho vo bnh ng nc, lc u, do ancol t, nc nhiu nn nc l dung mi,
cc phn t S khng tan trong nc, kt hp li vi nhau to thnh keo S.
b. Tinh ch keo
Trong dung dch keo mi iu ch c ln tiu phn dung dch tht hoc tiu
phn th lm cho dung dch km bn nn phi tin hnh tinh ch, tc l loi b cc
tiu phn ni trn.
Loi tiu phn th: Do kch thc tiu phn th ln hn tiu phn keo nn
loi tiu phn th, phi dng giy lc hoc phu lc xp c kch thc khong 10-5cm.
Khi tiu phn keo v dung dch tht i qua, cn tiu phn th b gi li.
Loi tiu phn dung dch tht (phn t hoc ion): Dng phng php thm tch.
Cho dung dch keo vo ti thm tch (thng l ti bng giy bng knh), nhng
ti vo cc nc ct, cc tiu phn dung dch tht s i ra khi ti(do ti c kch thc
l nh), cc tiu phn keo b gi li. C nh vy, thay nc ct trong cc cho n khi
dung dch trong ti tinh khit.
95
I. DD R NaCl
RBan au: C1
Can bang: C1
Na+
C1
C1 x
ClO
x
Na
C2
C2 x
96
Cl
C2
C2
97
98
Ring keo thn dch, nh lp v solvat ngn cn khng cho cc ht keo tip
xc trc tip vi nhau khi va chm v do cng c tc dng chng li s keo t.
b. S ng t keo
L qu trnh cc ht keo kt hp li thnh nhng ht ln hn v lng xung
thnh kt ta.
Cc phng php lm ng t:
- Dng cht in li: Khi thm mt cht in li vo dung dch keo, cc tiu phn keo
hp ph cc ion tri du ca cht in li lm cho cc tiu phn keo trung ho hoc
gim in tch n mc ti thiu, lc y tnh in gia cc ht keo gn nh mt hn
nn khi va chm chng d xy ra qu trnh cng kt thnh nhng ht ln hn v lng
xung.
- Trn ln hai dung dch keo mang in tch tri du cng gy nn hin tng cc ht
keo trung ho hoc gim in tch v do cng xy ra qu trnh ng t .
- un nng: Khi nhit tng s tng tc chuyn ng nhit ca cc tiu phn do
lm gim kh nng hp ph ca lp hp ph v lm ht keo tch in km nn khi
va chm chng d kt hp v gy ng t.
c. S pepti ho
Cc kt ta keo khi tip xc vi nc t chuyn thnh dung dch keo gi l cc
keo thun nghch. Ngc li, cc kt ta keo khi tip xc vi nc khng th chuyn
li thnh dung dch keo gi l cc keo bt thun nghch, v d: keo axitsalycilyc,
Fe(OH)3. Tuy nhin, i khi thm vo mt lng nh cht in li, kt ta bt thun
nghch c th chuyn thnh dung dch keo, hin tng ny gi l s pepti ho.
Hin tng pepti ho c gii thch nh sau: Kt ta hp ph chn lc mt
loi ion ca cht in li, do chng tr nn tch in cng du, cc ht in tch cng
du ny y nhau v i vo dung dch.
99
Cu hi v bi tp
1. nh ngha cc loi nng ?
2. Trnh by khi nim v tan. Gii thch cc yu t nh hng n tan. ngha
ca tch s tan.
3. Trnh by hin tng thm thu. V sao c th ni: hin tng thm thu c ngha
sinh hc rt quan trng?
4. p sut hi trn dung dch. Nhit si v nhit ng c ca dung dch.
5. nh ngha axit baz theo Bronsted. Xc nh cht no l axt, baz. Vit cc dng
axit hay baz lin hp ca chng: NH4Cl, NH3, NaHCO3, CH3COONa, H2O, NaNO2.
6. Tnh in li ca cc dung dch sau:
a. CH3COOH 0,02M;
b. CH3COOH 0,02M + CH3COONa 0,02M
7. Tch s ion ca nc l g? pH l g? N cho bit iu g?
8. Tnh pH ca dung dch c cc nng ion [H+] bng 10-2; 10-3; 5.10-4; 3,1.10-3
mol/lt.
9. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau: H2SO4 0,05M; Ca(OH)2 0,02M.
10. A, B l hai cht in ly mnh. Trn 200 ml dung dch A (pH = a) vi 300 ml dung
dch B (pH =3), thu c dung dch C (pH = 5). Tnh a. Gii thit th tch dung dch
khng i.
11. S in li ca mt axit yu. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu, bit nng
Ca, pKa. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: CH3COOH, HCOOH c nng 0,01M.
12. S in li ca mt baz yu. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu, bit nng
Cb, pKb. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: NH3, CH3NH2 c nng 0,01M.
13. Gii thch s thy phn ca cc dung dch mui sau: Na2CO3, AlCl3, NH4AlO2.
14. Gii thch c ch ca keo dng, keo m c to thnh khi cho dung dch AgNO3
tc dng vi dung dch KI.
15. Tnh cht ca h keo? ng dng ca h keo trong x l mi trng?
100
101